Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies | 2. Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies. a. PRINCIPLES OF CONSOLIDATION. b. USE OF ESTIMATES. c. CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS. d. INVESTMENTS. The short-term bond funds and U.S. Treasuries held at December 3 1 available-for-sale non-current The Company records available-for-sale available-for-sale available-for-sale The Company previously owned a short-term bond fund that was classified as trading securities. Trading securities are recorded at fair value based on the closing market price of the security. For trading securities, the Company recognized realized gains and losses and unrealized gains and losses to earnings. At December 31, 2020 and 2019, there were no investments classified as trading securities, as the Company sold its interest in the short-term bond fund classified as trading securities in 2019 . e. ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE, NET. Accounts receivable are recorded net of customer allowance for distribution fees, trade discounts, prompt payment discounts, chargebacks and expected credit losses. Allowances for distribution fees, trade discounts, prompt payment discounts and chargebacks are based on contractual terms. The Company estimates the allowance for expected credit losses based on existing contractual payment terms, actual payment patterns of its customer and customer circumstances. At December 31, 2020 and 2019, the Company determined that an allowance for expected credit losses was not required. No accounts were written off during the periods presented. f. INVENTORY . work-in-process Cost is determined using a standard cost method, which approximates actual cost, and assumes a first-in, first out (FIFO) flow of goods. The Company began capitalizing inventories post FDA approval of Firdapse ® on November 28, 2018 as the related costs were expected to be recoverable through the commercialization of the product. Costs incurred prior to the FDA approval of Firdapse ® were recorded as research and development expenses in prior years’ consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss). If information becomes available that suggests that inventories may not be realizable, the Company may be required to expense a portion or all of the previously capitalized inventories. As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, inventory consisted mainly of work-in-process and finished goods. Products that have been approved by the FDA or other regulatory authorities, such as Firdapse ® ® The Company evaluates for potential excess inventory by analyzing current and future product demand relative to the remaining product shelf life. The Company builds demand forecasts by considering factors such as, but not limited to, overall market potential, market share, market acceptance, and patient usage. g. PREPAID EXPENSES AND OTHER CURRENT ASSETS. pre-clinical h. PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT, NET. three four i. FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS. j. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS. Level 1 inputs utilize quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company has the ability to access at the measurement date. Level 2 inputs are inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. Level 2 inputs may include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, as well as inputs that are observable for the asset or liability (other than quoted prices), such as interest rates, foreign exchange rates, and yield curves that are observable at commonly quoted intervals. Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs for the asset or liability, which are typically based on an entity’s own assumptions, as there is little, if any, related market activity. In instances where the determination of the fair value measurement is based on inputs from different levels of the fair value hierarchy, the level in the fair value hierarchy within which the entire fair value measurement falls is based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. The Company’s assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment, and considers factors specific to the asset or liability. Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using Balances as of December 31, 2020 Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets/Liabilities (Level 1) Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) Cash and cash equivalents: Money market funds $ 15,673,626 $ 15,673,626 $ — $ — U.S. Treasuries $ 104,994,400 $ — $ 104,994,400 $ — Short-term investments: Short-term bond funds $ 10,041,068 $ 10,041,068 $ — $ — Balances as of December 31, 2019 Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets/Liabilities (Level 1) Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) Cash and cash equivalents: Money market funds $ 23,963,617 $ 23,963,617 $ — $ — U.S. Treasuries $ 59,932,200 $ — $ 59,932,200 $ — Short-term investments: U.S. Treasuries $ 5,007,050 $ — $ 5,007,050 $ — k. OPERATING LEASES. right-of-use non-lease l. REVENUE RECOGNITION. ® ® ® ® To determine revenue recognition for arrangements that are within the scope of Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 606 – Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“Topic 606”), the Company performs the following five steps: (i) identify the contract(s) with a customer, (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract, (iii) determine the transaction price, (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract, and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation. The Company only applies the five-step model to arrangements that meet the definition of a contract under Topic 606, including when it is probable that the Company will collect the consideration it is entitled to in exchange for the goods or services it transfers to the customer. At contract inception, once the contract is determined to be within the scope of Topic 606, the Company assesses the goods or services promised within each contract and determines those that are performance obligations and assesses whether each promised good or service is distinct. The Company then recognizes as revenue the amount of the transaction price that is allocated to the respective performance obligation when (or as) the performance obligation is satisfied. For a complete discussion of accounting for product revenue, see Product Revenue, Net below. The Company also may generate revenues from payments received under a collaborative agreement. Collaborative agreement payments may include nonrefundable fees at the inception of the agreements, contingent payments for specific achievements designated in the collaborative agreements, and/or net profit-sharing payments on sales of products resulting from a collaborative arrangement. For a complete discussion of accounting for collaborative arrangements, see Revenues from Collaborative Arrangements below. Product Revenue, Net: ® ® The Company recognizes revenue on product sales when the Customer obtains control of the Company’s product, which occurs at a point in time (upon delivery or upon dispense to patient). Product revenue is recorded net of applicable reserves for variable consideration, including discounts and allowances. The Company’s payment terms range between 15 and 30 days. Shipping and handling costs for product shipments occur prior to the customer obtaining control of the goods and are recorded in cost of sales. If taxes should be collected from the Customer relating to product sales and remitted to governmental authorities, they will be excluded from revenue. The Company expenses incremental costs of obtaining a contract when incurred, if the expected amortization period of the asset that the Company would have recognized is one year or less. However, no such costs were incurred during the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019. During the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, all of the Company’s sales of Firdapse ® Reserves for Variable Consideration: These estimates take into consideration a range of possible outcomes which are probability-weighted in accordance with the expected value method in Topic 606 for relevant factors such as current contractual and statutory requirements, specific known market events and trends, industry data, and forecasted customer buying and payment patterns. Overall, these reserves reflect the Company’s best estimates of the amount of consideration to which it is entitled based on the terms of the respective underlying contracts. The amount of variable consideration which is included in the transaction price may be constrained, and is included in the net sales price only to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal in the amount of the cumulative revenue recognized under the contract will not occur in a future period. The Company’s analyses also contemplates application of the constraint in accordance with the guidance, under which it determined a material reversal of revenue would not occur in a future period for the estimates detailed below as of December 31, 2020 and, therefore, the transaction price was not reduced further during the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019. Actual amounts of consideration ultimately received may differ from the Company’s estimates. If actual results in the future vary from the Company’s estimates, the Company will adjust these estimates, which would affect net product revenue and earnings in the period such variances become known. Trade Discounts and Allowances: ® Prompt Payment Discounts: Funded Co-pay co-pay co-pay ® Product Returns: Provider Chargebacks and Discounts: Government Rebates: Bridge and Patient Assistance Programs: ® pre-established ® ® ® ® Revenues from Collaborative Arrangements: ® ® net-profit Nonrefundable upfront license fees are recognized upon receipt or over time based on a determination of whether access to the Company’s intellectual property is throughout the license period, or whether the right is provided as the intellectual property exists as the point in time in which the license is granted. In the third quarter of 2020, an upfront fee was earned under the collaboration agreement for the commercialization of Firdapse ® The collaborative agreements provide for milestone payments upon achievement of development and regulatory events. The Company accounts for milestone payments as variable consideration in accordance with Topic 606. The Company recognizes sales-based sales-based In arrangements where the Company does not deem the collaborator to be a customer, payments to and from the collaborator are presented in the statement of operations based on the nature of the Company’s business operations, the nature of the arrangement, including the contractual terms, and the nature of the payments. Under the arrangements, the Company will receive profit-sharing reports 60 days after quarter end from one collaborator, and within nine days after quarter end from the other collaborator. Since the Company will receive these reports 60 days after quarter end, profit-sharing revenue from sales of collaboration products by the Company’s collaborator will be recognized in the quarter following the quarter in which the corresponding sales occurred. In instances where profit-sharing reports are received within nine days after quarter end, revenue from sales of collaboration products by the Company’s collaborator will be recognized in the quarter in which the sales occurred. For the year ended December 31, 2020, there was profit-sharing revenue of approximately $ from sales of the collaborative product in Canada. For the years ended December , and , there was profit-sharing revenue from sales of the collaborative product. Refer to Note 7 (Collaborative Arrangements), for further discussion on the Company’s collaborative arrangements. m. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT. n. STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION. The Company recognizes expense in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss) for the fair value of all stock-based payments to employees, directors and consultants, including grants of stock options and other share-based awards. For stock options, the Company uses the Black-Scholes option valuation model, the single-option award approach, and the straight-line attribution method. one o. CONCENTRATION OF RISK. The Company sells its product in the United States through an exclusive distributor (its Customer) to specialty pharmacies. Therefore, its distributor and specialty pharmacies account for all of its trade receivables and net product revenues. The creditworthiness of its Customer is continuously monitored, and the Company has internal policies regarding customer credit limits. The Company estimates an allowance for expected credit loss primarily based on the credit worthiness of its Customer, historical payment patterns, aging of receivable balances and general economic conditions. The Company currently has a single product with limited commercial sales experience, which makes it difficult to evaluate its current business, predict its future prospects and forecast financial performance and growth. The Company has invested a significant portion of its efforts and financial resources in the development and commercialization of the lead product, Firdapse ® ® ® The Company relies exclusively on third parties to formulate and manufacture Firdapse ® ® ® p. ROYALTIES. q. INCOME TAXES. The Company recognizes the financial statement benefit of a tax position only after determining that the relevant tax authority would more likely than not sustain the position following an audit. For tax positions meeting the more-likely-than-not On March 27, 2020, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act was signed into law making several changes to the Internal Revenue Code. The changes include, but are not limited to: increasing the limitation on the amount of deductible interest expense, allowing companies to carryback certain net operating losses, and increasing the amount of net operating loss carryforwards that corporations can use to offset taxable income. The tax law changes in the CARES Act did not have a material impact on the Company’s income tax provision. r. COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS). available-for-sale s. NET INCOME (LOSS) PER COMMON SHARE. Diluted net income (loss) per common share is computed by dividing net income (loss) by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding, increased by the assumed conversion of other potentially dilutive securities during the period. The following table reconciles basic and diluted weighted average common shares: For the Years Ended December 31, 2020 2019 2018 Basic weighted average common shares outstanding 103,512,913 102,944,316 102,633,884 Effect of dilutive securities 2,729,360 3,076,620 — Diluted weighted average common shares outstanding 106,242,273 106,020,936 102,633,884 Outstanding common stock equivalents totaling approximately 7.1 million and 4.6 million, were excluded from the calculation of diluted net income (loss) per common share for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, as their effect would be anti-dilutive. For the year ended December 31, 2018, approximately 10.5 million shares of outstanding stock options were excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per common share because a net loss was reported in this period and therefore their effect was anti-dilutive. Potentially dilutive options to purchase common stock as of December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 had exercise prices ranging from $0.79 to $3.95, $0.79 to $4.20 and $0.79 to $4.64, respectively. t. SEGMENT INFORMATION. u. RECLASSIFICATIONS. v. RECENTLY ISSUED ACCOUNTING STANDARDS. In November 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-18, Collaborative Arrangements (Topic 808) 2014-09 2018-18 In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments — Credit Losses (Topic 326), Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments available-for-sale In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-15, Intangibles – Goodwill and Other – Internal-Use 350-40), internal-use internal-use 350-40 The Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, issued a final rule on November 19, 2020, adopting amendments to Regulation S-K In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-12, Income Taxes: Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes step-up |