Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Basis of Presentation The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of HomeAway, Inc. and its wholly and majority-owned subsidiaries and have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States, or GAAP, for interim financial reporting and applicable quarterly reporting regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission, (the “SEC”). All significant intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation. In the opinion of the Company’s management, the accompanying interim unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the same basis as the audited consolidated financial statements and include all adjustments, consisting of normal recurring adjustments and those items discussed in these notes, necessary for a fair statement of the Company’s financial position, as of September 30, 2015 and December 31, 2014, results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015 and September 30, 2014, comprehensive income (loss) for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015 and September 30, 2014, cash flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2015 and September 30, 2014, and changes in stockholders’ equity for the nine months ended September 30, 2015. Certain information and disclosures normally included in the notes to the annual financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP have been omitted from these interim condensed consolidated financial statements pursuant to the rules and regulations of the SEC. Accordingly, these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2014. Operating results for this interim period are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 2015, or for any other period. Business Segment The Company has one operating segment consisting of various products and services related to its online marketplace of accommodation rental listings. The Company’s chief operating decision maker is the Chief Executive Officer. The chief operating decision maker allocates resources and assesses performance of the business and other activities at the single operating segment level. Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements; and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting periods. Actual results could differ from those estimates. These differences could have a material effect on the Company’s future results of operations and financial position. Significant items subject to estimates and assumptions include certain revenues, traveler guarantees, the allowance for doubtful accounts, marketable and non-marketable investments, goodwill and other indefinite-lived intangible assets, definite-lived intangible assets, depreciation and amortization, stock-based compensation, deferred income taxes and noncontrolling interests. Fair Value of Financial Instruments Fair value is defined as the price received from the sale of an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. To increase the comparability of fair value measures, the following hierarchy prioritizes the inputs to valuation methodologies used to measure fair value: Level 1: Valuations based on quoted prices for identical assets and liabilities in active markets. Level 2: Valuations based on observable inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1, such as quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets and liabilities in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data. Level 3: Valuations based on unobservable inputs reflecting the Company’s assumptions, consistent with reasonably available assumptions made by other market participants. These valuations require significant judgment. The Company’s financial instruments classified as Level 1 are valued using quoted prices generated by market transactions involving identical assets. Instruments classified as Level 2 are valued using non-binding market consensus prices corroborated with observable market data; quoted market prices for similar instruments in active markets; or pricing models, such as a discounted cash flow model, with significant inputs derived from or corroborated with observable market data. The Company did not hold financial instruments categorized as Level 3 in any period presented. Short-term investments are classified as available-for-sale and reported at fair value using the specific identification method. Unrealized gains and losses are excluded from earnings and reported as a component of other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax. Additionally, the Company periodically assesses whether an other than temporary impairment loss on investments has occurred due to declines in fair value or other market conditions. Declines in fair value considered other-than-temporary are recorded as an impairment in the condensed consolidated statement of operations. The Company did not record impairments of its investments during any of the periods presented. The carrying amounts of certain of the Company’s financial instruments, including cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, prepaid expenses and other current assets, accounts payable, accrued liabilities and deferred revenue approximate fair value because of the relatively short maturity of these instruments. The following table summarizes the basis used to measure certain financial assets at fair value on a recurring basis in the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheet at September 30, 2015 (in thousands): Balance as of Quoted Prices in Significant Significant Assets: Cash equivalents Money market funds $ 151,691 $ 151,691 $ — $ — Total cash equivalents 151,691 151,691 — — Restricted cash Time deposits 1,983 — 1,983 — Total restricted cash 1,983 — 1,983 — Short-term investments U.S. government agency bonds 23,339 — 23,339 — Time deposits 39,529 — 39,529 — Corporate bonds 346,782 — 346,782 — International government bonds 21,390 — 21,390 — Municipal bonds 187,303 — 187,303 — Total short-term investments 618,343 — 618,343 — Total financial assets $ 772,017 $ 151,691 $ 620,326 $ — The following table summarizes the basis used to measure certain financial assets at fair value on a recurring basis in the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2014 (in thousands): Balance as of Quoted Prices in Significant Significant Assets: Cash equivalents Money market funds $ 183,008 $ 183,008 $ — $ — Municipal bonds 1,001 — 1,001 — Total cash equivalents 184,009 183,008 1,001 — Restricted cash — Time deposits 2,058 — 2,058 — Total restricted cash 2,058 — 2,058 — Short-term investments Time deposits 21,726 — 21,726 — Corporate bonds 353,212 — 353,212 — International government bonds 1,501 — 1,501 — Municipal bonds 140,406 — 140,406 — Commercial paper 3,999 — 3,999 — Total short-term investments 520,844 — 520,844 — Total financial assets $ 706,911 $ 183,008 $ 523,903 $ — Cash and Cash Equivalents Cash and cash equivalents include investments in demand deposits, money market funds, and municipal bonds readily convertible into cash. Cash and cash equivalents are stated at cost, which approximates fair value. The Company considers all highly liquid investments purchased with an original maturity date of three months or less to be cash equivalents. Cash and cash equivalents consisted of the following (in thousands): September 30, December 31, Demand deposit accounts $ 149,602 $ 108,316 Money market funds 151,691 183,008 Municipal bonds — 1,001 Total cash and cash equivalents $ 301,293 $ 292,325 Restricted Cash Restricted cash of $2,200,000 and $2,492,000 at September 30, 2015 and December 31, 2014, respectively, was held in accounts owned by the Company to secure property licenses, leased office space, credit card availability and reimbursable direct debits due from the Company. Restricted cash is recorded as “Other non-current assets” on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets. Short-term Investments Short-term investments generally consist of marketable securities with original maturities greater than ninety days as of the date of purchase. Investments in which the Company has the ability and intent, if necessary, to liquidate in order to support its current operations, including those with contractual maturities greater than one year from the date of purchase, are classified as short-term. The Company’s investment securities are classified as available-for-sale and presented at estimated fair value with any unrealized gains and losses included in other comprehensive income (loss). Cash flows from purchases, sales and maturities of available-for-sale securities are classified as investing activities and reported gross, including any related premiums or discounts. Premiums related to purchases of available-for-sale securities were $9,240,000 and $11,239,000 during the nine months ended September 30, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Short-term investments consisted of the following (in thousands): September 30, 2015 Gross Cost Gross Gross Estimated U.S government agency bonds $ 23,375 $ 3 $ (39 ) $ 23,339 Time deposits 39,529 — — 39,529 Corporate bonds 346,949 141 (308 ) 346,782 International government bonds 21,418 — (28 ) 21,390 Municipal bonds 187,254 83 (34 ) 187,303 Total short-term investments $ 618,525 $ 227 $ (409 ) $ 618,343 December 31, 2014 Gross Cost Gross Gross Estimated Time deposits $ 21,726 $ — $ — $ 21,726 Corporate bonds 353,957 7 (752 ) 353,212 International government bonds 1,504 — (3 ) 1,501 Municipal bonds 140,455 45 (94 ) 140,406 Commercial paper 3,999 — — 3,999 Total short-term investments $ 521,641 $ 52 $ (849 ) $ 520,844 For fixed income securities with unrealized losses as of September 30, 2015, the Company does not intend to sell any of these investments; and the Company expects it will not be required to sell any of these investments before recovery of the entire amortized cost basis. The Company has evaluated these fixed income securities and determined that no credit losses exist. Accordingly, the Company has determined that the unrealized losses on fixed income securities as of September 30, 2015 were temporary in nature. The following table summarizes the contractual underlying maturities of the Company’s short-term investments (in thousands): September 30, 2015 Less than 1 Year 1 to 3 Years Total U.S government agency bonds $ 597 $ 22,742 $ 23,339 Time deposits 25,951 13,578 39,529 Corporate bonds 203,039 143,743 346,782 International government bonds 15,192 6,198 21,390 Municipal bonds 131,167 56,136 187,303 Total short-term investments $ 375,946 $ 242,397 $ 618,343 December 31, 2014 Less than 1 Year 1 to 3 Years Total Time deposits $ 21,479 $ 247 $ 21,726 Corporate bonds 240,570 112,642 353,212 International government bonds 1,501 — 1,501 Municipal bonds 87,615 52,791 140,406 Commercial paper 3,999 — 3,999 Total short-term investments $ 355,164 $ 165,680 $ 520,844 Non-marketable Cost Investments During the nine months ended September 30, 2015, the Company invested $2,799,000 for a non-controlling equity interest in a privately-held vacation rental website company in Canada and $2,000,000 for a non-controlling equity interest in a privately-held vacation rental website company in Turkey. The Company also has a non-controlling equity interest in a privately-held company in China with a carrying value of $19,498,000 and a non-controlling equity investment with a carrying value of $15,000,000 in a privately-held company in the United States that operates a travel research application and website. The Company’s investment in these privately-held companies is reported using the cost method of accounting and adjusted to fair value when an event or circumstance indicates an other-than-temporary decline in value has occurred. No event or circumstance indicating an other-than-temporary decline in value of the Company’s interest in the non-marketable cost investments has been identified during any of the periods presented. Accounts Receivable Accounts receivable are generated from credit card merchants who process the Company’s property listing sales, property listings sold on installments to the Company’s customers, partners who advertise the Company’s inventory on their websites and/or sell ancillary products to the Company’s customers and Internet display advertising. Accounts receivable outstanding beyond the contractual payment terms are considered past due. The Company determines its allowance for doubtful accounts by estimating losses on receivables based on known troubled accounts and historical experiences of losses incurred. Property and Equipment Property and equipment are recorded at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the related assets. Computer equipment and purchased software are generally depreciated over three years. Furniture and fixtures are generally depreciated over five to ten years. Leasehold improvements are depreciated over the shorter of the contractual lease period or estimated useful life. Upon disposal, property and equipment and the related accumulated depreciation are removed and the resulting gain or loss is reflected in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. Ordinary maintenance and repairs are charged to expense, while expenditures that extend the physical or economic life of the assets are capitalized. The Company capitalizes certain internally developed software and website development costs. These capitalized costs were approximately $38,759,000 and $36,038,000 at September 30, 2015 and December 31, 2014, respectively, and are included in property and equipment, net, in the condensed consolidated balance sheets. Internally developed software costs are generally depreciated over five years. The Company recorded depreciation expense on internally developed software and website development costs as follows (in thousands): Three Months Ended Nine Months Ended 2015 2014 2015 2014 Depreciation expense on internally developed software and website development costs $ 1,677 $ 1,343 $ 4,867 $ 3,947 Goodwill and Intangible Assets Goodwill arises from business combinations and is measured as the excess of the purchase consideration over the sum of the acquisition-date fair values of tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired, less any liabilities assumed. The Company uses estimates and assumptions to value assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date, and these estimates are inherently uncertain and subject to refinement. As a result, during the measurement period, which may be up to one year from the acquisition date, adjustments to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed are recorded with the corresponding offset to goodwill. Upon the conclusion of the measurement period or final determination of the values of assets acquired or liabilities assumed, whichever comes first, any subsequent adjustments are recorded to the condensed consolidated statements of operations. Goodwill and intangible assets deemed to have indefinite useful lives, such as certain trade names, are not amortized. Tests for impairment of goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets are performed on an annual basis or when events or circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. Circumstances that could trigger an impairment test outside of the annual test include but are not limited to: a significant adverse change in the business climate or legal factors, adverse cash flow trends, an adverse action or assessment by a regulator, unanticipated competition, loss of key personnel, decline in stock price and the results of tests for recoverability of a significant asset group. The Company has determined that no triggering event occurred during any of the periods presented. For goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets, the Company completes a “Step 0” analysis, which involves evaluating qualitative factors, including macroeconomic conditions, industry and market considerations, cost factors and overall financial performance related to its goodwill and its indefinite-lived intangible assets. If the Company’s “Step 0” analysis indicates that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit or of an indefinite-lived intangible asset is less than its carrying amount, then the Company would perform a quantitative two-step impairment test. The quantitative analysis compares the fair value of the Company’s reporting unit or indefinite-lived intangible assets to its carrying amount, and an impairment loss is recognized equivalent to the excess of the carrying amount over fair value. If, after assessing the totality of events or circumstances, the Company determines that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit or indefinite-lived intangible asset exceeds its carrying amount, then the quantitative impairment tests are unnecessary. The Company performs an evaluation of goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment annually in the fourth quarter of its fiscal year. The determination of whether or not goodwill or indefinite-lived intangible assets have become impaired involves a significant level of judgment. Changes in the Company’s strategy and/or market conditions could significantly impact these judgments and require adjustments to recorded amounts of goodwill or indefinite-lived intangible assets. No impairment of goodwill or indefinite-lived intangible assets was identified in any of the periods presented. Identifiable intangible assets consist of trade names, customer relationships, developed technology, domain names and contractual non-competition agreements associated with acquired businesses. Intangible assets with finite lives are amortized over their estimated useful lives on a straight-line basis and reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that an asset’s carrying value may not be recoverable (see Note 3). The straight-line method of amortization represents the Company’s best estimate of the distribution of the economic value of the identifiable intangible assets. Impairment of Long-lived Assets The Company evaluates long-lived assets held for use, such as property and equipment, for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value of an asset may not be recoverable. An impairment loss is recognized when estimated future undiscounted cash flows expected from the use of the asset plus net proceeds expected from disposition of the asset, if any, are less than the carrying value of the asset. When an impairment loss is recognized, the carrying amount of the asset is reduced to its estimated fair value in the period in which the determination is made. No material impairments of long-lived assets have been recorded during any of the periods presented. Leases The Company leases facilities in several countries around the world and certain equipment under non-cancelable lease agreements. The terms of certain lease agreements provide for rental payments on a graduated basis. Rent expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease period and accrued as rent expense incurred but not paid. Revenue Recognition The Company recognizes revenue when persuasive evidence of an agreement exists, delivery has occurred, the sales price is fixed or determinable and collectability is reasonably assured. The Company accounts for sales incentives to customers as a reduction of revenue at the time revenue is recognized from the related product sale. The Company also reports revenue net of any sales taxes collected. The Company generates a significant portion of its revenue from customers purchasing online advertising services related to the listing of their properties for rent, primarily on a subscription basis over a fixed-term. The Company also generates revenue based on the number of traveler inquiries and reservation bookings for property listings on the Company’s websites, local and national Internet display advertisers, license of property management software and ancillary products and services. Payments for term-based subscriptions received in advance of services rendered are recorded as deferred revenue and recognized on a straight-line basis over the listing period. Revenue for inquiry-based contracts are determined on a fixed fee-per-inquiry basis as stated in the arrangement and recognized when the service has been performed. The Company earns commission revenue for reservations made online through its websites, which is calculated as a percentage of the value of the reservation. This revenue is earned as the services are performed or as the customers’ refund privileges lapse and is included in listing revenue in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. Internet display advertising revenue is generated primarily from advertisements appearing on the Company’s websites. Depending upon the terms, revenue is earned each time an impression is delivered, a user clicks on an ad, a graphic ad is displayed, or a user clicks-through the ad and takes a specified action on the destination site. The Company sells gift cards with no expiration date to travelers and does not charge administrative fees on unused cards. There is a portion of the gift card obligation that, based on historical redemption patterns, will not be used by the Company’s customers and is not required to be remitted to relevant jurisdictions (“breakage”). At the point of sale, the Company recognizes estimated breakage as deferred revenue and amortizes it over 48 months based on historical redemption patterns. The Company also records commission revenue for each gift card sale over the same 48-month redemption period. Through its professional software for bed and breakfasts and professional property managers, the Company also makes selected, online bookable properties available to online travel agencies and channel partners. The Company receives a percentage of the transaction value or a fee from the property manager for making this inventory available, which is recognized when earned. This revenue is included in other revenue in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. The Company generates revenue from the sale of hosted software solutions where revenue is recognized on a straight-line basis over the contract term, generally one year. Certain implementation services are essential to the customer’s use of the Company’s hosted software solutions. Accordingly, the Company recognizes implementation revenue ratably over the estimated period of the hosting relationship, which is three years. Recognition starts once the product has been made available to the customer. Training and consulting revenue is recognized upon delivery of the training or consulting services to the end customer. Stock-Based Compensation Stock-based compensation for option awards is recognized based upon the estimated grant date fair value of the awards measured using the Black–Scholes valuation model. The fair value of restricted stock awards is determined based on the number of shares granted and the fair value of the Company’s common stock on the grant date. Fair value is generally recognized as an expense on a straight-line basis, net of estimated forfeitures, over the requisite service period. When estimating forfeitures, the Company considers voluntary termination behaviors as well as trends of actual option forfeitures. The Company uses the “with and without” approach in determining the order in which tax attributes are utilized. As a result, the Company only recognizes a tax benefit from stock-based awards in additional paid-in capital if an incremental tax benefit is realized after all other tax attributes currently available to the Company have been utilized. When tax deductions from stock-based awards are less than the cumulative book compensation expense, the tax effect of the resulting difference is charged first to additional paid-in capital to the extent of the Company’s pool of windfall tax benefits with any remainder recognized in income tax expense. The Company has determined that it has a sufficient windfall pool available and therefore no amounts have been recognized as income tax expense. In addition, the Company accounts for the indirect effects of stock-based awards on other tax attributes through the condensed consolidated statements of operations. The gross benefits of tax deductions in excess of recognized compensation costs are reported as financing cash inflows, but only when such excess tax benefits are realized by a reduction to current taxes payable. The following table summarizes the excess tax benefit that the Company recorded (in thousands): Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30, 2015 2014 2015 2014 Excess tax benefit from stock-based compensation, net $ 5,200 $ 1,362 $ 7,494 $ 2,583 This tax benefit has been recorded as additional paid-in capital on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets. Defined Benefit Pension Plan During the nine months ended September 30, 2015, the Company recorded an adjustment to correct a prior period accounting error related to the Company’s defined benefit pension plan for one of its foreign subsidiaries. The adjustment increased the Company’s liabilities by approximately $4,200,000 and decreased other comprehensive income by approximately $4,000,000 and income before income taxes by approximately $200,000 as of and during the nine months ended September 30, 2015. The Company does not believe these adjustments are material to the consolidated financial statements for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015, the expected annual results for 2015 or to the consolidated financial statements of any prior period. Income Taxes The Company recognizes income taxes using an asset and liability approach. This approach requires the recognition of deferred tax liabilities and assets for the future tax consequences of events that have been recognized in the Company’s consolidated financial statements or tax returns. The measurement of deferred taxes is based on provisions of the enacted tax law and the effects of future changes in tax laws or rates are not anticipated. A valuation allowance is recognized if, based on the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax asset will not be realized. Evaluating the need for an amount of a valuation allowance for deferred tax assets requires significant judgment and analysis of the positive and negative evidence available, including past operating results, estimates of future taxable income, reversals of existing taxable temporary differences and the feasibility of tax planning in order to determine whether all or some portion of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Based on the available evidence and judgment, the Company has determined that it is more likely than not that certain loss carryforwards will not be realized; therefore, the Company has established a valuation allowance for such deferred tax assets to reduce the loss carryforward assets to amounts expected to be utilized. The Company may be subject to income tax audits by the respective tax authorities in any or all of the jurisdictions in which the Company operates. The Company is currently undergoing audits in the United States as well as at its subsidiary in the United Kingdom. Significant judgment is required in determining uncertain tax positions. The Company recognizes the benefit of uncertain income tax positions only if these positions are more likely than not to be sustained. Also, the recognized income tax benefit is measured at the largest amount that is more than 50% likely of being realized. The Company adjusts these reserves in light of changing facts and circumstances, such as the closing of an audit or the refinement of an estimate. Changes in recognition or measurement are reflected in the period in which the change in judgment occurs. The Company records interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits as a component of income tax expense. The countries in which the Company may be subject to potential examination by tax authorities include Australia, Brazil, Colombia, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Singapore, Spain, Switzerland, Thailand, the United Kingdom and the United States. The calculation of the Company’s tax liabilities involves the inherent uncertainty associated with the application of complex tax laws. As a multinational corporation, the Company conducts its business in many countries and is subject to taxation in many jurisdictions. The taxation of the Company’s business is subject to the application of various and sometimes conflicting tax laws and regulations as well as multinational tax conventions. The Company’s effective tax rate is highly dependent upon the geographic distribution of its worldwide earnings or losses, the tax regulations and tax rates in each geographic region, the availability of tax credits and carryforwards, and the effectiveness of its tax planning strategies. The application of tax laws and regulations is subject to legal and factual interpretation, judgment and uncertainty. Tax laws themselves are subject to change as a result of changes in fiscal policy, changes in legislation, and the evolution of regulations and court rulings. Consequently, taxing authorities may impose tax assessments or judgments against the Company that could materially impact its tax liability and/or its effective income tax rate. The Company believes it has adequately provided in its financial statements for additional taxes that it estimates may be assessed by the various taxing authorities. While the Company believes that it has adequately provided for all uncertain tax positions, amounts asserted by tax authorities could be greater or less than the Company’s accrued position. These tax liabilities, including the interest and penalties, are adjusted pursuant to a settlement with tax authorities, completion of audit, refinement of estimates or expiration of various statutes of limitation. Foreign Currency The functional currency of the Company’s foreign subsidiaries is generally their respective local currency. The financial statements of the Company’s international operations are translated into U.S. dollars using the exchange rate at each balance sheet date for assets and liabilities, the historical exchange rate for stockholders’ equity, and a weighted average exchange rate for each period for revenue, expenses, gains and losses. Foreign currency translation adjustments are recorded as a separate component of stockholders’ equity. Gains and losses from non-functional currency denominated transactions are recorded in other income (expense) in the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations. The following table summarizes the foreign exchange loss that the Company recorded (in thousands): Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30, 2015 2014 2015 2014 Foreign exchange loss $ 279 $ 1,432 $ 930 $ 6,421 Derivative Financial Instruments As a result of the Company’s international operations, it is exposed to various market risks that may affect its consolidated results of operations, cash flows and financial position. These market risks include, but are not limited to, fluctuations in currency exchange rates. The Company’s primary foreign currency exposures are in Euros, British Pounds, Brazilian Real, Australian Dollars, Singapore Dollars and New Zealand Dollars. As a result, the Company faces exposure to adverse movements in currency exchange rates as the financial results of its operations are translated from local currency into U.S. dollars. Additionally, foreign exchange rate fluctuations on transactions denominated in currencies other than the functional currency result in gains and losses that are reflected in other income (expense) in the Company’s co |