As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 16, 2009
UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
Form 20-F
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(Mark One) | | |
o | | REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR (g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 |
or |
þ | | ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 |
| | For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2008 |
or |
o | | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 |
or |
o | | SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 |
| | Date of event requiring this shell company report |
Commission file number:000-52060
GMARKET INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
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N/A (Translation of registrant’s name into English) | | The Republic of Korea (Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |
9th Floor, LIG Tower, 649-11 Yeoksam-Dong, Gangnam-Gu, Seoul 135-912, Korea
(Address of principal executive offices)
Duckjun (D.J.) Lee
Senior Managing Director and Chief Financial Officer
9th Floor, LIG Tower,649-11 Yeoksam-Dong, Gangnam-Gu, Seoul135-912, Korea
Telephone:82-2-1566-5701
Fax:82-2-3016-5480
(Name, Telephone,E-mail and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person)
Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
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Title of Each Class | | Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered |
Common stock, par value Won 100 per share* | | Nasdaq Global Select Market |
American depositary shares, each representing one share of common stock | | |
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* | | Not for trading, but only in connection with the listing of American depositary shares on the Nasdaq Global Select Market pursuant to the requirements of the Securities and Exchange Commission. |
Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:
None
Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act:
None
Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report: Shares, par value Won 100: 50,331,740
Indicated by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes o No þ
If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Yes o No þ
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days: Yes þ No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, or a non-accelerated filer. See definition of “accelerated filer and large accelerated filer” inRule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):
Large Accelerated filer o Accelerated filer þ Non-accelerated-filer o
Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:
U.S. GAAP þ International Financial Reporting Standards as used by the International Accounting Standards Board o Other o
If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow: Item 17 o Item 18 o
If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined inRule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes o No þ
CERTAIN DEFINED TERMS
Unless the context otherwise requires, references in this annual report to:
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| • | “ADRs” are to the American depositary receipts that evidence our ADSs; |
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| • | “ADSs” are to our American depositary shares, each of which represents one share of our common stock; |
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| • | “Government” is to the government of The Republic of Korea; |
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| • | “Gmarket,” “the Company,” “we,” “us,” “our,” or “our company” are to Gmarket Inc.; |
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| • | “Korea” or the “Republic” are to The Republic of Korea; |
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| • | “our website” are to oure-commerce marketplace located at www.gmarket.co.kr or www.gmarket.com; |
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| • | “US$,” “U.S. dollars,” “US dollars,” or “Dollars” are to the currency of the United States of America; and |
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| • | “Won,” “Korean Won,” or “W,” are to the currency of The Republic of Korea. |
For your convenience, this annual report contains translations of certain Won amounts into U.S. dollars at the noon buying rate of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York for Won in effect on February 28, 2009, which was Won 1,532.8 to US$1.00.
Discrepancies in tables between totals and sums of the amounts listed are due to rounding.
FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This annual report onForm 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2008 contains “forward-looking statements,” as defined in Section 27A of the U.S. Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act, and Section 21E of the U.S. Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act. The forward-looking statements are based on our current expectations, assumptions, estimates and projections about us and our industry, and are subject to various risks and uncertainties. Generally, these forward-looking statements can be identified by the use of forward-looking terminology such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “considering,” “depends,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “plan,” “planning,” “planned,” “predict,” “project,” “continue” and variations of these words, similar expressions, or that certain events, actions or results “will,” “may,” “might,” “should,” “would” or “could” occur, be taken or be achieved.
Forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, the following:
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| • | our ability to anticipate and respond to various competitive factors affecting our industry, in particular the retaile-commerce industry in Korea, including new services that may be introduced, changes in consumer preferences and confidence levels, and discount pricing strategies by competitors; |
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| • | the effect that economic, political or social conditions in Korea have on the volume of transactions on oure-commerce marketplace and our results of operations; |
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| • | the effect that the current global financial crisis and global economic recession will or may have on our business prospects, financial condition and results of operations; |
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| • | our plans to implement our strategic initiatives, including building our brand and user base, developing website enhancements and pursuing growth outside of Korea; |
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| • | our future business development and prospects, results of operations and financial condition; |
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| • | our ability to attract new customers and retain existing customers; |
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| • | our ability to implement security processes to guard against hacking or information loss or prevent listing of counterfeit or illegal products on our website; |
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| • | the expected growth of the Korean retaile-commerce industry, development of the widespread use of the Internet and development ofe-commerce in Korea; and |
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| • | our ability to expand our network and system infrastructure to support increased traffic and expanded services. |
We caution you not to place undue reliance on any forward-looking statement which involves risks and uncertainties. Although we believe that the assumptions on which our forward-looking statements are based are reasonable, any of those assumptions could prove to be inaccurate, and as a result, the forward-looking statements based on those assumptions could be incorrect. All forward-looking statements are based on our management’s current expectation, assumptions, estimates and projections of future events and are subject to a number of factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those described in the forward-looking statements. Risks and uncertainties associated with our business include, but are not limited to, risks related to changes in the regulatory environment; technology changes; potential litigation and governmental actions; changes in the competitive environment; political changes; recent global economic events including, but not limited to, the significant downturn in the global economic and financial markets, changes in business and economic conditions, fluctuations in foreign exchange rates, tightening of the global credit markets, decreasing consumer confidence and slowing of economic growth generally, and other risks and uncertainties that are more fully described under the heading “Risk Factors” in this annual report, and elsewhere in this annual report. In light of these and other uncertainties, you should not conclude that we will necessarily achieve any plans and objectives or projected financial results referred to in any of the forward-looking statements. We undertake no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statement to reflect future events or circumstances.
PART I
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ITEM 1. | IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS |
Not applicable.
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ITEM 2. | OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE |
Not applicable.
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3.A. | Selected Financial Data |
You should read the selected financial data below in conjunction with the financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this annual report. The selected financial data as of and for the years ended December 31, 2006, 2007 and 2008 are derived from our audited financial statements and related notes thereto included elsewhere in this annual report. The selected financial data as of and for the years ended December 31, 2004 and 2005 are derived from our audited annual financial statements and related notes thereto not included herein. Our historical results do not necessarily indicate results expected for any future periods. Our financial statements are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, or U.S. GAAP.
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| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | For the Years Ended December 31, | |
| | 2004 | | | 2005 | | | 2006 | | | 2007 | | | 2008 | | | 2008(1) | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | (Unaudited) | |
| | (In billions of Korean Won and millions of US dollars, except per share data) | |
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Revenues: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Transaction fees | | W | 12.04 | | | W | 56.78 | | | W | 99.25 | | | W | 130.01 | | | W | 152.26 | | | US$ | 99.33 | |
Advertising and other | | | 2.10 | | | | 13.56 | | | | 54.88 | | | | 92.88 | | | | 126.42 | | | | 82.48 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total revenues | | | 14.14 | | | | 70.34 | | | | 154.13 | | | | 222.89 | | | | 278.68 | | | | 181.81 | |
Costs and expenses: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Cost of revenues | | | 8.42 | | | | 36.69 | | | | 78.95 | | | | 119.67 | | | | 144.47 | | | | 94.25 | |
Sales and marketing | | | 5.36 | | | | 24.80 | | | | 46.43 | | | | 52.47 | | | | 54.83 | | | | 35.77 | |
General and administrative | | | 1.91 | | | | 5.29 | | | | 14.57 | | | | 24.27 | | | | 29.75 | | | | 19.41 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total costs and expenses | | | 15.69 | | | | 66.78 | | | | 139.95 | | | | 196.41 | | | | 229.05 | | | | 149.43 | |
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Operating Income (loss) | | | (1.55 | ) | | | 3.56 | | | | 14.18 | | | | 26.48 | | | | 49.63 | | | | 32.38 | |
Other income (expenses): | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Interest income | | | 0.13 | | | | 1.40 | | | | 5.19 | | | | 9.20 | | | | 15.78 | | | | 10.29 | |
Others, net | | | (0.02 | ) | | | — | | | | 0.20 | | | | 0.04 | | | | 0.99 | | | | 0.64 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Income (loss) before income tax expenses | | | (1.44 | ) | | | 4.96 | | | | 19.57 | | | | 35.72 | | | | 66.40 | | | | 43.31 | |
Income tax benefits (expenses) | | | — | | | | 0.13 | | | | (3.29 | ) | | | (2.42 | ) | | | (10.01 | ) | | | (6.53 | ) |
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Net income (loss) | | | (1.44 | ) | | | 5.09 | | | | 16.28 | | | | 33.30 | | | | 56.39 | | | | 36.78 | |
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Accretion of preferred shares to redemption price | | | — | | | | (0.17 | ) | | | — | | | | — | | | | — | | | | — | |
Amount allocated to participating preferred shareholders | | | — | | | | (1.56 | ) | | | (1.26 | ) | | | — | | | | — | | | | — | |
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Net income (loss) applicable to common shareholders | | | (1.44 | ) | | | 3.36 | | | | 15.02 | | | | 33.30 | | | | 56.39 | | | | 36.78 | |
Earnings per share — basic | | | (60 | ) | | | 124 | | | | 371 | | | | 671 | | | | 1,126 | | | | 0.73 | |
Earnings per share — diluted | | | (60 | ) | | | 108 | | | | 345 | | | | 659 | | | | 1,111 | | | | 0.72 | |
Weighted average number of shares — basic(2) | | | 24,000,000 | | | | 26,963,014 | | | | 40,468,471 | | | | 49,657,673 | | | | 50.088,204 | | | | 50,088,204 | |
Weighted average number of shares — diluted(2) | | | 24,000,000 | | | | 30,939,377 | | | | 47,177,311 | | | | 50,552,784 | | | | 50,766,344 | | | | 50,766,344 | |
Notes:
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(1) | | For convenience only, the Won amounts are expressed in Dollars at the rate of Won 1,532.8 to US$1.00, the noon buying rate in effect as of February 28, 2009 as quoted by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. |
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(2) | | On June 6, 2006, 12,576,500 of our preferred shares, which represented all of our issued and outstanding Series A convertible preferred shares, were converted to an equivalent number of our common shares. |
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| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | As of December 31, | |
| | 2004 | | | 2005 | | | 2006 | | | 2007 | | | 2008 | | | 2008(1) | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | (Unaudited) | |
| | (In billions of Won and in millions of US dollars) | |
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Assets | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Cash and cash equivalents | | W | 19.10 | | | W | 36.90 | | | W | 34.93 | | | W | 48.37 | | | W | 79.47 | | | US$ | 51.85 | |
Cash on deposit | | | 6.10 | | | | 45.30 | | | | 134.40 | | | | 190.00 | | | | 217.00 | | | | 141.57 | |
Restricted cash | | | 1.50 | | | | 2.10 | | | | 6.40 | | | | 8.11 | | | | 10.10 | | | | 6.59 | |
Total current assets | | | 30.90 | | | | 103.06 | | | | 218.67 | | | | 307.16 | | | | 405.55 | | | | 264.58 | |
Total assets | | | 33.14 | | | | 121.06 | | | | 248.10 | | | | 337.04 | | | | 452.19 | | | | 295.01 | |
Amounts payable to sellers | | | 24.15 | | | | 93.46 | | | | 103.60 | | | | 147.30 | | | | 184.22 | | | | 120.19 | |
Total current liabilities | | | 28.63 | | | | 110.92 | | | | 139.84 | | | | 192.18 | | | | 242.81 | | | | 158.41 | |
Total liabilities | | | 29.10 | | | | 111.35 | | | | 141.23 | | | | 195.44 | | | | 248.37 | | | | 162.03 | |
Convertible redeemable preferred shares(2) | | | 7.17 | | | | — | | | | — | | | | — | | | | — | | | | — | |
Convertible preferred shares(2) | | | — | | | | 7.34 | | | | — | | | | — | | | | — | | | | — | |
Total shareholders’ equity (deficit) | | | (3.13 | ) | | | 2.37 | | | | 106.87 | | | | 141.60 | | | | 203.82 | | | | 132.98 | |
Total liabilities, preferred shares and shareholders’ equity | | | 33.14 | | | | 121.06 | | | | 248.10 | | | | 337.04 | | | | 452.19 | | | | 295.01 | |
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Notes:
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(1) | | For convenience only, the Won amounts are expressed in Dollars at the rate of Won 1,532.8 to US$1.00, the noon buying rate in effect as of February 28, 2009 as quoted by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. |
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(2) | | On June 6, 2006, 12,576,500 of our preferred shares, which represented all of our issued and outstanding Series A convertible preferred shares, were converted to an equivalent number of our common shares. |
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| | As of and for the Years Ended December 31, |
| | 2004 | | 2005 | | 2006 | | 2007 | | 2008 | | 2008(1) |
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Operating Data | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
GMV(2) | | W | 224.50 | | | W | 1,080.86 | | | W | 2,268.20 | | | W | 3,248.66 | | | W | 3,986.01 | | | US$ | 2,600.48 | |
Aggregate registered users(3) (000’s) | | | 2,388 | | | | 7,191 | | | | 10,967 | | | | 13,674 | | | | 15,685 | | | | 15,685 | |
Average monthly unique visitors(4) (000’s) | | | 4,859 | | | | 12,368 | | | | 16,476 | | | | 17,787 | | | | 18,111 | | | | 18,111 | |
Notes:
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(1) | | For convenience only, the Won amounts are expressed in Dollars at the rate of Won 1,532.8 to US$1.00, the noon buying rate in effect as of February 28, 2009 as quoted by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. |
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(2) | | In billions of Won and millions of Dollars. Gross merchandise value, or GMV, represents the aggregate value of all products and services sold on our website for the period. GMV is commonly used in thee-commerce industry to measure a company’s operating performance as transaction fees depend in part on GMV. Therefore, we believe that for ane-commerce company such as ourselves, GMV provides additional information on our operating performance. However, GMV should not be construed as an alternative to operating income or any other measure of performance determined in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Other companies may determine GMV differently than we do. |
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(3) | | Includes cumulative number of buyers and sellers who have registered with us as of the end of each period. |
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(4) | | Source: Metrix Corporation. Unique visitors represent the number of separate visitors that visit our website each month as published by Metrix Corporation and the average monthly unique visitors for a calendar year represent the average number of unique visitors over a12-month period. |
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Exchange Rates
The following table sets forth information concerning the noon buying rate for the years 2004 through 2008 and for each month during the previous six months through February 28, 2009, expressed in Won per US dollar.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | At End of
| | Average
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Period | | Period | | Rate(1) | | High | | Low |
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2004 | | W | 1,035.1 | | | W | 1,139.3 | | | W | 1,195.1 | | | W | 1,035.1 | |
2005 | | | 1,010.0 | | | | 1,023.2 | | | | 1,059.8 | | | | 997.0 | |
2006 | | | 925.4 | | | | 950.1 | | | | 913.7 | | | | 1,002.9 | |
2007 | | | 935.8 | | | | 928.0 | | | | 950.2 | | | | 903.2 | |
2008 | | | 1,262.0 | | | | 1,098.7 | | | | 1,507.9 | | | | 935.2 | |
September, 2008 | | | 1,206.3 | | | | 1,134.9 | | | | 1,206.3 | | | | 1,081.2 | |
October, 2008 | | | 1,277.5 | | | | 1,328.8 | | | | 1,467.7 | | | | 1,194.9 | |
November, 2008 | | | 1,468.0 | | | | 1,398.7 | | | | 1,507.9 | | | | 1,262.0 | |
December, 2008 | | | 1,262.0 | | | | 1,361.6 | | | | 1,479.0 | | | | 1,257.4 | |
January, 2009 | | | 1,380.0 | | | | 1,354.4 | | | | 1,391.5 | | | | 1,292.3 | |
February, 2009 | | | 1,532.8 | | | | 1,439.6 | | | | 1,532.8 | | | | 1,368.7 | |
Source: Federal Reserve Bank of New York
Note:
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(1) | | The average rates for the annual periods were calculated based on the average noon buying rate on the last day of each month during the period. The average rates for the monthly periods were calculated based on the average noon buying rate of each day of the month. |
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3.B. | Capitalization and Indebtedness |
Not applicable.
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3.C. | Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds |
Not applicable.
The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones we face. Other events that we do not currently anticipate or that we currently deem immaterial also may affect our results of operations and financial condition.
Risks Related to Our Business
We operate in a very competitive industry, and we may be unsuccessful in competing against current and future competitors, which could have a negative impact on the level of fees we can charge for our services thereby materially and adversely affecting our business prospects, financial position and results of operations.
While we believe we currently have an established and well-known brand name in Korea, the retaile-commerce industry in Korea is very competitive and we may be subject to intense competition and lose our market position as a result of increased competition. We believe that the recent decision by CJ Home Shopping, a subsidiary of a well-known Korean food and entertainment conglomerate, and GS Home Shopping to discontinue their marketplace business in 2008 is evidence of the impact of the intense competition in our industry. We expect competition in our industry to continue as a result of a variety of factors, including the consolidation of existinge-commerce companies and new entrants to the market.
Our competition is currently largely made up of establishede-commerce marketplaces operated by large, well-financed companies. Our major competitors include Auction.co.kr, ane-commerce marketplace operated by
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Internet Auction Co., Ltd., a subsidiary of eBay Inc.; 11st, a division of SK Telecom Co., Korea’s leading telecommunications service provider in terms of market share based on subscribers and revenue; online retail websites operated by some of the largest department stores in Korea, such as Lotte.com, Shinsegae.com and Hmall.com and Interpark Corporation, our largest shareholder.
In addition, as the barriers to entry for Internet-related businesses are relatively low, there are potential entrants into thee-commerce industry from traditional and non-traditional retailers, including Internet portals, telecom operators and cable service providers. Further, emerging technologies, including mobile commerce, Internet Protocol Television (IPTV), Digital Multimedia Broadcasting (DMB), among others, may allow other competitors to compete with us in the future.
Our ability to compete effectively against current and future competition may be impacted by our being designated a “market dominant player” by the Korean Fair Trade Commission, or KFTC. In November 2007, the KFTC determined that we are a “market dominant player” as defined under the Monopoly Regulation and Fair Trade Act, or MRFTA, and imposed an administrative fine in the amount of Won 135 million for allegedly committing unfair trade practices. A “market dominant player” under the MRFTA is restricted in engaging in certain acts that are considered to be unfair trade practices, such as using its market position to fix prices or interfering with other companies’ business activities. We may be subject to additional fines and other sanctions if the KFTC finds any violations under the MRFTA. We paid the original fine and are in the process of appealing the KFTC’s and Seoul High Court’s determination that we are a “market dominant player” to the Supreme Court of Korea, but no assurance can be given that the Supreme Court will ultimately overturn the lower court’s ruling. See Item 4.B. “Business Overview — Laws and Regulations.” and Item 8.A. “Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information — Legal Proceedings.”
Our inability to adequately address new and existing competitive pressures, including as a result of being continued to be determined a “market dominant player” by the KFTC, will likely have a negative impact on the level of fees we can charge for our services, including fees for our advertising services, as well as increase the costs and expenses associated with growing our user base, which is likely to have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.
Current and future conditions in the global economy may have a material adverse effect on our business prospects, financial condition and results of operations.
Our business and operating results are dependent on consumer confidence and general economic conditions. As a result of recent global economic developments, including the credit market crisis, the downturn in global economic and financial markets, fluctuating commodity prices, and other challenges currently affecting the global economy, consumer and business confidence has dropped globally, including in Korea. Our buyers may experience cash flow shortage and reduced consumer spending power and, as a result, we may experience reduced sales of products or services on our website. Our existing and potential sellers may experience deterioration of their business, difficulties in obtaining financing and delays or cancellations of plans to list products or services or purchase advertising on our website. Our vendors may also experience financial difficulties and request changes in their terms of service with us or otherwise be unable to fulfill their obligations to us in a timely manner. While the significant economic challenges, the volatile financial markets and the uncertain consumer environment make it difficult for us to predict the overall impact on thee-commerce marketplace business, such difficult economic times may reduce our GMV and the transaction volume on our website and may have a material adverse impact on our revenues, results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows.
If we are unable to successfully implement some or all of our major strategic initiatives in a timely manner, our ability to maintain and improve our leading market position may be negatively impacted.
Our strategy is to improve our leading market position by implementing certain key strategic initiatives, which include the following:
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| • | continuing to build our brand and expand our user base; |
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| • | focusing on user loyalty and website enhancement; |
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| • | continuing to diversify offerings in core product categories, expand product categories and introduce new service offerings; and |
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| • | pursuing growth outside of Korea. |
We cannot assure you that we will be successful in implementing any or all of these key strategic initiatives. Some of our strategies relate to new services or products for which there are no established markets, or in which we lack experience and expertise. No assurance can be given that any of our innovations and service introductions will be successful. Consumer tastes and preferences change rapidly and no assurance can be given that we will be able to anticipate and address such changes so that we can maintain and improve on our leading market position, including building our brand and user base. The success of our growth strategy abroad, whether directly or through acquisitions, investments in other companies or joint ventures will depend on the availability of suitable acquisition and investment candidates, our ability to effectively attract and reach agreement with acquisition candidates or joint venture partners on commercially reasonable terms and the availability of financing to complete such acquisitions, investments in other companies or joint ventures, among other factors, as well as our ability to successfully grow our business directly should no acquisition, investments in other companies or joint venture opportunities become available.
In order to pursue our growth outside of Korea, we established aJapanese-language website targeted at the Japanese market in December 2007 and anEnglish-language website targeted at the Singaporean market through a partnership with Yahoo! Southeast Asia Pte. Ltd., or Yahoo! Southeast Asia, in November 2008. See Item 7.B. “Related Party Transactions.” No assurance can be given that our experience and know-how in building and growing our Koreane-commerce business will aid us in marketing and expanding a successfule-commerce business in Japan, Singapore or other overseas markets ase-commerce market characteristics and consumer preferences differ in the different geographic markets. To date, we have not made any major investments in other companies or acquisitions, and our management does not have experience acquiring other companies and integrating the businesses and personnel of such companies into our organization.
We may need to obtain additional funds to make future investments or acquisitions through various forms of financing, including through bank financings or equity offerings, and no assurance can be given that we will be able to obtain necessary financing under the recent deteriorating financial market conditions. As many financial institutions face extreme financial difficulties in the global economic downturn, our ability to raise capital may be materially adversely impacted. In particular, the initiation and success of the expansion of our business in a foreign country will depend on many factors outside of our control, including the economic conditions ande-commerce market characteristics, such as the rate of broadband penetration and the availability of online payment systems, of such foreign country.
If we are unable to successfully implement some or all of our key strategic initiatives in an effective and timely manner, our ability to maintain and improve our leading market position may be negatively impacted, which may have a material and adverse effect on our business and prospects, competitiveness, leading market position, brand name, financial condition and results of operations.
We continue to invest heavily in marketing and developing new products and services and may not be able to maintain our level of profitability or rates of growth.
We continue to invest heavily in marketing and developing new products and services, including making investments in customer support and operating infrastructure for our operations as well as spending aggressively on research and development in anticipation of further growth. As a result, we may be unable to adjust our spending rapidly enough to compensate for any unexpected revenue shortfall and our short-term profitability may be negatively affected.
We will need to introduce new products and services, improve our customer services, grow our advertising revenues and income, customer loyalty and attract new users from competitors or attract new users in order to continue our profitability and growth. Our success will depend in large part on our ability to increase the activity level of our existing users by encouraging the sellers to utilize the various premium listings, banner advertisements and keyword search options and providing various incentives to the buyers to continue purchasing products through
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our website as well as attract new users to our website by increasing the awareness of our services and our brand recognition. Our ability to grow in such manner may be materially impacted by the worldwide economic slowdown and recession and the resulting increase in unemployment, decrease in spending and consumer confidence. We also need to effectively manage the costs of our business, including the costs associated with maintaining and enhancing our website, customer support, credit card, bank transfer and mobile payment systems, user protection programs, and international expansion and product category updates. If we are unable to implement effective marketing and development strategies to keep our existing users satisfied and attract new users, our ability to maintain or increase our rate of growth and profitability level may be negatively affected. In addition, as competition continues to intensify and as the market matures in terms of the number of registered users, GMV and transaction volumes, we cannot assure you that we will be able to increase or maintain our current rate of growth, including our growth in registered users, GMV, revenues and net income, regardless of our success in implementing certain of our strategic initiatives.
Security risks related to online purchases, including loss or theft of important user information, hacking and credit card fraud and possible violations of laws relating to the maintenance and use of sensitive information and credit card and payment services, or other misuse of oure-commerce platforms may harm our business and our reputation.
We are subject to regulations relating to privacy, maintenance and use of confidential information of our users. Sales on our website require the transmission and maintenance of sensitive and confidential data, including national identification numbers, bank and credit card information. Loss, hacking or theft of sensitive data stored on our information technology systems may occur. In addition, risk of data loss or misappropriation of data, including as a result of theft is increasing with the industry’s customary practice of outsourcing customer service to call centers to manage the increasing volume of customer service calls. To prevent security breach from happening at our call centers, we have developed and applied a security policy for access control, validation and monitoring, and continuously consult our call centers about information security. However, no assurance can be given that we will be able to continuously apply effective security processes to guard against new methods of hacking or other information loss or that such measures will ultimately be successful in deterring a hacking incident from happening to us. No system, no matter how well designed and implemented can protect against all loss or misappropriation of customer data. Any loss or misappropriation of data and any related lawsuits or government fines or penalties could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business and prospects.
In addition, due to the high volume of transactions that occur on our website on a daily basis, it is impracticable for us to monitor every such transaction that takes place. As we do not check or obtain signatures for credit card purchases, we may be liable for fraudulent credit card transactions. Depending on our agreements with various credit card companies, we share a certain portion of any losses resulting from fraudulent credit card purchases with the credit card issuer. Notwithstanding the best efforts of our service quality management team to monitor and minimize, to the extent possible, potentially fraudulent credit card transactions or other misuse occurring through our website, such transactions and activities may occur undetected. Any such occurrence could harm our reputation, cause users to lose confidence in our security systems and to not make purchases on our website and also subject us to lawsuits, sanctions, fines or other penalties.
The listing or sale by our users of pirated, counterfeit or other illegal items or the improper listing and sale of regulated items may harm our reputation and subject us to lawsuits.
We have received in the past, and we may receive in the future allegations that certain items listed or sold by sellers on our website infringe upon third-party copyrights, trademarks and trade names, or other intellectual property rights of others. Although we have sought and continue to seek to prevent and eliminate the listings of such goods, such as with our Brand Protection Program which we first began to offer in early 2008, no assurance can be given that counterfeit goods will not be listed by certain sellers and that if such goods are listed, we will not be held liable to those parties claiming an infringement of their intellectual property rights. Holders of intellectual property rights have been active in defending their rights againste-commerce companies, and we expect such activity to increase in the future, including lawsuits against companies thought to have violated or infringed upon such intellectual property rights. If we are held liable in any such litigation brought against us in the future, we may be
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subject to substantial damages. See Item 4.B. “Business Overview — Measures to Prevent Listing of Illegal or Prohibited Products.”
Also, illegal items such as drugs, weapons and other regulated or prohibited items may be listed, displayed or sold on our website notwithstanding our efforts to prevent such items from being listed, sold or displayed. Similarly, we are aware that adult materials that may be restricted from minors by law are listed on our website and may have been viewed by users and visitors who are minors notwithstanding our efforts to limit the viewing of such adult materials to adult users only. Also, regulated items such as weapons, adult, alcohol and tobacco products may be sold in violation of applicable regulations, subjecting us to potential civil, criminal and administrative actions. We have a service quality management team which is responsible for monitoring reports of listing, display and sales of pirated, counterfeited, prohibited or regulated products. Our inability to prevent such items from being listed, displayed or sold may subject us to lawsuits, sanctions, fines or other penalties, which is likely to adversely affect our business and harm our reputation.
As the regulatory framework and laws governing the retaile-commerce industry in Korea are quickly evolving, we may not be able to comply with new regulations or changes to the existing regulations on a timely basis, which may harm our business and our reputation.
As the retaile-commerce industry in Korea has grown significantly over the past several years, the Korean government has intensified its efforts to regulate the commercial activities ofe-commerce companies and other entities participating in this industry, including us. These efforts include enacting new regulations, making changes to the existing laws and regulations, and monitoring and enforcing more aggressively the compliance of these laws and regulations. Although we continue to monitor these changes and take steps to comply with current and new requirements, we cannot provide assurances that we will be able to comply fully with all requirements under current and new regulations on a timely basis, which, in turn, may harm our business and our reputation. In addition, we will incur additional costs associated with complying with such regulations, including costs associated with establishing new policies and investing more capital in new technologies and infrastructure that may be necessary as a result of such new legal and regulatory requirements. See Item 4.B. “Business Overview — Laws and Regulations.”
Furthermore, as thee-commerce industry in Korea gains more popularity and visibility among the general public, we believe that various political organizations, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and special interest groups, among others, may attempt to initiate reforms or additional guidelines that make it more difficult fore-commerce marketplaces such as ourselves to operate profitably in Korea.
If we are unable to adapt or expand our existing technology infrastructure to accommodate greater trading volume and increased number of products available for sale, we may not be able to achieve our growth objectives.
Our network and system infrastructure, including our network and systems hardware, software and communications systems, must support significant amounts of data, information and transaction volume generated by the high number of buyers, sellers and products offered on oure-commerce marketplace. In addition, our strategy contemplates significantly growing our business by growing our user base and GMV, and expanding the number of products and product categories available for sale. Accordingly, we must upgrade and expand our infrastructure to accommodate the expected increasing activity level on our website. Failure to upgrade our network and system infrastructure in a timely and efficient manner may result in system disruptions, delays, downtime and loss of data. The occurrence of any such event will likely damage our reputation and brand name, as well as our ability to implement effectively our growth strategies, in particular, our strategy to increase our user base and GMV.
Our inability to adequately address the operational, network and system infrastructure and human resources challenges of managing a rapidly growing business may have a negative impact on our ability to implement our strategic initiatives.
We have experienced significant growth over the past several years and expect our business to continue to grow if we are successful in implementing our key strategic initiatives. The growth of our business has required the significant attention of our management and expenditure of financial and other resources and will likely continue to
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strain our operational, network and system infrastructure and personnel. In order to properly manage this planned growth, we must improve our operational systems, expand our network and system infrastructure, retain and hire qualified personnel and enhance the effectiveness of our operational controls and procedures. Our inability to manage this planned growth may prevent us from providing an attractive and reliable website, efficiently processing sales transactions, due to, for example, unplanned network and system shutdowns or inadequate levels of customer service, which could negatively impact our brand name and reputation and may result in us not being able to attract and retain users. As a result, we may not achieve our desired growth in user base and GMV, which would likely have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.
Interruptions or failures of our network and systems infrastructure, including our communications systems, could lead to significant downtimes, interruptions and loss of data, which could damage our reputation and brand name and harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our ability to provide a high-qualitye-commerce marketplace depends on the continuing, uninterrupted operation of our network and systems infrastructure, including our hardware, software and communications systems, especially given the expected growth in our user base and transaction volume. Our systems and operations are vulnerable to damage or interruption from human error, natural disasters, power loss, computer viruses, distributed denial of service attacks, or DDoS attacks, spurious spam attacks, intentional acts of vandalism and similar events. We have from time to time experienced disruptions in our systems for periods ranging from a few minutes to a few hours as a result of human or technical errors or systems overload from a significant volume of transactions occurring over our network. Further, DDoS attacks have been increasing against Korean websites and in late 2008 several well-known Korean websites were targets of DDoS attacks and suffered service interruptions. While we continue to upgrade and improve the security of our systems and have constructed a comprehensive anti-DDoS system in October 2008, no assurance can be given that our procedures and systems will be sufficient to prevent future slowdowns or disruptions or protect against extraordinary attacks, or that our future growth will not necessitate future expense to further improve our network and system capacity. See Item 4.B. “Business Overview — Technology and Systems.” Any system failures, slowdowns or disruptions will likely result in unanticipated disruptions in service to our users, decreased levels of user service and satisfaction and have a significant negative effect on our reputation and, as a consequence, we may lose our users to our competitors.
We also maintain network connections with certain of our registered sellers for the maintenance of inventory and provision of customer support functions, and rely on our network and communications infrastructure to communicate with our delivery providers in order to provide a seamless and efficient service to buyers and sellers, including arranging and providing timely delivery of products to buyers. Also, we rely on the efficient and uninterrupted services of various third parties, such as banks, mobile phone companies, credit agencies and credit card issuers, to process and remit payments from buyers and sellers as well as other services from telecommunications companies. Any disruptions in the operations of these third party providers due to failures in their technology and network connections will negatively impact our ability to provide our services or receive payments in a timely manner.
The frequent recurrence and persistence of network interruptions, slowdowns or loss of critical data would likely have a long-term negative impact on our reputation and brand name and is likely to have a negative impact on the growth of our user base and GMV, which is likely to have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.
We do not carry natural disaster or business interruption insurance. Any shutdown, interruption or delay of our services due to various accidents, human errors or other events could have a material adverse effect on our ability to provide uninterrupted services and protect our backup data and other information, and on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Certain of our hardware, including computers, data servers and other servers, are located at the Korea Internet Data Center, or KIDC, a data center operated by Dacom Corporation located in Seoul, and certain other equipment are located within our headquarters building. Although we currently archive our databases periodically, store our backup data at KIDC, maintainback-up systems and disaster recovery system, such systems are vulnerable to damage and no assurance can be given that such backups will be adequate to protect the data and other information
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or that we will be able to continue our business operations without a material delay or loss of data in the event of damage to our systems from natural disasters, fire, power loss, telecommunications failures, break-ins, sabotage, computer viruses, intentional acts of Internet vandalism, human error or other similar events. We may experience a complete system shut-down if any of these events were to occur. In June 2008, we completed building a comprehensive disaster recovery program at a cost of approximately Won 5.0 billion (US$3.3 million) that we expect will allow us to continue providing the full range ofe-commerce services that we usually offer in the event of a disaster, including a fatal failure of critical systems such as the network backbone, database systems or the data center itself. Also, as an additional protective measure, Dacom Corporation has agreed to provide us with an additional network backbone router at KIDC from March 2009 which we believe will allow us to provide uninterrupted service to our users if the main backbone router were to fail for any reason. However, no assurance can be made that the disaster recovery program or the additional backbone router will offer sufficient protection against system or hardware failure and we may still need to continue making investments to install additional servers, create moreback-up systems and upgrade our disaster recovery program as necessary. Further, as we do not carry natural disaster or business interruption insurance to compensate for losses that could occur, any network or system failure could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We are dependent on certain key members of our senior management team and the loss of such personnel may have a material impact on our ability to achieve our business objectives, including our ability to manage our rapid growth and successfully implement our strategic initiatives.
Our success depends heavily on retaining the services of certain key members of our senior management team. If any one or more of such executives leaves his position or is otherwise unable to perform his duties for an extended period of time and we are unable to find suitable replacement personnel in a timely and cost efficient manner, our business may be disrupted and we may not be able to achieve our business objectives, including our ability to manage our rapid growth and successfully implement our strategic initiatives. We believe that the loss of our representative director and chief executive officer, Mr. Young Bae Ku, who has been with us since our inception and who has been instrumental in our ability to achieve significant growth over the past several years, would have a material adverse effect on our business. We do not have any long-term employment agreements with any of our employees or executive officers.
We must also continue to seek ways to retain and motivate all of our other employees through various means, including through enhanced compensation packages. Competition for qualified personnel in the areas in which we compete remains intense and the pool of qualified candidates is limited. Our inability to attract, hire and retain qualified staff on a cost efficient basis may have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition, results of operations and ability to successfully implement our growth strategies.
If the Korea National Tax Service determines that we do not qualify as a Tax-Benefit Business, we may be required to pay additional taxes and statutory interest.
Under the Special Tax Treatment Control Law of Korea, a certified venture company may be entitled to a 50% reduction in corporate income tax generated from a “Tax-Benefit Business,” as defined in the Special Tax Treatment Control Law, for the year in which it first generates taxable income and for subsequent five years (or three years for any designated venture companies certified after January 1, 2004), if (a) the company is certified as a “designated venture company” within two years (or three years for any designated venture companies certified after January 1, 2008) from its incorporation and continues to satisfy certain requirements, and (b) such company’s business falls under one of the categories of “Tax-Benefit Businesses” under the Special Tax Treatment Control Law.
We were certified as a “designated venture company” in March 2001, and after renewal, our certification is valid until June 2009, after which we will be unable to renew this certification. Further, we have been reporting our business classification in line with our business registration statement, as an eligible business falling under one of the categories of “Tax Benefit Business” under the Special Treatment Control Law as part of our annual tax return process with the Korea National Tax Service, or NTS. Accordingly, upon first generating taxable income for the year ended December 31, 2005, we have been claiming the 50% tax reduction and, to date, have not received any objections from the NTS regarding our claim of such tax reduction. While we continue to believe that we qualified for the 50% tax reduction under the Special Tax Treatment Control Law from the year ended December 31, 2005 to
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the year ended December 31, 2008, we cannot assure you that if NTS were to conduct an audit against us that its findings would be consistent with our determination. If NTS determines that we were not entitled to claim such tax reduction, it may require us to pay back-taxes with statutory interest and impose any fines or penalties, which may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. See Item 4.B. “Business Overview — Laws and Regulations — Laws Relating to Tax Benefits.”
Increases in the amount of fees charged by delivery companies, credit card fees charged by credit card issuers and value-added tax levied by the Government may decrease the volume of transactions which take place on our website and may negatively impact our net income.
If delivery companies in Korea were to significantly raise delivery rates for any reason, buyers may be less willing to purchase goods over the Internet, choosing instead to make purchases at department stores or other traditional retail outlets. In addition, because we do not pass on to the sellers the credit card fees charged by credit card issuers, any increases in such fees without a corresponding increase in our transaction fees will have a negative impact on our net income. In addition, any increases in value-added taxes levied by the Government could decrease the volume of transactions on our website. Any such developments may have a negative effect on our GMV, as well as our ability to attract and retain users and is likely to have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.
Interpark Corporation, which operates a competing retaile-commerce marketplace, is our largest shareholder and may, together with its affiliates, exercise significant control over us and may take actions which may be adverse to our interests.
Interpark Corporation, our largest shareholder, and its affiliates own approximately 36.2% of our common shares as of February 28, 2009. As a significant shareholder, Interpark Corporation and its affiliates may undertake various actions which may be adverse to our interests or prevent us from taking actions beneficial to our business. They may call for an extraordinary shareholders meeting to approve certain actions which may be adverse to our interests or to reject certain business decisions made by us by vetoing, in a shareholders meeting, certain material or extraordinary transactions which may benefit our business, including among others:
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| • | the amendment to our articles of incorporation; |
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| • | dismissal of our directors; |
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| • | reduction of capital; |
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| • | merger or dissolution; |
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| • | transfer of all or substantial part of our business; |
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| • | acquisition of all or a part of the business of another company, which significantly affects our business; or |
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| • | such other matters required to be adopted by a special resolution at the general shareholders meeting under the relevant laws and regulations or our articles of incorporation. |
Also, Mr. Ki Hyung Lee, the chairman and chief executive officer of Interpark Corporation, and Mr. Sang Kyu Lee, the chief executive officer of Interpark Shopping, a division of Interpark INT, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Interpark Corporation, currently serve as members of our board of directors with Mr. Ki Hyung Lee serving as the chairman of our board of directors. Conflicts of interest could arise between us and Interpark Corporation relating to the nature, quality and pricing of goods and services provided to each other, any payment of dividends by us to our shareholders and general issues relating to achieving our strategic initiatives as well as maintaining or increasing our profitability. Such conflicts may be resolved in a manner unfavorable to us in part due to the significant control which Interpark Corporation may exercise over us, and may negatively impact our ability to implement our strategic initiatives in a timely manner, our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.
In addition, Interpark Corporation operates a competing retaile-commerce marketplace and Interpark Corporation or any of its subsidiaries and affiliates may broaden their businesses and increase the range of
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products and services that they offer, particularly into businesses that compete directly with those which we operate, which may negatively affect our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.
It had been reported from late 2007 that Interpark Corporation has been considering selling its shareholdings in us and has been in discussions with potential purchasers. If Interpark Corporationand/or Mr. Ki Hyung Lee sell all of their shares to a third party, including any of our current and prospective competitors, such buyer will then be our largest shareholder and may exercise significant control over us and may take actions which may be adverse to our interests.
Our business may be adversely affected by factors that cause our users to spend less time on our website, including seasonal factors, national holidays and unforeseen natural disasters or geopolitical events.
Anything that diverts our users from their customary level of usage of our websites could adversely affect our business. Our results of operations historically have experienced seasonal fluctuations because many of our users reduce their activities on our websites with the onset of good weather during the summer months, and on and around national holidays. Certain Korean public holidays follow the lunar calendar and fall on different days of the week from year to year. Geopolitical events such as war, the threat of war, or terrorist activity, and natural disasters, such as hurricanes or earthquakes may also adversely affect our business.
Our success is tied to the continued use of the Internet for shopping and the reliability and adequacy of the Internet infrastructure in Korea. If consumers are unwilling to use the Internet to purchase goods for any reason, we may not be able to achieve our desired revenue growth.
Our business is substantially dependent upon the continued use of the Internet as an effective medium of business and communication by consumers. Our success will depend, in large part, upon third parties maintaining the Internet infrastructure to provide a reliable network backbone with the speed, data capacity, security and hardware necessary for reliable Internet access and services. Also, Internet use may not continue to develop at historical rates and consumers may not continue to use the Internet and other online services as a medium for commerce. The demand for and acceptance of products sold over the Internet are highly uncertain. Failures by somee-commerce retailers to meet consumer demands could result in consumer reluctance to use the Internet as a means for commerce. The decreased use of the Internet for any reason is likely to have a negative impact on our GMV, which will have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
We incur increased costs and compliance risks under relevant securities laws and regulations as a result of being a public company in the United States.
We incur legal, accounting and other expenses that we did not incur prior to the listing of our ADSs on the Nasdaq Global Select Market, or Nasdaq, including costs associated with our public company reporting requirements under the Exchange Act. We incur costs associated with corporate governance requirements under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, or the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, as well as new rules implemented by the Securities and Exchange Commission and the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, or FINRA, including, in particular, the need to establish an enhanced system of internal control over financial reporting. Under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, we are required to include a management report on our internal controls over financial reporting in our annual report with our management’s assessment of the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting. In addition, our independent registered public accounting firm must issue an audit report on the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting. See Item 15. “Controls and Procedures.” Our management and our independent registered public accounting firm have concluded that our internal controls as of December 31, 2008 are effective. However, we cannot assure you that in the future we or our independent registered public accounting firm will not identify material weaknesses in our internal controls over financial reporting during the assessment of internal control over financial reporting. A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the company’s annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. In addition, due to the inherent limitations of internal control over financial reporting, including the possibility of collusion or improper management override of controls, material misstatements due to error or fraud may not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. If we fail to maintain adequate internal controls over financial reporting which results in
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a material misstatement in our financial statements, or which results in a material delay in the timely preparation of our financial statements, we may be subject to investigationand/or sanctions by regulatory authorities, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations, investor confidence in our reported financial information, and the market price of our ADSs.
Our efforts to comply with the requirements for the assessment of our disclosure controls and procedures as required by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act have resulted in increased general and administrative expenses and a devotion of management time and attention to compliance activities. We expect the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and other rules and regulations will continue to increase our legal, accounting and financial compliance costs and make certain corporate activities more time-consuming and costly. Such increased compliance needs also make it more difficult and more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance, and we may be required to accept reduced policy limits and coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain the same or similar coverage.
Risks Related to Intellectual Property
We may be subject to intellectual property infringement claims which may divert significant resources, require us to pay monetary damages and prevent us from using certain technology that we currently use in our business.
Thee-commerce industry requires the use of significant technology, requiring us to either develop internally or obtain and license patents, copyrights, trademarks, service marks, trade secrets and other similar intellectual property rights from third parties. We may be subject to claims with respect to intellectual property in the future, which, whether such claims have merit or not, may divert significant resources, both financial and managerial, to defending such claims. If any such claims are determined against us, we may be enjoined from using certain technologies, may be required to pay monetary or civil damages and may be required to pay royalty or other payments for the use of technology. No assurance can be given that we could develop or obtain other alternative technology, that we could obtain rights to continue to use such technology or that the amounts required to be paid in monetary or civil damages or in the form of higher royalty payments will not have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We rely on intellectual property right protection for our trademarks, service marks and other intellectual property rights and if such rights are not adequately protected, we may not be able to successfully build our brand.
We seek to protect our intellectual property rights through the use of patents, copyrights, trademarks, service marks, trade secrets and other similar intellectual property protection and we regard our ability to protect such rights as being critical to our reputation, business and prospects. We have registered, and have the exclusive right to use our domain names, www.gmarket.co.kr and www.gmarket.com, and have secured the rights to use 109 other variations of our domain names for a number of other markets, including Japan, Singapore, China, Taiwan, India, France, Italy and Mexico. We have also obtained 23 business model patents and registered our service mark “Gmarket” fore-commerce business in Korea. See Item 8.A. “Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information — Legal Proceedings.” Our efforts in protecting our proprietary rights may not be effective in preventing others from using and infringing upon our rights, which may harm our reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations. Monitoring unauthorized use of our proprietary rights is difficult, time consuming and expensive. In addition, if we discover a violation of any of our rights, we must seek to enforce our rights in various tribunals and the courts, which would be costly and divert management resources from our business. See Item 4.B. “Business Overview — Intellectual Property.”
Risks Related to Doing Business in Korea
Our business may be adversely affected by developments affecting the Korean economy.
We have historically generated all of our revenues from operations in Korea and our future performance will depend on Korea’s future economic growth. Adverse developments in Korea’s economy as a result of various factors, including global economic, political and social conditions may have an adverse effect on consumer spending which may not allow us to achieve our desired revenue growth.
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As a result of recent worldwide economic downturn, the growth and future of Korean economy is uncertain and subject to many factors beyond our control. See Item 3.D. “Risk Factors — Current and future conditions in the global economy may have a material adverse effect on our business prospects, financial position and results of operations.” Factors, in addition to the recent global economic crisis, that may impact the Korean economy include, among others, the financial performance of Korean conglomerates, or chaebols, and their suppliers, and their potential adverse impact on the Korean economy, including as a result of recent investigations relating to unlawful political contributions by chaebols, loss of investor confidence arising from corporate accounting irregularities and corporate governance issues at certain chaebols, lower levels of consumer confidence and a slowdown in consumer spending, an unanticipated deterioration of consumer credit quality, deterioration of the financial health and liquidity of Korean financial institutions and the financial sector in general, adverse movements in interest rates, foreign exchange rates and commodity prices, such as oil and other natural resources, economic, political and social instability of certain of Korea’s largest trading partners, including, in particular, China, the United States and Japan, or deterioration in economic or diplomatic relations between Korea and its trading partners or allies, including deterioration resulting from trade disputes or disagreements in foreign policy, the outbreak of the bird flu or other similar contagion or pandemic, the occurrence of natural disasters, social and labor unrest and political uncertainty, increasing strife among or within political parties in Korea, or the failure by legislative body of the United States or Korea to approve the Free Trade Agreement or the failure by Korean economy to achieve the desired economic benefits from such Free Trade Agreement. Also, adverse geo-political developments and the outbreak of armed conflict may have an overall negative impact on the world’s economy and on the Korean economy. Any such developments will likely have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.
Increased tensions with North Korea could have an adverse effect on us and the price of the ADSs.
Relations between Korea and North Korea have been tense over most of Korea’s history. The level of tension between Korea and North Korea has fluctuated and may increase or change abruptly as a result of current and future events, including ongoing contacts at the highest levels of the governments of Korea and North Korea and increased hostility between North Korea and the United States, with North Korea in 2002 removing the seals and surveillance equipment from its Yangbyon nuclear power plant and evicting inspectors from the United Nations International Atomic Energy Agency and reportedly resuming activity at such plant. In January 2003, North Korea announced its intention to withdraw from the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and, in February 2005, North Korea announced that it possessed nuclear weapons. Subsequently, on October 9, 2006, North Korea announced that it had successfully conducted a nuclear test, which increased tensions in the region and raised strong objections and protests from the international community. In response, the United Nations Security Council passed a resolution which prohibits any United Nations member state from conducting transactions with North Korea in connection with any large-scale arms and material or technology related to missile development or weapons of mass destruction, providing luxury goods to North Korea, and imposes freezing of assets and an international travel ban on persons associated with North Korea’s weapons programs, and calls upon all United Nations member states to take cooperative action, including through inspection of cargo to or from North Korea.
In February 2007, the six parties consisting of Korea, North Korea, United States, China, Japan and Russia entered a new accord whereby North Korea would begin to disable its nuclear facilities in return for fuel oil and aid. In July 2007, North Korea announced that it closed its nuclear facilities, and it was reported that the United Nations inspectors have confirmed such closure, while a second team of United Nations experts arrived in North Korea to verify and monitor the shut down process. We cannot assure you that these recent events constitute a final resolution on North Korea’s nuclear program, including critical details such as implementation, timing and verification, or that North Korea will not resume its nuclear program. In October 2007, a summit between the leaders of Korea and North Korea was held in North Korea. While such a summit is being welcomed as a sign of reduced tensions between the two Koreas, there is no assurance that it will lead to reduced tensions. Mr. Myung Bak Lee, who became the President of Korea in February 2008, has announced that no further summit meetings will be held until North Korea discontinues its nuclear weapons program. In October 2008, North Korea agreed to a series of denuclearization verification measures, following the removal of North Korea from a list of state sponsors of terrorism maintained by the United States.
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In addition, in October 2004, the United States proposed plans to withdraw approximately one-third of the 37,500 troops currently stationed in Korea by the end of 2008, but in April 2008, the United States agreed to maintain approximately 28,500 troops in Korea. However, it is not certain whether there will be additional reduction in U.S. troops and talks between the governments of the United States and Korea are ongoing.
Any further increase in tensions, resulting for example from a break-down in contacts, test of long-range nuclear missiles, coupled with continuing nuclear programs by North Korea or an outbreak in military hostilities, could adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations and could lead to a decline in the market value of our ADSs.
Fluctuations in the exchange rate between the Won and the U.S dollar will affect our results of operations in U.S. dollars and the price of our ADSs.
Currently, nearly all of our revenues and expenses are denominated in Won. Fluctuations in the exchange rate between the Won and the U.S. dollar will affect any results of operations denominated in U.S. dollars and the price of our ADSs. Given that we currently do not have any results of operations denominated in U.S. dollars, we believe that the exchange rate fluctuations between the Won and the U.S. dollar towards the end of 2008 did not have a significant impact on our business. Fluctuations in the exchange rate between the Won and the U.S. dollar will also affect the amounts a registered holder or beneficial owner of ADSs will receive from the depositary in respect of any dividends in U.S. dollars. For historical exchange rate information, see Item 3.A. “Selected Financial Data — Exchange Rates.”
Fluctuations in interest rates may have a material adverse effect on our profitability.
We earn interest income from local financial institutions for deposits of cash and cash equivalents, cash on deposit, restricted cash, financial instruments, held-to-maturity corporate bonds. While all of our financial holdings are at a fixed interest rate, the majority of our holdings have short term maturity dates and are renewable within one year. Fluctuations in interest rates could have a material impact on our interest income from our deposits and investments, which could in turn have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
Your ability to deposit or withdraw common shares underlying the ADSs into and from the depositary facility may be limited, which may adversely affect the value of your investment in our ADSs.
Under the terms of our deposit agreement with Citibank, N.A., holders of our common shares may deposit such shares with the depositary’s custodian in Korea and obtain ADSs, and holders of our ADSs may surrender the ADSs to the depositary and receive our common shares. However, to the extent that a deposit of common shares exceeds the number of common shares initially deposited by us for the issuance of ADSs (including deposits in connection with the initial offering and all subsequent offerings of ADSs and stock dividends or other distributions relating to ADSs), such common shares will not be accepted for deposit unless (i) our consent with respect to such deposit has been obtained or (ii) such consent is no longer required under Korean laws and regulations or under the terms of the deposit agreement. We have consented to any such deposit which exceeds the number of common shares to be deposited by us as mentioned above, so long as such deposit would not violate our articles of incorporation or applicable Korean law.
Under the terms of the deposit agreement, no consent is required for the deposit of common shares obtained through a dividend, free distribution, rights offering or reclassification of such shares. In addition, we do not currently have any plans to list our common shares on any stock exchange or organized trading market in Korea, nor do we have any obligation to do so, and, as a result, if a holder surrenders ADSs and withdraws common shares, such holder may not be able to sell his shares, other than in a private transaction.
Investors in our ADSs may not have preemptive rights and may suffer dilution.
You may not be able to exercise preemptive rights or participate in rights offerings and may experience dilution of your holdings. The Korean Commercial Code and our articles of incorporation require us to offer shareholders the right to subscribe for new common shares in proportion to their existing ownership percentages whenever new common shares are issued, except under certain circumstances as provided in our articles of incorporation. Under
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our articles of incorporation, we may issue new shares up to 60% of our total outstanding shares pursuant to a board resolution to persons other than existing shareholders only:
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| • | if we offer subscription for new shares or issue them to subscribers in accordance with the Securities and Exchange Act of Korea; |
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| • | if we issue new shares by general public offering by a resolution of the board of directors in accordance with the Securities and Exchange Act of Korea; |
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| • | if we preferentially issue new shares to members of our employee stock ownership association in accordance with applicable laws and regulations; |
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| • | if we issue new shares upon the exercise of stock options in accordance with applicable laws and regulations; |
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| • | if we issue new shares pertaining to the issuance of any depository receipts; |
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| • | if we issue new shares to entities other than our shareholders, such as domestic or foreign financial institutions or foreign investors, for the purposes of long-term development or funding necessity; or |
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| • | if we issue new shares in order to achieve a business purpose, including, but not limited to, introduction of new technology or improvement of our financial structure. |
Accordingly, if we issue new shares to persons other than our shareholders based on such exception, a holder of our ADSs will experience dilution of such holdings. If none of the above exceptions is available, we will be required to grant preemptive rights when issuing additional common shares under Korean law. However, under U.S. law, we would not be able to make those rights available in the United States unless we register the securities to which the rights relate or an exemption from the registration requirements of the Securities Act is available. Under the deposit agreement governing the ADSs, if we offer rights to subscribe for additional common shares, the depositary under the deposit agreement, after consultation with us, may make such rights available to you or dispose of such rights on behalf of you and make the net proceeds available to you or, if the depositary is unable to take such actions, it may allow the rights to lapse with no consideration to be received by you. The depositary is generally not required to make available any rights under any circumstances. We are under no obligation to file a registration statement under the Securities Act to enable you to exercise preemptive rights in respect of the common shares underlying the ADSs, and we cannot assure you that any registration statement would be filed or that an exemption from the registration requirement under the Securities Act would be available. Accordingly, you may not be entitled to exercise preemptive rights and may thereby suffer dilution of your interest in us.
In connection with the purchase of our common shares by Yahoo! Korea from A. Bohl Praktijk B.V., a Dutch limited liability company, or DutchCo, Yahoo! Korea entered into a shareholders agreement with us, Interpark Corporation and DutchCo, which provides for, among other things, preemptive rights to Yahoo! Korea even in circumstances when certain other of our shareholders would not be entitled to such rights. DutchCo is an investment vehicle of Oak Investment Partners IX, LP and its affiliated funds, which are managed by Oak Associates IX, LLC, as the general partner of the funds.
The transfer, sale or availability for sale of substantial amounts of our ADSs could adversely affect their market price.
Interpark Corporation, and its affiliates own approximately 36.2% of our common shares. Yahoo! Inc., and its affiliates own approximately 10.0% of our common shares. If any of our major shareholders, including Interpark Corporation or Yahoo! Inc., and their respective affiliates, decides to sell or transfer substantial amounts of our common shares into the form of ADSs in the public market or if there is a perception of their intent to sell, the market price of our ADSs could be materially and adversely affected and could materially impair our future ability to raise capital through offerings of our ADSs.
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The public shareholders of our ADSs may have more difficulty protecting their interests than they would as shareholders of a corporation incorporated in the United States.
Our corporate affairs are governed by our articles of incorporation and by the laws and regulations governing Korean corporations. The rights and responsibilities of our shareholders and members of our board of directors under Korean law may be different from those that apply to shareholders and directors of a corporation incorporated in the United States. While the facts and circumstances of each case will differ, the duty of care required of a director under Korean law may not be the same as the fiduciary duty of a director of a corporation incorporated in the United States. Although the concept of “business judgment rule” exists in Korea, there is insufficient case law or precedent to provide guidance to the management and shareholders as to how it should be applied or interpreted in a particular circumstance. Holders of our ADSs may have more difficulty protecting their interests against actions of our management, members of our board of directors or controlling shareholder than they would as shareholders of a corporation incorporated in the United States. In addition, the standard of disclosure for Korean companies may be materially less onerous than those applicable to companies incorporated in the United States, making our public disclosure less timely or less comprehensive than those made by companies incorporated in the United States.
As an ADS holder, you will not be treated as our shareholder and you may not be able to exercise voting rights.
As a holder of ADSs, you will have rights as a holder of ADSs. Such rights will be determined only in accordance with the terms of the deposit agreement which is governed by New York law and are different than those of a holder of our common shares, which are governed by our articles of incorporation and the Korean Commercial Code. The depositary will be the shareholder of the common shares underlying your ADSs and upon our request, the depositary will notify you of shareholders’ meetings and arrange to deliver our voting materials to you only when we deliver them to the depositary with sufficient time for the depositary to deliver them to you under the terms of the deposit agreement. Upon receipt of the necessary voting materials, you may instruct the depositary to vote the number of common shares your ADSs represent and the depositary will endeavor to vote the underlying common shares in accordance with the instruction. If there is a delay, we cannot ensure that you will receive voting materials or otherwise learn of an upcoming shareholders’ meeting in time to ensure that you may instruct the depositary to vote your shares. In addition, the depositary and its agents are not responsible for failing to carry out voting instructions or for the manner of carrying out voting instructions. As a result, you may not be able to exercise your right to vote, and you may lack recourse if your common shares are not voted as you requested.
You would not be able to exercise dissent and appraisal rights unless you have withdrawn the underlying common shares from the depositary facility and become our direct shareholder.
In some limited circumstances, including the transfer of the whole or any significant part of our business, our acquisition of a part of the business of any other company having a material effect on our business, our merger or consolidation with another company, dissenting shareholders have the right to require us to purchase their shares under Korean law. However, if you hold our ADSs, you will not be able to exercise such dissent and appraisal rights unless you have withdrawn the underlying common shares from the depositary facility and become our direct shareholder prior to the record date for the shareholders’ meeting at which the relevant transaction is to be approved.
We may amend the deposit agreement and the ADRs without your consent for any reason and, if you disagree, your option will be limited to selling the ADSs or withdrawing the underlying common shares.
We may agree with the depositary to amend the deposit agreement and the ADRs, without your consent for any reason. If an amendment adds or increases fees or charges (except for charges incurred in connection with foreign exchange control regulations, taxes and other governmental charges, delivery and other similar expenses) or which shall otherwise materially prejudice any substantial right of ADS holders, it will not become effective for outstanding ADRs until 30 days after the depositary notifies ADS holders of the amendment. At the time an amendment becomes effective, you are considered, by continuing to hold your ADSs, to agree to the amendment and to be bound by the ADRs and the deposit agreement as amended. If you do not agree with an amendment to the deposit agreement or the ADRs, your option is limited to selling the ADSs or withdrawing the underlying common shares. No assurance can be given that the sale of ADSs would be made at a price satisfactory to you in such
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circumstances. In addition, as of the date hereof, the common shares underlying the ADSs are not listed on any stock exchange and we do not currently have any plans to list our common shares on any stock exchange or organized trading market, nor do we have any obligation to do so. Your ability to sell the underlying common shares following withdrawal and the liquidity of the common shares may therefore be limited.
You may be subject to Korean withholding tax.
We will deduct Korean withholding tax from any dividends paid to you at a rate of 22.0% (including resident surtax). If you are a qualified resident in a country that has entered into a tax treaty with Korea, you may qualify for a reduced rate of Korean withholding tax with regard to any dividends paid. For example, if you are a qualified resident of the United States for purposes of the income tax treaty between the United States and Korea, and you are the “beneficial owner” of a dividend, generally, a reduced withholding tax at the rate of 16.5% (including resident surtax) will apply, which may be further reduced to 11.0% (including resident surtax) if you meet certain other conditions.
Under Korean tax law, as a general rule, in the absence of an applicable tax treaty which exempts or reduces the rate of tax on capital gains, capital gains earned by non-residents upon transfer of our common shares are subject to Korean withholding tax at the lesser of 11.0% (including resident surtax) of the gross realization proceeds or, subject to production of satisfactory evidence of acquisition cost and transfer expenses of the ADSs, 22.0% of the net capital gains. As for the ADSs, capital gains earned by a non-resident holder from the transfer of ADSs outside Korea are not subject to Korean taxation, irrespective of whether or not such holder has a permanent establishment in Korea.
You may have difficulty bringing an original action or enforcing any judgment obtained outside Korea against us, our directors and executive officers.
We are organized under the laws of Korea, and the majority of our directors and all of our executive officers reside in Korea. Also, all or a significant portion of our assets and the assets of such persons are located outside of the United States. It may not be possible for you to effect service of process within the United States upon these persons or to enforce against them or us court judgments obtained in the United States that are predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the federal securities laws of the United States or of the securities laws of any state of the United States. We have, however, irrevocably appointed an agent in New York to receive service of process in any proceedings in the State of New York relating to our ADSs. Notwithstanding the foregoing, there is doubt as to the enforceability in Korea, either in original actions or in actions for enforcement of judgments of United States courts, of civil liabilities predicated on the federal securities laws of the United States or the securities laws of any state of the United States.
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ITEM 4. | INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY |
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4.A. | History and Development of the Company |
We were incorporated as a company with limited liability under Korean law on April 4, 2000 under the legal name of GOODSDAQ, Ltd., and we commercially launched oure-commerce marketplace for sellers and buyers at such time. Our legal name was changed to Gmarket Inc. on April 10, 2004. In December 2004, DutchCo subscribed to our preferred stock. In June 2006, Yahoo! Korea purchased 10% of our then outstanding shares from DutchCo. We listed our ADSs on Nasdaq with an initial public offering price of US$15.25 per share of each common stock representing each ADS on June 28, 2006.
Our principal corporate offices are located at 9th floor, LIG Tower649-11 Yeoksam-Dong, Gangnam-Gu, Seoul, Korea135-912. Our telephone number is(82-2)6277-6700. Our agent for service of process in the United States is CT Corporation System, located at 111 8th Avenue, New York, New York 10011. CT Corporation System’s telephone number is(206) 894-8940.
Until the third quarter of 2003, we operated as an online retailer, selling products from our inventory, and as ane-commerce marketplace, where various sellers could list and sell their products. In the third quarter of 2003, we
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began transitioning exclusively to ane-commerce marketplace. By December 31, 2004, we sold all of our inventory and since then, have been generating revenues exclusively from oure-commerce marketplace.
In February 2008, Microsoft announced its intention to purchase Yahoo! Inc. which, through Yahoo! Korea, currently owns 10.0% of our shares. Microsoft announced that it would not be proceeding with its offer to takeover Yahoo! after Yahoo! rejected Microsoft’s offer in May, 2008, and no additional material public announcements have been made since then. In the future, however, Microsoft or another bidder may seek to acquire Yahoo! Inc., which would result in such company, including any current and prospective competitor, owning 10.0% of our shares and thereby exerting control over us commensurate with a shareholder holding such percentage of ownership in us.
Among our strategies for growth is expansion in overseas markets. We established aJapanese-language website targeted at the Japanese market at www.gmarket.co.jp on a trial basis in December 2007. In addition, we launched anEnglish-language website targeted at the Singaporean market at www.gmarket.com.sg though a partnership with Yahoo! Southeast Asia in November 2008. See Item 7.B. “Related Party Transactions.” These overseas websites currently do not provide the full variety of services and products available at our main Korean website and we continue to upgrade and improve these sites. Thee-commerce business generated by these overseas websites have been minimal to date and we cannot assure you that our experience and know-how in building and growing our Koreane-commerce business will aid us in marketing and expanding a successfule-commerce business in Japan, Singapore or other overseas markets. We are also interested in the Chinese and U.S. markets in the long term. As Korean culture, including Korean television programs and music, has become increasingly popular in China, we believe that much of the current traffic from China to our website come from individuals who are seeking Korean related information on the Internet. No assurance can be given such interest or traffic to our website will continue or whether we will be able to generate any revenue from our overseas website or increased traffic to our website from China.
We are a leading retaile-commerce marketplace in Korea offering buyers a wide selection of products at competitive prices and sellers a comprehensive and flexible sales solution. Oure-commerce marketplace is highly scalable and facilitates the sale of products in small or large quantities to a large number of potential buyers in a convenient, cost effective and secure manner. We derive our revenues primarily from transaction fees from sellers on the sale of products on our website as well as from advertising fees. Oure-commerce marketplace is located at www.gmarket.co.kr.
We believe we have developed an established and well-known brand name in Korea as evidenced by both our leading market position and rapid growth. We believe we are a leading retaile-commerce marketplace in Korea based on gross merchandise value, or GMV, which represents the total value of all goods sold on ane-commerce marketplace. For the year ended December 31, 2008, we had GMV of Won 3.99 trillion (US$2.6 billion) compared to an estimated total online retail sales in Korea of Won 18.1 trillion (US$11.81 billion) according to the Korea National Statistical Office. From January 1, 2006 through December 31, 2008, our GMV has grown 45% per year on a compounded annual basis, reaching a GMV of Won 375.93 billion (US$245.26 million) by the month of December 2008. The number of registered users increased 15% during 2008 to 15.7 million at December 31, 2008 compared to 13.7 million at December 31, 2007.
We believe our rapid growth is attributable to our ability to facilitate interaction among a growing critical mass of buyers and sellers. We believe sellers, whether they are small businesses, online merchandisers, large manufacturers or individuals, are attracted to our website for our cost effective, end-to-end sales and marketing channel and access to a broad audience of buyers. Sellers are offered flexible listing options utilizing our five distinct trading platforms and other extensive services, including our proprietary Gmarket Sales Manager software program, or GSM program, training and customer support and delivery services. We believe buyers are attracted to our website as we provide an entertaining and secure shopping environment with over four million products currently available for sale in 39 product categories at competitive prices. Products and services listed for sale on our website include apparel and fashion accessories, computers and electronics, furniture and products for the home, food and child care products, and travel and leisure services. Most of our products are coupled with comprehensive product information, including pictures, product descriptions and customer reviews and commentary. In addition, our payment
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and delivery tracking systems provide buyers the assurance that their payment is secure and that the product will be delivered in a timely manner.
Our total revenues increased by 25.0% to Won 278.68 billion (US$181.81 million) in the year ended December 31, 2008 from Won 222.89 billion in the year ended December 31, 2007 and from Won 154.13 billion in the year ended December 31, 2006. We recorded a net income of Won 56.39 billion (US$36.79 million) in the year ended December 31, 2008 compared to a net income of Won 33.30 billion in 2007 and net income of Won 16.28 billion in 2006.
We launched aJapanese-language website targeted at the Japanese market at www.gmarket.co.jp in December 2007 and anEnglish-language website targeted at the Singaporean market at www.gmarket.com.sg though a partnership with Yahoo! Southeast Asia in November 2008. As of the year ended December 31, 2008, our total revenue from these two overseas websites was Won 30.8 million (US$20,094) combined, representing approximately 0.01% of our total revenue for the period. As these overseas websites currently do not provide the full variety of services and products available at our main Korean website and thee-commerce business generated by these overseas websites have been minimal to date, the information contained in this annual report on our business, website, products and services offered on our website, registration and payment process, product delivery, marketing and sales, technology, competition, intellectual property, laws and regulations and other matters is related to our Korean website, except as otherwise indicated.
Our Industry and Opportunity
Korea is one of the most advanced countries in the world in terms of the percentage of Internet users and broadband Internet penetration rate. According to the National Internet Development Agency of Korea, the number of Internet users in Korea reached 35.4 million as of December 31, 2008, or approximately 77.1% of Korea’s total population aged six years or older. In addition, as of December 31, 2008, Korea had one of the highest broadband Internet penetration rates among the member countries of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, with approximately 30 broadband subscribers per 100 inhabitants. The popularity of the Internet and high broadband Internet penetration rate have allowed companies in Korea to generate revenues from a variety of services over the Internet, includinge-commerce, online advertising, online gaming,video-on-demand and other multimedia entertainment services. We believe factors contributing to the commercialization of Internet services in Korea include the following:
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| • | high computer penetration in the household, workplace and Internet cafes; |
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| • | high broadband Internet penetration rate, which permits richer user experience and provision of a broader range of services than is possible with slower,dial-up Internet connections; |
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| • | secure Internet environment, including telecommunications networks and systems, which helps promote consumers’ confidence in online transactions; |
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| • | advanced electronic or other payment systems, including credit card, bank transfer and mobile payment systems; and |
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| • | the Korean government’s continued focus and support to improve the Internet and communications infrastructure. |
The Internet has emerged as a popular medium for conducting commercial transactions in Korea, in particular for retaile-commerce transactions. The ability to reach a large number of customers at a relatively low cost has made retaile-commerce an attractive sales and marketing channel. According to the latest data available from Korea National Statistical Office, there were 1,024 online shopping malls that constituted the retaile-commerce industry in Korea (excluding the number of malls with transaction volume less than Won 12 million in 2007), accounting for a total GMV of approximately Won 18.1 trillion for the year ended December 31, 2008.
The evolution of the retaile-commerce industry in Korea is similar to that in the United States. The purchase and sale of goods between and among consumers and retailers have, until recently, been conducted at retail shops, department stores and discount stores. For buyers, these forums generally require face-to-face interactions and significant amount of time and effort in researching product attributes, product availability and prices. For sellers,
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such forums generally involve higher real estate, labor and inventory costs, with potential sales being limited by the number of outlets as well as hours of operation. We believe the Internet offers the opportunity to provide an alternative sales and marketing channel for sellers to reach a large number of buyers at a relatively low cost and without maintaining a physical store.
Our Website
Our website is located at www.gmarket.co.kr and is available 24 hours a day, seven days a week other than a few hours during the week when our website is shut down for routine maintenance and service. Our website is organized into various product groupings and categories. Products listed for sale are accompanied by photographs in multiple sizes, summary descriptions, user ratings, customer comments and reviews, together with discounts or other promotions offered on the products, if any. Our website also has an easy-to-use search engine, which allows customers to find specific products quickly and easily.
Our GSM program, which is available for download on our website at no charge, is the backbone of our comprehensive sales solutions. Using this proprietary software program, sellers can conveniently manage the entire sales process online in one central location, from listing products, monitoring inventory levels, tracking delivery status and returned products, managing customer contact/communication, requesting pick up from delivery providers, among others. We believe one unique feature of the GSM program is it allows sellers to upload listings for multiple items with minimal effort, which saves a significant amount of time. Additionally, sellers may change the quantity and price of listed products quickly and easily, which provides them the flexibility to adjust to changing market conditions. For certain of our larger sellers, the GSM program allows a direct link to their inventory management programs, so that such sellers can more effectively monitor their inventory levels as sales occur. Additionally, using the GSM program, sellers can purchase keyword search terms and other premium listing services. Sellers receive up-to-date news and information from us on new services and product categories, among others. Sellers can view frequently asked questions and other helpful articles posted by us and others on the sales process, including information on credit card payments and tax statements.
We strongly encourage and facilitate the free flow and exchange of information regarding goods, consumer trends and other information which may be useful to buyers and sellers through various bulletin boards and consumer comments sections available on our website. We believe the active sharing of information and experiences by users fosters a sense of community and ultimately, customer loyalty. Sellers, buyers and other users can post product reviews, rankings and commentary. We offer an online magazine, “Shopping Webzine,” where our users and other members of the Internet community can publish their reviews regarding sellers and products, and contribute general interest articles or other commentary regarding fashion and other topics. We also offer a “Shop Together” feature, whereby Gmarket registered users can recommend products to each other. To encourage participation in the community, we provide contributors with coupons and reward points, among other benefits, to be used towards purchases.
Products and Services Offered on Our Website
The number of products and services listed on our website and product groupings has grown significantly over the past several years. Products and services are broadly organized into six product groupings and within each product grouping, products and services are further organized into 6 or 7 product categories. Our product category portfolio has become wide-ranging over the years and offers a variety of new products and services with less reliance on traditional categories. The total number of product categories has continued to increase and in 2008 increased to 39 product categories from 37 product categories in 2007. In 2008, 38.2% of our GMV was related to products and services offered under the product groupings of child care/food, beauty/sporting goods/automobile
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accessories, and furniture/health/living, 30.5% was related to computers/electronics, and 28.3% was related to clothing and accessories. The current product groupings and product categories are as follows:
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Computers/Electronics | | Clothing/Accessories | | Child Care/Food |
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• computers/monitors/printers
• PC related machines
• mobile phones/accessories
• large kitchen appliances/televisions/air conditioners
• consumer electronics/cooking appliances/home electronics/audio electronics
• digital cameras/mp3 players/electronic games/electronic dictionaries
• used products/out-of-season products | | • women’s clothing/undergarments
• men’s clothing/suits/undergarments
• plus-size clothes/senior clothes
• luxury goods/domestic brands/overseas brands
• women shoes/men shoes/designer shoes
• bags/wallets/accessories
• jewelry/watches/sunglasses | | • diapers/powdered milk/hygienic bands
• maternity and baby care products/baby carriages
• baby clothes/shoes/bags
• toys/educational kits/dolls
• rice/fruits/meat/fish
• tea/beverage/processed foods
• health foods/diet/red ginseng |
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Beauty/Sporting Goods/
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Automobile Accessories | | Furniture/Health/Living | | Travel/Leisure |
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• cosmetics/beauty products/weight management products
• golf clubs/clothes/gear
• skiing/mountain hiking/fishing/camping gear
• fitness/swim/leisure sports/hobbies
• sports clothes/shoes
• automobile parts and accessories | | • furniture/do-it-yourself furniture items
• home/kitchen/storage/bath
• bedroom furnishings/home decorations
• health care/pets/musical instruments/adult health care products
• office supplies/office products/industrial supplies
• flower deliveries/flowerpots/small decorative items | | • books/music/DVDs
• travel/hotel/air tickets
• tickets/gift certificates/financial
• digital voucher market
• movies/comics/lessons/magazines
• wholesale market |
We update our product groupings and categories from time to time and as new products and categories are added for sale on our website, in order to make the shopping experience more convenient and efficient. We also continue to refine our product categories, for example, by expanding into multiple categories for popular and fast growing items such as tea/beverage/processed foods and health foods/diet/red ginseng, which were previously included in broader categories. In 2008, we added one new category titled “wholesale market”, which offers products for bulk sale. For our users’ convenience, we also offer updated groupings of products and services offered on our website by “new listings,” “most popular items” and “today’s specials.” During 2008, we also introduced our “art market service” within the books/CDs/DVDs category. The “art market service” lists art related items such as paintings, pictures, photographs, sculptures, calendars and other art pieces for sale on our website.
The Registration Process
All sellers must register with us while buyers may register or log on as a guest. Individual buyers, whether they register or log on as a guest, must provide their name and national identification number, which identifies their age and sex. We send the name and the national identification number to a third party credit agency to confirm that the name and the national identification number match and confirm that certain other information provided matches the record on file for such person. Business buyers must submit to us their trade name, the names of their corporate representatives, their tax office registration number, a copy of their bank account passbook and a copy of their
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standard terms and conditions of sale. All users must agree to our user agreement, which sets forth the terms and conditions for the use of our website, including the timing and method of payment, the types of goods that cannot be listed, delivery terms and return policies. The agreement also requires that users generally indemnify us for various matters, including for claims, damages or liabilities brought by third parties against us in connection with the listing and sales of goods on our website.
As of December 31, 2008, we had approximately 15.7 million registered users. We have a diverse base of registered sellers, consisting of small retailers, large merchandisers, other business sellers and individuals. We currently rank our registered sellers on a monthly basis into four levels: power, superior, normal and poor. Power and superior rankings are posted on our website. A seller is assigned a ranking depending on several factors such as the aggregate number of successful sales the seller has recorded with us since registration and during the immediately preceding month, the percentage of returned goods for reasons attributable to the seller’s non-performance or error, cancelled auctions and the achievement of minimum customer satisfaction levels.
Although we do not rank our buyers by purchase volume or frequency, we reward our repeat buyers by offering memberships in loyalty discount programs. We may grant discount coupons to registered users who accumulate loyalty points. We also offer to buyers membership to our “Zero Margin Club” which entitles buyers to purchase eligible products at a price less than that offered to non-members. Membership fees depend on the membership term.
Product Listing and Sale
Products are listed for sale on our website using our GSM program. Sellers choose from one of our 39 product categories and various subcategories to list their products. The sellers input information on the product, including descriptions and photographs and often provide hyperlinks to other websites. Sellers can elect to use one of our value-added services, such as banner and keyword search advertising, Star Shop or Seller’s Shop, for an additional fee. See “— Value-Added Services.” If sellers have any questions or technical issues, they are able to communicate with us directly online, call our customer service department or send us emails or instant messages. See “— Customer Service.”
Currently, our website offers five distinct trading platforms, consisting of the following:
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| • | Fixed Price. Allows potential buyers to purchase listed products at a fixed price, without waiting to bid in an auction or negotiating with sellers. |
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| • | Fixed Price with Options. Similar to our fixed price trading platform except the sellers elect to link the product to one or more discount or donation features. Sellers may choose to include a discount feature to allow buyers to use online coupons, stamps or loyalty points to reduce the purchase price or to receive free delivery, among other features. If sellers have elected to link the product to a charity under our donation shopping program, a certain portion of the purchase price is donated to such charity. |
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| • | Negotiation. Buyers and sellers negotiate directly with each other online to reach an agreed upon price. |
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| • | Group Buying. Potential buyers can aggregate their purchases, which allows the group to achieve high volume sale discounts, while allowing sellers to sell a large quantity of goods in a single transaction. Sellers have been using this trading platform as a marketing tool and have often sold items at the high volume discount rate to all the buyers who participate in the group buying effort, regardless of the quantity of goods purchased. |
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| • | Auction. Sellers set a minimum opening price for bids and the duration of the auction period. The highest bid above the minimum price at the end of the auction period “wins” the bid. We obtained a business model patent in Korea in February 2006 for a variant of the straight auction called “random drawing auction.” Under the random drawing auction format, buyers place bids within an acceptable range as specified by the seller, and the winning bid is selected by reference to how close the bid is to a specific value generated at random by our system. |
We believe these trading platforms engage both sellers and buyers in a trading experience that is more fulfilling and personal than would be possible under a traditional buy-sell transaction. We also believe certain categories of
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goods are better suited for certain trading platforms than others, and as a result, sellers have the flexibility of choosing the platform that most fits their needs.
In addition, we offer a full service mobile platform whereby mobile users can browse and shop for all products available on our website. We began providing this mobile commerce service through all of the major mobile telecom companies in Korea since October 2007.
Communication Between Buyers and Sellers
We believe that exchange of information and communication between buyers and sellers facilitate sales and create more satisfied customers of our online marketplace. We provide multiple ways for buyers and sellers to communicate with each other, as well as with our customer service representatives through our G-messenger Phone service. G-messenger Phone is an online based communication tool that allows buyers, sellers, and customer service to communicate through text voice or video chat, SMS or conference functions. We also provide a VoIP service, which is a protocol enabling voice transmissions through the Internet for sellers through which they can speak to customers or their own employees in different locations.
Measures to Prevent Listing of Illegal or Prohibited Products
We filter all listings through a database containing certain words and phrases in an attempt to prevent the listing of illegal or prohibited products. Our filter is not completely successful and certain of these items may be listed. We conduct random searches to identify such listings, and any seller found to have listed such products is prohibited from listing with us in the future. See Item 3.D. “Risk Factors — The listing or sale by our users of pirated, counterfeit or illegal items or the improper listing and sale of regulated items may harm our reputation and subject us to lawsuits.” We update our restricted word database from time to time to comply with the applicable legal and regulatory environment and requirements in addition to making updates based on our internal policy and industry practices. We conduct random checks of listed products to review the product descriptions for accuracy and confirm that the products themselves, or the sale of the products, do not violate applicable laws and regulations, including trademark and copyright laws.
Under our existing practice, a seller would generally be blocked from listing or selling its products or services on our website after having been found and reported as selling counterfeit products on three occasions by a manufacturer or distributor. However, we also operate a “Brand Protection Program,” or BPP. If a member company of BPP discovers a fake version of its product on our website and reports it to us, such retailer selling the fake or counterfeit goods will be immediately removed from our website and barred from operating an online shop on our website in the future. The BPP operates on a membership basis, and we currently have 49 well-known domestic and international manufacturing brands as members.
Payment Processing
Buyers can elect to make payment for their purchases with a credit card, direct electronic payment from their bank accounts or by mobile payment options. For the buyers electing mobile payment option, the cost of the buyers’ purchases are added to such buyers’ mobile phone bills and settled at the time the buyers pay their phone bills. The phone companies and a payment gateway company, after deducting a processing fees, would correspondingly remit the payments to us. In the case of credit card payments, such transactions are processed through a secured gateway. All payments are paid directly to us, which we hold and distribute to the seller only upon confirmation that the sale has been completed, which is when the buyer receives the product. As a result, buyers who shop on our website are provided with the added security of knowing that they will be able to receive a refund as payment is transferred to the seller generally within seven to thirty days following delivery of the product to the buyer, depending on the seller’s ranking with us, with higher ranked sellers generally receiving payments sooner.
Product Delivery
Most of our sellers arrange for delivery of a purchased item with a delivery company chosen by them. For the benefit of those sellers who may not otherwise receive volume discounts from delivery companies, we have entered into contracts with two delivery companies in order to provide lower delivery fees for such sellers.
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Our GSM program is linked to the websites of certain delivery companies, enabling sellers who ship products using such companies to check delivery status in near real time. In addition, our sellers usually choose delivery companies, whether on their own or through us, that allow both buyers and sellers to review and track the shipping and delivery status of items through links provided on our website.
Nearly all of our users are located in Korea, which allows them to take advantage of Korea’s relatively advanced payment and delivery infrastructure. Most products are delivered within one to two business days after they are purchased, with international shipments taking longer. Our service quality management division monitors transactions from time to time to ensure delivery is conducted in a timely and efficient manner and to address any recurring problems. See “— Customer Service.” Product returns are facilitated through any delivery company or the post office, allowing buyers to return unwanted or defective goods. Buyers can call the delivery company or post office for pick up or request pick up directly on our website for certain delivery companies. Many delivery companies in Korea also maintain a webpage where buyers can make pick up requests. In some cases, delivery companies at the time of delivery include a return slip to facilitate easy returns. We provide an automated tracking system, which records the delivery date and facilitates the return process, as buyers have seven days within delivery to decide whether or not they will keep the product. Since 2006, we have been offering delivery of products to destinations outside of Korea and have upgraded our services to offer delivery tracking services outside of Korea. We provide overseas delivery services to 60 foreign countries via post office express mail service and small package service operated by various delivery and logistics companies.
Value-Added Services
We believe we offer sellers a compelling value proposition by offering extensive value-added services, including the following:
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| • | Seller’s Shop. This service provides a variety of ready-to-use web pages that allows sellers to establish a low-cost and efficient online “storefront” within our website. These ready-to-use web pages can be easily modified, updated and personalized by sellers to create a unique shopping experience for their customers. Sellers can also enhance and add other features to their “store,” such as allowing buyers to sende-mails directly to the seller and offering coupons which may be used for purchases from the seller. We do not charge sellers any fee to use our Seller’s Shop service. |
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| • | Star Shop. We believe products with well-known celebrity endorsements or advertisements tend to sell better than those without. Most smaller sellers, however, are unable to afford such celebrity endorsements or advertisements as part of their marketing campaigns as they are relatively expensive. We facilitate the pooling of various products from many sellers in one endorsement or advertisement, allowing participating sellers to share in the cost. |
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| • | Donation Shopping. For certain products offered by sellers an election is made to donate a portion of the sales proceeds to a specified charitable organization of our choosing. We often give these products priority placement on our website. We have found buyers are more likely to purchase a product listed as a donation shopping item. |
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| • | Sales Promotion Service. Our web and graphic designers are available to assist sellers in the sale and marketing process for a fee. We charge sellers for graphic and website design, photography and other artwork. For example, users of our Seller’s Shop may engage our staff to assist them in making their basic online storefront more comprehensive and robust. |
Pricing
Our primary source of revenues consist of transaction fees paid by sellers upon completion of each sale, fees paid by sellers to upgrade basic listing placement to standard and premium listing which provide better placement in search results, and banner advertisement and keyword search fees from sellers as well as advertisement fees from non-sellers and membership fees for our Zero Margin Club paid by buyers. We do not currently charge any registration fees to register as a user.
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In general, we do not charge basic listing fees for sellers to list products on our website, except with respect to certain products under group buying and auctions. We charge transaction fees that range between 6% to 12% of the sale price, which is inclusive of any applicable value- added tax. We do not pass through credit card commissions to sellers. Also, transaction fees are effectively reduced by the use of coupons by buyers.
We set a minimum fee for keyword searches and certain banner advertisements and sellers bid for the location, size, frequency and duration of such keyword search terms and banner advertisements, with the actual amount charged subject to the highest bid received for a particular search term bid. Certain banner advertisements are charged at fixed rates. Our fees for promotional and advertising services and for value-added services vary, depending on the service provided.
Customer Service
We believe proactive customer service is the most effective means of achieving user satisfaction, and our success to date has been due in part to our personalized customer service provided to our users. Our customer service is divided into three functions:
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| • | Customer service. The primary contact point for buyers with questions, concerns or complaints about our website, our services or any seller’s products or services. As of December 31, 2008, 496 customer service professionals were employed by our outsourced call center to respond to our buyers’ questions or complaints from 9 a.m. to 6 p.m. on weekdays and from 9 a.m. to 12 p.m. on Saturdays. The number of call center professionals we retain at the call center may vary from time to time, based on the then-current customer service demands from our users. We analyzee-mails and calls to identify and address common problems so we can improve the overall quality of our services and the customer experience. |
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| • | Seller service and training. The primary contact point for sellers with questions or concerns about our services. We currently have over 35 professionals serving these functions. Upon registration, we assign a professional to each seller, who generally contacts that seller after the first listing or upon completion of the first sale. This person’s primary role is to educate the seller about the Gmarket systems, the retaile-commerce process and to assist the seller in their sales, marketing and promotion programs and strategies to increase customer loyalty. We help sellers establish policies and procedures for managing customer questions, as well as assist them with questions about specific inquiries from their customers. Additionally, as many of our sellers are new to the retaile-commerce industry, we offer extensive training, support and consulting services as they establish an online retail presence with us. We operate and offer to newly registered sellers various training programs held one day or three days a week at our offices, where our staff gives instruction and training to help these sellers take full advantage of our services, all without charge. |
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| • | Conflict management and quality assurance. We mediate disputes between a seller and a buyer. We believe one of our fundamental roles is to facilitate communications between sellers and buyers not only in the buy-sell relationship, but also after the sale has taken place. We believe by quickly engaging ourselves as an intermediary between the seller and buyer, we have been able to, in most cases, effectively resolve disputes, improving buyer loyalty and enhancing our reputation among buyers and sellers. Also, in an ongoing effort to create a more reliable and trustworthy website for our users, we introduced a stricter quality assurance program designed to filter out problematic sellers and products. |
Marketing and Sales
Based on our analysis of our registered buyers as of December 31, 2008, approximately 54% of our registered buyers are women and approximately 67% of our registered buyers are in their 20s or 30s. We believe shoppers in this market segment are generally brand and quality conscious, while buying behaviors are driven by value and savings. As we believe sellers are best positioned to market their products effectively, we encourage sellers to take the initiative in promoting their products and to organize online and offline promotional events and sales events to attract buyers and increase frequency and volume of purchases, such as offering volume based coupons or free delivery. We also assist in the sellers’ promotional efforts. For example, we host from time to time, special promotional events where we offer various value-added services to buyers, including coupons, reduced delivery charges and prizes, to encourage shoppers to make a purchase.
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We also market our website and services through various advertisements and promotional events. We continued our successful Fun Life Campaign, which consists of various online and offline activities in 2008. For example, as part of the campaign, we held a user-created content review contest in order to encourage our users to leave more detailed product reviews in diverse formats, including pictures and video clips. We also sponsored concerts featuring some of Korea’s most popular singers and organized a Green Campaign with the local government through which over 20,000 volunteers planted trees on Arbor Day. As the primary sponsor and exclusive seller of tickets for the Korea Baseball Organization’s all-star game and postseason games, we sold more than 300,000 tickets through our website and also held various offline promotional events.
We entered into various partnerships with major telecom companies and credit card issuers such as LG telecom and Hana Bank. Through these partnerships, we were able to offer exclusive benefits to our users such as phone-bill-linked discount plans and free delivery service for co-promoted credit card users. We also had more targeted marketing programs such as enhanced marketing programs for our frequent users including free movie screenings at premium theaters and free offline lectures.
In addition, we promote our website through various marketing programs, including the following:
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| • | Affiliate Programs. We participate in promotion events jointly with various high-traffic websites in Korea, including most of the major Internet portals such as Naver.com, Daum.net and Yahoo.co.kr. We believe these relationships raise our brand awareness and help attract users to our website. We will continue to seek to expand our relationships with such parties in the future. |
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| • | Online Advertising. We purchase banner advertisements, keyword search advertisements and other forms of advertisements on various portals and other websites we believe are visited by Internet users who may be our potential users. Online advertisements generally provide a hyperlink that directs potential users to our website. We place online advertisements with many of the leading Internet portals in Korea, including Naver.com, Daum.net and Yahoo.co.kr. |
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| • | Offline Advertising. Our offline advertisements have included nationwide advertising campaigns, including print, billboard and television advertisements designed to increase public awareness of our brand and to attract new users to our website. |
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| • | Partnership Marketing Programs. We enter into co-marketing programs with various businesses in Korea. In 2008, we had co-marketing programs with (i) a number of major Korean Internet websites, including portal and game sites, (ii) one of the largest and most influential Korean talent agencies, (iii) media outlets such as broadcast television stations, daily sports newspapers as well as a major movie theater franchise (iv) a major electronics manufacturer in connection with its talent search contest, and (v) the Korean Baseball Organization. |
In order to enhance buyer loyalty and increase purchase frequency and transaction volumes, we offer the following loyalty programs:
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| • | Gmarket Mileage. Registered buyers can earn Gmarket Miles by purchasing selected products. The selected products are seller promotions and the relevant seller bears the cost for issuing Gmarket Miles. Buyers can redeem Gmarket Miles in 10,000 mile increments for membership in our Zero Margin Club or for G Cash. All unused accumulated Gmarket Miles expire on the third anniversary after their issue date. |
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| • | G Cash. G Cash is a form of electronic currency that buyers may earn through accumulating Gmarket Miles or purchase which may be used to pay for a variety of services on our website, including participation fees in random drawing auctions. Buyers may also elect to redeem G Cash into cash with one G Cash unit equal to one Won, in minimum denominations of Won 1,000. |
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| • | Gmarket Stamps. Registered buyers may earn Gmarket Stamps through purchasing selected products, writing product reviews or by other means. We also award Gmarket Stamps through random drawings, among others. These stamps may be accumulated and redeemed for Gmarket Coupons. Also, these stamps can be used to pay for the right to place a bid in random drawing auctions. |
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| • | Gmarket Coupons. Registered buyers accumulate coupons by trading-in Gmarket Stamps and by visiting the Gmarket Coupon page where we distribute coupons both on a random basis and as an incentive to buyers to participate in certain promotional events. |
Our marketing functions are divided into two roles: one is to recognize and anticipate consumer trends and to attract sellers to our website, and the other is to manage our website and to develop oure-commerce marketplace community. We had 75 full-time employees performing marketing functions as of December 31, 2008.
Technology and Systems
We have developed a scalablee-commerce marketplace based on a proprietary exchange trading platform. Our back-end system, including our GSM program servers and related software and database management software, records and processes all sales transactions. Our technology infrastructure is flexible and enables us to deploy new services quickly and to support our internal operations while also allowing us to respond quickly to the changing needs of the rapidly developinge-commerce market.
Once a buyer purchases a product on our website, our back-end system processes the payment and arranges for the delivery of the product through a delivery company selected by the seller. Our back-end system includes: payment systems, settlement systems, delivery control systems, customer service systems and content management systems. Because all of our trading formats are processed through one back-end system, we are able to deploy new services to our sellers and buyers quickly and with little or no change to our existing technology architecture.
During the month of December 2008, our technology systems:
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| • | handled, on average, 15 giga bits per second of system outbound traffic; |
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| • | processed more than 160,000 web concurrent connections; and |
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| • | processed more than 7 million search inquiries per day. |
Our data security systems are multi-layered. All electronic transmissions of confidential information are encrypted, utilizing secure socket layer technology. Customer data is stored in databases which are only accessible to employees with special clearance and protected by an access control program. We also employ various proprietary and third party software to protect confidential information stored in our databases.
Under the amended Presidential Enforcement Decree of the Act on Promotion of Information and Communications Network Utilization and Information Protection, Etc., or the amended Presidential Enforcement Decree, which became effective as of January 28, 2009, online service providers are required to provide complete encryption of user’s national identification numbers, credit card numbers and bank account information by January 28, 2010. We have been in the process of encrypting the national identification numbers of our users stored in our databases and expect to be one of the firste-commerce marketplace companies in Korea to offer encryption protection for all of the national identification numbers stored in our databases by the end of March 2009. We also started the encryption process for our users’ credit card and bank account information in March 2009 and expect to complete encryption before the end of 2009. In addition, pursuant to the amended Presidential Enforcement Decree, certaine-commerce service providers will be required to provide a method for their users to register as members of such service providers without providing their national identification numbers if such service providers’ average number of users per day during the three-month period between October 2008 and December 2008 was at least 10,000. The Korea Communications Commission is expected to announce the compliance period and the enforcement date. We are subject to the foregoing provision and do not foresee any significant difficulties in complying with the new requirement and expect to be able to provide the new registration method during the compliance period. See “— Laws and Regulations.”
Since late 2008, several well-known Korean websites have been targets of distributed denial of service attacks, or DDoS attacks, and suffered service interruptions. In light of the increasing number of DDoS attacks against Korean websites, we began constructing a comprehensive anti-DDoS system in September 2007 and completed construction in October 2008. However, no assurance can be made that our anti-DDos system will provide sufficient protection of our network and systems in the event of an extraordinary DDoS attack. Extraordinary Internet traffic caused by DDoS or other attacks could slow down connections to our website or make our website inaccessible to
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our users and cause disruption in providing services to our users. See Item 3.D. “Risk Factors — Interruptions or failures of our network and systems infrastructure, including our communications systems, could lead to significant downtimes, interruptions and loss of data, which could damage our reputation and brand name and harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.”
Certain of our hardware, including computers, data servers and other servers, are located at the Korea Internet Data Center, or KIDC, a data center operated by Dacom Corporation located in Seoul, and certain other equipment are located within our headquarters building. Although we currently archive our databases periodically, store our backup data at KIDC, maintainback-up systems and disaster recovery system, such systems are vulnerable to damage and no assurance can be given that such backups will be adequate to protect the data and other information or that we will be able to continue our business operations without a material delay or loss of data in the event of damage to our systems from natural disasters, fire, power loss, telecommunications failures, break-ins, sabotage, computer viruses, intentional acts of Internet vandalism, human error or other similar events. We may experience a complete system shut-down if any of these events were to occur. To address these issues, we spent approximately Won 9.96 billion (US$6.50 million) in the year ended December 31, 2008 to purchase new network and system equipment, including servers, routers and other equipment. In June 2008, we completed building a comprehensive disaster recovery program at a cost of approximately Won 5.0 billion (US$3.26 million) that we expect will allow us to continue providing the full range ofe-commerce services that we usually offer in the event of a disaster, including a fatal failure of critical systems such as the network backbone, database systems or the data center itself. Also, as an additional protective measure, Dacom Corporation has agreed to provide us with an additional network backbone router at KIDC from March 2009 which we believe will allow us to provide uninterrupted service to our users if the main backbone router were to fail for any reason. However, no assurance can be made that the disaster recovery program or the additional backbone router will offer sufficient protection against system or hardware failure and we may still need to continue making investments to install additional servers, create moreback-up systems and upgrade our disaster recovery program as necessary. Further, as we do not carry natural disaster or business interruption insurance to compensate for losses that could occur, any network or system failure could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. See Item 3.D. “We do not carry natural disaster or business interruption insurance. Any shutdown, interruption or delay of our services due to various accidents, human errors or other events could have a material adverse effect on our ability to provide uninterrupted services and protect our backup data and other information, and on our business, financial condition and results of operations.”
Our key ongoing technology initiatives are to implement technology programs that will:
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| • | expand our capacity to support an even greater number ofe-commerce trading formats and trading volumes as well as to accommodate any growth in our user base; |
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| • | enable our management to monitor, control and audit operations accurately and efficiently; and |
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| • | provide redundancy for data, front-end and back-end systems in two locations with periodic backup policies, so as to protect customer data and to ensure the smooth and uninterrupted service capability in the case of technical, system or other breakdowns or in the event of natural disaster or other calamity. |
Competition
While we believe we currently have an established and well-known brand name in Korea, the retaile-commerce industry in Korea is very competitive and we may quickly be subject to intense competition and lose our market position as a result of increased competition. We believe that the recent decision by CJ Home Shopping, a subsidiary of a well-known Korean food and entertainment conglomerate, and GS Home Shopping to discontinue their marketplace business in 2008 is evidence of the impact of the intense competition in our industry.
Our competition is currently largely made up of establishede-commerce marketplaces operated by large, well-financed companies. Our major competitors include, Auction.co.kr, ane-commerce marketplace operated by Internet Auction Co., Ltd., a subsidiary of eBay Inc.; 11st, a division of SK Telecom Co., Korea’s leading mobile telecommunications service provider in terms of market share based on subscribers and revenue; online retail
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websites operated by some of the largest department stores in Korea, such as Lotte.com, Shinsegae.com and Hmall.com; and Interpark Corporation, our largest shareholder, which also competes with us.
In addition, as the barriers to entry for Internet-related businesses are relatively low, there are potential entrants into thee-commerce industry from traditional and non-traditional retailers, including Internet portals, telecom operators and cable service providers. Further, emerging technologies, including mobile commerce, Internet Protocol Television (IPTV), Digital Multimedia Broadcasting (DMB), among others, may allow other competitors to compete with us in the future.
Our ability to compete effectively against current and future competition may be impacted by our being designated a “market dominant player” by the KFTC which may have a negative impact on how effectively we are able to respond to growing competition. See Item 3.D. “Risk Factors — We operate in an very competitive industry, and we may be unsuccessful in competing against current and future competitors, which could have a negative impact on the level of fees we can charge for our services thereby materially and adversely affecting our business prospects, financial position and results of operations”
Intellectual Property
We believe our intellectual property, particularly our trademarks, service marks and patents, are important to our present and future success. We rely on a combination of intellectual property laws and contractual restrictions to protect our proprietary rights, know-how, information and technology. We have registered, and have the exclusive right to use our domain names, www.gmarket.co.kr and www.gmarket.com, and have secured the rights to use 109 other variations of our domain names for a number of other markets, including Japan, Singapore, China, Taiwan, India, France, Italy and Mexico. We have registered our service mark “Gmarket” fore-commerce business in Korea. See Item 8.A. “Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information — Legal Proceedings.”
We have also obtained 23 business model patents in Korea, including patents on random drawing auction system and method based on entrance fee profit model, online shopping and advertisement system and method using drawing auction system for customer attraction, method and system for conducting exchange driven Internet commercial transactions for goods by multiple buyers and multiple sellers, probability auction method and system using computer communication network, apparatus and method for products information contents listing and trading system on thee-marketplace, system and method for offering/operating seller’s online shopping store ine-marketplace and others. In addition, we rely on several different types of contractual arrangements, including agreements for non-disclosure, non-competition and invention assignments, to protect our proprietary rights in products and services, including with our employees. Despite our efforts to protect our proprietary information however, third parties may be able to obtain and use our proprietary information without authorization or to develop similar technology independently.
Our website and certain of the back-end technology supporting oure-commerce marketplace is dependent on technologies licensed from third parties. As we continue to introduce new services that incorporate new technologies and information, we may be required to license additional technology and information from others. Our employees are generally required to sign agreements acknowledging that all inventions, trade secrets, works of authorship, developments and other processes generated by them are our property and are required to assign to us any ownership rights they developed during their employment with us.
Seasonality
We have been achieving significant growth in our business in the past five years. The fourth quarter of each year is generally our strongest quarter in terms of both GMV and revenues, similar to that of other retailers in Korea, which generally have higher sales volume in the fourth quarter of each year. Our results of operations may also be occasionally impacted by other factors such as unseasonably hot weather or warm winters which delay purchases of higher margin fall or winter clothing or occurrence of extended holiday periods in which reduced shopping occurs.
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Laws and Regulations
Overview of Laws Relating to the Online Marketplace Business
The principal laws and regulations regulatinge-commerce marketplaces in Korea consist of the following:
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| • | The Act on Consumer Protection in Electronic Commerce Transactions, Etc., or theE-Commerce Consumer Protection Act; |
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| • | The Telecommunications Business Act, as a value-added service provider; |
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| • | Act on Promotion of Information and Communications Network Utilization and Information Protection, Etc., or the Information Communication Network Act; and |
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| • | The Electronic Financial Transaction Act. |
E-Commerce Consumer Protection Act
TheE-Commerce Consumer Protection Act provides a general framework for regulation ofe-commerce businesses, and sets forth requirements for laws with the goal of providing consumer protection for sale of goods and services by any means not involving direct, face-to-face contact between a seller and a buyer. This is referred to as “distance selling.” Some examples of transactions which are subject to theE-Commerce Consumer Protection Act include transactions conducted through the Internet, mail order, television, advertisements, newspaper, magazine and catalogs and any other means of distance communication.
Under theE-Commerce Consumer Protection Act, a business seeking to engage in distance selling must comply with the following legal requirements:
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| • | The distance selling trader must report, among others, its trade name, the name of the representative, its address, telephone number,e-mail address, Internet domain name, and the location of its server to the city (si) government, the county (gun) office, or the district (gu) office. The distance selling trader must report any changes in the report within 15 days from the date the change occurred; |
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| • | The distance selling trader must provide its customers with documents relating to basic descriptions of the transactions in advance, including documents stating (i) details of sellers and suppliers, (ii) name, type and details of the products being sold, (iii) price, payment time and method, (iv) time and method of delivery, (v) method of withdrawal of the order, deadline for termination of the contract and consequences of such termination, (vi) conditions and process regarding return, refund, exchange and guarantees, (vii) customer service policies relating to disputes with customers and (viii) standard terms and conditions for the transaction. Such documents may be replaced by an electronic message, if a consent from the customer is obtained; |
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| • | The distance selling trader must notify minors (who are individuals under the age of 20) that such minor or his or her legal representative may rescind any contract between the distance selling trader and the minor, if the minor’s legal representative does not consent to the contract; |
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| • | The distance selling trader must take action to deliver to the consumer the product that the consumer ordered within seven days from the date of order. If the consumer pays all or part of the product’s price in advance, the distance selling trader must take action to deliver the product within three business days from the date of payment. If the distance selling trader becomes aware of any problem in delivering the product ordered, it must promptly notify the consumer, and in case of advance payment, must refund, or take measures necessary to refund, the amount paid by the consumer within three business days from the date of payment; |
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| • | Subject to certain exceptions, a consumer may cancel an orderand/or return the goods ordered within seven days from the date of the contract for the purchase of goods, or seven days from the supply or commencement of supply of the goods, whichever is later. This period may be extended in certain circumstances, such as if certain information appearing in advertisements or the contract is inaccurate. The distance selling trader has the burden of proving that the damage of the goods purchased is attributable to the consumer; and |
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| • | Upon cancellation of the purchase and return of the goods by the consumer, the distance selling trader must in principle return the purchase price within three business days. If the goods are returned without cause, the consumer must bear the delivery expenses. If the cause of the return of goods is attributable to the distance selling trader, then the distance selling trader must bear the delivery expenses. |
TheE-Commerce Consumer Protection Act also regulates businesses which are considered to be “distance selling intermediaries.” These businesses facilitate the distance selling by third parties by making available for use to such third parties a website or other means of distance selling. The Act does not specifically state that a distance selling intermediary has reporting obligations applicable to a business engaged in distance selling. However, most distance selling intermediaries, including us, customarily file reports with the local authorities as a distance selling trader.
Under theE-Commerce Consumer Protection Act, unless a distance selling intermediary expressly disclaims liability by notice or agreement regarding sales of products, the distance selling intermediary bears joint and several liability with such distance selling trader for damages caused to such trader’s customers for any damages caused by willful misconduct or negligence.
We are also subject to theE-Commerce Consumer Protection Act as ane-commerce service provider. Ane-commerce service provider has the following obligations:
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| • | Thee-commerce service provider must establish and implement a procedure for customers to enable the customer to confirm or change the details of the transaction before the customers place an order or at the time the customers make payment; |
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| • | If payment is made by means of an electronic bank transfer, thee-commerce service provider must take necessary precautions for securing confidentiality of the relevant information. Thee-commerce service provider must promptly notify the consumer of settlement of payment bye-mail, telephone, fax or mobile phone; and |
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| • | Ane-commerce service provider operating an online shopping mall must display on its homepage its trade name, name of its representative, its business address (where consumer complaints can be submitted and handled), its telephone number ande-mail address, its business registration number, and the terms and conditions of use of the online shopping mall, all of which information must be easily identifiable by consumers. |
Under theE-Commerce Consumer Protection Act, the purchaser who pays in advance can choose, for any purchases (other than credit card purchases) that exceed Won 100,000, to either deposit the purchase price directly to a third party designated by a Presidential Decree in an escrow, or the purchaser may avail itself of insurance purchased by the distance selling trader to protect against any loss of such payment of purchase price prior to such purchaser’s receipt of the purchased product or services. In order to qualify as a designated third party under the Presidential Decree of theE-Commerce Consumer Seller Protection Act and represent ourselves as such third party, we deposited three billion Won with Hana Bank in April 2006 to guarantee the payment deposited by purchasers and became a designated third party. We deposited an additional two billion Won with Hana Bank in March 2008 due to the increase in amounts payable to sellers.
Another provision of the amended Act, which became effective on April 1, 2006, established an “opt-out” system, or “no-spam system,” under which consumers can expressly indicate their intent not to receivee-mails. Distance selling traders must check, subject to certain exceptions, at least monthly (or once every three months in the case of purchase solicitations transmitted bye-mail), the telephone number, fax number ore-mail address of the users who have chosen to “opt-out” to ensure that noe-mails are sent to such users. A distance selling trader which fails to comply with the requirement of the amended Act will be subject to a fine of five million Won.
Investigation of Breach
The Korean Fair Trade Commission, or the KFTC, the city government or the provincial government may on its authority, or upon petition, conduct investigations on violation of theE-Commerce Consumer Protection Act and, in case of any violation, order the violatinge-commerce service provider to cease and desist, order compliance,
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or take other corrective measures. If thee-commerce service provider repeats the breach or does not take the ordered corrective measure, the KFTC may suspend part or all of thee-commerce service provider’s business for up to one year or impose a penalty for the breach up to the amount of the relevant sales volume. Not responding to the correction order may also result in imprisonment of up to three years or a penalty of up to Won 100 million.
Prohibited Actions
TheE-Commerce Consumer Protection Act prohibitse-commerce service providers and distance selling traders from:
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| • | engaging in misrepresentation, overstatement or fraud in soliciting or dealing with consumers, revoking orders accepted, or preventing consumers from terminating a contract; |
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| • | changing its address, telephone number, or Internet domain name, or closing down its website in order to prevent consumers from canceling their order; |
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| • | causing damage to the consumer by neglecting the workforce or systems responsible for handling consumer complaints; |
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| • | delivering products and demanding payment without an order from the consumer, or billing the consumer for a purchase not made; |
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| • | pressuring consumers to purchase products or services by telephone, fax, or electronic communication, despite the consumer having expressed his or her intention not to buy; and |
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| • | using consumer information without permission or beyond the scope permitted, except in certain exceptional circumstances. |
The failure to comply with such requirements could result in a fine of up to Won 10 million and a correction order from the KFTC.
Telecommunications Business Act
The Telecommunications Business Act classifies telecommunications service providers into three categories: a network service provider, a specific service provider and a value-added service provider. As an operator of an online marketplace, we are classified as both a specific service provider and a value-added service provider under the Telecommunications Business Act. Specific service providers must register with the Broadcasting and Communication Commission and provide any updates to registration and value-added service providers must file reports with the Broadcasting and Communication Commission and must report any changes to the filed report in advance. In particular, specific service providers and value-added service providers must notify users of any suspension or closure of all or part of their business and report such events to the Broadcasting and Communication Commission at least 30 days in advance. The Broadcasting and Communication Commission may order business closure or business suspension for up to one year for a breach of the Telecommunications Business Act by any specific service provider or value-added service provider.
Information Communication Network Act
The Information Communication Network Act requires online service providers to protect consumer information maintained by such service providers. In addition, the Broadcasting and Communication Commission’s Rules for Private Information Protection requires online service providers to formulate and publish their private information protection policies on their websites.
When gathering private information, online service providers must disclose the purpose and use of the information gathered, and in case such information is provided to a third party, the name, business, contact information, purpose of providing such information, its content to the user, and the period during which the third party will hold and use such information, and obtain the user’s consent to the foregoing. Also, the online service provider may only gather the minimum necessary information directly related to the service it provides. Any use or disclosure of information to a third party beyond the scope notified to the user or agreed in a contract with the user
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requires the user’s consent. Exceptions to the consent requirement are (i) disclosure for settlement of service charges, (ii) disclosure in order to provide the contracted services under the information and communication services contract, where it is significantly difficult to obtain the user’s consent due to economic or technical reasons, or (iii) disclosure as required by applicable laws and regulations. Using or receiving private information beyond the scope notified to the user or as set forth in the contract or providing private information to a third party may be punishable by imprisonment of up to five years or a penalty of up to Won 50 million. In addition, the Korea Communications Commission may impose a penalty surcharge of not more than 1% of the revenue.
Furthermore, collecting private information on minors of less than 14 years of age or using such information beyond the disclosed scope of use, or providing such information to a third party requires the consent of the minor’s legal representative. Because we do not allow registration by minors less than 14 years of age, we do not collect and have no private information on minors of less than 14 years of age.
According to the amended Presidential Enforcement Decree of the Information Communication Network Act, which became effective as of January 28, 2009, online service providers are required to provide complete encryption of user’s national identification numbers, credit card numbers and bank account information by January 28, 2010. In addition, certaine-commerce service providers will be required to provide a method for their users to register as members of such service providers without providing their national identification numbers if such service providers’ average number of users per day during the three-month period between October 2008 and December 2008 was at least 10,000. The Korea Communications Commission is expected to announce the compliance period and the enforcement date. We are subject to the foregoing provisions and expect to be in compliance before the respective enforcement dates. See “— Technology and Systems.”
After the online service provider has achieved its purpose of collecting or receiving private information or after the period during which the third party was allowed to hold and use such information has expired, subject to the Act’s requirement for retention of certain information on contracts, sales, consumer complaints, among others, the online service provider must immediately destroy the private information.
The sending ofe-mail advertisements contrary to the recipient’s express refusal is prohibited. The subject line of anye-mail advertisements must contain the word “advertisement” and a description of the main content, and the text of the body must state how the recipient’se-mail address was obtained, together with the name and contact address of the sender. The text of the advertisement must also show an easy way to reject any furthere-mails. Violation of this provision could result in a fine of up to Won 30 million.
A user may claim damages against an online service provider for the harm suffered as a result of the online service provider’s breach of the requirement to protect private information under such Act. The online service provider must prove that such harm was not due to the willful or negligent act of the online service provider. In addition, to the extent such information has become public, the online service provider must remove or delete such information and provide for the possibility of posting a counter argument.
Electronic Financial Transaction Act
On January 1, 2007, a new law titled the Electronic Financial Transaction Act, or EFTA, became effective to regulate electronic financial transactions. This law requires any person wishing to engage in the business of electronic finance to satisfy certain requirements and obtain a license from, or register with, the Financial Services Commission, or FSC, depending on the type of services. Persons already engaged in the business of electronic finance must obtain a license or register with the FSC within three to six months from the effective date of the EFTA, depending on the type of services in which such person is engaged.
In accordance with the requirements under the EFTA, we registered our electronic advance payment issuance service, electronic payment settlement service, and payment escrow services with the FSC on June 29, 2007. Therefore, we became an “electronic financial service provider” under such Act and must comply with the requirements of such Act, including:
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| • | maintaining separate accounts for each category of electronic financial services; |
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| • | meeting certain levels of security standards as prescribed by the FSC; |
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| • | maintaining records of electronic financial transactions up to five years; |
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| • | submitting reports on electronic financial transactions and management performance to the FSC; and |
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| • | being subject to supervision by the Financial Supervisory Service. |
The EFTA makes the electronic financial services providerprima facie liable for the damages caused to a customer who signed an electronic financial services use agreement with the electronic financial services provider, if the password of that customer is forged or altered, or if an accident occurs in the course of transmitting or processing transaction instructions by the electronic financial services provider. The electronic financial service provider is exempted from this liability if (i) the damage is attributable to willful intent or gross misconduct of the customer and the electronic financial services provider has entered into an agreement whereby the customer agreed to assume partial or full responsibility for such damages, or (ii) the electronic financial service provider established, and strictly maintained, security measures and otherwise exercised reasonable care to prevent such accident. To meet these statutory liabilities, and in accordance with the standards set by the FSC, the electronic financial service provider must subscribe for insurance, become a member of a mutual relief association, or set aside a reserve.
Laws Relating to Intellectual Property or Prohibited Items
Certain laws relating to intellectual property rights, such as the Copyright Act or the Trademark Act, regulate items being sold on the online marketplace that infringe on third party intellectual rights. For example, under the Copyright Act, a person may demand suspension of reproduction or transmission of his or her works without his or her permission and in such circumstances, the online service provider must immediately suspend the reproduction or transmission of such works and notify the person of such remedial acts. The online service provider may be entitled to certain limitation or exemption from liability where the service provider, upon knowledge that the reproduction or transmission of certain works infringes upon a third party’s copyright, has taken the above measures, such as preventing or suspending such reproduction or transmission. In addition, the online service provider may also be exempt or limited from liability where the online service provider attempted to prevent or suspend such reproduction or transmission pursuant to its own discretion, provided that if the service provider was not able to do so because of technical impossibility, liability may not be imposed. Furthermore, laws prohibiting the trading of certain items (e.g., drugs or weapons) may apply to certain items being sold on an online marketplace.
Laws Relating to Tax Benefits
Under the Special Tax Treatment Control Law of Korea, a venture company certified as such by the Small and Medium Business Administration, or SMBA, may be entitled to a 50% reduction in corporate income tax generated from a “Tax-Benefit Business,” as defined in the Special Tax Treatment Control Law, for the year in which it first generates taxable income and for subsequent five years (or three years for any designated venture companies certified by the SMBA after January 1, 2004), if (a) the company is certified by the SMBA as a “designated venture company” within two years (or three years for any designated venture companies certified by the SMBA after January 1, 2008) from its incorporation and continues to satisfy certain requirements, and (b) such company’s business falls under one of the categories of “Tax-Benefit Businesses” under the Special Tax Treatment Control Law.
We were certified by the SMBA as a “designated venture company” in March 2001, and after renewal, our certification is valid until June 2009, after which we will not be able to renew this certification. Further, we have been reporting our business classification in line with our business registration statement, as an eligible business falling under one of the categories of “Tax Benefit Business” under the Special Treatment Control Law as part of our annual tax return process with the Korea National Tax Service, or NTS. Accordingly, upon first generating taxable income for the year ended December 31, 2005, we have been claiming the 50% tax reduction and, to date, have not received any objections from the NTS regarding our claim of such tax reduction. As we are unable to renew our certification as a “designated venture company” after its expiration in June 2009, we do not expect to be able to claim the 50% tax reduction from year 2009. While we continue to believe that we qualified for the 50% tax reduction under the Special Tax Treatment Control Law from the year ended December 31, 2005 to the year ended December 31, 2008, we cannot assure you that if NTS were to conduct an audit against us that its findings would be
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consistent with our determination or that if NTS were to determine that we were not entitled to claim such tax reduction, it would not require us to pay back-taxes with statutory interest or impose any fines or penalties.
Further, under the Special Tax Treatment Control Law, a company categorized as a small and medium-sized company based on various factors, such as area of business, number of full-time employees, paid-in capital, revenue, and ownership structure, is entitled to a 10% reduction in corporate income tax on eligible taxable income until December 31, 2011 if such company’s business falls under one of the categories of the Tax-Benefit Businesses and its place of business is located in the Seoul Metropolitan Area. We satisfy these conditions for year 2009 and, while we will unlikely be able to claim the 50% tax reduction as a certified venture company for the year ended December 31, 2009, we will be entitled to claim a 10% tax reduction from the statutory tax rate (24.2% including resident surtax) on eligible taxable income as a small and medium-sized company. From January 1, 2010, we do not expect to qualify as a small and medium-sized company and will be subject to the statutory tax rate without any reduction. The statutory tax rate has been reduced to 22.0% (including resident surtax) for taxable income from January 1, 2010.
In addition, pursuant to the Special Tax Treatment Control Law, a company is generally eligible for a 40% (or 50% for certain qualified expenditures) tax credit in the amount of the excess of expenditures relating to technology development and human resources in the relevant year subject to the tax credit over the average of the expenditures relating to technology development and human resources during the previous four-year period. Small and medium-sized companies may elect to obtain a tax credit in the amount which is either (i) 50% of the difference between (A) expenditures relating to technology development and human resources in the relevant year subject to the tax credit and (B) average of the expenditures relating to technology development and human resources for the previous four-year period or (ii) 25% (which was 15% until 2008) of the expenditures relating to technology development and human resources in the relevant year subject to the tax credit. We established a research and development division in July 2002. We filed tax returns, together with documents supporting our expenditures relating to technology development and human resources, with the tax authorities for fiscal years from 2005 to 2008. If the NTS determines that these expenditures are not related to technology development and human resources subject to the tax credit, we may not be entitled to the relevant tax credit and may be required to pay back-taxes and statutory interest.
Pursuant to the amended Presidential Decree of the Value Added Tax Act, which went into effect on July 1, 2007, we are required to act as a designated tax agent for sellers who do not otherwise possess a tax identification number issued by the NTS and facilitate the collection of value-added taxes on behalf of such sellers from buyers who purchase such sellers’ products or services on our website. Any of our sellers may designate us as their tax agent and delegate to us the handling of various matters related to value-added tax, such as registering tax identification number, filing taxes or making tax payments, among others; provided, that, (i) such seller has sold taxable products or services through our website on ten or more occasions during the first half or the second half of any calendar year, which constitutes the taxable period, (ii) the value of such products or services of such seller sold on our website for any said taxable period is between Won 6 million and Won 12 million and (iii) such seller does not have a place of business operated by the seller itself or a registered tax identification number. We are required to provide a list of all the sellers that meet the foregoing three criteria to the NTS.
For sellers who have designated us as their tax agent, their initial registration identification number on our website is regarded as their tax identification number, and we handle all of their value-added tax matters on their behalf. For sellers with sales volume over Won 12 million for any taxable period, we are required to instruct them to register for a tax identification number with the NTS and instruct them to pay their value-added taxes themselves. Further, in accordance with the amended Presidential Decree of the Value Added Tax Act, from July 1, 2007 we issue tax invoices instead of receipts to sellers for the fees they pay us to use our website.
In its announcement dated June 27, 2007, the NTS, announced that from July 1, 2007, value added common carriers or VACCs, such as us, were permitted to issue cash receipts to buyers on behalf of the sellers who sell on shopping malls or open markets operated by the VACCs.
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Monopoly Regulation and Fair Trade Act
According to the Korean Monopoly Regulation and Fair Trade Act, or MRFTA, a business enterprise which is in a dominant market position to determine, maintain or change the price, quantity, quality or other conditions of transaction may be determined to be a “market dominant player” by the Korean Fair Trade Commission based on various factors, such as its market share, existing market entry barriers, size of competitors among others. Once a company is determined to be a “market dominant player,” it may not engage in certain acts that are categorized as “abusive,” including:
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| • | unreasonably deciding on, maintaining or changing the prices of commodities or services; |
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| • | unreasonably controlling the sale of commodities or provision of services; |
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| • | unreasonably interfering with the business activities of other companies; |
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| • | unreasonably impeding the participation of new competitors; and |
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| • | unfairly excluding competitive enterprises, or enterprises which may significantly harm consumer interests. |
If a “market dominant player” is found to be engaging in “abusive” acts, the KFTC may order it to take certain corrective measures, such as reduce its prices, discontinue such acts, publicize its corrective measures, as well as impose a fine up to 3% of its revenues. It may also be subject to criminal penalties, such as imprisonment up to three years or a fine up to Won 200 million.
In November 2007, the KFTC determined that we are a “market dominant player” and imposed an administrative fine in the amount of Won 135 million for committing unfair trade practices as a “market dominant player.” We paid the fine and are in the process of appealing the KFTC’s determination that we are a “market dominant player” to the Supreme Court of Korea. See Item 8.A. “Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information — Legal Proceedings.”
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4.C. | Organizational Structure |
Not applicable.
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4.D. | Property, Plants and Equipment |
As of December 31, 2008, our property and equipment mainly consist of approximately 75% network servers, 19% software and 6% personal computers. As of December 31, 2008, the net book value of our property and equipment was Won 30.55 billion (US$19.93 million). Because our main business is to provide ane-commerce marketplace, we do not own any factories or facilities that manufacture products. There are no factories currently under construction, and we have no plans to build any factories in the future.
Our corporate headquarters are located in approximately 5,709 square meters of office space located at LIG Tower,649-11, Yeoksam-Dong, Gangnam-Gu, Seoul135-912, Korea under two leases which expire on February 28, 2010 and are renewable for subsequent one-year terms. We also lease approximately 5,529 square meters of office space in Fine Tower, Yeoksam-Dong, Gangnam-Gu, Seoul135-935 Korea, under two leases which expire on February 28, 2011. Our servers and other technology infrastructure are located in approximately 462 square meters of leased space located in the KIDC Building, Nonhyun-Dong261-1, Gangnam-Gu, Seoul, Korea, and approximately 165 square meters of leased space located in the KIDC Building, Seocho-Dong, Seocho-Gu, Seoul, Korea. Our Japanese branch office is located in approximately 238 square meters of office space in Kamiyacho Prime-Place Bldg. 9F, 4-1-17, Toranomon, Minato-ku, Tokyo under a lease that expires on November 30, 2009.
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ITEM 4A. | UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS |
Not applicable.
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ITEM 5. | OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS |
You should read the following discussion together with our financial statements and the related notes which appear elsewhere in this annual report. The following discussion is based on our financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Our historic performance may not be indicative of our future results of operations and capital requirements and resources.
This section begins with an overview of the principal factors and trends affecting our results of operations. The overview is followed by a discussion of our accounting policies and estimates that we believe are important to understanding the assumptions and judgments reflected in our reported financial results. We then present a detailed analysis of our results of operations for the last three fiscal years.
Overview
We are a leading retaile-commerce marketplace in Korea offering buyers a wide selection of products at competitive prices and sellers a comprehensive and flexible sales solution. We believe oure-commerce marketplace is highly scalable and facilitates the sale of products in small or large quantities, to a large number of potential buyers in a convenient, cost effective and secure manner. We believe we have developed an established and well-known brand name in Korea as evidenced by both our leading market position and rapid growth. We believe we are a leading retaile-commerce marketplace in Korea based on our gross merchandise value, or GMV, which represents the total value of all goods sold on ane-commerce marketplace. Oure-commerce marketplace is located at www.gmarket.co.kr.
Until the third quarter of 2003, we operated as an online retailer, selling products from our inventory, and as ane-commerce marketplace, where various sellers could list and sell their products. In the third quarter of 2003, we began transitioning exclusively to ane-commerce marketplace. By December 31, 2004, we sold all of our inventory and since then, have been generating revenues exclusively from oure-commerce marketplace. We currently derive substantially all of our revenues from transaction fees on the sale of products on our website, as well as premium listing, banner advertisement and keyword search fees.
In the past several years, we have experienced significant growth in the number of registered users and the variety of goods sold on our website and GMV as well as increase in competition as the retaile-commerce industry continues to grow. Some of the major factors and trends which have affected our results of operations include:
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| • | a widening acceptance of the use of the Internet to purchase goods in Korea; |
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| • | improving Internet and delivery network infrastructure in Korea; |
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| • | increasing competition from establishede-commerce marketplaces and new entrants to the market; and |
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| • | evolving technology and sophisticated customer demands. |
We believe that we are well positioned to take advantage of the growth of the retaile-commerce industry in Korea. However, we face a number of challenges in growing our business including increased competition as the retaile-commerce industry continues to grow. Moreover, the current global economic downturn may have an adverse impact on our growth as the decline in the flow of goods and private consumption may subsequently decrease demands for our products and services. We must continue to implement key strategic initiatives and service developments to attract users to our website and develop and provide, on a timely basis, services that gain market acceptance to continue to be competitive. Our management team continually strives to develop and introduce new and innovative services which we offer on competitive terms. We also seek to continue to increase our brand awareness through our online and offline marketing strategies.
Our revenues for the year ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006 were Won 278.68 billion (US$181.8 million), Won 222.89 billion and Won 154.13 billion, respectively. Our net income for the year ended December 31,
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2008, 2007 and 2006 were Won 56.39 billion (US$36.79 million), Won 33.30 billion and Won 16.28 billion, respectively.
Revenues
Our revenues from transaction fees on the sale of products on our website, represented 54.6%, 58.3%, and 64.4% of our total revenues for the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006, respectively. Our advertising and other revenues, including premium listing, banner advertisement, keyword search fees, non-seller advertisement, membership fees for our Zero Margin Club and delivery services that we receive from buyers, represented 45.4%, 41.7%, and 35.6% of our total revenues for the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006, respectively.
Cost of revenues
Our cost of revenues consists principally of the following:
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| • | Credit card commissions and bank charges. Fees paid to credit card issuers and banks and other parties for banking and funds transfer services in connection with processing sales transactions; |
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| • | Click-through fees. Fees paid to Internet portals, other websites for referrals of buyers who make a purchase on our website and the referral fees paid to advertising agencies; and |
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| • | Other costs. Other costs of revenues include: |
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| • | Network and systems maintenance fees. Fees paid to leased-line providers for use of network bandwidth capacity; fees paid to data center providers for data hosting and technology systems maintenance; fees paid to security and firewall providers and fees paid to telecommunications providers for sending text messages to buyers’ mobile phones to confirm the purchase and shipment of products; |
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| • | Salaries and other compensation expenses. Salaries, employee benefits, severance benefits and stock-based compensation expenses attributable to the generation of revenues; and |
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| • | Miscellaneous costs. Costs relating to sales transactions, including depreciation of our servers and other information technology systems used to generate revenue, including to process sales transactions, delivery services and donation shopping. |
Sales and marketing expenses
Our sales and marketing expenses consist of both online and traditional advertising expenses, outsourced call center costs, and other costs, including promotion costs and salaries and other compensation expenses related to our marketing personnel.
General and administrative expenses
Our general and administrative expenses consist of salaries and other compensation expenses related to our administrative and research and development personnel, and other costs, including professional fees and building lease payments. Our general and administrative expenses increased upon the completion of our listing on Nasdaq, in connection with our obligation to comply with the reporting requirements under the Exchange Act as well as other requirements under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and other costs associated with being a public company in the United States. See Item 3.D. “Risk Factors — We incur increased costs as a result of being a public company in the United States.”
Interest income
We earn interest income from local financial institutions for deposits of cash and cash equivalents, cash on deposit, restricted cash and held-to-maturity corporate bonds.
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Income tax
For the years ended December 31, 2006, 2007 and 2008, we had operating income and generated taxable income. As we had utilized all available loss-carryforwards in 2004 and 2005, we recorded income tax expenses of Won 3.29 billion, Won 2.42 billion and Won 10.01 billion (US$6.53 million) at December 31, 2006, 2007 and 2008, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2005, we had operating income and generated taxable income. As we had available loss-carryforwards of Won 3.19 billion at December 31, 2004, such amounts were utilized in 2005 to offset taxes we would otherwise have had to pay. In 2005, we recorded income tax benefits of Won 0.13 billion due to deferred income tax asset of Won 0.25 billion at the year ended December 31, 2005 and had available investment tax credit carryforwards of Won 0.09 billion at December 31, 2005.
The statutory tax rate applicable to us was 27.5% (including resident surtax) in 2006, 2007 and 2008. However, as an eligible venture company under the Special Tax Treatment Control Law of Korea, we were entitled to a reduction in the statutory tax rate to 13.75% (including resident surtax) in 2006, 2007 and 2008. We plan to file our tax returns for the 2008 fiscal year on such basis. From January 1, 2009, we do not expect to be able to claim the tax reduction as a certified venture company, but we will be entitled to a 10% tax reduction from the statutory tax rate (24.2% including resident surtax) on eligible income as a small and medium-sized company under the Special Tax Treatment Control Law. This reduced rate is currently effective until December 31, 2009. From January 1, 2010, we do not expect to qualify as a small and medium-sized company and will be subject to the statutory tax rate without any reduction under the Special Tax Treatment Control Law. The statutory tax rate has been reduced to 22.0% (including resident surtax) for taxable income from January 1, 2010. See Item 4.A. “Business Overview — Laws and Regulations — Laws Relating to Tax Benefits.”
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based upon our financial statements and the notes thereto, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates, judgments and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, contingent liabilities, and revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. We evaluate our estimates on an ongoing basis based on historical experience and other assumptions we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities. The policies discussed below are considered by our management to be critical because they are not only important to the portrayal of our financial condition and results of operations but also the application and interpretation of these policies require both judgment and estimates of matters that are inherently uncertain and unknown. As a result, actual results may differ materially from our estimates.
Revenue recognition
Our revenues are derived from fees associated with completed transactions on our website, standard and premium listings, banner advertisements and keyword searches, non-seller advertisements, membership programs and delivery services. Revenues from transaction fees are derived from commissions paid by sellers. Revenues from advertising are derived from the sale of online banners, premium listings and keyword searches to sellers and sale of advertisements to non-sellers. Other revenues are derived from membership program fees and delivery service charges, among others.
Transaction fees
Our commission is calculated as a percentage of the GMV of each transaction, and we record revenues from transaction fees net of our estimate of return allowances and sales incentives.
Our standard transaction terms allow buyers to return goods to sellers within aseven-day period from the delivery date. If goods are returned during the return period, we generally refund all of the purchase price. Accordingly, we record an estimated reserve for refunds, based on our historical experience, as a reduction of revenues from transaction fees. We have elected to apply the above policy for our transaction fees using an analogy to the guidance in SFAS No. 48,Revenue Recognition When Right of Return Exists. We satisfy the criteria in SFAS No. 48 as our commission fee is fixed at the outset, the buyers and sellers of goods have economic substance
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apart from us, we do not have any significant obligations for future performance once the buyer’s payment is confirmed and we can reasonably estimate the amount of future refunds based on our historical experience. As the buyer has only seven days from delivery date to return goods, we are able to compare our estimated refund returns to the actual amount of returns at the end of each period.
Advertising and others
Listing, advertising and membership fee revenues are recognized ratably over the term of the listing period, advertising contract term and membership period, respectively. In general, listing periods range from one day to one month, advertising contracts have a term of one day to one year and membership periods are either three months or twelve months.
Loyalty programs
Registered buyers may earn loyalty points, or Gmarket Miles, by purchasing eligible products. Once a registered buyer has accumulated more than 10,000 G miles, the buyer may convert those G miles into G Cash, which in turn is convertible into cash, and can be used to purchase goods and services on our website. The mileage program reserve calculation incorporates judgments and assumptions regarding expected customer earnings and redemption patterns and is based on specific historical experience. Effective July 2007, we changed the terms of our mileage program so that all unused accumulated miles will expire on their third anniversary. As mileage can ultimately be redeemed for cash, we record, in accordance withEITF 01-09,Accounting for Consideration Given by a Vendor to a Customer (Including a reseller of the Vendor’s Products), as a reduction of revenues from transaction fees, a loyalty program reserve, which is an estimate of the cash value of the miles that will ultimately be redeemed, at each period end.
We account for discount coupons and stamps as sales incentives in accordance withEITF 01-9. Accordingly, we recognize the cost of these sales incentives at the later of the date at which the related revenue is recognized by us, or the date at which the sales incentive is offered. We classify the cost of the sales incentives as a reduction of revenue. Discount coupons can be used, prior to their expiry date, to reduce the purchase price of a product in a purchase. G Stamps are mainly used to enter events where the buyer has a chance of winning a discount coupon or other prizes. A reserve is recorded on our balance sheet until the coupons or G stamps are used in a purchase transaction or until the sales incentive expires. The reserve is measured based on our best estimate of the fair value associated with utilization of the coupons and G stamps. An important factor used in the estimate for the G stamp reserve is the amount per G stamp that we receive from sellers for G stamps issued by sellers to buyers. In cases where a buyer earns a G stamp as a result of a purchase transaction and then successfully converts this G stamp into a coupon, the related reserve in respect of the G stamp is released and a reserve is created in respect of the discount coupon.
Foreign Currency
Our revenues and related expenses generated from the overseas websites targeted at the Japanese and Singaporean markets and the assets and liabilities of our branch offices that operate and support these websites are denominated in the Japanese yen and the Singapore dollar. The revenues and expenses are translated into Won at average rates prevailing throughout the applicable period and the assets and liabilities of our branch offices are translated into Won at period-end exchange rates.
Accounting for stock-based compensation
On January 1, 2006, we adopted FAS 123(R)Share-Based Payment, which requires a fair value measurement and recognition of compensation expense for all share-based payment awards made to our employees and directors. Under the fair value method, stock-based compensation costs are measured at the date of grant based on the fair value of the award and recognized over the service period on a straight-line basis. The determination of fair value of the award at the date of grant using the Black-Scholes model requires estimates about our expected dividend yield, expected risk free interest rate, expected volatility, expected life and the fair value of our common shares on the date of grant.
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All stock options granted as of December 31, 2006 were granted prior to our initial public offering on Nasdaq, therefore, we have used an independent appraisal firm to assist us with the valuation of our common shares and our stock options at each date of grant. The determination of the fair value of our common shares on each date of grant was a two step process: first, it was necessary to calculate a deemed business enterprise value for us, and second, it was necessary to calculate an estimated fair value of our common shares on a non-marketable, minority basis. The business enterprise value was determined based on an income approach, using the discounted cash flow method and an estimated weighted average cost of capital, utilizing a venture capital rate of return. Then, for benchmarking purposes only, implied revenue multiples were calculated based on the value determined under the income approach, and compared to the revenue multiples of comparable companies. The estimated fair value of our common shares was calculated using an option pricing model, using the business enterprise value, an estimated volatility, a time to liquidation and a risk free interest rate.
Determination of the fair value of our common shares involves complex and subjective judgments regarding projected financial and results of operations, our unique business risks, the liquidity of our shares and our operating history and prospects at the time of grant. If we make different judgments or adopt different assumptions, material differences could result in the timing and amount of the share-based compensation expenses recorded because the estimated fair value of the underlying shares for the options granted would be different.
Calculation of the stock-based compensation expense requires the input of highly subjective assumptions, including the expected term of the stock-based awards, stock price volatility, and the pre-vesting option forfeiture rate. We estimate the expected life of options granted based on historical exercise patterns, which we believe are representative of future behavior. It was not practicable to calculate the expected volatility of our share price before ADSs were listed on Nasdaq. Therefore, for the stock options granted prior to listing, we estimated our expected volatility based on reported market value data for a group of publicly traded companies, which we selected from market indices that we believed would be indicators of its future stock price volatility, after consideration of their size, stage of lifecycle, profitability, growth, risk and return on investment. We used the average expected volatility rates reported by the comparable group for an expected term that approximated the expected term that we estimated.
For stock options granted during 2007 and 2008 we estimated the volatility of our common stock on the date of grant based on the historical volatility of our ADSs listed on Nasdaq, also considering expected volatility based on market value data of a group of publicly traded companies. The assumptions used in calculating the fair value of stock-based awards represent our best estimates, but these estimates involve inherent uncertainties and the application of management judgment. As a result, if factors change and we use different assumptions, our stock-based compensation expense could be materially different in the future. In addition, we are required to estimate the expected forfeiture rate, as well as the probability that performance conditions that affect the vesting of certain awards will be achieved, and only recognize expense for those shares expected to vest. We estimate the forfeiture rate based on historical experience of our stock-based awards that are granted, exercised, and cancelled. If our actual forfeiture rate is materially different from our estimate, the stock-based compensation expense could be significantly different from what we have recorded in the current period. See note 14 “Stock Option Grants” in the financial statements included in Item 18 for additional information.
Recent accounting pronouncements
In December 2007, the FASB issued SFAS No. 141R, Business Combinations (“SFAS No. 141(R)”), which replaces SFAS No. 141, Business Combinations. SFAS No. 141(R) retains the fundamental requirements in SFAS 141 that the acquisition method of accounting be used for all business combinations and that an acquirer be identified for each business combination. This statement also establishes principles and requirements for how an acquirer recognizes and measures in its financial statements the identifiable assets acquired, the liabilities assumed, any noncontrolling (minority) interests in an acquiree, and any goodwill acquired in a business combination or gain recognized from a bargain purchase. For the Company, SFAS No. 141(R) must be applied prospectively to business combinations for which the acquisition date occurs on or after January 1, 2009. The impact to the Company of applying SFAS No. 141(R) for periods subsequent to implementation will be dependent upon the nature of any transactions within the scope of SFAS No. 141(R).
45
In December 2007, the FASB issued SFAS No. 160, Noncontrolling Interests in Consolidated Financial Statements — an amendment of Accounting Research Bulletin (ARB) No. 51 (“SFAS 160”), which amends ARB No. 51, Consolidated Financial Statements, to establish accounting and reporting standards for the noncontrolling (minority) interest in a subsidiary and for the deconsolidation of a subsidiary. SFAS No. 160 clarifies that a noncontrolling interest in a subsidiary is an ownership interest in a consolidated entity that should be reported as equity in the consolidated financial statements. This statement also changes the way the consolidated income statement is presented by requiring consolidated net income to be reported at amounts that include the amounts attributable to both the parent and the noncontrolling interest. In addition, SFAS 160 establishes a single method of accounting for changes in a parent’s ownership interest in a subsidiary that do not result in deconsolidation. For the Company, SFAS No. 160 is effective as of January 1, 2009, and must be applied prospectively, except for certain presentation and disclosure requirements which must be applied retrospectively. We do not believe the retrospective requirements of SFAS 160 will have a material impact on our financial statements.
In February 2008, the FASB issued Staff PositionNo. 157-2(FSP 157-2), which delays the effective date of FAS 157 one year for all nonfinancial assets and nonfinancial liabilities, except those recognized or disclosed at fair value in the financial statements on a recurring basis. For the Company,FSP 157-2 is effective as of January 1, 2009. We do not believe the adoption ofFSP 157-2 will have a material impact on our financial statements.
In March 2008, the FASB issued SFAS No. 161, “Disclosures about Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities — an amendment of FASB Statement No. 133” (SFAS No. 161). The standard requires additional quantitative disclosures (provided in tabular form) and qualitative disclosures for derivative instruments. The required disclosures include how derivative instruments and related hedged items affect an entity’s financial position, financial performance, and cash flows; the relative volume of derivative activity; the objectives and strategies for using derivative instruments; the accounting treatment for those derivative instruments formally designated as the hedging instrument in a hedge relationship; and the existence and nature of credit-risk-related contingent features for derivatives. SFAS No. 161 does not change the accounting treatment for derivative instruments. For the Company, SFAS No. 161 is effective as of January 1, 2009. We believe the adoption of SFAS No. 161 will not have a material impact on our financial statements.
In April 2008, the FASB issued FASB Staff PositionFAS 142-3, “Determination of Useful Life of Intangible Assets”(FSP 142-3).FSP 142-3 amends the factors that should be considered in developing the renewal or extension assumptions used to determine the useful life of a recognized intangible asset under FAS 142, “Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets.”FSP 142-3 also requires expanded disclosure regarding the determination of intangible asset useful lives. For the Company,FSP 142-3 is effective as of January 1, 2009. We do not believe the adoption ofFSP 142-3 will have a material impact on our financial statements.
Results of Operations
Our business has grown rapidly since we commenced operations in 2000, particularly in the past four years. We believe that period-to-period comparisons of our results of operations should not be relied upon as indicative of future performance.
46
2008 compared to 2007
The following table sets forth selective line items and the percentage of revenues that they represent for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2008 and 2007.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Year Ended
| | Percentage
| | Year Ended
| | Percentage
| | |
| | December 31,
| | of
| | December 31,
| | of
| | Percentage
|
| | 2008 | | Revenues | | 2007 | | Revenues | | Increase |
| | (In billions of Korean Won, other than percentages) |
|
Total revenues | | | 278.68 | | | | 100.0% | | | | 222.89 | | | | 100.0% | | | | 25.0% | |
Cost of revenues | | | (144.47 | ) | | | 51.8% | | | | (119.67 | ) | | | 53.7% | | | | 20.7% | |
Sales and marketing | | | (54.83 | ) | | | 19.7% | | | | (52.47 | ) | | | 23.5% | | | | 4.5% | |
General and administrative | | | (29.75 | ) | | | 10.7% | | | | (24.27 | ) | | | 10.9% | | | | 22.5% | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Operating income | | | 49.63 | | | | 17.8% | | | | 26.48 | | | | 11.9% | | | | 87.4% | |
Other income, net | | | 16.77 | | | | 6.0% | | | | 9.24 | | | | 4.1% | | | | 81.5% | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Income before income tax expenses | | | 66.40 | | | | 23.8% | | | | 35.72 | | | | 16.0% | | | | 85.9% | |
Income tax expenses | | | 10.01 | | | | 3.6% | | | | 2.42 | | | | 1.1% | | | | 313.5% | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net income | | | 56.39 | | | | 20.2% | | | | 33.30 | | | | 14.9% | | | | 69.3% | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Revenues. Our total revenues increased by 25.0% to Won 278.68 billion (US$181.81 million) in the year ended December 31, 2008 from Won 222.89 billion in the year ended December 31, 2007. This increase was primarily due to:
| | |
| • | a 17.1% increase in transaction fee revenues to Won 152.26 billion (US$99.33 million) in the year ended December 31, 2008 from Won 130.01 billion in the year ended December 31, 2007, primarily due to a 22.7% increase in GMV to Won 3,986.01 billion (US$2,600.48 million) for the year ended December 31, 2008 from Won 3,248.66 billion for the year ended December 31, 2007; and |
|
| • | a 36.1% increase in advertising and other revenues to Won 126.42 billion (US$82.48 million) in the year ended December 31, 2008 from Won 92.88 billion in the year ended December 31, 2007, primarily as a result of an increase in revenues from premium listing and seller advertisement. |
Premium listing revenues increased by 17.8% to Won 38.7 billion (US$25.25 million) in the year ended December 31, 2008 from Won 32.9 billion in the year ended December 31, 2007. Seller advertisement revenues including banner and keyword search increased by 52.9% to Won 64.0 billion (US$41.75 million) in the year ended December 31, 2008 from Won 41.9 billion in the year ended December 31, 2007. Non-seller advertisement revenues increased by 29.8% to Won 11.4 billion (US$7.44 million) in the year ended December 31, 2008 from Won 8.8 billion in the year ended December 31, 2007. These increases were driven by the addition of approximately 2.0 million new sellers and buyers during 2008 allowing us to reach a total of 15.7 million registered buyers and sellers as of December 31, 2008. We believe that as the number of sellers increased, the increased competition among sellers resulted in sellers increasing their advertising expenditures to promote their products, which in turn resulted in increases in our premium listing, banner advertisement and keyword search fee revenues.
Changes in our transaction fee revenues are impacted by our sales incentive programs such as Gmarket Miles, discount coupons and Gmarket Stamps. See note 3 “Significant Accounting Policies” in the financial statements included in Item 18 for additional information regarding our accounting policies for sales incentives and roll forwards of the respective reserves.
Cost of revenues. Our cost of revenues, which represented 51.8% and 53.7% of total revenues for the year ended December 31, 2008 and 2007, respectively, increased by 20.7% to Won 144.47 billion (US$94.25 million) in the year ended December 31, 2008 from Won 119.67 billion in the year ended December 31, 2007, primarily due to:
| | |
| • | a 19.1% increase in credit card commissions and bank charges to Won 74.87 billion (US$48.85 million) in the year ended December 31, 2008 from Won 62.86 billion in the year ended December 31, 2007, reflecting the increase in GMV and number of transactions over the period; |
47
| | |
| • | a 10.5% increase in click-through fees to Won 25.27 billion (US$16.49 million) in the year ended December 31, 2008 from Won 22.86 billion in the year ended December 31, 2007, reflecting the increase in our marketing efforts to promote our website, and the products offered on our website; and |
|
| • | a 30.6% increase in other costs to Won 44.34 billion (US$28.93 million) in the year ended December 31, 2008 from Won 33.95 billion in the year ended December 31, 2007, primarily as a result of increases in network and systems maintenance fees, salaries and other compensation expenses, and depreciation expenses, due to the increase in GMV and expansion of our technology systems to accommodate the increased number of sellers, buyers and transactions. |
Sales and marketing expenses. Our sales and marketing expenses, which represented 19.7% and 23.5% of total revenues in the year ended December 31, 2008 and 2007, respectively, increased by 4.5% to Won 54.83 billion (US$35.77 million) in the year ended December 31, 2008 from Won 52.47 billion in the year ended December 31, 2007, primarily resulting from:
| | |
| • | a 22.8% increase in call center costs to Won 14.35 billion (US$9.36 million) in the year ended December 31, 2008 from Won 11.69 billion in the year ended December 31, 2007, due to the increase in transactions volume. |
The above increases were offset by a 0.6% decrease in other costs, including advertising expense of Won 32.13 billion, to Won 40.49 billion (US$26.42 million) in the year ended December 31, 2007 from Won 40.78 billion in the year ended December 31, 2007, due to the increased in operational efficiency.
General and administrative expenses. Our general and administrative expenses, which represented 10.7% and 10.9% of total revenues in the year ended December 31, 2008 and 2007, respectively, increased by 22.6% to Won 29.75 billion (US$19.41 million) in the year ended December 31, 2008 from Won 24.27 billion in the year ended December 31, 2007. This increase was primarily due to a 25.0% increase in salaries and other compensation expenses to Won 16.37 billion (US$10.68 million) in the year ended December 31, 2008 from Won 13.09 billion in the year ended December 31, 2007, primarily due to an increase in administrative employees (which include our research and development employees) and as a result of our continuing focus on research and development of software and technology.
Operating income. As a result of the foregoing, we recorded operating income of Won 49.63 billion (US$32.38 million) in the year ended December 31, 2008, as compared to operating income of Won 26.48 billion in the year ended December 31, 2007.
Other income, net. Our other income increased to Won 16.77 billion (US$10.94 million) in the year ended December 31, 2008 from Won 9.24 billion in the year ended December 31, 2007, primarily due to an increase in interest income to Won 15.78 billion (US$10.29 million) in the year ended December 31, 2008 from Won 9.20 billion in the year ended December 31, 2007, primarily as a result of an increase in cash we held in respect of the amounts payable to sellers as our GMV increased.
Income tax expenses. For the year ended December 31, 2008, we generated taxable income and as a result, recorded Won 10.01 billion (US$6.53 million) of income tax expenses.
The statutory income tax rate applicable to us was 27.5% (including resident surtax) in 2008 and 2007. The income tax expenses differ from the amount computed by applying the statutory tax rate principally due to a 50% reduction in corporate income tax as a “Tax-Benefit Business,” as defined in the Special Tax Treatment Control Law, and from tax credits primarily related to increased research and development expenses that lower the effective tax rate. Our effective tax rate in 2008 was 15.1%, compared to 6.8% in 2007.
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A reconciliation of income tax expense at the Korean statutory income tax rate to actual income tax expense is as follows:
| | | | | | | | |
| | 2008 | | | 2007 | |
| | (In millions of Won) | |
|
Tax expense at Korean statutory tax rate | | W | 18,228 | | | W | 9,811 | |
Income tax exemptions | | | (6,156 | ) | | | (5,497 | ) |
Income tax credits | | | (2,633 | ) | | | (2,321 | ) |
Expenses not deductible for tax purpose | | | 568 | | | | 427 | |
| | | | | | | | |
Total income tax expense | | W | 10,007 | | | W | 2,420 | |
| | | | | | | | |
From January 1, 2009, we do not expect to be able to claim the tax reduction as a certified venture company, but we will be entitled to a 10% tax reduction from the statutory tax rate (24.2% including resident surtax) on eligible income as a small and medium-sized company under the Special Tax Treatment Control Law. This reduced rate is currently effective until December 31, 2009. From January 1, 2010, we do not expect to qualify as a small and medium-sized company and will be subject to the statutory tax rate without any reduction under the Special Tax Treatment Control Law. The statutory tax rate has been reduced to 22.0% (including resident surtax) for taxable income from January 1, 2010.
Net income. As a result of the foregoing, we recorded a net income of Won 56.39 billion (US$36.79 million) in the year ended December 31, 2008 compared to a net income of Won 33.30 billion in the year ended December 31, 2007.
2007 compared to 2006
The following table sets forth selective line items and the percentage of revenues that they represent for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2007 and 2006.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Year Ended
| | Percentage
| | Year Ended
| | Percentage
| | |
| | December 31,
| | of
| | December 31,
| | of
| | Percentage
|
| | 2007 | | Revenues | | 2006 | | Revenues | | Increase |
| | (In billions of Korean Won, other than percentages) |
|
Total revenues | | | 222.89 | | | | 100.0% | | | | 154.13 | | | | 100.0% | | | | 44.6 | % |
Cost of revenues | | | (119.67 | ) | | | 53.7% | | | | (78.95 | ) | | | 51.2% | | | | 51.6 | % |
Sales and marketing | | | (52.47 | ) | | | 23.5% | | | | (46.43 | ) | | | 30.1% | | | | 13.0 | % |
General and administrative | | | (24.27 | ) | | | 10.9% | | | | (14.57 | ) | | | 9.5% | | | | 66.5 | % |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Operating income | | | 26.48 | | | | 11.9% | | | | 14.18 | | | | 9.2% | | | | 86.8 | % |
Other income, net | | | 9.24 | | | | 4.1% | | | | 5.39 | | | | 3.5% | | | | 71.4 | % |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Income before income tax expenses | | | 35.72 | | | | 16.0% | | | | 19.57 | | | | 12.7% | | | | 82.5 | % |
Income tax expenses | | | 2.42 | | | | 1.1% | | | | 3.29 | | | | 2.1% | | | | (26.4 | )% |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net income | | | 33.30 | | | | 14.9% | | | | 16.28 | | | | 10.6% | | | | 104.6 | % |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Revenues. Our total revenues increased by 44.6% to Won 222.89 billion in the year ended December 31, 2007 from Won 154.13 billion in the year ended December 31, 2006. This increase was primarily due to:
| | |
| • | a 31.0% increase in transaction fee revenues to Won 130.01 billion in the year ended December 31, 2007 from Won 99.25 billion in the year ended December 31, 2006, primarily due to a 43% increase in GMV to Won 3,248.66 billion for the year ended December 31, 2007 from Won 2,268.20 billion for the year ended December 31, 2006; and |
|
| • | a 69.2% increase in advertising and other revenues to Won 92.88 billion in the year ended December 31, 2007 from Won 54.88 billion in the year ended December 31, 2006, primarily as a result of an increase in revenues from standard and premium listing and seller advertisement. |
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Standard and premium listing revenues increased by 51.6% to Won 32.9 billion in the year ended December 31, 2007 from Won 21.7 billion in the year ended December 31, 2006. Seller advertisement revenues including banner and keyword search increased by 117.1% to Won 41.9 billion in the year ended December 31, 2007 from Won 19.3 billion in the year ended December 31, 2006. Non-seller advertisement revenues increased by 15.8% to Won 8.8 billion in the year ended December 31, 2007 from Won 7.6 billion in the year ended December 31, 2006. These increases were driven by the addition of approximately 2.7 million new sellers and buyers during 2007 allowing us to reach a total of 13.7 million registered buyers and sellers as of December 31, 2007. We believe that as the number of sellers increased, the increased competition among sellers resulted in sellers increasing their advertising expenditures to promote their products, which in turn resulted in increases in our premium listing, banner advertisement and keyword search fee revenues.
Changes in our transaction fee revenues are impacted by our sales incentive programs such as Gmarket Miles, discount coupons and Gmarket Stamps. See note 3 “Significant Accounting Policies” in the financial statements included in Item 18 for additional information regarding our accounting policies for sales incentives and roll forwards of the respective reserves.
Cost of revenues. Our cost of revenues, which represented 53.7% and 51.2% of total revenues for the year ended December 31, 2007 and 2006, respectively, increased by 51.6% to Won 119.67 billion in the year ended December 31, 2007 from Won 78.95 billion in the year ended December 31, 2006, primarily due to:
| | |
| • | a 50.5% increase in credit card commissions and bank charges to Won 62.86 billion in the year ended December 31, 2007 from Won 41.76 billion in the year ended December 31, 2006, reflecting the increase in GMV and number of transactions over the period; |
|
| • | a 22.8% increase in click-through fees to Won 22.86 billion in the year ended December 31, 2007 from Won 18.62 billion in the year ended December 31, 2006, reflecting the increase in our marketing efforts to promote our website, and the products offered on our website; and |
|
| • | a 82.7% increase in other costs to Won 33.95 billion in the year ended December 31, 2007 from Won 18.57 billion in the year ended December 31, 2006, primarily as a result of increases in network and systems maintenance fees, salaries and other compensation expenses, and depreciation expenses, due to the increase in GMV and expansion of our technology systems to accommodate the increased number of sellers, buyers and transactions. |
Sales and marketing expenses. Our sales and marketing expenses, which represented 23.5% and 30.1% of total revenues in the year ended December 31, 2007 and 2006, respectively, increased by 13.0% to Won 52.47 billion in the year ended December 31, 2007 from Won 46.43 billion in the year ended December 31, 2006, primarily resulting from:
| | |
| • | a 16.9% increase in advertising expense to Won 31.96 billion in the year ended December 31, 2007 from Won 27.35 billion in the year ended December 31, 2006, reflecting our expanded marketing efforts in 2007, including our online and offline advertisements; |
|
| • | a 7.4% increase in promotion expense for sales to Won 2.71 billion in the year ended December 31, 2007 from Won 2.52 billion in the year ended December 31, 2006, reflecting the increase in our name brand and image enhancement promotional activities; and |
|
| • | a 30.4% increase in other costs to Won 6.11 billion in the year ended December 31, 2007 from Won 4.69 billion in the year ended December 31, 2006, primarily as a result of an increase of, and salaries and other compensation paid to, marketing employees. |
The above increases were offset by 1.5% decrease in call center expenses to Won 11.69 billion in the year ended December 31, 2007 from Won 11.87 billion in the year ended December 31, 2006, due to increase in operational efficiency.
General and administrative expenses. Our general and administrative expenses, which represented 10.9% and 9.5% of total revenues in the year ended December 31, 2007 and 2006, respectively, increased by 66.5% to Won 24.27 billion in the year ended December 31, 2007 from Won 14.57 billion in the year ended December 31,
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2006. This increase was primarily due to a 64.9% increase in salaries and other compensation expenses to Won 13.09 billion in the year ended December 31, 2007 from Won 7.94 billion in the year ended December 31, 2006, due to an increase in administrative employees (which include our research and development employees) and as a result of our continuing focus on research and development of software and technology.
Operating income. As a result of the foregoing, we recorded operating income of Won 26.48 billion in the year ended December 31, 2007, as compared to operating income of Won 14.18 billion in the year ended December 31, 2006.
Other income, net. Our other income increased to Won 9.24 billion in the year ended December 31, 2007 from Won 5.39 billion in the year ended December 31, 2006, primarily due to an increase in interest income to Won 9.20 billion in the year ended December 31, 2007 from Won 5.19 billion in the year ended December 31, 2006, primarily as a result of an increase in cash we held in respect of the amounts payable to sellers as our GMV increased.
Income tax expenses. For the year ended December 31, 2007, we generated taxable income and as a result, recorded Won 2.42 billion of income tax expenses.
The statutory income tax rate applicable to us was 27.5% (including resident surtax) in 2007 and 2006. The income tax expenses differ from the amount computed by applying the statutory tax rate principally due to a 50% reduction in corporate income tax as a “Tax-Benefit Business,” as defined in the Special Tax Treatment Control Law, and from tax credits primarily related to increased research and development expenses that lower the effective tax rate. Our effective tax rate in 2007 was 6.8%, compared to 16.8% in 2006.
A reconciliation of income tax expense at the Korean statutory income tax rate to actual income tax expense is as follows:
| | | | | | | | |
| | 2007 | | | 2006 | |
| | (In millions of Won) | |
|
Tax expense at Korean statutory tax rate | | W | 9,811 | | | W | 5,381 | |
Income tax exemptions | | | (5,497 | ) | | | (2,129 | ) |
Income tax credits | | | (2,321 | ) | | | (164 | ) |
Expenses not deductible for tax purpose | | | 427 | | | | 221 | |
Other | | | — | | | | (20 | ) |
| | | | | | | | |
Total income tax expense | | W | 2,420 | | | W | 3,289 | |
| | | | | | | | |
Net income. As a result of the foregoing, we recorded a net income of Won 33.30 billion in the year ended December 31, 2007 compared to a net income of Won 16.28 billion in the year ended December 31, 2006.
Exchange Rates
See Item 3.A. “Selected Financial Data — Exchange Rates.”
| |
5.B. | Liquidity and Capital Resources |
Our principal sources of cash are cash flow from our operating activities. We had cash and cash equivalents and cash on deposit of Won 296.5 billion (US$193.42 million), Won 238.4 billion and Won 169.3 billion as of December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006, respectively. As of December 31, 2008, our working capital, which is the difference between total current assets and total current liabilities, was Won 162.7 billion (US$106.17 million), including cash and cash equivalents of Won 79.5 billion (US$51.85 million) and cash on deposit of Won 217.0 billion (US$141.57 million), compared to the working capital amount in December 31, 2007 of Won 115.0 billion, including cash and cash equivalents of Won 48.4 billion and cash on deposit of Won 190.0 billion. Our cash and cash equivalents include the amount payable from the buyers to the sellers held during the period prior to us paying to the sellers the relevant purchase cost, which ranges from seven days to thirty days. Such amounts were Won 184.2 billion (US$120.19 million), Won 147.3 billion and Won 103.6 billion as of December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006, respectively.
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As of December 31, 2008, we had no outstanding debt. We expect capital requirements for 2009 to be primarily for working capital needs and capital expenditures. We believe that our available cash and cash equivalent and cash flows generated from operations will be sufficient to satisfy our working capital and capital expenditure requirements in 2009. Our ability to continue to satisfy our capital requirements from our cash flows will depend on our ability to maintain and improve our operating margins and generate sufficient cash from our operations. If we are unable to meet our capital requirements from our cash flows, we may turn to external financing sources, such as long-term debt or issuance of equity or other debt securities, in order to meet our capital requirements. However, there can be no assurance that such external financing sources may be available to usand/or under acceptable terms and conditions.
Our cash on deposit represents time deposits held with several financial institutions, with maturities of greater than three months, but less than one year. Held-to-maturity securities comprise corporate bonds with fixed rates of interest and scheduled maturity dates from 2009 through 2014. Cash on deposit and held-to-maturity securities are held at financial institutions which management believes are of high credit quality.
Our net cash generated from operating activities amounted to Won 116.5 billion (US$76.01 million) in 2008 compared with Won 73.3 billion in 2007 and Won 29.9 billion in 2006. The increase in net cash generated from operating activities in 2008 was due primarily to the growth of our business reflected in the higher GMV and net income and to the increase of amounts payable to sellers.
Our net cash used in investing activities in 2008 increased to Won 88.6 billion (US$57.81 million) from Won 60.0 billion in 2007 and Won 111.9 billion in 2006. The increase in 2008 compared to 2007 is due to an increased level of investment in held-to-maturity investments and property and equipment, offset by a decreased level of investment in cash on deposit. The increase in net cash used in investing activities in 2008 is a result of the growth in our business and the resulting increased levels of cash generated from operating activities available for investment. Net cash used in investing activities in 2006 was primarily driven by the issuance of common shares from the initial public offering, a significant portion of the proceeds from which was placed as cash on deposit.
Our capital expenditures are comprised primarily of purchases of computers and servers and other technology related systems. We do not own any real property. Capital expenditures for 2008 were Won 16.8 billion (US$10.96 million) compared with Won 10.6 billion in 2007 and Won 14.8 billion in 2006. We expect to have capital expenditure requirements for our ongoing expansion and development of our business, including expenditures for expansion and upgrades of our Internet servers and databases as well as the operation and expansion of our overseas websites. We currently estimate our capital expenditures for 2009 will be a total of approximately Won 15.0 billion.
Net cash used in investing activities primarily consists of cash on deposit, capital expenditures and restricted cash. Cash on deposit is the amount of cash we hold in term deposit accounts with financial institutions in Korea with terms of one year or less. However, we may withdraw funds from those accounts on demand before maturity by forfeiting some of the accrued interest. Capital expenditures relate to purchases of computers and servers and other technology systems hardware and software to accommodate the growth of our business. Restricted cash is the security deposit we are required to maintain with certain credit companies that process credit card payments.
Our net cash provided by financing activities increased to Won 3.2 billion (US$2.09 million) in 2008 compared with Won 0.2 billion in 2007, due to proceeds from exercise of stock options. Net cash provided by financing activities in 2006 was Won 80.1 billion, as the 2006 period included proceeds from the issuance of common shares from the initial public offering during 2006.
We currently do not anticipate any potentially significant refinancing requirements in 2009.
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5.C. | Research and Development, Patents and Licenses, etc. |
As ane-commerce marketplace, we believe the success of our business depends, in large part, on the development and introduction of new technologies and development initiatives that meet the ever-changing needs of our buyers and sellers.
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Our R&D policy is currently focused on four key areas:
Customize key technology solutions: There are many multi-purpose solutions in the Internet business environment, such as various search functionalities or voice-over-internet protocol (VoIP) communication technologies. We are customizing these technologies to meet the specific needs and demands of thee-commerce industry.
Expand our platforms to the global level: Our role is to providee-commerce platforms sought after by the marketplace. We continue to expand and develop our existing platforms to accommodate the needs of the global market with the long term goal of establishing a global presence.
Utilize historical data more productively: As our data pool gets larger, we rely on our historical data to improve on search functions yielding more relevant and accurate results and compile useful ratings such as “best seller” lists for the benefit of both buyers and sellers. We are also analyzing our buyers’ purchasing histories and trends in order to create more effective “recommended products” lists for our buyers.
Facilitate user participation: As user-generated contents are emerging as a new trend, we are developing platforms that facilitate active user participation.
For the years 2008, 2007, and 2006, we spent approximately Won 6.96 billion (US$4.54 million), Won 5.40 billion, and Won 2.93 billion, respectively, on research and development, which mainly include expenditures on salaries, fringe benefits, stock option compensation and severance benefits for employees in our research and development divisions.
Trends, uncertainties and events which could have a material impact on our sales, operating revenues and liquidity and capital resources are discussed above in Item 5.A. “— Operating Results” and Item 5.B. “— Liquidity and Capital Resources.”
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5.E. | Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements |
There are no off-balance sheet arrangements that have or are reasonably likely to have a current or future effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources that is material to investors.
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5.F. | Tabular Disclosure of Contractual Obligations |
The following table summarizes our contractual obligations as of December 31, 2008 and the effect these obligations are expected to have on our liquidity and cash flows in future periods.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Payments Due by Period |
| | | | Less Than
| | | | | | More Than
|
| | Total | | 1 Year | | 1-3 Years | | 3-5 Years | | 5 Years |
| | (In billions of Won) |
|
Description of Contractual Obligations | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
LIG Tower office leases(1) | | W | 0.33 | | | W | 0.33 | | | | — | | | | — | | | | — | |
Fine Tower office lease(2) | | | 3.21 | | | | 1.48 | | | | 1.73 | | | | — | | | | — | |
Japan branch office lease(3) | | | 0.51 | | | | 0.51 | | | | | | | | — | | | | — | |
Accrued Severance benefits(4) | | | 4.47 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Other liabilities(5) | | | 1.09 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Notes:
| | |
(1) | | Lease of 5,709 square meters of office space (6th, 7th, 8th and 9th floors) for our headquarters in Seoul, Korea. The lease had a term of one year and was renewable for subsequent one year terms. We renewed the lease on February 28, 2008 and again on March 1, 2009. We paid a security deposit in connection with this lease in the amount of approximately Won 1.90 billion (US$1.24 million). |
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| | |
(2) | | Lease of 5,529 square meters of office space (8th, 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th and 14th floors) in Seoul, Korea. The lease expires on February 28, 2011 and is renewable for subsequent one-year terms. We paid a security deposit in connection with this lease in the amount of approximately Won 4.89 billion (US$3.19 million). |
|
(3) | | Lease of 238 square meters of office space for our Japan branch office in Tokyo, Japan, from December 2007 to November 2009. We paid a security deposit in connection with the lease in the amount of Yen 43 million. |
|
(4) | | Employees and executive officers with one year or more of service are entitled to receive a lump-sum payment upon termination of their employment with us based on the length of service and their rate of pay at the time of termination. The annual severance benefits expense charged to operations is calculated based upon the net change in the accrued severance benefits payable at the balance sheet date based on the guidance ofEITF 88-1, Determination of Vested Benefit Obligation for a Defined Benefit Pension Plan. |
|
(5) | | Other liabilities are for uncertain tax positions recorded in accordance with FIN 48. The liability cannot be split by period in which payments are due as the timing of payments is unknown. |
See “Forward-Looking Statements.”
| |
ITEM 6. | DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES |
6.A. Directors and Senior Management
The following table sets forth information regarding our executive officers and directors as of the date of this filing.
| | | | |
Executive Officers and Directors | | Age | | Position/Title |
|
Young Bae Ku | | 43 | | Representative Director and Chief Executive Officer |
Duckjun (D.J.) Lee | | 43 | | Senior Managing Director and Chief Financial Officer |
Dae Sik Yang | | 37 | | Managing Director and Chief Technology Officer |
Kwang Jin Ryoo | | 36 | | Managing Director — e-Market Operations |
Jae Ho Lee | | 39 | | Vice President — Development Operations |
Paul J. Lee | | 36 | | General Counsel |
Ki Hyung Lee | | 46 | | Non-Standing Director and Chairman of the Board of Directors |
Sang Kyu Lee | | 42 | | Non-Standing Director |
John E. Milburn | | 47 | | Outside Director |
Dean Geehun Kim | | 41 | | Outside Director |
Massoud Entekhabi | | 54 | | Outside Director and Chairman of the Audit Committee Members |
Hakkyun Kim | | 45 | | Outside Director and Audit Committee Member |
Joon-Ho Hahm | | 45 | | Outside Director and Audit Committee Member |
Greg Mrva | | 39 | | Non-Standing Director |
Standing directors are directors who work for us full-time and hold executive officer positions with us. Non-standing directors are directors who serve in their positions on a part-time basis. There is no legal distinction between standing and non-standing directors under the Korean Commercial Code. Our outside directors are non-standing directors who satisfy the requirements to be deemed as independent directors under the Nasdaq corporate governance practice rules, in addition to the applicable requirements to be deemed as outside directors under Korean law and our articles of incorporation. The requirements that need to be satisfied to be deemed an outside director under Korean law and our articles of incorporation are more stringent than the requirements that need to be satisfied to be deemed an independent director under the Nasdaq corporate governance practice rules.
Young Bae Kuhas served as our chief executive officer and representative director since October 2001. Prior to assuming such position, Mr. Ku was our director in charge of business operations from March to October of 2001. Prior to joining us in October 2000, Mr. Ku led the development of Goodsdaq pilot service at Interpark Corporation
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from August 1999 to April 2000 and was responsible for business development in the United States for Interpark Goodsdaq Corporation from April to September 2000. Before joining Interpark Corporation, Mr. Ku led field operations in oilfield services for Schlumberger in the Middle East and India from March 1991 to June 1999. Mr. Ku received a Bachelor’s degree in Petroleum and Mineral Engineering from Seoul National University.
Duckjun (D.J.) Leehas served as our chief financial officer and senior managing director since July 2005. Prior to joining our company, Mr. Lee was an investment banker at Credit Suisse First Boston, Seoul Branch, Citigroup and Schroders from 1997. As an investment banker, Mr. Lee advised Korean and multinational companies on cross-border mergers & acquisitions, corporate restructuring and capital markets transactions across various industries, including technology, telecommunications, consumer, industrial and financial services. Mr. Lee received a Bachelor’s degree in Business Administration from Seoul National University and a Master of Science in Accounting and Finance from the London School of Economics and Political Science.
Dae Sik Yanghas served as our chief technology officer and managing director since October 2000 and is currently the head of our research and development center. Mr. Yang joined us in February 2000 for the Goodsdaq pilot development project. Prior to that, he was a software developer at Korea Securities Computer Corporation, or KOSCOM, from August 1998 to February 2000. Mr. Yang was involved from the beginning in the development of thee-commerce platform currently being used by us, and has held supervisory position. While at KOSCOM, Mr. Yang led the efforts to develop information processing programs. Mr. Yang received a Bachelor’s degree in Computer Engineering from Seoul National University.
Kwang Jin Ryoohas been the managing director —e-Market Operations since April 2007, having joined us in 2000. From January 2006 until April 2007, Mr. Ryoo served as the vice president —e-Market Operations. Prior to assuming that position, Mr. Ryoo served as assistant manager, deputy manager and general manager of various marketing departments, including our electronics and computers department,e-Market business division ande-Market category management division. Prior to joining us, Mr. Ryoo worked at Duzon Digitalware Co., Ltd. from March 1999 to April 2000, where he was responsible for marketing and conducting beta testing for newly developed software programs. Mr. Ryoo received a Bachelor’s degree in Law from Kangnam University.
Jae Ho Leehas been the vice president — Development Operations since December 2007, having joined us in 2001. From June 2004 until January 2007, Mr. Lee served as a division manager of the development division. Prior to assuming that position, Mr. Lee served as assistant manager, deputy manager and general manager of various development departments, including the front and back-end and application development department. Prior to joining us, Mr. Lee worked at Interpark Corporation from March 2000 to February 2001, where he worked on front and back-end and application programming for Interpark Corporation’s site service. Before joining Interpark Corporation, Mr. Lee worked at Inetworks Corporation as a Visual C++, Java programmer. Mr. Lee received a Bachelor’s degree in Computer Science from Kangnam University.
Paul J. Leehas served as our general counsel since February 2006. Prior to joining our company, Mr. Lee was a foreign legal consultant at Kim & Chang in Seoul from August 2001 to December 2005, where his primary practice areas included mergers and acquisitions and general corporate matters. Previously, Mr. Lee worked at Squire Sanders & Dempsey LLP in Los Angeles from October 1999 to June 2001 as a corporate associate. Mr. Lee received a Bachelor’s degree in Political Science from Columbia College and a Juris Doctor degree from the Columbia University School of Law.
Ki Hyung Leehas served as our director since April 2000. Mr. Lee has been the chairman since October 1997, the co-chief executive officer of Interpark Corporation, our largest shareholder, from October 1997 to May 2008. Mr. Lee is currently the chief executive officer of Interpark Corporation since May 2008. Mr. Lee was responsible for establishing Interpark Corporation in October 1997, one of the earlieste-commerce business companies in Korea, which was begun as a business unit within Dacom Corporation. Mr. Lee has led Interpark Corporation’s efforts to expand its online business to ticketing, tourism and shopping. Mr. Lee also serves as a director of Korea On-Line Shopping Association. Mr. Lee received a Bachelor’s degree in Astronomy from Seoul National University.
Sang Kyu Leehas served as our director since April 2000. Mr. Lee was our former chief executive officer, from April 2000 to September 2001. Mr. Lee is currently the chief executive officer of Interpark Shopping, which is
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a division of Interpark INT, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Interpark Corporation. Prior to becoming the chief executive officer of Interpark Shopping, Mr. Lee served in various roles, including as co-chief executive officer of Interpark Corporation, head of strategy, managing director and executive vice president of Interpark Corporation. Mr. Lee received a Bachelor’s degree in International Economics from Seoul National University.
John E. Milburnhas served as our director since December 2004. Mr. Milburn has been the managing general partner of Newton Technology Partners, a firm specializing in technology investments in Korea, since January 2000. He is an advisor to many companies in Korea and throughout the Asia Pacific region, particularly telecommunications companies. Mr. Milburn was vice president in charge of Internet Technology and Business Development at Dacom Corporation from December 1996 to September 2000. While at Dacom he was responsible for developing the largest consumer and commercial ISP in Asia. He was also instrumental in creating new value-added services businesses, and was the founder of KIDC, the highest traffic Internet data center in the world. Mr. Milburn received a Bachelor’s degree in Nuclear Engineering from the University of California at Berkeley, was a scientist with the U.S. Department of Energy for 10 years, and has lived and worked in Korea since May 1991.
Dean Geehun Kimhas served as our director since July 2007. Mr. Kim is the founder, President and CEO of Stonebridge Capital Inc., a major venture capital and private equity investor in Korea that focuses on the IT and media industries for its venture investment portfolio and invests in a wide range of companies. Stonebridge Capital was spun off in December, 2008 from IMM Investment Corporation where Mr. Kim was the co-founder, President and CEO. Mr. Kim has worked for IMM Investment Corporation for the last 10 years and has broad experience in the investment field from venture investment to large cap buyout deals in the IT and entertainment industries. Mr. Kim has also served as President and CEO of each of IMM Venture Capital, IMM Asset Management and IHQ Co. Ltd., one of the largest entertainment companies in Korea in which IMM was the largest shareholder. Mr. Kim received a Bachelor of Science degree in Molecular Biology from Seoul National University and a Master of Business Administration degree from MIT Sloan School of Management. Mr. Kim also completed an Executive Program from Columbia Business School in September, 2008.
Massoud Entekhabihas served as our director since December 2005 and serves as the chairman of our audit committee. Mr. Entekhabi is a managing director and founder of Zenith Equity Partners, a private equity firm based in Southern California. Prior to founding Zenith Equity Partners, from 2000 to 2003, Mr. Entekhabi was a general partner and managing director of TL Ventures, a nationally focused venture capital firm with over US$1.4 billion under management. From 1973 to 2000, Mr. Entekhabi was with Coopers & Lybrand LLP and PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, where he held various senior management positions and was a partner. Mr. Entekhabi is Fellow of Institute of Chartered Accountants in England & Wales and is also a Certified Public Accountant in the United States.
Hakkyun Kimhas served as our director and member of our audit committee since December 2005. Mr. Kim is currently an attorney at Pillsbury Winthrop Shaw Pittman LLP, a majorU.S.-based law firm, in their Washington, DC office, where he focuses his practice on business and public policy matters affecting clients from, or with interests in, Korea and Asia. Previously, Mr. Kim worked at various other majorU.S.-based law firms, where he represented Korean companies in connection with establishment of new operations in the U.S., including compliance with U.S. regulatory requirements. Prior to practicing law, Mr. Kim served as an economist at The Bank of Korea, the central bank of Korea, for over 10 years, where he worked in the areas of foreign asset management, domestic open market operation and monetary policy decision making. Mr. Kim received a Bachelor’s degree in Law and Economics from Seoul National University and a Juris Doctor degree from the University of Minnesota Law School.
Joon-Ho Hahmhas served as our director and member of our audit committee since December 2005. Mr. Hahm is an Associate Professor of the Graduate School of International Studies at Yonsei University in Korea. Mr. Hahm’s focus is on financial markets and institutions, bank supervision, exchange rates and interest rates, risk management, debt management and consumption and savings. Mr. Hahm has served in a variety of consultative roles for the Korean government and international organizations, including the World Bank. Mr. Hahm is also serving as an outside non-executive director of Korea Deposit Insurance Corporation and a member of the Advisory Committee of Hana Bank. Mr. Hahm received a Bachelor’s degree in English Literature and Business
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Administration from Seoul National University in 1986, a Master of Business Administration from Columbia University in 1988 and a Ph.D. in Finance and Economics from Columbia University in 1993.
Greg Mrvajoined Yahoo! Inc. in June 2005. In his role as Vice President of Mergers and Acquisitions, he is a key participant in the development of the Company’s strategy and in the identification and execution of new business opportunities including investments, acquisitions, strategic partnerships and joint ventures. Prior to joining Yahoo! Inc., Mr. Mrva was an investment professional with Texas Pacific Group, a well-know private equity and investment firm, from 2003 to 2005. Prior to TPG, Mr. Mrva was Vice President of Corporate Development at Mpath Interactive, an Internet media and entertainment company, from 1999 to 2002. Mr. Mrva has also worked for Montgomery Securities where he worked on private equity investments in the technology and media sectors. He began his career with Goldman Sachs in New York as a financial analyst in the Mergers and Acquisitions group. Mr. Mrva graduated from the University of Virginia with a Bachelor of Arts in History and Economics with high distinction, and holds a Juris Doctor degree magna cum laude from Harvard Law School.
We currently do not have any outstanding loans to our directors or executive officers. We currently do not have any guarantee obligations with respect to any borrowings by any of our directors or executive officers. The remuneration paid to our directors and executive officers, in the aggregate, during the year ended December 31, 2008 totaled approximately Won 1.46 billion (US$0.95 million), which excludes Won 0.15 billion set aside or accrued to provide for retirement benefits to six of our executive officers. The accrued severance benefits for our executive officers as of December 31, 2008 were Won 0.36 billion (US$0.23 million). The annual maximum aggregate amount of remuneration for our directors and executive officers is determined by a shareholder resolution. We also grant stock options to our directors and executive officers. See Item 6.E. “Share Ownership — Stock Options.” We also reimburse our directors for expenses they incur in performance of their services. In addition, we maintain five cars for our executive officers primarily for business use, but which can at times also be used for their personal use.
Employees and executive officers with one year or more of service are entitled to receive a lump-sum payment upon termination of their employment with us based on the length of service and rate of pay at the time of termination. Accrued severance benefits are estimated assuming all eligible employees terminate their employment at the balance sheet date. The annual severance benefits expense charged to operations is calculated based upon the net change in the accrued severance benefits payable at the balance sheet date. We are required to pay 4.5% of each employee’s annual wages to the National Pension Service. The total amount of contributions made to the Korea National Pension Service in 2006, 2007 and 2008 was Won 353.3 million, Won 651.6 million and Won 820.8 million (US$535.49 million), respectively. The accrued severance benefits as of December 31, 2006, 2007 and 2008, were Won 1,396.7 million, Won 2,781.3 million and Won 4,467.2 million (US$2.91 million), respectively.
We maintain a directors’ and officers’ liability insurance policy covering certain potential liabilities of our directors and officers.
Corporate Governance Practices
Nasdaq’s corporate governance practice rules provide that a foreign private issuer may elect to follow certain home country corporate governance practices in lieu of the requirements under Nasdaq Marketplace Rule 4350, subject to certain exceptions and to the extent such practices are not prohibited by home country law. The home country practices that we follow in lieu of Nasdaq Marketplace Rule 4350 are described below.
| | |
| • | Under Korean law, we are not required to convene regularly scheduled meetings at which only independent directors are present and therefore we do not hold such meetings. |
|
| • | In lieu of a nomination committee comprised of independent directors or nomination of directors by a majority of the independent directors, our board of directors is responsible for identifying and recommending potential candidates to become board members for approval by the shareholders and appointing members to serve as board committee members. Shareholders who, individually or in the aggregate, hold 3% |
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| | |
| | or more of the outstanding shares of our voting stock may also identify and recommend, in writing, potential candidates to become board members for approval by the shareholders. We have not adopted a formal written charter regarding the nomination of directors. |
| | |
| • | In lieu of a compensation committee comprised of independent directors or remuneration decisions by a majority of the independent directors, our board of directors is responsible for establishing the compensation and benefits of each director and the chief executive officer, who is also our representative director, subject to the maximum aggregate compensation limit set by the shareholders for the directors, including the representative director. Our chief executive officer determines the compensation and benefits of our other executive officers. |
|
| • | In lieu of the shareholder approval requirements under Nasdaq Marketplace Rule 4350(i), we have set forth various corporate matters requiring shareholder approval in our articles of incorporation, including matters regarding election and dismissal of directors, maximum limit of remuneration of directors, amendment to the articles of incorporation, mergers, dissolution, reduction in capital and transfer of all or substantial part of our business, among others. |
|
| • | In lieu of the requirement that copies of an annual report are delivered to shareholders within a reasonable time prior to the annual meeting of shareholders, our financial statements prepared in accordance with Korean generally accepted accounting principles, or Korean GAAP, are made available at least one week prior to the annual meeting of shareholders and may be viewed at our principal executive offices by any of our shareholders making such a request and are also delivered to any shareholder making a request for delivery of such audited financial statements. |
|
| • | In lieu of the requirement that quorum not be less than 331/3% of the outstanding shares of a company’s common voting stock for any meeting of shareholders, we follow the standard under Korean law which provides that in order to adopt any resolution, we shall receive a majority affirmative vote of voting shares present or represented at any general meeting of shareholders, and such voting shares representing the affirmative vote also must represent at least 25% of our outstanding shares. For certain matters, we are required to receive at least a 662/3% affirmative vote of the voting shares present or represented at any general meeting of shareholders, and such voting shares representing the affirmative vote also must represent at least 33% of our outstanding shares. |
|
| • | Under Korean law, we are not required to solicit proxies nor provide proxy statements in connection with any general meeting of shareholders. For shareholders holding only our common shares, we do not solicit proxies from nor provide proxy statements to such shareholders. For holders of our ADSs, our depositary, Citibank N.A., solicits proxies from and provides proxy statements to such holders. The results of such proxy solicitation are then delivered by Citibank N.A. to the Korea Securities Depository, who, in turn, votes at the general meeting of shareholders consistent with such results. |
Board of Directors
Our board of directors has the ultimate responsibility for the administration of our affairs. Our articles of incorporation, as currently in effect, provide for a board of directors of up to nine members comprised of standing directors and non-standing directors, the majority of which must be outside directors. Non-standing directors have the same rights and duties as those of standing directors, but are not executive officers, or otherwise employed by us. Under our articles of incorporation, outside directors are appointed from non-standing directors, and total number of outside directors shall be at least three. Under the Korean Commercial Code, amended as of February 4, 2009, the following persons are not qualified to be outside directors: (i) a person who is a standing director or employee of the company or was a standing director, auditor or employee of the company within the preceding two years, (ii) the largest shareholder and his spouse or lineal ascendant or descendant if the largest shareholder is an individual, (iii) a director, auditor or employee of the largest shareholder if the largest shareholder is a legal entity; (iv) a spouse or lineal ascendant or descendant of a director or auditor of the company, (v) a director, auditor or employee of a subsidiary or parent company of the company, (vi) a director, auditor or employee of a company that has an
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important business relationship with the company or (vii) a director, auditor or employee of a company in which a director or employee of the company is a director.
We elect our directors at a general meeting of shareholders with the approval of at least a majority of those shares present or represented at such meeting which also represents at least one-fourth of our total voting shares then issued and outstanding. Our articles of incorporation do not permit cumulative voting. We currently have a total of nine directors, five of whom are outside directors. Under our articles of incorporation, directors serve a three-year term (in case of an outside director, one-year term), but if the term ends prior to the date of the ordinary general meeting of shareholders in the last fiscal year of their term, the term will be extended until the close of the ordinary general meeting of shareholders. The three-year term of Mr. Young Bae Ku will end on March 29, 2010 and those of Messrs. Ki Hyung Lee and Sang Kyu Lee will end on March 28, 2009. The three-year term of Mr. Greg Mrva will end on December 28, 2009. Our outside directors, Messrs. John E. Milburn, Massoud Entekhabi, Hakkyun Kim, Joon-Ho Hahm and Dean Geehun Kim, were re-elected for one-year terms each on March 18, 2008. Our shareholders may remove directors from office by a resolution at a general meeting of shareholders adopted by the holders of at least two-thirds of the voting shares present or represented at the meeting which also represents at least one-third of our total voting shares then issued and outstanding.
The board of directors elects one representative director from its members. The representative director is authorized to represent us and act on our behalf and has the authority to bind us in all matters with third parties.
Meetings of the board of directors are convened by the representative director or another director as determined by the board of directors. The board of directors determines all important matters relating to our business.
Resolutions of the board are adopted in the presence of a majority of the directors in office and by the affirmative vote of a majority of the directors present. Under the Korean Commercial Code and our articles of incorporation, any director with a special interest in an agenda item presented for resolution at a board meeting must abstain from voting on such agenda item.
Our board of directors has determined that Messrs. Joon-Ho Hahm, Hakkyun Kim, Massoud Entekhabi, John E. Milburn, Greg Mrva and Dean Geehun Kim are independent directors under Nasdaq Marketplace Rule 4200.
Committees of the Board of Directors
Pursuant to our articles of incorporation, as amended, we have established an audit committee. In addition, the board of directors may establish under the board of directors a committee (other than the audit committee) consisting of at least two directors pursuant to our internal regulations adopted by the board of directors and may delegate certain authority of the board of directors, to the extent permissible under applicable laws and regulations.
Audit Committee
Pursuant to our articles of incorporation, as amended, we have established our audit committee. Under our articles of incorporation, the audit committee must consist of three or more outside directors. Our articles of incorporation also requires us to comply with the laws of the relevant jurisdiction or the regulations and rules of the relevant government supervisory authorities or the relevant stock exchange, such as the Nasdaq Marketplace Rules, with respect to authority and composition of the audit committee, if we list or trade our stock on overseas stock exchanges. Therefore, all of our audit committee members must satisfy independence requirements under the Nasdaq Marketplace Rules. Our audit committee consists of Massoud Entekhabi, Hakkyun Kim and Joon-Ho Hahm, all of whom meet the independence requirements of the Nasdaq Marketplace Rules. The audit committee is responsible for overseeing our accounting and financial reporting processes and the audits of the financial statements of our company. The responsibilities of the audit committee under the Korean Commercial Code and our articles of incorporation include, among other things:
| | |
| • | request for convening an extraordinary general meeting of shareholders; |
|
| • | examine financial statements and other reports to be submitted by the board of directors to the general meeting of shareholders; |
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| | |
| • | review the administration by the board of directors of our affairs; |
|
| • | approve appointment, dismissal and supervision of our independent certified public accountants; and |
|
| • | provide report of appointment of independent certified public accountants to our shareholders at the general meeting of shareholders. |
The following table sets forth the number of our full-time employees for each of our major departments and our total number of employees as of December 31, 2006 and 2007 and 2008.
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | 2006 | | 2007 | | 2008 |
|
Management and administration(1) | | | 16 | | | | 28 | | | | 27 | |
Business planning | | | 37 | | | | 64 | | | | 64 | |
Accounting and finance | | | 21 | | | | 21 | | | | 21 | |
Research and development | | | 65 | | | | 108 | | | | 126 | |
Sales and marketing | | | 51 | | | | 77 | | | | 75 | |
Transaction support(2) | | | 109 | | | | 193 | | | | 228 | |
Service quality management | | | 75 | | | | 78 | | | | 70 | |
Japan branch | | | — | | | | 3 | | | | 13 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total | | | 374 | | | | 572 | | | | 624 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Notes:
| | |
(1) | | In 2007, some of the personnel previously assigned to the accounting and finance department were transferred to the management and administration department. |
|
(2) | | In 2007, thirteen people previously assigned to the business planning department were transferred to the transaction support department. This number also includes two full-time personnel deployed to our Singapore branch office. |
The total number of our full time employees for 2008 includes 536 regular employees and 88 temporary employees. The temporary employees are contract employees on one-year contracts and workers dispatched from various employment agencies for a duration of six months to a year.
As of December 31, 2008, there were over 496 personnel at our outsourced call center to handle our customer service functions. We hire part-time employees and contractors from time to time on an as-needed basis.
The steady increase in the number of employees is due to the expansion of our business over the period. We have strived to develop a culture that encourages creativity and individual thought, and our compensation system matches our culture. We also provide stock options to our management and certain employees, pursuant to our standard terms of stock option agreements with our employees, which we believe has the effect of more closely aligning the personal interests of our employees to our overall financial performance. See Item 6.E. “Share Ownership — Stock Options.”
We believe our relationship with our employees is good, and we have never experienced any major labor disputes. None of our employees belongs to a labor union, and no collective bargaining agreement governs our relationship with our employees.
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Some of our directors and officers own our common shares. See Item 7.A. “Major Shareholders.”
Stock Options
The following table sets forth information on the stock options outstanding as of February 28, 2009 that we have granted to our directors and officers, taking into account the50-for-1 stock split effective January 5, 2006. Under our standard terms of stock options or agreements granted to our directors and officers, any outstanding stock options must be exercised within three months from the date of retirement or resignation by the holder of such stock option.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | Number of
| | Number of
|
| | Grant
| | Exercise
| | Exercise
| | Options
| | Exercised
|
Executive Officers and Directors | | Date | | Period | | Price | | Granted | | Options |
|
Young Bae Ku | | | 2001 | | | | | Won 100 | | | 500,000 | | | | | |
| | | 2002 | | | N/A | | Won 100 | | | 1,000,000 | | | | 2,000,000 | |
| | | 2003 | | | | | Won 140 | | | 500,000 | | | | | |
| | | 2008 | | | March 2010- March 2019 | | Won 19,694 | | | 100,000 | | | | 0 | |
Duckjun (D.J.) Lee | | | 2005 | | | December 2007- December 2016 | | Won 4,000 | | | 600,000 | | | | 270,000 | |
Paul J. Lee | | | 2006 | | | March 2008- March 2017 | | Won 9,000 | | | 65,000 | | | | 32,500 | |
Massoud Entekhabi | | | 2005 | | | December 2007- December 2016 | | Won 4,000 | | | 100,000 | | | | 0 | |
Hakkyun Kim | | | 2006 | | | March 2008- March 2017 | | Won 9,000 | | | 37,500 | | | | 25,781 | |
Joon-Ho Hahm | | | 2006 | | | March 2008- March 2017 | | Won 9,000 | | | 37,500 | | | | 18,750 | |
John E. Milburn | | | 2008 | | | March 2010- March 2019 | | Won 19,694 | | | 10,000 | | | | 0 | |
Dean Geehun Kim | | | 2008 | | | March 2010- March 2019 | | Won 19,694 | | | 10,000 | | | | 0 | |
| |
ITEM 7. | MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS |
The following sets forth information known to us with respect to the beneficial ownership of our common shares as of February 28, 2009, taking into account the conversion of all of our outstanding Series A convertible preferred shares into the same number of common shares on June 6, 2006 and the50-for-1 stock split which became effective January 5, 2006, by:
| | |
| • | each of our directors and executive officers; and |
|
| • | each person known to us to own beneficially more than 5.0% of our common shares. |
Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with the rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission. Except as indicated below, the persons named in the table have the sole voting and investment power with respect to all common shares shown as beneficially owned by them. Shareholders owning more than 5% of our common shares do not have different voting rights.
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Shares beneficially owned as of February 28, 2009:
| | | | | | | | |
| | Number | | % |
|
Executive Officers and Directors: | | | | | | | | |
Ki Hyung Lee(1) | | | 3,635,550 | | | | 7.2 | % |
Young Bae Ku(2) | | | 2,559,850 | | | | 5.1 | % |
Duckjun (D.J.) Lee(2)(8) | | | 405,000 | | | | | * |
Sang Kyu Lee(2) | | | 200,000 | | | | | * |
Kwang Jin Ryoo(2) | | | 245,315 | | | | | * |
Jae Ho Lee(2) | | | 115,000 | | | | | * |
Massoud Entekhabi(2)(7) | | | 79,167 | | | | | * |
Paul J. Lee(2)(7) | | | 14,896 | | | | | * |
Dae Sik Yang(2) | | | 45,400 | | | | | * |
Hakkyun Kim(2)(9) | | | 27,344 | | | | | * |
Joon-ho Hahm(2)(10) | | | 27,344 | | | | | * |
Subtotal of Executive Officers and Directors as a group(11) | | | 7,354,866 | | | | 14.6 | % |
Principal Shareholders: | | | | | | | | |
Interpark Corporation(3) | | | 14,599,900 | | | | 29.0 | % |
Yahoo! Korea Corporation(4) | | | 4,505,650 | | | | 9.0 | % |
Yahoo! Inc.(4)(5) | | | 516,311 | | | | 1.0 | % |
Techno Pacific Assets Limited(6) | | | 62,517 | | | | | * |
Subtotal of Principal Shareholders | | | 19,684,378 | | | | 39.1 | % |
Notes:
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* | | Less than 1% |
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(1) | | Includes 2,615,500 shares directly held by Mr. Ki Hyung Lee, 20,050 shares held by family members of Mr. Ki Hyung Lee, and 1,000,000 shares owned by a third-party, of which 800,000 shares are subject to a right of purchase by Mr. Ki Hyung Lee and 200,000 shares are subject to right of instruction to sell and transfer to a designated third party by Mr. Ki Hyung Lee. Further, in his capacity as the chief executive officer and chairman of the board of Interpark Corporation, which is one of our principal shareholders, and as a major shareholder of Interpark Corporation, beneficially holding 26.0% of the issued and outstanding shares of Interpark Corporation, Mr. Ki Hyung Lee indirectly holds 14,599,900 shares of our company held by Interpark Corporation, which combined with the 3,635,500 shares directly and indirectly held by him make him a beneficial owner of 36.2% of our common shares. The mailing address for Mr. Ki Hyung Lee is: 8th Floor, Nam Seoul Building,1304-3, Seocho-Dong, Seocho-Gu, Seoul137-074, Korea. |
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(2) | | The mailing address for this shareholder is:c/o Gmarket Inc., 9th Floor, LIG Tower,649-11,Yeoksam-Dong,Gangnam-Gu, Seoul135-912, Korea. |
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(3) | | See note (1) above. The mailing address for Interpark Corporation is: 8th Floor, Nam Seoul Building,1304-3,Seocho-Dong,Seocho-Gu, Seoul137-074, Korea. |
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(4) | | Yahoo! Korea Corporation, a corporation organized and existing under the laws of Korea, is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Yahoo! Inc, a corporation organized and existing under the laws of the State of Delaware. The mailing address for Yahoo! Korea Corporation is:144-19 JS Tower,Samseong-Dong,Gangnam-Gu, Seoul, Korea. The mailing address for Yahoo! Inc. is: 701 First Avenue, Sunnyvale, California 94089. |
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(5) | | Yahoo! Inc. acquired 516,311 of our common shares in March 2007. |
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(6) | | Techno Pacific Assets Limited, a British Virgin Islands entity, currently owns common shares which were converted from preferred shares on June 6, 2006. Techno Pacific Assets Limited is wholly owned by Yoon Jung Choi, who is the wife of John E. Milburn, one of our directors. John E. Milburn is the sole director of Techno Pacific Assets Limited and acts as its managing director. The registered business address for Techno Pacific Assets Limited isc/o NTP Korea, 1st Fl. Samhwa Bldg.,144-17Samsung-Dong,Gangnam-Gu, Seoul, |
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| | Korea135-090 and its mailing address is Techno Pacific Assets Limited, 555 Bryant Street #584, Palo Alto, CA 94301, U.S.A. |
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(7) | | Represents vested options exercisable for common shares as of February 28, 2009. |
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(8) | | Includes options for 205,000 shares exercisable as of February 28, 2009. |
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(9) | | Includes options for 1,563 shares exercisable as of February 28, 2009. |
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(10) | | Includes options for 8,594 shares exercisable as of February 28, 2009. |
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(11) | | Includes options for 309,220 shares exercisable as of February 28, 2009. The total number of shares beneficially owned by executive officers and directors without including the options is 7,045,646, which represents 14.0% of our outstanding common shares. |
Strategic Investment
Yahoo! Inc., a corporation organized and existing under the laws of the State of Delaware, or Yahoo!, and DutchCo entered into an agreement for the purchase by Yahoo! of 4,505,650 of our common shares from DutchCo, for an aggregate purchase price of US$60 million. Yahoo! is a leading global Internet brand and one of the most trafficked Internet destinations worldwide. Yahoo! provides online products and services, and offers a full range of tools and marketing solutions for businesses to connect with Internet users around the world. Yahoo! is headquartered in Sunnyvale, California.
Yahoo! assigned its rights under the purchase agreement to Yahoo! Korea Corporation, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Yahoo! that is a corporation organized and existing under the laws of Korea, or Yahoo! Korea, and the transaction was consummated on June 12, 2006. As a result of the Yahoo! Korea investment, Yahoo! Korea owns 4,505,650 of our common shares, which represents approximately 9.0% of our total issued and outstanding common shares as of December 31, 2008. Yahoo! Inc. also purchased an additional 1% of our shares on the open market in March 2007.
In connection with Yahoo! Korea’s purchase of common shares from DutchCo, we entered into a shareholders agreement and registration rights agreement with Yahoo! Korea, DutchCo and Interpark Corporation. These agreements provide for, among other things, and subject to, in each case, certain conditions (i) the ability of Interpark Corporation and Yahoo! Korea to appoint members to our board of directors, (ii) preemptive rights to Yahoo! Korea for future issuances of our equity securities, subject to certain exceptions and (iii) registration rights for Yahoo! Korea and DutchCo. As DutchCo has since sold or distributed to its equity holders a total of 7,576,531 common shares, it is therefore no longer our shareholder and no longer has rights under the foregoing agreements.
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7.B. | Related Party Transactions |
We engage from time to time in various transactions with related parties. We believe we have conducted our transactions with related parties as we would in comparable arm’s-length transactions with a non-related party, on a basis substantially as favorable to us as would be obtainable in such transactions.
Relationship with Interpark Corporation
As one of our sellers, Interpark Corporation lists products on our website, including books, CDs, household products and travel/tour packages. During the year ended December 31, 2008, the sales of Interpark Corporation’s products on our website, comprised less than 1% of our GMV.
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During the years ended December 31, 2006, 2007 and 2008, the transactions with Interpark Corporation and its subsidiaries were as follows:
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| | 2006 | | 2007 | | 2008 |
| | (In millions of Won) |
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Revenues | | W | 131 | | | W | 417 | | | W | 688 | |
Operating expenses | | | 845 | | | | 55 | | | | 12 | |
Accounts receivable | | | 42 | | | | — | | | | 2 | |
Leasehold and other deposits | | | 114 | | | | — | | | | — | |
Amounts payable to Interpark | | | 335 | | | | 807 | | | | 661 | |
Accounts payable and accrued expenses | | | 56 | | | | 2 | | | | — | |
Mr. Ki Hyung Lee, the chairman and chief executive officer of Interpark Corporation, and Mr. Sang Kyu Lee, the chief executive officer of Interpark Shopping, a division of Interpark INT, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Interpark Corporation, currently serve as members of our board of directors.
Relationship with Yahoo!
In September 2008, we entered into an online retailing business cooperation agreement with Yahoo! Southeast Asia Pte Ltd (“Yahoo! Southeast Asia”), an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of Yahoo! Inc., in order to expand oure-commerce marketplace business into Singapore. Pursuant to the agreement, we agreed to purchase a minimum amount of online advertising inventory from Yahoo! Southeast Asia during the term of the Agreement, and Yahoo! Southeast Asia agreed to provide us with additional online advertising inventory as well as a hyperlink on Yahoo! Southeast Asia’s Singapore property to our Singapore website at www.gmarket.com.sg. The term of the agreement is for thirty months from the launch date of the website at www.gmarket.com.sg, which was November 18, 2008, and can be renewed for additional twelve-month terms, or as otherwise agreed between the parties.
In April 2007, we entered into an agreement with Overture Korea, a wholly owned subsidiary of Yahoo!, in which Overture Korea’s sponsored links will appear on selected search results pages of our website. Under the terms of the agreement, we will receive a designated percentage of the total revenue received by Overture Korea from its advertisers in connection with such sponsored links. The initial term of the agreement was until March 2008, but it has been extended to March 2009 and it will continue to be renewed on an annual basis unless either party decides to terminate the agreement.
The Company and Yahoo! are working on a number of projects such as online books and travel and other strategic type of market collaborations.
Relationship with BestBuyer Co., Ltd.
BestBuyer Co., Ltd., or BestBuyer, is an affiliate of our largest shareholder, Interpark Corporation. We entered into four separate agreements with BestBuyer in July 2007, August 2007, October 2007 and April 2008, respectively. The first agreement is for the purchase of banner advertisements for three months with a monthly contract price of Won 7 million. This agreement is renewable on a monthly basis and was most recently renewed in May 2008. The second agreement is for Gmarket to act as the exclusive seller of books on BestBuyer’s website for one year with a monthly contract price of Won 3 million. The monthly contract price has been deceased to Won 3 million from Won 5 million since August 1, 2008. The third agreement is a one-year co-promotion agreement, renewable on an annual basis, pursuant to which we pay to BestBuyer a click-through fee, which is a fee we pay to Internet portals and other websites for referrals of buyers who make a purchase on our website. The amount of click-through fee is computed as a percentage of the total transaction value completed on our website by buyers referred to our website from the BestBuyer website. The total amount of click-through fees paid to BestBuyer for the year ended December 31, 2008 was Won 619.8 million (US$0.49 million). The fourth agreement is for the purchase of marketing services for 10 months with a monthly contract price of Won 7 million. This agreement expired in January 2009.
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Loans to officers
We do not have any loans, credits or guarantees outstanding to or for the benefit of executive officers.
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7.C. | Interests of Experts and Counsel |
Not applicable
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ITEM 8. | FINANCIAL INFORMATION |
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8.A. | Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information |
Financial Statements
All relevant financial statements are included in Item 18. “Financial Statements.”
Legal Proceedings
We currently are and expect to be subject to various legal and governmental proceedings from time to time, incidental to the normal conduct of business, including, but not limited to, claims, suits and actions relating to intellectual property related matters, as well as actions with respect to products sold on our website. The ultimate outcome of these matters, individually and in the aggregate, is not expected to have a material impact on our results of operations or financial position.
On February 23, 2007, the Korea Intellectual Property Office rejected our service mark application for the exclusive use of our trade name “Gmarket” in the English and the Korean languages on the grounds that it is a simple and common mark, not eligible for registration as a service mark under the Korean Trademark Act. We appealed such finding with the Korean Intellectual Property Tribunal and received a final ruling in our favor that upheld our application. We successfully registered our service mark with the Korea Intellectual Property Office on July 21, 2008.
In November 2007, the KFTC completed its investigation of us which began in December 2006 and determined that we are a “market dominant player,” as such term is defined in the Monopoly Regulation and Fair Trade Act of Korea and imposed an administrative fine in the amount of Won 135 million for committing unfair trade practices as a “market dominant player.” The KFTC’s investigation stemmed from a claim raised by one of our competitors involving the alleged unfair trade practices by us. The claim alleged that we provided incentives related to marketing and advertising to a small number of its sellers in order to pressure such sellers not to list their products on othere-commerce marketplaces in Korea. We paid the fine in accordance with the KFTC’s decision. We also appealed the KFTC’s determination that we are a “market dominant player” to the Seoul High Court at the end of January 2008, and received a decision on August 20, 2008 that partially overturned the KFTC’s determination on the amount of the fine as being too heavy, but which left intact the finding by KFTC that we are a “market dominant player.” Currently we are in the process of appealing the determination by the KFTC and Seoul High Court to the Supreme Court of Korea.
In July 2007, four international sportswear manufacturers requested that the KFTC investigate us, alleging that we were allowing sellers to list and sell counterfeit products on our website. The KFTC issued a public release in June 2008, in which it proposed that we take actions to (i) clearly post the reasons for de-listing when we remove certain products or services from our website, and (ii) provide buyers with accurate seller information, without subjecting us to any penalties or sanctions. We have implemented the actions proposed by the KFTC and received no further notice from the KFTC or the manufacturers. While we have not received any indication of further complaints from the manufacturers, we cannot assure you that the manufacturers will not proceed to raise further claims against us in the future or initiate a lawsuit or other types of administrative actions against us or that we will be able to reach a mutually satisfactory resolution with the manufacturers.
No significant changes have occurred since the date of our financial statements included in this annual report onForm 20-F. See Item 5.A. “Operating Results — Overview.” for information on material trends affecting our business and results of operations.
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ITEM 9. | THE OFFER AND LISTING |
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9.A. | Offer and Listing Details |
Common Stock
Our common shares are not listed on any stock exchange or organized trading market, including in Korea. There is no public market for our common shares, although a small number of our common shares are traded in off-market transactions involving private sales primarily in Korea.
ADSs
Following our initial public offering on June 29, 2006, the ADSs have been issued by Citibank N.A. as depositary and are listed on the Global Select Market of The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC, or the NASDAQ Stock Market, under the symbol “GMKT.” Each ADS represents one share of our common stock. As of December 31, 2008, 27,324,193 ADSs representing 27,324,193 shares of our common stock were outstanding.
The table below shows the high and low trading prices on Nasdaq for the outstanding ADSs since July 1, 2007. Each ADS represents one share of our common stock.
| | | | | | | | |
Period | | High | | Low |
| | (In US$) |
|
2007 | | | 29.20 | | | | 15.10 | |
Third Quarter | | | 29.20 | | | | 19.32 | |
Fourth Quarter | | | 25.94 | | | | 22.28 | |
2008 | | | 27.45 | | | | 11.43 | |
First Quarter | | | 27.45 | | | | 18.69 | |
Second Quarter | | | 26.22 | | | | 18.32 | |
Third Quarter | | | 26.42 | | | | 19.67 | |
September | | | 24.75 | | | | 21.60 | |
Fourth Quarter | | | 23.99 | | | | 11.43 | |
October | | | 23.99 | | | | 12.53 | |
November | | | 18.13 | | | | 11.43 | |
December | | | 18.20 | | | | 14.03 | |
2009 | | | | | | | | |
First Quarter | | | | | | | | |
January | | | 18.00 | | | | 12.00 | |
February | | | 15.75 | | | | 13.98 | |
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9.B. | Plan of Distribution |
Not applicable.
See Item 9.A. “Offer and Listing Details.”
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9.D. | Selling Shareholders |
Not applicable.
9.E. Dilution
Not applicable.
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9.F. Expenses of the Issue
Not applicable.
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ITEM 10. | ADDITIONAL INFORMATION |
Not applicable.
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10.B. | Articles of Incorporation |
The section below provides summary information relating to the material terms of our capital stock and our articles of incorporation. It also includes a brief summary of certain provisions of the Korean Commercial Code and related Korean law, all as currently in effect.
General
As of the date hereof, our authorized share capital consists of 200,000,000 shares, each with a par value of Won 100. As of December 31, 2008, there are 50,331,740 common shares and no preferred shares issued and outstanding. Each issued and outstanding preferred share was converted into one common share on June 6, 2006. As of December 31, 2006, no preferred shares are permitted to be issued under our articles of incorporation.
The following are summaries of material provisions of our articles of incorporation, as well as the Korean Commercial Code and relevant laws of Korea, all as currently in effect.
Certificates representing our common shares are issued in registered form. We issue share certificates in denominations of 1, 5, 10, 50, 100, 500, 1,000 and 10,000 shares.
Common Shares
Dividends
If and when declared, we distribute dividends to our shareholders in proportion to the number of shares owned by each shareholder. The common shares represented by the ADSs have the same dividend rights as other outstanding common shares.
The holders of our common shares are entitled to such dividends as may be declared at our annual general meeting of shareholders, subject to the Korean Commercial Code. If we declare dividends at the annual general meeting of shareholders, which is generally held within three months after the end of the fiscal year, we will pay the annual dividend shortly after the annual general meeting to the shareholders of record or registered pledges as of the end of the preceding fiscal year. We may distribute the annual dividend in cash or in shares. However, any dividend of shares must be distributed at par value, and dividends in shares may not exceed one-half of the annual dividend. Our obligation to pay dividend expires if no claim to dividend is made for five years from the payment date.
Under the Korean Commercial Code, we may pay an annual dividend only out of the excess of our net assets, on a non-consolidated basis, over the sum of (1) our stated capital and (2) the total amount of our capital surplus reserve and legal reserve accumulated up to the end of the relevant dividend period. In addition, we may not pay an annual dividend unless we have set aside as legal reserve an amount equal to at least 10.0% of the cash portion of the annual dividend or until we have accumulated a legal reserve of not less than one-half of our stated capital. We may not use legal reserve to pay cash dividends but may transfer amounts from legal reserve to capital stock or use legal reserve to reduce an accumulated deficit.
In addition, the Korean Commercial Code and our articles of incorporation provide that, in addition to annual dividends, we may pay interim dividends once during each fiscal year. Unlike annual dividends, the decision to pay interim dividends can be made by a resolution of the board of directors and is not subject to shareholder approval. Any interim dividends must be paid in cash to the shareholders of record as of June 30 of the relevant fiscal year. Since our inception, we have not declared or paid any dividends on our common shares. Any decision to pay
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dividends in the future will be subject to a number of factors, including cash requirements for future capital expenditures and investments, and other factors our board of directors may deem relevant. We have no intention to pay dividends in the near future.
Preferred Shares
On June 6, 2006, all of our outstanding preferred shares were converted into common shares and certain provisions of our articles of incorporation relating to preferred shares lost their effect pursuant to the amendment of our articles of incorporation. Accordingly, there are currently no preferred shares outstanding.
Distribution of Free Shares
In addition to paying dividends in shares out of our retained or current earnings, we may also distribute to our shareholders an amount transferred from our capital surplus or legal reserve to our stated capital in the form of free shares. We must distribute such free shares to all our shareholders in proportion to their existing shareholdings.
Preemptive Rights and Issuance of Additional Shares
We may at times issue authorized but unissued shares, unless otherwise provided in the Korean Commercial Code, on terms determined by our board of directors. All our shareholders are generally entitled to subscribe to any newly-issued shares in proportion to their existing shareholdings. We must offer new shares on uniform terms to all shareholders who have preemptive rights and are listed on our shareholders’ registry as of the relevant record date. Our board of directors may determine how to distribute shares for which preemptive rights have not been exercised or where fractions of shares occur.
We must give public notice of the preemptive rights regarding new shares and their transferability at least two weeks before the relevant record date.
Under our articles of incorporation, we may issue new shares up to 60% of our total outstanding shares pursuant to a board resolution to persons other than existing shareholders only:
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| • | if we offer subscription for new shares or issue them to subscribers in accordance with the Securities and Exchange Act of Korea; |
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| • | if we issue new shares by general public offering by a resolution of the board of directors in accordance with the Securities and Exchange Act of Korea; |
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| • | if we preferentially issue new shares to members of our employee stock ownership association in accordance with applicable laws and regulations; |
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| • | if we issue new shares upon the exercise of stock options in accordance with applicable laws and regulations; |
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| • | if we issue new shares pertaining to the issuance of any depository receipts; |
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| • | if we issue new shares to entities other than existing shareholders, such as domestic or foreign financial institutions or foreign investors, for the purposes of long-term development or funding necessity; or |
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| • | if we issue new shares in order to achieve a business purpose, including, but not limited to, introduction of new technology or improvement of our financial condition. |
In connection with the purchase of our common shares by Yahoo! Korea from DutchCo, Yahoo! Korea entered into a shareholders agreement with us, Interpark Corporation and DutchCo, which provides for, among other things, preemptive rights to Yahoo! Korea even in circumstances when certain of our other shareholders would not be entitled to such rights.
We may issue convertible bonds or bonds with warrants, within the limit of the Korean Commercial Code and our articles of incorporation, to persons other than existing shareholders, where such issuance is deemed necessary by us to achieve a business purpose, including, but not limited to, the introduction of new technology or the improvement of our financial condition.
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General Meeting of Shareholders
We generally hold the annual general meeting of shareholders within three months after the end of each fiscal year. Subject to a board resolution or court approval, we may hold an extraordinary general meeting of shareholders:
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| • | as necessary; |
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| • | at the request of holders of an aggregate of 3% or more of our outstanding common shares; or |
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| • | at the request of our audit committee. |
We must give our shareholders a written notice setting out the date, place and agenda of the meeting at least two weeks prior to the general meeting of shareholders. Our articles of incorporation allow us to give such notice in the form of ane-mail. The agenda of the general meeting of shareholders is determined at the meeting of the board of directors. In addition, a shareholder holding an aggregate of 3% or more of the outstanding shares may propose an agenda for the general meeting of shareholders, which should be made in the form of a written document or ane-mail at least six weeks prior to the meeting. Shareholders not on the shareholders’ registry as of the record date are not entitled to receive notice of the general meeting of shareholders or attend or vote at the meeting.
Our general meetings of shareholders are held in Seoul, Korea or near Seoul as deemed necessary.
Voting Rights
Holders of our shares are entitled to one vote for each share. However, shares held by us (i.e., treasury shares) or by any corporate entity in which we have, directly or indirectly, greater than a 10% interest, do not have voting rights. Unless our articles of incorporation explicitly state otherwise, the Korean Commercial Code permits cumulative voting pursuant to which each common share entitles the holder thereof to multiple voting rights equal to the number of directors to be elected at such time. A holder of shares may exercise all voting rights with respect to his or her shares cumulatively to elect one director. However, our articles of incorporation do not permit cumulative voting.
Our shareholders may adopt resolutions at a general meeting by an affirmative majority vote of the voting shares present or represented at the meeting, where the affirmative votes also represent at least one-fourth of our total voting shares then issued and outstanding. However, under the Korean Commercial Code and our articles of incorporation, the following matters require approval by the holders of at least two-thirds of the voting shares present or represented at the meeting, where the affirmative votes also represent at least one-third of our total voting shares then issued and outstanding:
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| • | amending our articles of incorporation; |
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| • | dismissing a director; |
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| • | reducing our capital; |
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| • | effecting any dissolution, merger or consolidation of us; |
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| • | transferring all or substantial part of our business; |
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| • | acquiring the whole business of another company or a part of the business of any other company, which significantly affects our business; |
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| • | execution, amendment or termination of contracts for lease of the whole business, management entrustment, assumption of all profits and loss of another party, or other contracts in content similar to the foregoing; |
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| • | issuing new shares at a price below par value; or |
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| • | other matters required to be adopted by a special resolution at the general shareholders meeting under the relevant laws and regulations. |
Shareholders may exercise their voting rights by proxy. Under our articles of incorporation, the person exercising the proxy does not have to be a shareholder. A person with a proxy must present a document evidencing its power of attorney in order to exercise voting rights.
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Holders of ADSs will exercise their voting rights through the ADS depositary. Subject to the provisions of the deposit agreement, holders of ADSs will be entitled to instruct the depositary how to vote the common shares underlying their ADSs.
Rights of Dissenting Shareholders
In some limited circumstances, including (i) the transfer of all or any significant part of our business, (ii) our merger or consolidation with another company, or (iii) certain stock swap transaction with other venture companies or major shareholders of other venture companies pursuant to the Venture Business Promotion Act (to the extent we continue to qualify as a venture company under such act), dissenting shareholders have the right to require us to purchase their shares. To exercise such right, shareholders must submit to us a written notice of their intention to dissent before the applicable general meeting of shareholders. Within 20 days (10 days in the case of (iii) above) after the relevant resolution is passed, the dissenting shareholders must request us in writing to purchase their shares. We are obligated to purchase the shares of dissenting shareholders within two months after our receipt of the dissenting shareholders’ request. The purchase price for the shares is required to be determined through negotiations between the dissenting shareholders and us. If an agreement on the purchase price for the shares is not made within 30 days from the date of our receipt of the dissenting shareholders’ request, we or such dissenting shareholder may request a court in Korea to determine the purchase price. Under the Korean Commercial Code, the purchase price will be determined at the amount that court believes is the fair value of our shares. In calculating the fair value of our shares, the court will consider our financial condition and other circumstances. Holders of ADSs will not be able to exercise dissenter’s rights, unless they withdraw the underlying common shares and become our direct shareholders.
Registry of Shareholders and Record Dates
Our transfer agent, Korea Securities Depository, maintains the registry of our shareholders at its office in Seoul, Korea. It records and registers transfers of our shares on the registry of shareholders upon presentation of share certificates.
The record date for annual dividends is December 31. For the purpose of determining shareholders entitled to annual dividends, the registry of shareholders is closed for the period from January 1 to January 15 of the following year. Further, for the purpose of determining shareholders entitled to any other rights pertaining to the shares, we may, on at least two weeks’ public notice, set a record dateand/or close the registry of shareholders for not more than three months. The trading of shares and the delivery of share certificates may continue while the registry of shareholders is closed.
Annual Report
At least one week before the annual general meeting of shareholders, we must make our annual reports and financial statements, prepared in accordance with Korean GAAP, available for inspection at our principal office and at all of our branch offices. In addition, copies of such annual reports, the audited non-consolidated financial statements and any resolutions adopted at the general meeting of shareholders will be available to our shareholders.
Transfer of Shares
Under the Korean Commercial Code, the transfer of shares is effected by the delivery of share certificates. However, to assert shareholders’ rights against us, the transferee must have his or her name, seal and address registered on our shareholders registry, maintained by our transfer agent. A non-Korean shareholder may file a sample signature in place of a seal, unless he or she is a citizen of a country with a sealing system similar to that of Korea. In addition, a non-resident shareholder must appoint an agent in Korea authorized to receive notices on his or her behalf and file his or her mailing address in Korea. These requirements do not apply to holders of ADSs.
Under current Korean regulations, Korean securities companies and banks, including licensed branches of non-Korean securities companies and banks, asset management companies, futures trade companies, internationally recognized foreign custodians and the Korea Securities Depository, may act as agents and provide related
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services for foreign shareholders. Certain foreign exchange controls and securities regulations apply to the transfer of shares by non-residents or non-Koreans. See Item 10.D. “Exchange Controls.”
Our transfer agent is Korea Securities Depository, located at34-6 Yoido-Dong, Youngdeungpo-Gu,Seoul 150-948, Korea.
Acquisition of Shares by Us
We may not acquire our own common shares except in limited circumstances, such as (i) reduction of capital, (ii) acquisition of our own common shares for the purpose of granting stock options to our directors, executive officers and employees and (iii) acquisition of our own shares for the purpose of implementing stock swap arrangement with other venture companies or major shareholders of other venture companies pursuant to the Venture Business Promotion Act (but only to the extent we qualify as a venture company under such act). Under the Korean Commercial Code, except in the case of a capital reduction (in which case we must retire the common shares immediately), we must resell any common shares acquired by us to a third party within a reasonable time. In addition, corporate entities in which we own a 50% or greater equity interest may not acquire our common shares.
Liquidation Rights
In the event of our liquidation, assets remaining after payment of all debts, liquidation preferences to holders of preferred shares, if any, liquidation expenses and taxes, will be distributed among holders of our common shares in proportion to their shareholdings.
We have not entered into any material contracts other than in the ordinary course of business and other than those described in Item 4 “Information on the Company” or elsewhere in this annual report onForm 20-F.
The description of foreign exchange controls and securities regulations provided below is applicable for a Korean company that has not listed its shares on any stock exchange in Korea.
General
The Foreign Exchange Transaction Act and the Presidential Decree and regulations under that Act and Decree, collectively referred to as the Foreign Exchange Transaction Laws, regulate investments in securities of Korean companies by persons who are not residents of Korea (“non-residents”) as defined by that Act and the issuance of securities by Korean companies outside of Korea. Under the Foreign Exchange Transaction Laws, non-residents may invest in securities of Korean companies only to the extent specifically allowed by these laws. The Financial Services Commission of Korea has also adopted, pursuant to its authority under the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act of Korea (which has replaced and superseded the preexisting Securities and Exchange Act of Korea), regulations that restrict investment in securities of Korean companies by foreign investors (as defined by the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act of Korea) and regulate issuance of securities by Korean companies outside of Korea.
Subject to certain limitations, the Ministry of Strategy and Finance, or MOSF, has authority to take the following actions under the Foreign Exchange Transaction Laws:
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| • | if the Government deems it necessary on account of war, armed conflict, natural disaster or grave and sudden and significant changes in domestic or foreign economic circumstances or similar events or circumstances, the MOSF may temporarily suspend performance under any or all foreign exchange transactions, in whole or in part, to which the Foreign Exchange Transaction Laws apply (including suspension of payment and receipt of foreign exchange) or impose an obligation to deposit, safe-keep or sell any means of payment to The Bank of Korea or certain other governmental agencies or financial institutions; and |
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| • | if the Government concludes that the international balance of payments and international financial markets are experiencing or are likely to experience significant disruption or that the movement of capital between Korea and other countries are likely to adversely affect the Won, exchange rate or other macroeconomic policies, the MOSF may take action to require any person who intends to effect or effects a capital transaction to deposit all or a portion of the means of payment acquired in such transactions with The Bank of Korea or certain other governmental agencies or financial institutions. |
Government Review of Issuances of ADSs
In order for us to issue ADSs in an amount exceeding US$30 million (aggregating any amount of foreign currency loans borrowed and securities offerings issued outside Korea, including when foreign-currency nominated securities are issued in Korea and sold to non-residents outside Korea by way of private placement) during the one year period immediately preceding the date of the submission of a report to MOSF), we are required to submit a report to the MOSF with respect to the issuance of the ADSs prior to such issuance. The MOSF may at its discretion direct us to take necessary measures to avoid exchange rate fluctuation in connection with its acceptance of report of the issuance of the ADSs. In addition, we are also required to submit a report to the MOSF upon receipt of the full proceeds from the offering of the ADSs promptly after the issuance of the ADSs. No further governmental approval is necessary for the offering and issuance of the ADSs.
Under current Korean laws and regulations, the depositary is required to obtain our prior consent for any proposed deposit of common shares if the number of shares to be deposited in such proposed deposit exceeds the number of common shares initially deposited by us for the issuance of ADSs (including deposits in connection with the initial and all subsequent offerings of ADSs and stock dividends or other distributions related to the ADSs). We have consented to any such deposit which exceeds the number of common shares to be deposited by us as mentioned above, so long as such deposit would not violate our articles of incorporation or Korean law. Therefore, a holder of ADSs who surrenders ADSs and withdraws common shares may not be permitted subsequently to deposit those common shares and obtain ADSs.
Reporting Requirements for Holders of Substantial Interests
Prior to making an investment of 10% or more of the outstanding shares of a Korean company, foreign investors are generally required under the Foreign Investment Promotion Law to submit a report to a bank located in Korea (which may include a non-Korean bank’s Korean branch office) that is licensed pursuant to the Foreign Exchange Transaction Act to engage in foreign currency transactions (a “foreign exchange bank”) or the Korea Trade Investment Promotion Agency, or KOTRA. Subsequent sales of such shares by foreign investors will also require a report to such foreign exchange bank or the KOTRA, as the case may be, within 30 days following the execution of a stock transfer agreement.
Restrictions Applicable to ADSs
Once the report to the MOSF is filed in connection with the issuance of ADSs, no Korean governmental approval is necessary for the sale and purchase of ADSs in the secondary market outside Korea or for the withdrawal of common shares underlying ADSs and the delivery of common shares in Korea in connection with the withdrawal inside Korea. Persons who have acquired common shares as a result of the withdrawal of common shares underlying the ADSs may exercise their preemptive rights for new common shares, participate in free distributions and receive dividends on common shares without any further governmental approval.
Restrictions Applicable to Shares
Certificates evidencing common shares of Korean companies must be kept in custody with an eligible custodian in Korea. Only Korea Securities Depository, foreign exchange banks, investment traders, investment brokers, collective investment business entities and internationally recognized custodians designated and announced by the Financial Services Commission of Korea are eligible to act as a custodian of shares for a non-resident or foreign investor. A custodian acting for a non-resident or foreign investor must deposit the shares with Korea Securities Depository. However, a foreign investor may be exempted from complying with this deposit
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requirement with the approval of the Governor of the Financial Supervisory Service in circumstances where compliance with that requirement is made impracticable, including cases where such compliance would contravene the laws of the home country of such foreign investor.
A foreign investor may appoint one or more standing proxies from among Korea Securities Depository, foreign exchange banks, investment traders, investment brokers, collective investment business entities and internationally recognized custodians designated and announced by the Financial Services Commission of Korea, which have obtained a license to act as a standing proxy to exercise shareholders’ rights or perform any matters related thereto, if the foreign investor does not perform these activities himself. However, a foreign investor may be exempted from complying with these standing proxy rules with the approval of the Governor of the Financial Supervisory Service in circumstances where such compliance is made impracticable, including cases where such compliance would contravene the laws of the home country of such foreign investor.
A foreign investor may receive dividends on the shares and remit the proceeds of the sale of the shares through a foreign currency account and a Won account, which are opened at a foreign exchange bank exclusively for stock investments by the foreign investor, without being subject to any procedural restrictions under the Foreign Exchange Transaction Laws. No approval is required for remittance of foreign currency funds into Korea or deposit of foreign currency funds in the foreign currency account. Foreign currency funds may be transferred from the foreign currency account to a Won account opened at a securities company to place a deposit for, or settle the purchase price of, a stock purchase transaction. Funds in the foreign currency account may be remitted abroad without any governmental approval.
Dividends on shares are paid in Won. No governmental approval is required for foreign investors to receive dividends on, or the Won proceeds of the sale of, any such shares to be paid, received and retained in Korea. Dividends paid on, and the Won proceeds of the sale of, any such shares held by a non-resident of Korea must be deposited in a Won account with a securities company or the investor’s Won account. A foreign investor may transfer funds in its Won account to its foreign currency account or withdraw such funds for local living expenses, provided that any withdrawal of local living expenses in excess of a certain amount is reported to the tax authorities by the foreign exchange bank at which the Won account is maintained. A foreign investor may also use funds in its Won account for future investment in shares or for payment of the subscription price of new shares obtained through the exercise of preemptive rights.
Investment traders and Investment brokers are allowed to open foreign currency accounts with foreign exchange banks exclusively for accommodating foreign investors’ stock investments in Korea. Through these accounts, these securities companies and asset management companies may enter into foreign exchange transactions on a limited basis, such as conversion of foreign currency funds and Won funds, either as a counterparty to or on behalf of foreign investors, without the investors having to open their own accounts with foreign exchange banks.
The following summary is based on the tax laws of the United States and Korea as in effect on the date of this annual report, and is subject to any change in United States or Korean law that may come into effect after such date. We advise investors in ADSs to consult their own tax advisors as to the United States, Korean or other tax consequences of the purchase, ownership and disposition of such securities, including, in particular, the effect of any national, state or local tax laws.
U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations
The following discussion is a general summary of the material U.S. federal income tax considerations relating to the purchase, ownership and disposition of the ADSs or our common shares by U.S. Holders (as defined below) that hold the ADSs or our common shares represented by such ADSs as capital assets. This discussion is based on the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), Treasury regulations promulgated thereunder, administrative and judicial interpretations thereof, the Convention Between the United States of America and the Republic of Korea for The Avoidance of Double Taxation, as amended (the “Tax Convention”), all as in effect on the date hereof and all of which are subject to change, possibly with retroactive effect, or to different interpretation. This discussion is for general information only and does not address all of the tax considerations that may be relevant to
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specific U.S. Holders in light of their particular circumstances or to U.S. Holders subject to special treatment under U.S. federal income tax law (such as banks, insurance companies, tax-exempt entities, retirement plans, regulated investment companies, partnerships, dealers in securities or currencies, brokers, real estate investment trusts or other financial institutions, traders in securities that elect the mark-to-market method of accounting, persons liable for alternative minimum tax, certain former citizens or residents of the United States, persons who have acquired the ADSs or our common shares as part of a straddle, hedge, conversion transaction or other integrated investment, persons that have a “functional currency” other than the U.S. dollar or persons that own (or are deemed to own) 10% or more (by voting power) of our common shares). This discussion does not address any U.S. state or local ornon-U.S. tax considerations or any U.S. federal estate, gift or alternative minimum tax considerations.
As used in this discussion, the term “U.S. Holder” means a beneficial owner of the ADSs or our common shares that is, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, (i) an individual who is a citizen or resident of the United States, (ii) a corporation created or organized in or under the laws of the United States or of any state or political subdivision thereof or therein, including the District of Columbia (or other entity treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes), (iii) an estate the income of which is subject to U.S. federal income tax regardless of the source thereof or (iv) a trust with respect to which a court within the United States is able to exercise primary supervision over its administration and one or more U.S. persons have the authority to control all of its substantial decisions, or certain electing trusts that were in existence on August 19, 1996 and were treated as domestic trusts on that date.
If a partnership, or any other entity treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes, holds the ADSs or our common shares, the tax treatment of such partnership and its partners will generally depend upon the status and activities of the partnership and the partner. A holder that is treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes should consult its own tax adviser regarding the U.S. federal income tax consequences to it and its partners of the purchase, ownership and disposition of the ADSs or our common shares.
The U.S. Treasury has expressed concerns that intermediaries in the chain of ownership between the holder of an ADS and the issuer of the security underlying the ADS may be taking actions that are inconsistent with the beneficial ownership of the underlying stock (for example, pre-releasing ADSs to persons who do not have the beneficial ownership of the securities underlying the ADSs). Accordingly, the availability of the reduced tax rate for dividends received by certain non-corporate U.S. Holders (discussed below) could be affected by actions taken by intermediaries in the chain of ownership between the holders of ADSs and us if, as a result of such actions, the holders of ADSs are not properly treated as beneficial owners of the underlying stock. The discussion below is based, in part, upon representations made by the depositary to us and assumes that the deposit agreement, and all related agreements, will be performed in accordance with their terms.
PROSPECTIVE INVESTORS ARE URGED TO CONSULT THEIR OWN TAX ADVISERS AS TO THE PARTICULAR TAX CONSIDERATIONS APPLICABLE TO THEM RELATING TO THE PURCHASE, OWNERSHIP AND DISPOSITION OF THE ADSs OR OUR COMMON SHARES, INCLUDING THE APPLICABILITY OF U.S. FEDERAL, STATE AND LOCAL TAX LAWS ORNON-U.S. TAX LAWS.
Treatment of the ADSs
A U.S. Holder of the ADSs will be treated for U.S. federal income tax purposes as the owner of such U.S. Holder’s proportionate interest in our common shares held by the depositary (or its custodian) that are represented and evidenced by such ADSs. Accordingly, upon the exchange of ADSs for a U.S. Holder’s proportionate interest in our common shares represented by such ADSs, (i) no gain or loss will be recognized to such U.S. Holder, (ii) such U.S. Holder’s tax basis in such common shares will be the same as its tax basis in such ADSs and (iii) the holding period in such common shares will include the holding period in such ADSs.
Distributions
Subject to the discussion below under “— Passive Foreign Investment Company Considerations,” a U.S. Holder that receives a distribution with respect to the ADSs or our common shares will be required to include the amount of such distribution in gross income as a dividend (without reduction for any Korean or othernon-U.S. tax withheld from such distribution) to the extent of our current or accumulated earnings and profits. To
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the extent the amount of such distribution exceeds our current and accumulated earnings and profits as so computed, it will be treated first as a non-taxable return of capital to the extent of such U.S. Holder’s adjusted tax basis in the ADSs or our common shares and, to the extent the amount of such distribution exceeds such adjusted tax basis, will be treated as gain from the sale or exchange of such ADSs or our common shares. However, we have not maintained, and do not plan to maintain, calculations of earnings and profits for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Therefore, a U.S. Holder can expect that a distribution will be treated as a dividend even if the distribution would otherwise be treated as a non-taxable return of capital or as a capital gain under the rules described above. Each U.S. Holder should consult its own tax adviser with respect to the appropriate U.S. federal income tax treatment of any distribution in respect of the ADSs or our common shares.
The U.S. dollar value of any distribution on the ADSs or our common shares made in Won should be calculated by reference to the exchange rate in effect on the date of receipt of such distribution by the depositary or the U.S. Holder, respectively, regardless of whether the Won are in fact converted into U.S. dollars. If the Won so received are converted into U.S. dollars on the date of receipt, such U.S. Holder generally should not recognize foreign currency gain or loss on such conversion. If the Won so received are not converted into U.S. dollars on the date of receipt, such U.S. Holder will have a basis in the Won equal to their U.S. dollar value on the date of receipt. Any gain or loss on a subsequent conversion or other disposition of the Won generally will be treated as ordinary income or loss to such U.S. Holder and generally will be income or loss from sources within the United States for U.S. foreign tax credit purposes.
Dividends paid on the ADSs or our common shares generally will constitute income from sources outside the United States and generally will be categorized as “passive category income” or, in the case of some U.S. Holders, as “general category income” for U.S. foreign tax credit purposes. Such dividends will not be eligible for the “dividends received” deduction generally allowed to corporate shareholders with respect to dividends received from U.S. corporations. In general, a U.S. Holder may be eligible to elect to claim a U.S. foreign tax credit against its U.S. federal income tax liability, subject to applicable limitations and holding period requirements, for Korean tax withheld from distributions received in respect of the ADSs or our common shares. If Korean tax is withheld at a rate in excess of the rate applicable to a U.S. Holder under the Tax Convention, the U.S. Holder may not be entitled to a foreign tax credit for the excess amount. See “— Korean Taxation.” A U.S. Holder that does not elect to claim a U.S. foreign tax credit may instead claim a deduction for Korean tax withheld, but only for a taxable year in which the U.S. Holder elects to do so with respect to all foreign income taxes paid or accrued in such taxable year. The rules relating to U.S. foreign tax credits are very complex, and each U.S. Holder should consult its own tax adviser regarding the application of such rules.
Distributions treated as dividends that are received by non-corporate U.S. Holders (including individuals) through taxable years beginning on or before December 31, 2010 from “qualified foreign corporations” or in respect of stock of anon-U.S. corporation (other than a passive foreign investment company) that is readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States, generally qualify for a 15% reduced maximum tax rate so long as certain holding period requirements are met. Since the ADSs were listed on NASDAQ, unless we are treated as a passive foreign investment company with respect to such U.S. Holder, dividends received in respect of the ADSs will qualify for the reduced rate. However, dividends paid on the common shares not held through ADSs should qualify for the reduced rate if we are treated as a qualified foreign corporation. Anon-U.S. corporation (other than a passive foreign investment company with respect to such U.S. Holder) generally will be considered to be a qualified foreign corporation if it is eligible for the benefits of a comprehensive income tax treaty with the United States which the Secretary of the Treasury determines is satisfactory for purposes of this provision and which includes an exchange of information program. The Tax Convention as currently in effect meets these requirements and we believe that we are currently eligible for the benefit of the Tax Convention. However, the U.S. Internal Revenue Service (the “IRS”) may disagree with our conclusion, and, therefore, no assurance can be given that we will be treated as a qualified foreign corporation for such purpose. Accordingly, no assurance can be given that such reduced rate will apply to dividends paid on our common shares held by a U.S. Holder other than through ADSs. With respect to dividends qualifying for the reduced rate, special rules apply for purposes of determining the recipient’s investment income (which limit deductions for investment interest) and foreign income (which may affect the amount of U.S. foreign tax credit) and to certain extraordinary dividends. Each U.S. Holder that is a non-
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corporate taxpayer is urged to consult its own tax adviser regarding the possible applicability of the reduced rate and the related restrictions and special rules.
Sale, Exchange or Other Disposition of the ADSs or our Common Shares
Subject to the discussion below under “— Passive Foreign Investment Company Considerations,” a U.S. Holder generally will recognize capital gain or loss for U.S. federal income tax purposes upon the sale, exchange or other disposition of the ADSs or our common shares in an amount equal to the difference, if any, between the amount realized on the sale, exchange or other disposition (without reduction for any Korean or othernon-U.S. tax withheld from such disposition) and the U.S. Holder’s adjusted tax basis in the ADSs or our common shares. Such capital gain or loss will be long-term capital gain (taxable at a reduced rate for non-corporate U.S. Holders, including individuals) or loss if, on the date of sale, exchange or other disposition, the ADSs or our common shares were held by such U.S. Holder for more than one year. Net long-term capital gains of a non-corporate U.S. Holder (including individuals) recognized in a tax year beginning on or before December 31, 2010, are generally taxed at a maximum U.S. federal income tax rate of 15%. The deductibility of capital losses is subject to limitations. Capital gain or loss from the sale, exchange or other disposition will generally be sourced within the United States for U.S. foreign tax credit purposes. Any such loss, however, could be resourced to the extent of dividends treated as received with respect to such ADS or common shares within the preceding24-month period. Consequently, U.S. Holders may not be able to use the foreign tax credit arising from any Korean tax imposed on the sale, exchange or other disposition of an ADS or common share unless such credit can be applied (subject to applicable limitations) against tax due on other income treated as derived from foreign sources. Under the Tax Convention, a U.S. resident is generally exempt from Korean taxation on gains from the sale, exchange or other disposition of our common shares or ADSs, subject to certain exceptions. See “— Taxation of Capital Gains.” You are urged to consult your tax advisor regarding possible application of the Tax Convention.
A U.S. Holder that receives Won (or other foreign currency) from a sale, exchange or other disposition of our common shares generally will realize an amount equal to the U.S. dollars value of the Won (or such other foreign currency) on the settlement date of such sale or disposition if (i) such U.S. Holder is a cash basis taxpayer or an accrual basis taxpayer that elects to apply the rules for cash basis taxpayers with respect to the purchase and sale of stock or securities traded on an established securities market, and our common shares are treated as being “traded on an established securities market” for this purpose or (ii) such settlement date is also the date of such sale or disposition. If the Won (or such other foreign currency) so received are converted into U.S. dollars on the settlement date, such U.S. Holder should not recognize foreign currency gain or loss on such conversion. If the Won (or such other foreign currency) so received are not converted into U.S. dollars on the settlement date, such U.S. Holder will have a basis in the Won (or such other foreign currency) equal to the U.S. dollars value on the settlement date. Any gain or loss on a subsequent conversion or other disposition of the Won (or such other foreign currency) generally will be treated as ordinary income or loss to such U.S. Holder and generally will be income or loss from sources within the United States for U.S. foreign tax credit purposes. A U.S. Holder should consult its own tax adviser regarding the U.S. federal income tax consequences of receiving Won (or other currency) from a sale, exchange or other disposition of our common shares in cases not described in this paragraph.
Passive Foreign Investment Company Considerations
Based upon an analysis of our current assets and income and the manner in which we intend to operate our business, we believe that we were not in 2008, and we do not currently expect to become, a passive foreign investment company (“PFIC”) for U.S. federal income tax purposes. The calculation of the value of our assets (which is conducted at the end of each quarter of the tax year and then averaged for the year) will be based, in part, on the then market value of our ADSs, which is subject to change. Because we have valued our goodwill based on the expected market value of our equity, a decrease in the price of the ADSs may also result in our becoming a PFIC. Moreover, because this determination is made annually at the end of each taxable year and is dependent upon a number of factors, some of which are beyond our control, including the value of our assets and the amount and type of our income, there can be no assurance that we will not become a PFIC or that the IRS will agree with our conclusion regarding our PFIC status. If we are a PFIC in any year, U.S. Holders could suffer adverse consequences as discussed below.
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In general, a corporation organized outside the United States will be treated as a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes in any taxable year in which either (i) at least 75% of its gross income is “passive income” or (ii) on average at least 50% of the value of its assets is attributable to assets that produce passive income or are held for the production of passive income. Passive income for this purpose generally includes, among other things, dividends, interest, royalties, rents and gains from commodities and securities transactions. In determining whether anon-U.S. corporation is a PFIC, a pro rata portion of the income and assets of each corporation in which it owns, directly or indirectly, at least a 25% interest (by value) is taken into account.
If we are a PFIC in any year during which a U.S. Holder owns the ADSs or our common shares, such U.S. Holder could be liable for additional taxes and interest charges upon certain distributions by us (generally, distributions received in a taxable year that are greater than 125% of the average annual distributions received during the shorter of the three preceding taxable years or such U.S. Holder’s holding period for the ADSs or the common shares) or upon a sale, exchange or other disposition of the ADSs or our common shares at a gain, whether or not we continue to be a PFIC. The tax will be determined by allocating such distributions or gain ratably to each day of the U.S. Holder’s holding period. The amount allocated to the current taxable year and any holding period of such U.S. Holder prior to the first taxable year for which we are a PFIC will be taxed as ordinary income (rather than capital gain) earned in the current taxable year. The amount allocated to other taxable years will be taxed at the highest marginal rates applicable to ordinary income for such taxable years and, in addition, an interest charge will be imposed on the amount of such taxes. In addition, if we are a PFIC, a person who acquires the ADSs or our common shares from a deceased U.S. Holder will generally be denied thestep-up of the tax basis for U.S. federal income tax purposes to fair market value at the date of such deceased U.S. Holder’s death, which would otherwise be available with respect to a decedent dying in any year other than 2010, and, instead, such person will have a tax basis equal to the lower of such fair market value or such deceased U.S. Holder’s tax basis. Non-corporate U.S. Holders will not be eligible for a 15% reduced maximum rate on any divided received from us through taxable years beginning on or before December 31, 2010, if we are a PFIC in the taxable year in which such dividends are paid or in the preceding taxable year. A U.S. Holder will be required to file IRS Form 8621 if the U.S. Holder holds our ADSs or common stock in any year in which we are classified as a PFIC.
The tax consequences described that would apply if we were a PFIC may be eliminated if a “mark-to-market” election is available and a U.S. Holder validly makes such an election. If such election is made, such U.S. Holder generally will be required to take into account the difference, if any, between the fair market value of and its adjusted tax basis in the ADSs or our common shares at the end of each taxable year as ordinary income or ordinary loss (to the extent of any net mark-to-market gains previously included in income). In addition, any gain from a sale, exchange or other disposition of the ADSs or our common shares will be treated as ordinary income, and any loss will be treated as ordinary loss (to the extent of any net mark-to-market gains previously included in income). A mark-to-market election is available to a U.S. Holder only if the ADSs or our common shares are considered “marketable stock” for these purposes. Generally, stock will be considered marketable stock if it is “regularly traded” on a “qualified exchange” within the meaning of applicable U.S. Treasury regulations. A class of stock is regularly traded in any calendar year during which such class of stock is traded, other than in de minimis quantities, on at least 15 days during each calendar quarter. The NASDAQ Stock Market will constitute a qualified exchange, and anon-U.S. securities exchange will constitute a qualified exchange if it is regulated or supervised by a governmental authority of the country in which the market is located and meets certain trading, listing, financial disclosure and other requirements set forth in the Treasury regulations. Under current law, the mark-to-market election may be available to U.S. Holders of ADSs because such ADSs will be listed on NASDAQ, although there can be no assurance that the ADSs will be “regularly traded” for purposes of the mark-to-market election. Since the common shares are not themselves traded on any securities exchange, the mark-to-market election may not be available for the common share even if the ADSs are traded on Nasdaq. If a U.S. Holder makes a mark-to-market election, it will be effective for the taxable year for which the election is made and all subsequent taxable years, unless the ADSs are no longer regularly traded on a qualified exchange or the IRS consents to a revocation of the election.
The tax consequences described that would apply if we were a PFIC may also be eliminated if a U.S. Holder is eligible for and timely makes a valid “QEF election.” If a QEF election were made, such U.S. Holder generally
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would be required to include in income on a current basis its pro rata share of our ordinary income and net capital gains.
In order for a U.S. Holder to be able to make a QEF election, we would be required to provide such U.S. Holder with certain information. We do not expect to provide U.S. Holders with the required information, in which case a QEF election would not be available.
Prospective investors should consult their own tax advisers regarding the U.S. federal income tax consequences of an investment in a PFIC.
Backup Withholding Tax and Information Reporting Requirements
Under certain circumstances, United States backup withholding taxand/or information reporting may apply to U.S. Holders with respect to payments made on, or proceeds from the sale, exchange or other disposition, of the ADSs or our common shares, unless an applicable exemption is satisfied.
Payments made within the United States, or by a U.S. payor or U.S. middleman, of dividends on, and proceeds arising from certain sales or other dispositions of, the ADSs or our common shares generally will be subject to information reporting and backup withholding tax if a U.S. Holder (a) fails to furnish such U.S. Holder’s correct U.S. taxpayer identification number (generally onForm W-9), (b) furnishes an incorrect U.S. taxpayer identification number, (c) is notified by the IRS that such U.S. Holder has previously failed to properly report items subject to backup withholding tax or (d) fails to certify under penalty of perjury that the IRS has not notified such U.S. Holder that it is subject to backup withholding tax. However, U.S. Holders that are corporations generally are excluded from these information reporting and backup withholding tax rules. Any amounts withheld under the backup withholding tax rules will be allowed as a credit against a U.S. Holder’s U.S. federal income tax liability, if any, or will be refunded, if such U.S. Holder furnishes required information to the IRS. Each U.S. Holder should consult its own tax advisor regarding the information reporting and backup withholding tax rules.
Reportable Transactions
Under United States Treasury regulations, U.S. Holders that participate in “reportable transactions” (as defined in the regulations) must attach to their federal income tax returns a disclosure statement on Form 8886. U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisers as to the possible obligation to file Form 8886 with respect to the sale, exchange or other disposition of any Won received as a dividend from the ADSs or our common shares or as proceeds from the sale of the ADSs or our common shares.
Korean Taxation
The following summary of material Korean tax consequences to owners of our ADSs and common shares applies to you so long as you are not:
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| • | a resident of Korea; |
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| • | a corporation organized under Korean law; or |
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| • | engaged in a trade or business in Korea through a permanent establishment or a fixed base to which the relevant income is attributable or with which the relevant income is effectively connected. |
The description of Korean tax considerations below is applicable for a Korean corporation that has not listed its shares on the Korea Exchange. The statements regarding Korean tax laws set forth below are based on the laws in force and as interpreted by the Korean taxation authorities as of the date hereof. This discussion is not exhaustive of all possible tax considerations which may apply to a particular investor, and prospective investors are advised to satisfy themselves as to the overall tax consequences of the acquisition, ownership and disposition of our ADSs and common shares, including, in particular, the tax consequences under Korean law, the laws of the jurisdiction of which they are resident, and any tax treaty between Korea and their country of residence, by consulting their own tax advisors.
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Dividends on the Common Shares or ADSs
We will deduct Korean withholding tax from dividends paid to you at a rate of 22.0% (including the resident surtax). If you are a qualified resident in a country that has entered into a tax treaty with Korea, you may qualify for a reduced rate of Korean withholding tax. For example, if you are a qualified resident of the United States for purposes of the income tax treaty between the United States and Korea, and you are the “beneficial owner” of a dividend, generally, a reduced withholding tax at the rate of 16.5% (including a resident surtax) will apply, which may be further reduced to 11% (including resident surtax) if you meet certain other conditions.
In order to obtain the benefits of a reduced withholding tax rate under the treaty, you must submit to us, prior to the dividend payment date, such evidence of tax residence as may be required by the Korean tax authorities. Evidence of tax residence may be submitted to us through the depositary. In addition, on or after July 1, 2002, to obtain the benefit of a tax exemption available under applicable tax treaties, you should submit an application for exemption prior to the time of the first dividend payment, together with a certificate of your tax residence issued by a competent authority of your country of tax residence. Excess taxes withheld are generally not recoverable, even if you subsequently produce evidence that you were entitled to have tax withheld at a lower rate.
If we distribute to you shares representing the transfer of certain capital reserves or asset revaluation reserves into paid-in capital, that distribution may be regarded as dividend and, as such, subject to Korean withholding tax.
Taxation of Capital Gains
As a general rule, in the absence of an applicable tax treaty that exempts or reduces the rate of tax on capital gains, capital gains earned by non-residents upon transfer of the shares of our common stock are subject to Korean withholding tax at the lesser of 11.0% (including a resident surtax) of the gross realization proceeds or, subject to production of satisfactory evidence of acquisition cost and transfer expenses of the shares of our common stock, 22.0% (including the resident surtax) of the net capital gains.
As for the ADSs, there are uncertainties as to whether they should be viewed as securities separate from our common shares underlying such ADSs or as the underlying shares themselves for capital gains tax purposes. In either case, however, you will be eligible for exemptions for capital gains available under Korean domestic law (in addition to the exemption afforded under income tax treaties) if certain conditions are satisfied. According to a ruling issued by the Korean taxation authorities, capital gains earned by a non-resident holder from the transfer of ADSs outside Korea are not subject to Korean taxation, irrespective of whether or not such holder has a permanent establishment in Korea. Under the Special Tax Treatment Control Law, capital gains earned by a non-resident holder (whether or not such holder has a permanent establishment in Korea) from the transfer outside Korea of securities issued outside Korea by a Korean company, which are denominated in foreign currency or satisfy certain criteria established by the MOSF are exempt from Korean taxation. The Korean tax authorities have issued a tax ruling confirming that receipts (which would include the ADSs) are deemed to be securities issued outside Korea by the issuer of the underlying stock. Further, capital gains earned by a non-resident from the transfer of shares issued by a Korean company are also exempt from Korean taxation, if the shares are listed or registered and sold through an overseas securities exchange having functional similarity to the Korea Exchange under the Securities and Futures Exchange Act of Korea (such as the NASDAQ Stock Market or the New York Stock Exchange).
If you are subject to tax on capital gains with respect to the sale of ADSs, or of common shares that you acquired as a result of a withdrawal, your gain will be calculated based on your cost of acquiring the ADSs representing such shares, although there are no specific Korean tax provisions or rulings on this issue. In the absence of the application of a tax treaty that exempts or reduces the rate of tax on capital gains, the amount of Korean tax imposed on your capital gains will be the lesser of 11.0% (including resident surtax) of the gross realization proceeds or, subject to production of satisfactory evidence of acquisition cost and transfer expenses of the ADSs, 22.0% (including resident surtax) of the net capital gains. Under the Tax Convention, a U.S. resident is generally exempt from Korean taxation on gains from the sale, exchange or other disposition of our common shares or ADSs, subject to certain exceptions.
If you sell your common shares or ADSs, the purchaser or, in the case of the sale of the common shares through a licensed securities company in Korea, the licensed securities company, is required to withhold Korean tax from the
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sales price in an amount equal to 11.0% (including resident surtax) of the gross realization proceeds and to make payment of such amounts to the Korean tax authority, unless you establish your entitlement to an exemption or lower rate of taxation under an applicable tax treaty or produce satisfactory evidence of your acquisition and transfer costs for the common shares or the ADSs. To obtain the benefit of an exemption or reduced rate of tax pursuant to a tax treaty, you must submit to the purchaser or the securities company (or through the depositary), as the case may be, prior to or at the time of payment, such evidence of your tax residence as the Korean tax authorities may require in support of your claim for treaty protection. In addition, Korean tax law requires a non-resident seller to submit to the relevant tax office (through the payer of the income, subject to certain exceptions) an application for exemption by the 9th day of the month following the month in which the first payment date falls, with a certificate of tax residence of the seller issued by a competent authority of the seller’s residence country, to obtain the benefit of a tax treaty exemption available under applicable tax treaties. However, this requirement will not apply to exemptions under Korean tax law. Excess taxes withheld are generally not recoverable even if you subsequently produce evidence that you were entitled to have taxes withheld at a lower rate.
Korea has entered into a number of income tax treaties with other countries (including the United States), which would reduce or exempt Korean withholding tax on dividends on, and capital gains on transfer of, our common shares or the ADSs. For example, under theKorea-United States income tax treaty, reduced rates of Korean withholding tax of 16.5% or 11.0% (respectively, including resident surtax, depending on your shareholding ratio) on dividends and an exemption from Korean withholding tax on capital gains are available to residents of the United States that are beneficial owners of the relevant dividend income or capital gains. However, under Article 17 (Investment of Holding Companies) of theKorea-United States income tax treaty, such reduced rates and exemption do not apply if (i) you are a United States corporation, (ii) by reason of any special measures, the tax imposed on you by the United States with respect to such dividends or capital gains is substantially less than the tax generally imposed by the United States on corporate profits, and (iii) 25% or more of your capital is held of record or is otherwise determined, after consultation between competent authorities of the United States and Korea, to be owned directly or indirectly by one or more persons who are not individual residents of the United States. Also, under Article 16 (Capital Gains) of theKorea-United States income tax treaty, the exemption on capital gains does not apply if you are an individual, and (a) you maintain a fixed base in Korea for a period or periods aggregating 183 days or more during the taxable year and your ADSs or common shares giving rise to capital gains are effectively connected with such fixed base or (b) you are present in Korea for a period or periods of 183 days or more during the taxable year.
You should consult your adviser as to whether you are entitled to the benefit of an income tax treaty with Korea. It is the responsibility of the party claiming the benefits of an income tax treaty in respect of dividend payments or capital gains to submit to us, the purchaser or the securities company, as applicable, a certificate as to its tax residence. In the absence of sufficient proof, we, the purchaser or the securities company, as applicable, must withhold tax at the normal rates. Further, effective from July 1, 2002, in order for you to obtain the benefit of a tax exemption on certain Korean source income (e.g., dividends and capital gains) under an applicable tax treaty, Korean tax law requires you (or your agent) to submit the application for tax exemption along with a certificate of your tax residency issued by a competent authority of your country of tax residence. Such application should be submitted to the relevant district tax office by the ninth day of the month following the date of the first payment of such income.
Inheritance Tax and Gift Tax
If you die while holding an ADS or transfer an ADS as a gift, it is unclear whether you will be treated as the owner of the common shares underlying the ADSs for Korean inheritance and gift tax purposes. If you are treated as the owner of the common shares, the heir or the donee (or in certain circumstances, you as the donor) will be subject to Korean inheritance or gift tax presently at the rate of 10.0% to 50.0%.
If you die while holding any of our common shares or donate a common share, the heir or donee (or in certain circumstances, you as the donor) will be subject to Korean inheritance or gift tax at the same rate as indicated above.
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Securities Transaction Tax
As a general rule, the transfer of our common shares, subject to certain exceptions, will be subject to a securities transaction tax at the rate of 0.5% of the sale price of the shares of common stock. As for the transfer of ADSs, although the MOSF issued a ruling to treat the transfers of depositary shares the same as the transfer of the underlying Korean shares for securities transaction tax purposes, under Korean tax laws transfers of depositary shares listed or registered on the New York Stock Exchange, the NASDAQ Stock Market, or other foreign exchanges designated by the MOSF (which currently are the Tokyo Stock Exchange, London Stock Exchange, Deutsche Böerse, and a stock exchange similar to the foregoing on which trading is done by standardized procedure as set forth in the Enforcement Regulation of the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act of Korea) will be exempted from the securities transaction tax. In addition, with respect to the transfers of the ADSs, in August 2008, the Korean Supreme Court held that depositary receipts, which the ADSs fall under, do not constitute share certificates subject to the securities transaction tax.
The securities transaction tax, if applicable, must be paid in principle by the transferor of the shares or the rights to subscribe to such shares. When the transfer is effected through a securities settlement company, the settlement company is generally required to withhold and pay the tax to the tax authority. When the transfer is made through a securities company, the securities company is required to withhold and pay the tax. Where the transfer is effected by a non-resident without a permanent establishment in Korea, other than through a securities settlement company or a securities company, the transferee is required to withhold the securities transaction tax.
Failing to report the securities transaction tax will result in a penalty of 20% of the tax amount due in case of non-filing and 10% of the underreported tax amount in case of under reporting. However, 40% of the non-filed or underreported tax amount will be due if deemed to be caused by wrongfully intention. The failure to pay the securities transaction tax due will result in imposition of interest at 10.95% per annum on the unpaid tax amount for the period from the day immediately following the last day of tax payment period to the day of issuance of tax notice. The penalty is imposed on the party responsible for paying the securities transaction tax or, if the securities transaction tax is to be withheld, the penalty is imposed on the party that has the withholding obligation.
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10.F. | Dividends and Paying Agents |
Not applicable.
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10.G. | Statement by Experts |
Not applicable.
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10.H. | Documents on Display |
We have filed this annual report onForm 20-F, including exhibits, with the Securities and Exchange Commission. As allowed by the Securities and Exchange Commission, in Item 19 of this annual report, we incorporate by reference certain information we filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission. This means that we can disclose important information to you by referring you to another document filed separately with the Securities and Exchange Commission. The information incorporated by reference is considered to be part of this annual report. You may inspect and copy this annual report, including exhibits, and documents that are incorporated by reference in this annual report at the Public Reference Room maintained by the Securities and Exchange Commission at 100 F Street, N.E., Room 1580, Washington, D.C. 20549. Please call the Securities and Exchange Commission at1-800-SEC-0330 for further information on the operation of the Public Reference Room. Any filings we make electronically will be available to the public over the Internet at the website of the Securities and Exchange Commission at www.sec.gov and under the “SEC Filings” section of our investor relations website located at www.gmarket.co.kr/IR.
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10.I. | Subsidiary Information |
Not applicable.
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ITEM 11. | QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK |
Interest rate risk
Our exposure to interest rate risk relates to our cash holdings and our cash management policy. The primary objective of our cash management policy is to preserve principal while at the same time maximizing yields without significantly increasing risk. Our cash on-hand primarily consists of cash and cash equivalents and cash on deposit. Although interest income on our cash and cash equivalents and cash on deposit is subject to interest rate fluctuations, due to the short-term nature of these financial instruments we believe these fluctuations will not have a material effect on our financial position. To the extent we continue to renew our financial instruments, any changes in interest rates could have a material effect on our interest income from our deposits and investments, which could in turn have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
Foreign currency risk
As we currently conduct our business primarily in Won, we are not materially affected by changes in foreign exchange rates. While we have started offering overseas websites targeted at the Japanese and Singaporean markets, thee-commerce business generated by these websites have been minimal to date with the combined revenue from the two websites representing approximately 0.01% of our total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2008. However, as revenues and related expenses generated from these overseas websites and the assets and liabilities of our branch offices that operate and support these websites are denominated in the Japanese yen and the Singapore dollar, our net income may be materially affected by the fluctuation of these currencies against the Won once our overseas operations start to significantly expand.
Credit risk
As our cash and cash equivalents are placed with local financial institutions, we face a potential credit risk that the financial institutions may become insolvent and be unable to repay our principal and interest in a timely manner. To manage our risk, we select a number of major financial institutions which we believe to be of high credit quality and allocate our cash holdings among such institutions. However, due to the current economic downturn and the volatile financial markets, it is difficult for us to predict the financial condition of the Korean banking sector and the financial institutions that manage our cash holdings and we may be materially impacted by any widespread failure in the Korean banking sector in the future.
Credit risk also arises from the possibility that our non-seller advertisers may fail to honor their payment obligations on our accounts receivable. However, we do not believe such risk to be material as nearly all of our revenues are derived directly from our sellers through commissions and advance payments. Non-seller advertising revenues for years ended December 31, 2006, 2007 and 2008, represent 4.92%, 3.79% and 4.08% of total revenues for the respective periods.
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ITEM 12. | DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OTHER THAN EQUITY SECURITIES |
Not applicable.
PART II
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ITEM 13. | DEFAULTS, DIVIDEND ARREARAGES AND DELINQUENCIES |
Not applicable.
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ITEM 14. | MATERIAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE RIGHTS OF SECURITY HOLDERS AND USE OF PROCEEDS |
Not applicable.
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ITEM 15. | CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES |
Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as defined inRules 13a-15(e) and15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act, as of December 31, 2008. Disclosure controls and procedures refer to controls and other procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in our reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding our required disclosure.
Based on this evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that as of December 31, 2008, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective.
Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as such term is defined inRules 13a-15(f) and15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act. The Company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. The Company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that:
| | |
| • | pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of our assets; |
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| • | provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and directors; and |
|
| • | provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on our financial statements. |
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Management evaluated the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2008 using the criteria in “Internal Control — Integrated Framework” issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations (“COSO”) of the Treadway Commission. Based on this evaluation our Management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2008.
Attestation Report of the Registered Public Accounting Firm
Samil PricewaterhouseCoopers, an independent registered public accounting firm, issued an audit report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2008, which is included in Item 18.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the year ended December 31, 2008 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
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ITEM 16.A. | Audit Committee Financial Expert |
Our board of directors has determined that Mr. Massoud Entekhabi, our outside director and the chairman of our Audit Committee, is an “audit committee financial expert” for purposes of this Item 16A. Mr. Massoud Entekhabi is an independent director as such term is defined inRule 10A-3 of the Exchange Act for purposes of the listing standards of the NASDAQ Stock Market that are applicable.
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ITEM 16.B. | Code of Ethics |
Our board of directors has adopted a code of ethics that applies to our chief executive officer, chief financial officer and other senior officers of the Company. A copy of our code of ethics is available on our website at www.gmarket.co.kr.
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ITEM 16.C. | Principal Accountant Fees and Services |
Samil PricewaterhouseCoopers has served as our independent auditor during the fiscal years ended December 31, 2008 and 2007. All engagements of the principal accountants are pre-approved by our independent audit committee.
The following table presents the aggregate fees for professional services and other services rendered by Samil PricewaterhouseCoopers in 2007 and 2008:
| | | | | | | | |
| | 2007 | | 2008 |
| | (In millions of Korean Won) |
|
Audit fees(1) | | | 695.0 | | | | 600.0 | |
Audit related fees | | | — | | | | — | |
Tax fees(2) | | | 44.9 | | | | 12.6 | |
All other fees | | | — | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
Total | | | 739.9 | | | | 612.6 | |
| | | | | | | | |
Notes:
| | |
(1) | | Audit Fees consist of fees billed for the annual audit of our financial statements. They also include fees billed for other audit services, which are those services that only the independent auditor reasonably can provide, and include the provision of comfort letters and consents and the review of documents filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission and other capital markets or local financial reporting regulatory bodies. |
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(2) | | Tax Fees include fees billed for tax compliance services, including the preparation of original and amended tax returns and other income tax consultation services. |
Audit Committee Pre-Approval Policies and Procedures
Our audit committee pre-approves the engagement of our independent auditors and all audit and non-audit services to be provided by the independent auditors, other than as permitted under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and other applicable laws and regulations. Non-audit services which are prohibited under applicable laws and regulations may not be pre-approved by the audit committee.
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ITEM 16.D. | Exemptions from the Listing Standards for Audit Committees |
Not applicable.
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ITEM 16.E. | Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers |
Neither we nor any “affiliated purchaser,” as defined inRule 10b-18(a)(3) of the Exchange Act, purchased any of our equity securities during the period covered by this annual report.
85
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ITEM 16.F. | Change in Registrant’s Certifying Accountant |
Not applicable.
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ITEM 16.G. | Corporate Governance |
See Item 6.C. “Board Practices — Corporate Governance Practices.”
PART III
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ITEM 17. | FINANCIAL STATEMENTS |
We have responded to Item 18 in lieu of responding to this item.
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ITEM 18. | FINANCIAL STATEMENTS |
The following financial statements and related schedules, together with the reports of independent accountants thereon, are filed as part of this annual report:
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2007 and 2008
Statements of Income for the years ended December 31, 2006, 2007 and 2008
Statement of Other Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2006, 2007 and 2008
Statements of Changes in Convertible Preferred Shares and Shareholders’ Equity for the years ended December 31, 2006, 2007 and 2008
Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2006, 2007 and 2008
Notes to the Financial Statements
| | | | |
| 1 | | | Articles of Incorporation of the Registrant, amended as of March 18, 2008 (English Translation) (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 1.1 of theForm 20-F filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 13, 2008(000-52060).) |
| 4 | .1 | | Lease Agreement, dated March 2007, between Registrant and LIG Insurance Co., Ltd. (English Translation) (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of theForm 20-F filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on May 8, 2007(000-52060).) |
| 4 | .2 | | Lease Agreement, dated September 16 2006, between Registrant and Jin-Ho Park (English Translation) (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 of theForm 20-F filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on May 8, 2007(000-52060).) |
| 4 | .3 | | Co-location Service Agreement with Korea Internet Data Center, dated as of August 11, 2005 and amended as of March 31, 2007 (English translation) (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 of theForm 20-F filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on May 8, 2007(000-52060).) |
| 4 | .4 | | Standard Terms and Conditions for Buyers, amended as of September 12, 2006 (English Translation) (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.4 of theForm 20-F filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on May 8, 2007(000-52060).) |
| 4 | .5 | | Standard Terms and Conditions for Sellers, amended as of September 12, 2006 (English Translation) (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.5 of theForm 20-F filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on May 8, 2007(000-52060).) |
| 4 | .6 | | Lease Agreement, dated May 9, 2007, between Registrant and LIG Insurance Co., Ltd. (English Translation) (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.6 of theForm 20-F filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 13, 2008(000-52060).) |
86
| | | | |
| 4 | .7 | | Lease Agreement, dated July 19, 2007, between Registrant and Jin-Ho Park (English Translation) (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.7 of theForm 20-F filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 13, 2008(000-52060).) |
| 4 | .8 | | Lease Agreement, dated November 29, 2007, between Registrant and AIG Global Real Estate Asia Pacific Inc. (English Translation) (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.8 of theForm 20-F filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 13, 2008(000-52060).) |
| 4 | .9† | | Lease Agreement, dated March 4, 2009, between Registrant and LIG Insurance Co., Ltd. (English Translation) |
| 4 | .10† | | Lease Agreement, dated October 20, 2008, between Registrant and Jin-Ho Park (English Translation) |
| | 11 | | Form of Code of Ethics (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 of theForm F-1/A filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 12, 2006(333-134794).) |
| 12 | .1† | | Certification of Registrant’s Chief Executive Office, as required by Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |
| 12 | .2† | | Certification of Registrant’s Chief Financial Officer, as required by Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |
| 13 | .1†† | | Certification of Registrant’s Chief Executive Officer, as required by Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |
| 13 | .2†† | | Certification of Registrant’s Chief Financial Officer, as required by Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |
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† | | Filed herewith |
|
†† | | Furnished herewith |
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SIGNATURES
The registrant hereby certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing onForm 20-F and that it has duly caused and authorized the undersigned to sign this annual report on its behalf.
GMARKET INC.
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| By: | /s/ Duckjun (D.J.) Lee |
Duckjun (D.J.) Lee
Senior Managing Director and Chief
Financial Officer
Date: March 16, 2009
88
GMARKET INC.
December 31, 2006, 2007 and 2008
Table of Contents
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| | | F-2 | |
| | | F-3 | |
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| | | F-6 | |
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F-1
GMARKET INC.
December 31, 2006, 2007 and 2008
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of
GMARKET INC
In our opinion, the accompanying balance sheets and the related statements of income, of other comprehensive income, of changes in convertible preferred shares and shareholders’ equity and of cash flows present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of GMARKET INC. (the “Company”) at December 31, 2008 and December 31, 2007, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2008 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2008, based on criteria established inInternal Control — Integrated Frameworkissued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). The Company’s management is responsible for these financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting appearing under Item 15. Our responsibility is to express opinions on these financial statements and on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audits (which were integrated audits in 2008 and 2007). We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audits of the financial statements included examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, and evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
/s/ Samil PricewaterhouseCoopers
Seoul, Korea
March 16, 2009
F-2
GMARKET INC.
December 31, 2007 and 2008
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | 2007 | | | 2008 | | | 2008 | |
| | | | | | | | Unaudited
| |
| | | | | | | | (Note 2) | |
| | (In millions of Won and in thousands
| |
| | of Dollars, except per share data) | |
|
ASSETS |
Current assets | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Cash and cash equivalents | | W | 48,367 | | | W | 79,470 | | | $ | 51,846 | |
Cash on deposit | | | 190,000 | | | | 217,000 | | | | 141,571 | |
Restricted cash | | | 8,110 | | | | 10,100 | | | | 6,589 | |
Accounts receivable, net | | | 52,565 | | | | 51,725 | | | | 33,745 | |
Current held-to-maturity securities | | | — | | | | 34,000 | | | | 22,182 | |
Other current assets | | | 8,120 | | | | 13,256 | | | | 8,648 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total current assets | | | 307,162 | | | | 405,551 | | | | 264,581 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Property and equipment, net | | | 23,577 | | | | 30,546 | | | | 19,929 | |
Held-to-maturity securities | | | — | | | | 6,000 | | | | 3,914 | |
Other assets | | | 6,305 | | | | 10,093 | | | | 6,585 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total assets | | W | 337,044 | | | W | 452,190 | | | $ | 295,009 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
|
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY |
Current liabilities | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Amounts payable to sellers | | W | 147,300 | | | W | 184,221 | | | $ | 120,186 | |
Accounts payable | | | 22,727 | | | | 28,358 | | | | 18,501 | |
Deferred revenue and advances | | | 5,196 | | | | 6,000 | | | | 3,914 | |
Sales incentive liabilities | | | 8,619 | | | | 10,955 | | | | 7,147 | |
Income taxes payable | | | 1,856 | | | | 5,711 | | | | 3,726 | |
Other current liabilities | | | 6,480 | | | | 7,568 | | | | 4,938 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total current liabilities | | | 192,178 | | | | 242,813 | | | | 158,412 | |
Accrued severance benefits | | | 2,781 | | | | 4,467 | | | | 2,914 | |
Other liabilities | | | 487 | | | | 1,085 | | | | 708 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total liabilities | | | 195,446 | | | | 248,365 | | | | 162,034 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Commitments and contingencies | | | — | | | | — | | | | — | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Shareholders’ equity | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Common shares; W100 par value; 200,000,000 and 200,000,000 shares authorized; and 49,747,035 and 50,331,740 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2007 and 2008, respectively | | | 4,975 | | | | 5,033 | | | | 3,284 | |
Additional paid-in capital | | | 88,080 | | | | 93,782 | | | | 61,183 | |
Accumulated other comprehensive income | | | — | | | | 79 | | | | 51 | |
Retained earnings | | | 48,543 | | | | 104,931 | | | | 68,457 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total shareholders’ equity | | | 141,598 | | | | 203,825 | | | | 132,975 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity | | W | 337,044 | | | W | 452,190 | | | $ | 295,009 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
F-3
GMARKET INC.
For the Years Ended December 31, 2006, 2007 and 2008
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | 2006 | | | 2007 | | | 2008 | | | 2008 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | Unaudited
| |
| | | | | | | | | | | (Note 2) | |
| | (In millions of Won and in thousands of Dollars, except per share data) | |
|
Revenues | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Transaction fees | | W | 99,252 | | | W | 130,010 | | | W | 152,258 | | | $ | 99,333 | |
Advertising and others | | | 54,881 | | | | 92,875 | | | | 126,419 | | | | 82,476 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total revenues | | | 154,133 | | | | 222,885 | | | | 278,677 | | | | 181,809 | |
Costs and expenses | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Cost of revenues | | | 78,954 | | | | 119,668 | | | | 144,473 | | | | 94,254 | |
Sales and marketing | | | 46,427 | | | | 52,466 | | | | 54,832 | | | | 35,772 | |
General and administrative | | | 14,577 | | | | 24,272 | | | | 29,744 | | | | 19,405 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total costs and expense | | | 139,958 | | | | 196,406 | | | | 229,049 | | | | 149,431 | |
Operating income | | | 14,175 | | | | 26,479 | | | | 49,628 | | | | 32,378 | |
Other income | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Interest income | | | 5,189 | | | | 9,195 | | | | 15,778 | | | | 10,294 | |
Others, net | | | 202 | | | | 49 | | | | 989 | | | | 645 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Income before income tax expenses | | | 19,566 | | | | 35,723 | | | | 66,395 | | | | 43,317 | |
Income tax expenses | | | 3,289 | | | | 2,420 | | | | 10,007 | | | | 6,529 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net income | | W | 16,277 | | | W | 33,303 | | | W | 56,388 | | | $ | 36,788 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net income per share | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
— Basic | | W | 371 | | | W | 671 | | | W | 1,126 | | | $ | 0.73 | |
— Diluted | | | 345 | | | | 659 | | | | 1,111 | | | | 0.72 | |
Weighted average number of common shares | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
— Basic | | | 40,468,471 | | | | 49,657,673 | | | | 50,088,204 | | | | 50,088,204 | |
— Diluted | | | 47,177,311 | | | | 50,552,784 | | | | 50,766,344 | | | | 50,766,344 | |
STATEMENTS OF OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
For the Years Ended December 31, 2006, 2007 and 2008
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | 2006 | | | 2007 | | | 2008 | | | 2008 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | Unaudited
| |
| | | | | | | | | | | (Note 2) | |
| | (In millions of Won and in thousands
| |
| | of Dollars, except per share data) | |
|
Net income | | W | 16,277 | | | W | 33,303 | | | W | 56,388 | | | $ | 36,788 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Other comprehensive income | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
— Foreign currency translation | | | — | | | | — | | | | 79 | | | | 51 | |
Comprehensive income | | W | 16,277 | | | W | 33,303 | | | W | 56,467 | | | $ | 36,839 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
F-4
GMARKET INC.
For the Years Ended December 31, 2006, 2007 and 2008
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Accumulated
| | | | |
| | Convertible
| | | | | | | | | Additional
| | | Loan to
| | | | | | Other
| | | Total
| |
| | Preferred Shares | | | Common Shares | | | Paid-in
| | | Employees for
| | | Retained
| | | Comprehensive
| | | Shareholders’
| |
| | Shares | | | Amount | | | Shares | | | Amount | | | Capital | | | Stock Purchase | | | Earnings | | | Income | | | Equity | |
| | (In millions of Won except number of shares) | |
|
Balance at January 1, 2006 | | | 12,576,500 | | | W | 7,339 | | | | 30,400,000 | | | W | 3,040 | | | W | 518 | | | W | (389 | ) | | W | (803 | ) | | W | — | | | W | 2,366 | |
Issuance of common stock | | | — | | | | — | | | | 6,079,710 | | | | 608 | | | | 79,003 | | | | — | | | | — | | | | — | | | | 79,611 | |
Exercise of stock options | | | — | | | | — | | | | 450,000 | | | | 45 | | | | 12 | | | | — | | | | — | | | | — | | | | 57 | |
Stock-based compensation expense | | | — | | | | — | | | | — | | | | — | | | | 831 | | | | — | | | | — | | | | — | | | | 831 | |
Reclassification to equity due to cancellation of redemption feature | | | (12,576,500 | ) | | | (7,339 | ) | | | 12,576,500 | | | | 1,258 | | | | 6,081 | | | | — | | | | — | | | | — | | | | 7,339 | |
Net income | | | — | | | | — | | | | — | | | | — | | | | — | | | | — | | | | 16,277 | | | | — | | | | 16,277 | |
Repayment of loan to employees for stock purchase | | | — | | | | — | | | | — | | | | — | | | | — | | | | 389 | | | | — | | | | — | | | | 389 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Balance at December 31, 2006 | | | — | | | W | — | | | | 49,506,210 | | | W | 4,951 | | | W | 86,445 | | | W | — | | | W | 15,474 | | | W | — | | | W | 106,870 | |
Issuance of common shares from exercise of stock options | | | — | | | | — | | | | 240,825 | | | | 24 | | | | 130 | | | | — | | | | — | | | | — | | | | 154 | |
Stock-based compensation expense | | | — | | | | — | | | | — | | | | — | | | | 1,505 | | | | — | | | | — | | | | — | | | | 1,505 | |
Impact of adopting Fin 48 | | | — | | | | — | | | | — | | | | — | | | | — | | | | — | | | | (234 | ) | | | — | | | | (234 | ) |
Net income | | | — | | | | — | | | | — | | | | — | | | | — | | | | — | | | | 33,303 | | | | — | | | | 33,303 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Balance at December 31, 2007 | | | — | | | W | — | | | | 49,747,035 | | | W | 4,975 | | | W | 88,080 | | | W | — | | | W | 48,543 | | | W | — | | | W | 141,598 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Issuance of common shares from exercise of stock options | | | — | | | | — | | | | 584,705 | | | | 58 | | | | 3,144 | | | | — | | | | — | | | | — | | | | 3,202 | |
Stock-based compensation expense | | | — | | | | — | | | | — | | | | — | | | | 2,558 | | | | — | | | | — | | | | — | | | | 2,558 | |
Foreign currency translation | | | — | | | | — | | | | — | | | | — | | | | — | | | | — | | | | — | | | | 79 | | | | 79 | |
Net income | | | — | | | | — | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | — | | | | 56,388 | | | | — | | | | 56,388 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Balance at December 31, 2008 | | | — | | | W | — | | | | 50,331,740 | | | W | 5,033 | | | W | 93,782 | | | W | — | | | W | 104,931 | | | W | 79 | | | W | 203,825 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Accumulated
| | | | |
| | Convertible
| | | | | | | | | Additional
| | | Loan to
| | | | | | Other
| | | Total
| |
| | Preferred Shares | | | Common Shares | | | Paid-in
| | | Employees for
| | | Retained
| | | Comprehensive
| | | Shareholders’
| |
| | Shares | | | Amount | | | Shares | | | Amount | | | Capital | | | Stock Purchase | | | Earnings | | | Income | | | Equity | |
| | (In thousands of Dollars except number of shares) (Note 2) (Unaudited) | |
|
Balance at December 31, 2007 | | | — | | | $ | — | | | | 49,747,035 | | | $ | 3,246 | | | $ | 57,463 | | | $ | — | | | $ | 31,669 | | | $ | — | | | $ | 92,378 | |
Issuance of common shares from exercise of stock options | | | — | | | | — | | | | 584,705 | | | | 38 | | | | 2,051 | | | | — | | | | — | | | | — | | | | 2,089 | |
Stock-based compensation expense | | | — | | | | — | | | | — | | | | — | | | | 1,669 | | | | — | | | | — | | | | — | | | | 1,669 | |
Foreign currency translation | | | — | | | | — | | | | — | | | | — | | | | — | | | | — | | | | — | | | | 51 | | | | 51 | |
Net income | | | — | | | | — | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | — | | | | 36,788 | | | | — | | | | 36,788 | |
Balance at December 31, 2008 | | | — | | | $ | — | | | | 50,331,740 | | | $ | 3,284 | | | $ | 61,183 | | | $ | — | | | $ | 68,457 | | | $ | 51 | | | $ | 132,975 | |
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
F-5
GMARKET INC.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | 2006 | | | 2007 | | | 2008 | | | 2008 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | Unaudited
| |
| | | | | | | | | | | (Note 2) | |
| | (In millions of Won and in thousands of Dollars) | |
|
Cash flows from operating activities | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net income | | W | 16,277 | | | W | 33,303 | | | W | 56,388 | | | $ | 36,788 | |
Adjustments | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Depreciation and amortization | | | 3,347 | | | | 6,667 | | | | 9,872 | | | | 6,441 | |
Stock-based compensation expense | | | 850 | | | | 1,505 | | | | 2,558 | | | | 1,669 | |
Provision for bad debt | | | 215 | | | | 172 | | | | 120 | | | | 78 | |
Provision for severance benefits | | | 1,039 | | | | 1,647 | | | | 2,269 | | | | 1,480 | |
Deferred tax assets | | | (767 | ) | | | (2,305 | ) | | | 371 | | | | 242 | |
Provision for loyalty program reserve | | | 6,400 | | | | 4,970 | | | | 7,116 | | | | 4,642 | |
Others, net | | | 183 | | | | 440 | | | | 819 | | | | 534 | |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Accounts receivable | | | (17,792 | ) | | | (18,884 | ) | | | 814 | | | | 531 | |
Amounts payable to sellers | | | 10,141 | | | | 43,701 | | | | 36,921 | | | | 24,087 | |
Accounts payable | | | 8,383 | | | | 3,485 | | | | 5,631 | | | | 3,674 | |
Deferred revenue and advances | | | 1,352 | | | | 1,664 | | | | 803 | | | | 524 | |
Other assets | | | (2,308 | ) | | | (1,368 | ) | | | (6,755 | ) | | | (4,407 | ) |
Other current liabilities | | | 2,635 | | | | (1,476 | ) | | | 164 | | | | 107 | |
Payment of accrued severance benefits | | | (70 | ) | | | (263 | ) | | | (583 | ) | | | (381 | ) |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net cash provided by operating activities | | | 29,885 | | | | 73,258 | | | | 116,508 | | | | 76,009 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Cash flows from investing activities | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Increase in cash on deposit, net | | | (88,827 | ) | | | (50,602 | ) | | | (27,000 | ) | | | (17,615 | ) |
Increase in restricted cash, net | | | (4,300 | ) | | | (1,710 | ) | | | (1,990 | ) | | | (1,298 | ) |
Proceeds from sale of held-to-maturity securities | | | — | | | | 4,000 | | | | — | | | | — | |
Purchase of held-to-maturity securities | | | — | | | | — | | | | (40,000 | ) | | | (26,096 | ) |
Purchase of property and equipment | | | (14,749 | ) | | | (10,614 | ) | | | (16,795 | ) | | | (10,957 | ) |
Increase in other investing activities, net | | | (4,033 | ) | | | (1,049 | ) | | | (2,822 | ) | | | (1,840 | ) |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net cash used in investing activities | | | (111,909 | ) | | | (59,975 | ) | | | (88,607 | ) | | | (57,806 | ) |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Cash flows from financing activities | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Issuance of common shares, net | | | 79,611 | | | | — | | | | — | | | | — | |
Proceeds from exercise of stock options | | | 57 | | | | 154 | | | | 3,202 | | | | 2,089 | |
Decrease (increase) in loan to employees for stock purchase | | | 388 | | | | — | | | | — | | | | — | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net cash provided by financing activities | | | 80,056 | | | | 154 | | | | 3,202 | | | | 2,089 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents | | | (1,968 | ) | | | 13,437 | | | | 31,103 | | | | 20,292 | |
Cash and cash equivalents | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Beginning of year | | | 36,898 | | | | 34,930 | | | | 48,367 | | | | 31,554 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
End of year | | W | 34,930 | | | W | 48,367 | | | W | 79,470 | | | $ | 51,846 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Supplemental cash flow disclosures | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Cash paid for income taxes | | W | 543 | | | W | 6,163 | | | W | 5,185 | | | $ | 3,383 | |
Non-cash investing and financing activities: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Reclassification of held-to-maturity bond to current held-to-maturity bond | | W | 4,000 | | | W | — | | | W | — | | | $ | — | |
Conversion of preferred stock to common stock | | W | 1,258 | | | W | — | | | W | — | | | $ | — | |
Reclassification of financial instruments from non-current to cash on deposit | | W | 380 | | | W | 5,000 | | | W | — | | | $ | — | |
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
F-6
GMARKET INC.
December 31, 2006, 2007 and 2008
| |
1. | Description of Business |
Gmarket Inc. (the “Company”) operates a retaile-commerce marketplace in Korea offering buyers a wide selection of products at competitive prices and sellers a comprehensive, end-to-end sales solution. The Company’se-commerce marketplace facilitates the purchase and sale of small and big volumes of products among a large number of buyers and sellers in a convenient, cost effective and secure manner. The Company derives revenue from transaction fees on the sale of products completed on our website, advertising service and membership fees. The Company’se-commerce marketplace is primarily located at www.gmarket.co.kr.
| |
2. | Convenience Translation into United States Dollar Amounts (Unaudited) |
The Company reports its financial statements using the Korean Won. The Dollar amounts disclosed in the accompanying financial statements are presented solely for the convenience of the reader, and have been converted at the rate of W1,532.8 to one Dollar, which is the noon buying rate of the U.S. Federal Reserve Bank of New York in effect on February 28, 2009. Such translations should not be construed as representations that the Won amounts represent, have been, or could be, converted into, Dollars at that or any other rate.
| |
3. | Significant Accounting Policies |
Use of estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the accompanying financial statements and related disclosures. Although these estimates are based on management’s best knowledge of current events and actions that the Company may undertake in the future, actual results may differ from these estimates.
Revenue recognition
The Company’s net revenues are derived from fees associated with transactions, advertising services and membership programs. Revenues from transaction fees are derived from commissions paid by sellers on the Company’se-commerce marketplace. Revenues from advertising are derived from the sale of online banners and premium listing and keyword search to sellers, and sale of advertisement to non-sellers. Other revenues are derived from the sale of membership programs and delivery services.
Transaction fees
The Company’se-commerce customers are sellers of merchandise from which the Company receives commissions based on the gross merchandise value of each successfully executed transaction. In addition to providing the marketplace, the Company also facilitates the collection of cash from buyers and the remittance of that cash, net of commission paid to the Company’s customer (the seller). The Company is not the primary obligor to the transaction between the seller and the buyer as the title to the goods passes directly from the seller to the buyer and the Company does not bear the risk of credit loss other than its own commission. Therefore, commissions earned by the Company are recorded as revenue, on a net basis, upon the completion of the services. Standard market terms allow for the return of goods to the seller from the buyer within a seven day period from delivery date under certain circumstances after which the Company refunds the amounts collected to the buyer. The Company records a reserve for estimated refunds based on our historical experience as a reduction of revenues from transaction fees.
As service transactions have a refundable provision available to the buyer, the Company has elected to apply the above policy for our transaction fees using an analogy to the guidance in Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (“SFAS”) No. 48Revenue Recognition When Right of Return Exists. The Company has satisfied the criteria in SFAS No. 48 as, the commission fee is fixed at the outset, the buyers and sellers of goods have economic
F-7
GMARKET INC.
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
substance apart from the Company, and the Company does not have any significant obligations for future performance once the buyer’s payment is confirmed and the Company can reasonably estimate the amount of future refunds based on our specific historical experience. As the buyer has only seven days from delivery date to return the goods purchased, the Company is able to compare estimated refund returns for a period to the actual amount of returns for such period due to this short return period.
Advertising and other
The Company recognizes advertising and membership program revenue ratably over the term of the contract or subscription period. The duration of the banner and premium listing advertising has ranged from one day to one year, and the duration of membership program has ranged from three months to one year.
During 2006, the Company began to provide integrated and international delivery services where the Company contracts with couriers to provide product delivery services. The Company applied the guidance provided in EITFNo. 99-19,Reporting Revenue Gross as a Principal versus Net as an Agentin recognizing integrated and international delivery service revenue on a gross basis.
Mileage program
Registered buyers may earn mileage through purchasing eligible products. Once a registered user has accumulated more than 10,000 mileages, that user may convert those mileages to G Cash (which in turn is convertible into cash). The mileage program reserve calculation incorporates judgments and assumptions regarding expected customer earnings and redemption patterns and is based on specific historical experience. In accordance with EITF No.01-09,Accounting for Consideration Given by a Vendor to a Customer (Including a Reseller of the Vendor’s Products),the Company records the sales incentive as a reduction of revenue. Changes in mileage program reserves for the years ended December 31, 2006, 2007 and 2008 are as follows:
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | 2006 | | | 2007 | | | 2008 | |
| | (In millions of Won) | |
|
Balance at beginning of year | | W | 1,980 | | | W | 3,565 | | | W | 3,909 | |
Provision for mileage program reserves | | | 3,640 | | | | 3,220 | | | | 4,993 | |
Redemptions | | | (2,055 | ) | | | (2,876 | ) | | | (3,342 | ) |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Balance at end of year | | W | 3,565 | | | W | 3,909 | | | W | 5,560 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Discount coupons and stamps
The Company accounts for discount coupons and stamps as sales incentives in accordance withEITF 01-9. Accordingly, the Company recognizes the cost of these sales incentives at the later of the date at which the related revenue is recognized by the Company, or the date at which the sales incentive is offered. The Company classifies the cost of the sales incentives as a reduction of revenue. Discount coupons can be used, prior to their expiry date, to reduce the purchase price of a product in a purchase. Stamps are mainly used to enter events where the buyer has a chance of winning a discount coupon or some other prize. A reserve is recorded on the balance sheet until the coupons or stamps are used in a purchase transaction or until the sales incentive expires. The reserve is measured based on the Company’s best estimate of the fair value associated with utilization of the coupons and stamps. In cases where a buyer earns a stamp as a result of a purchase transaction and then successfully converts this stamp into a coupon, the related reserve in respect of the stamp is released and a reserve is created in respect of the discount coupon.
F-8
GMARKET INC.
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
Changes in stamps reserves for the years ended December 31, 2006, 2007 and 2008 are as follows:
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | 2006 | | | 2007 | | | 2008 | |
| | (In millions of Won) | |
|
Balance at beginning of year | | W | 264 | | | W | 2,970 | | | W | 4,560 | |
Issuance | | | 6,564 | | | | 9,877 | | | | 9,932 | |
Utilization | | | (3,858 | ) | | | (8,287 | ) | | | (9,286 | ) |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Balance at end of year | | W | 2,970 | | | W | 4,560 | | | W | 5,206 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
The reserve for discount coupons was W73 million, W150 million, W189 million as of December 31, 2006, 2007 and 2008, respectively.
Cost of revenues
Cost of revenues consists of credit card fees and charges from bank and other institutions, click through fees that are paid to portals and search engines, network and systems maintenance fees, salaries and other benefits relating to transactions, depreciation and amortization pertaining to thee-commerce platform.
Sales and marketing
Sales and marketing expenses are comprised primarily of advertising, promotions and fees paid to third-party service provider that operates the Company’s call center, all of which are expensed as incurred. Expenses incurred by the marketing department related to marketing and promotion are recorded as sales and marketing expenses under operating expenses.
The Company expenses advertising costs as incurred. Advertising expense was approximately W27,350 million, W31,962 million and W32,126 million for the years ended December 31, 2006, 2007 and 2008, respectively.
Research and development costs
The Company’s research and development costs, which are personnel expenses incurred in connection with research and development activities, are expensed as incurred and included in general and administrative expenses. The Company incurred W2,934 million, W5,401 million and W6,963 million for the years ended December 31, 2006, 2007 and 2008, respectively as research and development.
Cash and cash equivalents
Cash equivalents consist of highly liquid investments with an original maturity date of three months or less. Cash equivalents include demand deposit and investments in money market mutual funds.
Cash on deposit
Cash on deposit includes time deposits held with several financial institutions, with maturities greater than three months but one year or less. Interest rates range from 5.4% to 7.7% per annum.
Restricted cash
Restricted cash consists of cash on deposit pledged as collateral to credit card companies to secure transactions as well as cash on deposit as required by theE-Commerce Consumer Seller Protection Act of the Republic of Korea. As the restrictions renew every year, the restricted cash amounts are classified as current assets.
F-9
GMARKET INC.
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
Fair value of financial instruments
The carrying amounts of cash and cash equivalents, cash on deposit, accounts receivable, accounts payable and amounts payable to sellers approximate fair value because of the short maturity and highly liquid nature of these instruments.
Concentrations of credit risk
Cash and cash equivalents, cash on deposit, restricted cash and accounts receivable are potentially subject to concentration of credit risk. Cash and cash equivalents, cash on deposit and restricted cash are placed with several financial institutions, of which approximately 34% of such amounts are held at one financial institution. Management believes these financial institutions are of high credit quality.
Accounts receivable balances consist of amounts owed to the Company by buyers of merchandise on the website and advertising customers, payment for which is settled through credit cards and electronic bank transfers. The credit card companies are responsible for remitting to us the transaction amount after deducting their fixed service fees ranging between approximately 2.0% and 3.0%. The Company maintains an allowance for doubtful accounts based upon historical experience, the age and delinquency rates of receivables and the credit quality of the customers, as well as economic and regulatory conditions. Determining appropriate allowances for these losses is an inherently uncertain process, and ultimate losses may vary from the current estimates.
Held-to-maturity securities
Held-to-maturity securities, which are expected to be held to maturity with the positive intent and ability to hold to maturity, are carried at amortized cost and are reduced to net realizable value by a charge to earnings for other than temporary declines in fair value.
Property and equipment
Property and equipment consist of furniture and fixtures, leasehold improvements, servers and equipment and software. Property and equipment are stated at historical cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, which ranges from three to five years, depending on the type of asset.
Significant renewals and additions are capitalized at cost. Maintenance and repairs are charged to expense as incurred.
Accounting for the impairment of long-lived assets
The Company reviews long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstance indicate the carrying amount may not be recoverable. Recoverability is measured by comparison of its carrying amount to future net cash flow the assets are expected to generate. During 2006, 2007 and 2008, no amount was recorded as impairment loss of long-lived assets.
If such assets are considered to be impaired, the impaired amount is measured as the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset exceeds the present value of the future net cash flows generated by the respective long-lived assets.
Amounts payable to sellers
Contractual terms with sellers require the Company to remit the proceeds from each transaction (net of commission) to the seller between seven and 30 days after the completion of the transaction. This time lag generally allows the Company to process all credits and other adjustments to the selling price with the buyer. These amounts are presented as amounts payable to sellers on the balance sheet.
F-10
GMARKET INC.
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
Internal-use software and website development cost
The Company applies the provisions ofEITF 00-2,Accounting for Web Site Development Costs.The costs incurred in the preliminary project and post implementation stage of the development effort and the subsequent costs associated with maintaining the website are expensed. Costs associated with the application development stage of the project are capitalized. However, during the years ended December 31, 2006, 2007 and 2008, the Company did not make significant enhancements to its website that required capitalization.
Accrued severance benefits
Employees and directors with one year or more of service are entitled to receive a lump-sum payment upon termination of their employment with the Company based on the length of service and rate of pay at the time of termination. The annual severance benefits expense charged to operations is calculated based upon the net change in the accrued severance benefits payable at the balance sheet date based on the guidance ofEITF 88-1,Determination of Vested Benefit Obligation for a Defined Benefit Pension Plan.
The Company is required to pay 4.5% of each employee’s annual wages to the National Pension Service. The total amount of contributions made to the National Pension Service in 2006, 2007 and 2008 was W353 million, W652 million and W821 million, respectively.
Accounting for stock-based compensation
The Company accounts for stock-based employee compensation arrangements in accordance with the provisions of SFAS No. 123(R), Accounting for Stock Based Compensation, using the fair value method. Under this method, compensation cost for stock option grants are measured at the grant date based on the fair value of the award and recognized over the service period, which is usually the vesting period, using straight-line method.
The Company uses the Black-Scholes model to determine the fair value of equity-based awards at the date of grant and recognizes compensation cost as if all awards are expected to vest, recognizing forfeitures as they expect to occur. Refer to note 14 for details of the assumptions used in calculating the fair value of the Company’s stock options.
Foreign currency
The functional currency of branch offices that operate and support the Company’s international websites is the same as the local currency of the respective countries in which the branches operate, Japan and Singapore. Assets and liabilities of these branches are translated into Korean Won at period-end exchange rates, and revenues and expenses are translated at average rates prevailing throughout the period. Translation adjustments are included in “Accumulated other comprehensive income,” a separate component of stockholders’ equity. Transaction gains and losses arising from transactions denominated in a currency other than the functional currency of the entity involved are included in “Other income, Others, net” in the statements of income.
Income taxes
The Company accounts for income taxes under the provisions of SFAS No. 109, Accounting for Income Taxes. Under SFAS No. 109, income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Deferred taxes are determined based upon differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities at expected enacted statutory tax rates for the years in which the differences are expected to reverse.
A valuation allowance is provided on net deferred tax assets to the extent that it is more likely than not that such deferred tax assets will not be realized. The total income tax provision includes current tax expenses under applicable tax regulations and the change in the balance of deferred tax assets and liabilities.
F-11
GMARKET INC.
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
In July 2006, the FASB issued Interpretation No. 48, Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes — an interpretation of FASB Statement No. 109 (“FIN 48”), which clarifies the accounting for uncertainty in tax positions. FIN 48 requires that the Company recognize in its financial statements the impact of a tax position if that position is more likely than not to be sustained upon tax examination, based on the technical merits of the position. In May 2007, the FASB issuedFIN 48-1, Definition of Settlement in FASB Interpretation No. 48(“FIN 48-1”).FIN 48-1 provides guidance on how an enterprise should determine whether a tax position is effectively settled for the purpose of recognizing previously unrecognized tax benefits. The Company adopted the provisions of FIN 48 andFIN 48-1 on January 1, 2007 and, as a result of the implementation of FIN 48, the Company recognized a W1,085 million increase in the liability for unrecognized tax benefits, of which W234 million was accounted for as a reduction to the January 1, 2007, balance of retained earnings and W254 million and W597 million was accounted for as expenses of 2007 and 2008, respectively. See Note 15 — “Income Taxes.”
Earnings per share
Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing net income applicable to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for each period. Diluted earnings per share is computed by dividing net income (loss) applicable to shareholders by the weighted average number of shares outstanding, increased by common share equivalents. Common share equivalents are calculated using the treasury stock method and represent incremental shares issuable upon exercise of the Company’s outstanding stock options. However, common share equivalents are not included in the denominator of the diluted earnings per share calculation when inclusion of such shares would be anti-dilutive.
Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements
In December 2007, the FASB issued SFAS No. 141R,Business Combinations(“SFAS No. 141(R)”), which replaces SFAS No. 141,Business Combinations. SFAS No. 141(R) retains the fundamental requirements in SFAS 141 that the acquisition method of accounting be used for all business combinations and that an acquirer be identified for each business combination. This statement also establishes principles and requirements for how an acquirer recognizes and measures in its financial statements the identifiable assets acquired, the liabilities assumed, any noncontrolling (minority) interests in an acquiree, and any goodwill acquired in a business combination or gain recognized from a bargain purchase. For the Company, SFAS No. 141(R) must be applied prospectively to business combinations for which the acquisition date occurs on or after January 1, 2009. The impact to the Company of applying SFAS No. 141(R) for periods subsequent to implementation will be dependent upon the nature of any transactions within the scope of SFAS No. 141(R).
In December 2007, the FASB issued SFAS No. 160,Noncontrolling Interests in Consolidated Financial Statements — an amendment of Accounting Research Bulletin (ARB) No. 51(“SFAS 160”), which amends ARB No. 51,Consolidated Financial Statements, to establish accounting and reporting standards for the noncontrolling (minority) interest in a subsidiary and for the deconsolidation of a subsidiary. SFAS No. 160 clarifies that a noncontrolling interest in a subsidiary is an ownership interest in a consolidated entity that should be reported as equity in the consolidated financial statements. This statement also changes the way the consolidated income statement is presented by requiring consolidated net income to be reported at amounts that include the amounts attributable to both the parent and the noncontrolling interest. In addition, SFAS 160 establishes a single method of accounting for changes in a parent’s ownership interest in a subsidiary that do not result in deconsolidation. For the Company, SFAS No. 160 is effective as of January 1, 2009, and must be applied prospectively, except for certain presentation and disclosure requirements which must be applied retrospectively. The Company believes that the retrospective requirements of SFAS 160 will not have a material impact on the Company’s financial statements.
In February 2008, the FASB issued Staff PositionNo. 157-2(FSP 157-2), which delays the effective date of FAS 157 one year for all nonfinancial assets and nonfinancial liabilities, except those recognized or disclosed at fair value in the financial statements on a recurring basis. For the Company,FSP 157-2 is effective as of January 1, 2009.
F-12
GMARKET INC.
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
The Company believes that the adoption ofFSP 157-2 will not have a material impact on the Company’s financial statements.
In March 2008, the FASB issued SFAS No. 161, “Disclosures about Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities — an amendment of FASB Statement No. 133” (SFAS No. 161). The standard requires additional quantitative disclosures (provided in tabular form) and qualitative disclosures for derivative instruments. The required disclosures include how derivative instruments and related hedged items affect an entity’s financial position, financial performance, and cash flows; the relative volume of derivative activity; the objectives and strategies for using derivative instruments; the accounting treatment for those derivative instruments formally designated as the hedging instrument in a hedge relationship; and the existence and nature of credit-risk-related contingent features for derivatives. SFAS No. 161 does not change the accounting treatment for derivative instruments. For the Company, SFAS No. 161 is effective as of January 1, 2009. The Company believes that the adoption of SFAS No. 161 will not have a material impact on the Company’s financial statements.
In April 2008, the FASB issued Staff PositionFAS 142-3, “Determination of Useful Life of Intangible Assets”(FSP 142-3).FSP 142-3 amends the factors that should be considered in developing the renewal or extension assumptions used to determine the useful life of a recognized intangible asset under FAS 142, “Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets.”FSP 142-3 also requires expanded disclosure regarding the determination of intangible asset useful lives. For the Company,FSP 142-3 is effective as of January 1, 2009. The Company believes that the adoption ofFSP 142-3 will not have a material impact on the Company’s financial statements.
The amount of restricted cash, which consists of certain cash on deposit pledged as collateral to credit card companies, as well as cash on deposit as required by theE-Commerce Consumer Seller Protection Act, was W8,110 million, and W10,100 million as of December 31, 2007 and 2008, respectively.
| |
5. | Held-to-maturity Securities |
The Company’s current and non-current held-to-maturity securities consist of investments in corporate bonds, which were recorded at amortized cost. The amortized cost of these securities approximates their fair market value. The securities interest rates are fixed and range from 5.7% to 7.7% per annum. As of December 31, 2008, the Company’s current and non-current held-to-maturity securities were classified based on the securities’ maturity dates. The current held-to maturity securities of W34,000 million are due during 2009. The non-current held-to-maturity securities of W6,000 million are due by June 2014.
Included within the accounts receivable balance as of December 31, 2008 is W13,268 million receivable from Mobilians (a mobile phone payment solution provider), W11,779 million from BC Card, W6,151 million from Hyundai Card and W6,094 million from Samsung Card. There are no other balances with any parties that represent greater than 10% of the total accounts receivable balance.
F-13
GMARKET INC.
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
| |
7. | Allowance for Doubtful Accounts |
Changes in the allowance for doubtful accounts for the years ended December 31, 2006, 2007 and 2008 are as follows:
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | 2006 | | | 2007 | | | 2008 | |
| | (In millions of Won) | |
|
Balance at beginning of year | | W | 118 | | | W | 333 | | | W | 505 | |
Provision for allowances | | | 215 | | | | 172 | | | | 168 | |
Reversal | | | — | | | | — | | | | (48 | ) |
Write-offs | | | — | | | | — | | | | (285 | ) |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Balance at end of year | | W | 333 | | | W | 505 | | | W | 340 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| |
8. | Property and Equipment, Net |
Property and equipment as of December 31, 2007 and 2008 consist of the following:
| | | | | | | | |
| | 2007 | | | 2008 | |
| | (In millions of Won) | |
|
Furniture and fixtures | | W | 2,837 | | | W | 3,401 | |
Servers and equipment | | | 24,007 | | | | 36,518 | |
Purchased software | | | 8,299 | | | | 12,019 | |
| | | | | | | | |
| | | 35,143 | | | | 51,938 | |
Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization | | | (11,566 | ) | | | (21,392 | ) |
| | | | | | | | |
| | W | 23,577 | | | W | 30,546 | |
| | | | | | | | |
| |
9. | Accrued Severance Benefits |
Changes in accrued severance benefits for the years ended December 31, 2006, 2007 and 2008 are as follows:
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | 2006 | | | 2007 | | | 2008 | |
| | (In millions of Won) | |
|
Balance at beginning of year | | W | 428 | | | W | 1,397 | | | W | 2,781 | |
Provisions for severance benefits | | | 1,039 | | | | 1,647 | | | | 2,269 | |
Severance payments | | | (70 | ) | | | (263 | ) | | | (583 | ) |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Balance at end of year | | W | 1,397 | | | W | 2,781 | | | W | 4,467 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| |
10. | Commitments and Contingencies |
Lease Arrangements
The Company has lease obligations under certain non-cancelable operating leases.
F-14
GMARKET INC.
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
Future minimum lease payments with respect to these operating leases, as of December 31, 2008, are as follows:
| | | | |
| | Operating
| |
| | Leases | |
| | (In millions of Won) | |
|
2009 | | W | 2,320 | |
2010 | | | 1,483 | |
2011 | | | 247 | |
| | | | |
Total | | W | 4,050 | |
| | | | |
There are no material capital leases at December 31, 2007 and 2008.
Outsourcing Arrangements
The Company has contracts with third parties to outsource the management of its servers and network. The contracts are renewed annually. The Company recorded expense of W3,270 million, W5,067 million and W5,078 million under the contracts for the years ended December 31, 2006, 2007 and 2008, respectively.
The Company has a contract with a third party to outsource its call center services. The contract is renewed annually. The Company recorded expense of W11.642 million, W11,333 million and W13,310 million under the contract for the years ended December 31, 2006, 2007 and 2008, respectively.
Litigation and Other Legal Matters
The Company is subject to various legal and government proceedings incidental to the normal conduct of business, including, but not limited to claims, suits and actions relating to intellectual property related matters, as well as actions with respect to products sold on the Company’s website. The ultimate outcome of these matters, individually and in the aggregate, is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s results of operations or financial position.
On December 2, 2005, the Company’s shareholders approved a50-for-1 stock split, which became effective on January 5, 2006. Holders of the Company’s common shares and preferred shares as of record date of December 2, 2005 received 29,792,000 and 12,324,970 additional shares, respectively. Basic and diluted earnings per share were W1,126 and W1,111 per share, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2008. These financial statements retroactively reflect the impact of the stock split.
| |
12. | Convertible Preferred Shares |
On December 30, 2004, the Company issued 251,530 shares of Series A convertible redeemable preferred shares (the “Preferred Shares”) with a par value of W100 per share for total proceeds of W7,907 million, less issuance costs of W733 million.
The issue price of the Preferred Shares was denominated in United States Dollars at $0.60 per share. Based on the exchange rate between the Dollars and the Won on the date the transaction was completed (US$1 = W1,040.40), the Company received W629 per share or total gross proceeds of W7,907 million.
On December 2, 2005, the Company’s shareholders approved a 50-for 1 stock split, which became effective on January 5, 2006. As a result of the stock split, the total outstanding Preferred Shares became 12,576,500 shares.
On June 19, 2006, all of the Preferred Shares were converted to Common Shares.
F-15
GMARKET INC.
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
Each share of common stock has the right to one vote. The holders of common shares are also entitled to receive dividends whenever funds are legally available and when declared by the Board of Directors, subject to prior rights of holders of all classes of stock outstanding having priority rights as to dividends. No dividends have been declared or paid on any of the Company’s outstanding common shares.
The Company may grant to its officers and employees stock options to purchase the stocks of the Company up to the lesser of 30% of all shares issued and outstanding or the rate permitted by applicable laws and regulations, by a special resolution at a general meeting of shareholders pursuant to its articles of incorporation and applicable laws and regulations.
Options granted before 2005 vest over a two year period from grant date and expire after nine years. Options granted during 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2008 vest 50% after two years with the remaining 50% vesting monthly in equal increments over the following 24 months and expire between nine and eleven years after grant date. Vesting of options is contingent on the employee remaining in employment during the vesting period. Compensation expense is recorded based on the grant date fair value using the Black-Scholes model and the straight-line amortization method. The following weighted average assumptions for grants in 2006, 2007 and 2008 were utilized to determine the fair value of equity-based awards at the date of grant:
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | 2006 | | 2007 | | 2008 |
|
Expected volatility | | | 70 | % | | | 65.6~73.4 | % | | | 61 | % |
Weighted-average volatility | | | 70 | % | | | 72.3 | % | | | 61.2 | % |
Expected dividends | | | 0 | % | | | 0 | % | | | 0 | % |
Expected term (in years) | | | 3 | | | | 3 | | | | 3 | |
Risk free interest rate | | | 4.79 | % | | | 4.75~5.33 | % | | | 5.13 | % |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
For the years ended December 31, 2006, 2007 and 2008, the Company recorded W850 million, W1,505 million and W2,558 million, respectively, as stock-based compensation expense.
A summary of option activity under the Plan as of December 31, 2008, and changes during the year then ended is presented below
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | Weighted
| | | | |
| | | | | Weighted
| | | Average
| | | | |
| | | | | Average
| | | Remaining
| | | Aggregate
| |
| | | | | Exercise
| | | Contractual
| | | Intrinsic
| |
| | Shares | | | Price | | | Term | | | Value | |
| | | | | | | | | | | (Million) | |
|
Outstanding at January 1, 2008 | | | 1,741,466 | | | W | 8,401 | | | | | | | | | |
Granted | | | 600,000 | | | | 19,694 | | | | | | | | | |
Forfeited | | | 72,710 | | | | 15,351 | | | | | | | | | |
Exercised | | | 584,705 | | | | 5,478 | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Outstanding at December 31, 2008 | | | 1,684,051 | | | | 13,139 | | | | 4.3 | | | W | 14,403 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Vested and exercisable at December 31, 2008 | | | 350,721 | | | | 4,708 | | | | 5.9 | | | | 4,478 | |
Expected to vest at December 31, 2008 | | | 1,060,209 | | | | 15,547 | | | | 7.4 | | | | 6,515 | |
The weighted-average grant-date fair value of options granted during the years 2006, 2007, and 2008 was W4,200, W8,181, and W9,100, respectively. The total intrinsic value of options exercised during the years ended December 31, 2006, 2007, and 2008, was W3,858 million, W3,711 million, and W8,511 million, respectively.
F-16
GMARKET INC.
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
As of December 31, 2008, there was W6,110 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested share-based compensation arrangements granted under the Plan. That cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.6 years. The total fair value of shares vested during the years ended December 31, 2006, 2007, and 2008, was W44 million, W1,435 million, and W1,791 million, respectively.
Cash amounting to W3,202 million was received in respect of stock options exercised during 2008.
Income tax expense for the years ended December 31, 2006, 2007 and 2008 consist of the following:
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | 2006 | | | 2007 | | | 2008 | |
| | (In millions of Won) | |
|
Current income taxes | | W | 4,056 | | | W | 4,725 | | | W | 9,636 | |
Deferred income taxes | | | (767 | ) | | | (2,305 | ) | | | 371 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total income tax expenses | | W | 3,289 | | | W | 2,420 | | | W | 10,007 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
The tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to significant portions of the deferred income tax assets and deferred income tax liabilities as of December 31, 2007 and 2008 are as follows:
| | | | | | | | |
| | 2007 | | | 2008 | |
| | (In millions of Won) | |
|
Current deferred income tax assets (liabilities) | | | | | | | | |
Accrued expenses | | W | 1,078 | | | W | 1,011 | |
Accrued income | | | (1,539 | ) | | | (1,929 | ) |
Sales incentive liabilities | | | 2,370 | | | | 2,386 | |
Other | | | 581 | | | | 295 | |
| | | | | | | | |
Current deferred income tax assets | | W | 2,490 | | | W | 1,763 | |
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| | 2007 | | | 2008 | |
| | (In millions of Won) | |
|
Non-current deferred income tax assets (liabilities) | | | | | | | | |
Provisions for severance benefits | | W | 497 | | | W | 668 | |
Depreciation and amortization | | | 339 | | | | 525 | |
| | | | | | | | |
Non-current deferred income tax assets | | W | 836 | | | W | 1,193 | |
| | | | | | | | |
Realization of the future tax benefits related to the deferred income tax assets is dependent on many factors, including the Company’s ability to generate taxable income within the period during the temporary differences reverse.
The Company generated sufficient taxable profits during the years ended December 31, 2006, 2007 and 2008, such that, management determined that it is more likely than not that the Company will realize its deferred income tax assets in the future and, accordingly, has not recorded a valuation allowance at December 31, 2006, 2007 and 2008.
The statutory income tax rate applicable to the Company was 27.5% in 2006, 2007 and 2008.
Current deferred income tax assets are recorded within “Other Current Assets”, and non-current deferred income tax assets are recorded within “Other Assets” on the balance sheet.
F-17
GMARKET INC.
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
As an eligible venture company under the Special Tax Treatment Control Law of Korea, the Company is entitled to a reduced tax rate of 13.75% for eligible taxable income, which is 50% of the statutory tax rate and effective until 2008. From January 1, 2009, the Company is entitled under the Special Tax Treatment Control Law of Korea to a reduced tax rate of 21.78% for eligible taxable income which is 90% of the statutory tax rate. This reduced rate is currently effective until December 31, 2009. From January 1, 2010, the Company will be subject to a statutory tax rate of 22.0% for taxable income.
A reconciliation of income tax expense at the Korean statutory income tax rate to actual income tax expense is as follows:
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | 2006 | | | 2007 | | | 2008 | |
| | (In millions of Won) | |
|
Tax expense at Korean statutory tax rate | | W | 5,381 | | | W | 9,811 | | | W | 18,228 | |
Income tax exemptions | | | (2,129 | ) | | | (5,497 | ) | | | (6,156 | ) |
Income tax credits | | | (164 | ) | | | (2,321 | ) | | | (2,633 | ) |
Expenses not deductible for tax purpose | | | 221 | | | | 427 | | | | 568 | |
Other | | | (20 | ) | | | — | | | | — | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total income tax expense | | W | 3,289 | | | W | 2,420 | | | W | 10,007 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
The Company adopted the provisions of FASB Interpretation No. 48, Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes, on January 1, 2007. As a result of the implementation of Interpretation 48, the Company recognized approximately a W220 million increase in the liability for unrecognized tax benefits and W14 million of interest accrued, which was accounted for as a reduction to the January 1, 2007, balance of retained earnings. A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows:
| | | | | | | | |
| | 2007 | | | 2008 | |
| | (In millions of Won) | |
|
Balance at beginning of year | | W | 220 | | | W | 453 | |
Additions based on tax positions related to the current year | | | 233 | | | | 554 | |
| | | | | | | | |
Balance at end of year | | W | 453 | | | W | 1,007 | |
| | | | | | | | |
At December 31, 2008, the Company had a liability for unrecognized tax benefits of W1,007 million, which if recognized would effect the effective income tax rate, and an accrual of W78 million for the payment of related interest. During 2008, the Company recognized W554 million of unrecognized tax benefits and W43 of interest accrued. Interest accrued is recorded within other liabilities on the balance sheet and as income tax expenses in the statement of income. The Company’s policy is to record any penalties associated with uncertain tax positions as income tax expense in the statement of income.
The Company does not believe there will be any material changes in its unrecognized tax positions over the next twelve months.
The Company is subject to taxation in the Republic of Korea. The Company’s tax years for 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, and 2008 are subject to examination by the tax authorities. With few exceptions, the Company is no longer subject to Korea national or local examinations by tax authorities for years prior to 2004.
F-18
GMARKET INC.
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
The components of basic and diluted earnings per share are as follows:
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | 2006 | | | 2007 | | | 2008 | |
| | (In millions of Won except number of common shares and per share amount) | |
|
Basic earnings per shares | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net income | | W | 16,277 | | | W | 33,303 | | | W | 56,388 | |
Amounts allocated to participating preferred shareholders | | | (1,260 | ) | | | — | | | | — | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net income applicable to common shareholders | | | 15,017 | | | | 33,303 | | | | 56,388 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Weighted average common shares outstanding | | | 40,468,471 | | | | 49,657,673 | | | | 50,088,204 | |
Basic earnings per share | | W | 371 | | | W | 671 | | | W | 1,126 | |
Diluted earnings per shares | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net income | | W | 16,227 | | | W | 33,303 | | | W | 56,388 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Weighted average common shares outstanding | | | 40,468,471 | | | | 49,657,673 | | | | 50,088,204 | |
Assumed exercise of stock options | | | 851,293 | | | | 895,110 | | | | 678,140 | |
Assumed conversion of convertible preferred shares | | | 5,858,548 | | | | — | | | | — | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Adjusted weighted average shares — diluted | | | 47,177,311 | | | | 50,552,784 | | | | 50,766,344 | |
Diluted earnings per share | | W | 345 | | | W | 659 | | | W | 1,111 | |
Stock options excluded from diluted earnings per share because their effect would have been anti-dilutive | | | — | | | | 350,308 | | | | 521,000 | |
| |
17. | Related Party Transactions |
As of December 31, 2005, the Company had non-interest bearing loans to directors, executive officers and employees for stock purchases amounting to W389 million, which were fully repaid during 2006.
Interpark Corporation, Yahoo! Inc. and Yahoo! Korea are major shareholders and related parties of the Company. The Company considers Interpark Corporation and its subsidiaries, Yahoo! Inc. and Yahoo! Korea to be related parties.
During the years ended December 31, 2006, 2007 and 2008, there were transactions with the Company’s related parties as follows:
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | 2006 | | 2007 | | 2008 |
| | (In millions of Won) |
|
Revenue | | W | 210 | | | W | 417 | | | W | 1,317 | |
Operating expenses | | | 3,652 | | | | 4,049 | | | | 4,654 | |
Accounts receivable | | | 42 | | | | 29 | | | | 57 | |
Leasehold and other deposits | | | 114 | | | | — | | | | — | |
Amounts payable to sellers | | | 335 | | | | 807 | | | | 661 | |
Accounts payable and accrued expenses | | | 457 | | | | 568 | | | | 338 | |
F-19