ProMIS Neurosciences (PMN) 10-Q 2023 Q3 Quarterly report

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2023

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 FOR THE TRANSITION PERIOD FROM TO

Commission File Number 001-41429

PROMIS NEUROSCIENCES INC.

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its Charter)

Ontario, Canada	98-0647155
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
Suite 200, 1920 Yonge Street
Toronto, Ontario	M4S 3E2
(Address of principal executive offices)	(Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: 416-847-6898

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Shares, no par value per share	PMN	The Nasdaq Capital Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  ☒   No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).    Yes  ☒    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☒	Smaller reporting company	☒
Emerging growth company	☒

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).   Yes  ☐    No  ☒

As of November 10, 2023, the registrant had 18,885,254 Common Shares outstanding.

Table of Contents

		Page
PART I	FINANCIAL INFORMATION	3
Item 1.	Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)	3
	Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets	3
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss	4
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity (Deficit)	5
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	7
	Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	8
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	20
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	28
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	28
PART II	OTHER INFORMATION	29
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	29
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	29
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	30
Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	30
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	30
Item 5.	Other Information	30
Item 6.	Exhibits	31
Signatures		32

DISCLOSURE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains statements that we believe are, or may be considered to be, “forward-looking statements.” Forward-looking statements are neither historical facts nor assurances of future performance. Instead, they are based on current beliefs, expectations or assumptions regarding the future of the business, future plans and strategies, operational results and other future conditions of the Company. All statements other than statements of historical fact included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q regarding the prospects of our industry or our prospects, plans, financial position or business strategy may constitute forward-looking statements. In addition, forward-looking statements generally can be identified by the use of forward-looking words such as “plans,” “expects” or “does not expect,” “is expected,” “look forward to,” “budget,” “scheduled,” “estimates,” “forecasts,” “will continue,” “intends,” “the intent of,” “have the potential,” “anticipates,” “does not anticipate,” “believes,” “should,” “should not,” or variations of such words and phrases that indicate that certain actions, events or results “may,” “could,” “would,” “might,” or “will,” “be taken,” “occur,” or “be achieved,” or the negative of these terms or variations of them or similar terms. Furthermore, forward-looking statements may be included in various filings that we make with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) or press releases or oral statements made by or with the approval of one of our authorized executive officers. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in these forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot assure you that these expectations will prove to be correct. These forward-looking statements are subject to certain known and unknown risks and uncertainties, as well as assumptions that could cause actual results to differ materially from those reflected in these forward-looking statements.

Forward-looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q include, but are not limited to:

● the anticipated amount, timing and accounting of contingent, milestone, royalty and other payments under licensing or collaboration agreements;

● tax positions and contingencies; research and development costs; compensation and other selling, general and administrative expense;

● amortization of intangible assets;

● foreign currency exchange risk;

● estimated fair value of assets and liabilities; and impairment assessments;

● patent terms, patent term extensions, patent office actions and expected availability and period of regulatory exclusivity;

● our plans and investments in our portfolio as well as implementation of our corporate strategy;

● the risk that the Company will maintain enough liquidity to execute its business plan and its ability to continue as a going concern;

● the drivers for growing our business, including our plans and intention to commit resources relating to discovery, research and development programs and business development opportunities as well as the potential benefits and results of, and the anticipated completion of, certain business development transactions;

● the expectations, development plans and anticipated timelines, including costs and timing of potential clinical trials, filings and approvals, of our products candidates and pipeline programs, including collaborations with third-parties, as well as the potential therapeutic scope of the development and commercialization of our and our collaborators’ pipeline product candidates, if approved;

● the timing, outcome and impact of administrative, regulatory, legal and other proceedings related to our patents and other proprietary and intellectual property rights, tax audits, assessments and settlements, pricing matters, sales and promotional practices, product liability and other matters;

● our ability to finance our operations and business initiatives and obtain funding for such activities;

● any lingering impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business and operations, including expenses, reserves and allowances, the supply chain, manufacturing, cyber-attacks or other privacy or data security incidents, research and development costs, clinical trials and employees;

● inflation, market volatility and rising interest rates;

● the potential impact of healthcare reform in the United States (U.S.) and measures being taken worldwide designed to reduce healthcare costs and limit the overall level of government expenditures, including the impact of pricing actions and reduced reimbursement for our product candidates, if approved;

● the risk that we become characterized as a passive foreign investment company;

● lease commitments, purchase obligations and the timing and satisfaction of other contractual obligations; and

● the impact of new laws (including tax), regulatory requirements, judicial decisions and accounting standards.

By their very nature, forward-looking statements involve inherent risks and uncertainties, both general and specific, and risks exist that predictions, forecasts, projections and other forward-looking statements will not be achieved. We caution readers not to place undue reliance on these statements as a number of important factors could cause the actual results to differ materially from the beliefs, plans, objectives, expectations, anticipations, estimates and intentions expressed in such forward-looking statements. Risks, uncertainties and other factors which may cause the actual results, performance or achievements of ProMIS Neurosciences Inc. (the “Company”), as applicable, to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by such forward-looking information and statements include, but are not limited to, the risks described under the heading “Risk Factors Summary” and in Item 1A—“Risk Factors” in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 filed with the SEC on March 8, 2023 (the “Form 10-K”), the section entitled “Risk Factors” in the Company’s Post-Effective Amendment No. 1 to Form S-1 filed with the SEC on March 17, 2023 as well as the risks described in Item 1A—“Risk Factors” in subsequently filed Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q.

Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on any forward-looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, which reflect management’s opinions only as of the date hereof. Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to revise or publicly release the results of any revision to any forward-looking statements. You are advised, however, to consult any additional disclosures we make in our reports to the SEC. All subsequent written and oral forward-looking statements attributable to us or persons acting on our behalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by the cautionary statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

PART I—FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements.

PROMIS NEUROSCIENCES INC.

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets

(expressed in US dollars, except share amounts)

(Unaudited)

	September 30,		December 31,
	2023		2022
Assets
Current assets:
Cash	$	16,868,347	$	5,875,796
Short-term investments		31,824		31,009
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		957,785		996,682
Total current assets		17,857,956		6,903,487
Property and equipment, net		—		321
Intangible assets, net		18,022		20,838
Total assets	$	17,875,978	$	6,924,646
Liabilities and Shareholders' Deficit
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	8,414,596	$	2,975,398
Accrued liabilities		1,436,740		3,437,646
Share-based compensation liability - short-term		49		—
Total current liabilities		9,851,385		6,413,044
Share-based compensation liability		992,348		—
Warrant liability		277,356		1,859,374
Total liabilities		11,121,089		8,272,418
Commitments and contingencies (Note 10)
Shareholders' deficit:
Series 1 Convertible Preferred Shares, no par value, 70,000,000 shares authorized, 70,000,000 shares issued and outstanding as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022		—		—
Common shares, no par value, unlimited shares authorized, 18,525,254 and 8,579,284 shares issued and outstanding as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022		—		—
Additional paid-in capital		97,011,590		79,101,061
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		(371,184)		(195,369)
Accumulated deficit		(89,885,517)		(80,253,464)
Total shareholders' equity (deficit)		6,754,889		(1,347,772)
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity (deficit)	$	17,875,978	$	6,924,646

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

3

PROMIS NEUROSCIENCES INC.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss

(expressed in US dollars, except share amounts)

(Unaudited)

	For the		For the		For the		For the
	Three Months Ended		Three Months Ended		Nine Months Ended		Nine Months Ended
	September 30,		September 30,		September 30,		September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Operating expenses:
Research and development	$	1,142,160	$	4,570,562	$	5,658,127	$	9,702,978
General and administrative		1,375,380		1,483,573		4,729,969		5,154,324
Total operating expenses		2,517,540		6,054,135		10,388,096		14,857,302
Loss from operations		(2,517,540)		(6,054,135)		(10,388,096)		(14,857,302)
Other income (expense):
Change in fair value of financial instruments		119,019		61,407		683,568		2,972,272
Other interest expense		(75,413)		—		(124,595)		—
Interest expense on convertible debt		—		—		—		(282,064)
Gain on extinguishment of convertible debt and derivative liability		—		—		—		1,307,421
Other income		113,286		35,853		197,070		62,915
Total other income (expense), net		156,892		97,260		756,043		4,060,544
Net loss		(2,360,648)		(5,956,875)		(9,632,053)		(10,796,758)
Other comprehensive loss
Foreign currency translation adjustment		—		(131,874)		(175,815)		(82,397)
Comprehensive loss	$	(2,360,648)	$	(6,088,749)	$	(9,807,868)	$	(10,879,155)
Net loss per share, basic and diluted	$	(0.19)	$	(0.83)	$	(0.98)	$	(1.50)
Weighted-average shares outstanding of common shares, basic and diluted		12,370,830		7,195,529		9,861,719		7,195,529

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

4

PROMIS NEUROSCIENCES INC.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity (Deficit)

(expressed in US dollars, except share amounts)

(Unaudited)

									Accumulated
	Series 1 Convertible						Additional		Other
	Preferred Shares			Common Shares			Paid-in		Comprehensive		Accumulated
	Shares	Amount		Shares	Amount		Capital		Income (Loss)		Deficit		Total
Balance, January 1, 2022	—	$	—	7,195,529	$	—	$	68,039,178	$	(187,919)	$	(62,191,201)	$	5,660,058
Share-based compensation	—		—	—		—		348,861		—		—		348,861
Conversion of convertible debt and derivative liability to Series 1 Convertible Preferred Shares	70,000,000		—	—		—		5,600,000		—		—		5,600,000
Foreign currency translation	—		—	—		—		—		(82,397)		—		(82,397)
Net loss	—		—	—		—		—		—		(10,796,758)		(10,796,758)
Balance, September 30, 2022	70,000,000	$	—	7,195,529	$	—	$	73,988,039	$	(270,316)	$	(72,987,959)	$	729,764

									Accumulated
	Series 1 Convertible						Additional		Other
	Preferred Shares			Common Shares			Paid-in		Comprehensive		Accumulated
	Shares	Amount		Shares	Amount		Capital		Income (Loss)		Deficit		Total
Balance, January 1, 2023	70,000,000	$	—	8,579,284	$	—	$	79,101,061	$	(195,369)	$	(80,253,464)	$	(1,347,772)
Share-based compensation expense	—		—	—		—		266,701		—		—		266,701
Foreign currency translation	—		—	—		—		—		(175,815)		—		(175,815)
Proceeds from the issuance of common stock, pre-funded warrants and accompanying common warrants in August 2023 PIPE, net of issuance costs of $2,738,558	—		—	9,945,970		—		17,745,200		—		—		17,745,200
Reclassification of USD denominated warrants from warrant liability to additional paid-in capital due to change in functional currency	—		—	—		—		1,287,400		—		—		1,287,400
Reclassification of CAD denominated warrants from additional paid-in capital to warrant liability due to change in functional currency	—		—	—		—		(396,375)		—		—		(396,375)
Reclassification of CAD equity-classified stock options to share-based compensation liability due to change in functional currency	—		—	—		—		(1,435,913)		—		—		(1,435,913)
Re-measurement of liability-classified CAD stock options as of September 30, 2023	—		—	—		—		443,516		—		—		443,516
Net loss	—		—	—		—		—		—		(9,632,053)		(9,632,053)
Balance, September 30, 2023	70,000,000	$	—	18,525,254	$	—	$	97,011,590	$	(371,184)	$	(89,885,517)	$	6,754,889

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

5

PROMIS NEUROSCIENCES INC.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity (Deficit)

(expressed in US dollars, except share amounts)

(Unaudited)

									Accumulated
	Series 1 Convertible						Additional		Other
	Preferred Shares			Common Shares			Paid-in		Comprehensive		Accumulated
	Shares	Amount		Shares	Amount		Capital		Income (Loss)		Deficit		Total
Balance, July 1, 2022	—	$	—	7,195,529	$	—	$	73,879,455	$	(138,442)	$	(67,031,084)	$	6,709,929
Share-based compensation	—		—	—		—		108,584		—		—		108,584
Conversion of convertible debt and derivative liability to Series 1 Convertible Preferred Shares	70,000,000		—	—		—		—		—		—		—
Foreign currency translation	—		—	—		—		—		(131,874)		—		(131,874)
Net loss	—		—	—		—		—		—		(5,956,875)		(5,956,875)
Balance, September 30, 2022	70,000,000	$	—	7,195,529	$	—	$	73,988,039	$	(270,316)	$	(72,987,959)	$	729,764

									Accumulated
	Series 1 Convertible						Additional		Other
	Preferred Shares			Common Shares			Paid-in		Comprehensive		Accumulated
	Shares	Amount		Shares	Amount		Capital		Income (Loss)		Deficit		Total
Balance, July 1, 2023	70,000,000	$	—	8,579,284	$	—	$	79,367,762	$	(371,184)	$	(87,524,869)	$	(8,528,291)
Proceeds from the issuance of common stock, pre-funded warrants and accompanying common warrants in August 2023 PIPE, net of issuance costs of $2,738,558	—		—	9,945,970		—		17,745,200		—		—		17,745,200
Reclassification of USD denominated warrants from warrant liability to additional paid-in capital due to change in functional currency	—		—	—		—		1,287,400		—		—		1,287,400
Reclassification of CAD denominated warrants from additional paid-in capital to warrant liability due to change in functional currency	—		—	—		—		(396,375)		—		—		(396,375)
Reclassification of CAD equity-classified stock options to share-based compensation liability due to change in functional currency	—		—	—		—		(1,435,913)		—		—		(1,435,913)
Re-measurement of liability-classified CAD stock options as of September 30, 2023	—		—	—		—		443,516		—		—		443,516
Net loss	—		—	—		—		—		—		(2,360,648)		(2,360,648)
Balance, September 30, 2023	70,000,000	$	—	18,525,254	$	—	$	97,011,590	$	(371,184)	$	(89,885,517)	$	6,754,889

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements

6

PROMIS NEUROSCIENCES INC.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(expressed in US dollars)

(Unaudited)

	Nine Months Ended
	September 30,
	2023		2022
Cash flows from operating activities
Net loss	$	(9,632,053)	$	(10,796,758)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Share-based compensation		266,701		348,861
Foreign currency exchange (gain) loss		(2,632)		367,649
Change in fair value of derivative liability		—		(2,643,123)
Change in fair value of warrant liability		(683,568)		(326,741)
Depreciation of property and equipment		322		5,771
Amortization of debt discount and issuance costs		—		247,046
Amortization of intangible assets		2,816		3,886
Gain on extinguishment of convertible debt and derivative liability		—		(1,307,421)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		38,897		(781,683)
Accounts payable		5,439,199		1,518,327
Accrued liabilities		(2,515,120)		883,931
Net cash used in operating activities		(7,085,438)		(12,480,255)
Cash flows from investing activities
Purchase of property and equipment		—		(2,024)
Net cash used in investing activities		—		(2,024)
Cash flows from financing activities
Proceeds from issuance of common shares, pre-funded warrants and accompanying common warrants from August 2023 PIPE, net of issuance costs		18,259,414		—
Net cash provided by financing activities		18,259,414		—
Effect of exchange rates on cash		(181,425)		(540,884)
Net decrease in cash		10,992,551		(13,023,163)
Cash at beginning of period		5,875,796		16,943,905
Cash at end of period	$	16,868,347	$	3,920,742
Noncash financing activities
Conversion of convertible debt and derivative liability to Series 1 Convertible Preferred Shares	$	—	$	5,600,000
Share issuance costs related to August 2023 PIPE included in accrued liabilities as of September 30, 2023	$	514,214	$	—
Reclassification of historical CAD denominated warrants from equity to liability	$	(396,375)	$	—
Reclassification of historical USD warrants from liability to equity	$	1,287,400	$	—
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information
Cash paid for interest on convertible debt	$	—	$	87,069
Cash paid for other interest	$	124,595	$	—

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

7

PROMIS NEUROSCIENCES INC.

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(expressed in US dollars, except share and per share amounts)

(Unaudited)

1. DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS

Business Description

ProMIS Neurosciences Inc. (the “Company” or “ProMIS”) is applying its patented technology platform to build a portfolio of antibody therapies, therapeutic vaccines, and other antibody-based therapies in neurodegenerative diseases and other protein-misfolding diseases, with a focus on Alzheimer’s disease (AD), multiple system atrophy (MSA), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The Company believes these diseases share a common biologic cause — misfolded versions of proteins, that otherwise perform a normal function, becoming toxic and killing neurons, resulting in disease. ProMIS’ technology platform enables drug discovery through a combination of protein biology, physics and supercomputing. ProMIS believes this platform provides a potential advantage in selectively targeting the toxic misfolded proteins with therapeutics or detecting them with diagnostics.

The Company is developing a pipeline of antibodies aimed at selectively targeting misfolded toxic forms of proteins that drive neurodegenerative diseases without interfering with the essential functions of the same properly folded proteins. The Company's product candidates are PMN310, PMN267, and PMN442. The lead product candidate is PMN310, a monoclonal antibody designed to treat AD by selectively targeting toxic, misfolded oligomers of amyloid-beta. PMN267 is our second lead product candidate targeting ALS. It has been shown in preclinical studies to selectively recognize misfolded, cytoplasmic TDP 43 aggregates without interacting with normal TDP 43. Misfolded TDP 43 is believed to play an important role in the development of ALS. In light of research suggesting that misfolded toxic a-syn is a primary driver of disease in synucleinopathies such as MSA and Parkinson’s disease, our third lead product candidate, PMN442, has shown robust binding to pathogenic a-syn oligomers and seeding fibrils in preclinical studies, with negligible binding to a-syn monomers and physiologic tetramers which are required for normal neuronal function.

The Company was incorporated on January 23, 2004 under the Canada Business Corporations Act (“CBCA”). On July 13, 2023, the Company continued its existence from a corporation incorporated under the CBCA into the Province of Ontario under the Business Corporations Act (Ontario) (the “OBCA”) (the “Continuance”). The Continuance was approved by the Company’s shareholders at the Company’s 2023 Annual Meeting of Shareholders held on June 29, 2023. The Company is located at 1920 Yonge Street, Toronto, Ontario. The Company’s Common Shares are traded on the Nasdaq Capital Market (“Nasdaq”) under the symbol PMN. The Company has a wholly-owned U.S. subsidiary, ProMIS Neurosciences (US) Inc. (“ProMIS USA”), which was incorporated in January 2016 in the State of Delaware. As of September 30, 2023, ProMIS USA has had no material activity and has no material financial impact on the Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

The success of the Company is dependent on obtaining the necessary regulatory approvals of its product candidates, marketing its products, if approved, and achieving profitable operations. The continuation of the research and development activities and the commercialization of its products, if approved, are dependent on the Company’s ability to successfully complete these activities and to obtain additional financing through a combination of financing activities and operations. It is not possible to predict either the outcome of future research and development or commercialization programs, the Company’s ability to fund these programs, or the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern.

8

Liquidity Risk

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements were prepared on a going concern basis, which assumes that the Company will continue its operations for the foreseeable future and will be able to realize its assets and discharge its liabilities in the normal course of business. The Company has not generated revenues from its activities. The Company had a net loss of $2.4 million and $9.6 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively, and an accumulated deficit of $89.9 million as of September 30, 2023. Management believes these conditions raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern within the next twelve months from the date these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements are issued. The Company will require additional funding to conduct future clinical activities. The Company will seek additional funding through public and private financings, debt financings, collaboration agreements, strategic alliances and licensing agreements. Although the Company has been successful in raising capital in the past, there is no assurance of success in obtaining such additional financing on terms acceptable to us, if at all, and there is no assurance that the Company will be able to enter into collaborations or other arrangements. If the Company is unable to obtain funding, it could force delays, reduce or eliminate research and development programs, product portfolio expansion or commercialization efforts, which could adversely affect future business prospects, and the ability to continue operations.

The Company may continue to incur net losses for at least the next several years as the Company advances its product candidates. The Company is actively pursuing additional financing to further develop certain of the Company’s scientific initiatives, but there is no assurance these initiatives will be successful, timely or sufficient.

2. BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and the related notes thereto for the year ended December 31, 2022, which are included with the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K and related amendments filed with the United States Securities Exchange Commission (“SEC”). Furthermore, the Company’s significant accounting policies are disclosed in the audited consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC. Since the date of those audited consolidated financial statements, there have been no changes to the Company’s significant accounting policies except for the Company’s accounting treatment of deferred financing costs for common stock issuances, accounting for liability-classified share-based compensation and foreign currency further described below.

The accompanying unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“GAAP”) for interim financial information. Accordingly, certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP have been condensed or omitted. Any reference in these notes to applicable guidance is meant to refer to the authoritative GAAP as found in the Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) and as amended by Accounting Standards Updates (“ASU”) of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”).

In the opinion of management, the accompanying unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements for the periods presented reflect all adjustments, consisting of only normal recurring adjustments, necessary to fairly present the Company’s financial position, results of operations, and cash flows. The December 31, 2022 condensed consolidated balance sheet was derived from audited financial statements, but does not include all GAAP disclosures. The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements for the interim periods are not necessarily indicative of results for the full year.

Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiary. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

9

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make certain estimates, judgements and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Significant estimates and assumptions made in the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include, but are not limited to, the accrual for research and development expenses and the valuation of warrant liabilities and embedded derivative liabilities. Actual results could differ from those estimates, and such differences could be material to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

Segment Information

Operating segments are identified as components of an enterprise about which separate discrete financial information is available for evaluation by the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”), or decision-making group, in making decisions on how to allocate resources and assess performance. The Company has one operating segment and its Chief Executive Officer serves as the CODM. Substantially all of the Company’s assets are located in Canada.

Foreign and Functional Currency

Prior to July 1, 2023, the Company’s functional currency was the Canadian dollar (“C$”). Translation gains and losses from the application of the United States dollar (“US$”) as the reporting currency during the period that the Canadian dollar was the functional currency were included as part of cumulative currency translation adjustment, which is reported as a component of stockholders’ equity (deficit) as accumulated other comprehensive loss.

Following the Company’s voluntary delisting from the Toronto Stock Exchange in July 2023, the Company reassessed its functional currency and determined that, as of July 1, 2023, its functional currency had changed from the C$ to the US$. The Company analysis included various factors, including: the Company’s cash flows and expenses denominated primarily in US$, the primary market for the Company’s Common Shares trading in US$ and a majority ownership by U.S. shareholders. The change in functional currency was accounted for prospectively from July 1, 2023 and consolidated financial statements prior to and including the period ended June 30, 2023 were not restated for the change in functional currency.

For periods commencing July 1, 2023, monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are translated into US$ using exchange rates in effect at the end of the reporting period. Opening balances related to non-monetary assets and liabilities are based on prior period translated amounts, and non-monetary assets acquired, and non-monetary liabilities incurred after July 1, 2023 are translated at the approximate exchange rate prevailing at the date of the transaction. Revenue and expense transactions are translated at the approximate exchange rate in effect at the time of the transaction. Foreign exchange gains and losses are included in the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss within operating expenses.

Share-Based Compensation

Share-based compensation expense related to share awards granted to employees, directors and non-employees is recognized based on the grant-date estimated fair values of the awards using the Black- Scholes option pricing model (“Black-Scholes”). The value is recognized as expense ratably over the requisite service period, which is generally the vesting term of the award. The Company adjusts the expense for actual forfeitures as they occur. Share based compensation expense is classified in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss based on the function to which the related services are provided.

Black-Scholes requires a number of assumptions, of which the most significant are expected volatility, expected option term (the time from the grant date until the options are exercised or expire) and risk-free rate. Expected volatility is determined using the historical volatility for the Company. The risk-free interest rate is based on the yield of Canadian government bonds with a remaining term equal to the expected life of the option. Expected dividend yield is zero because the Company has never paid any cash dividends on common shares and the Company does not expect to pay cash dividends in the foreseeable future.

Awards of options that provide for an exercise price that is not denominated in: (a) the currency of a market in which a substantial portion of the Company's equity securities trades in, (b) the currency in which the employee's pay is denominated, or (c) the Company's functional currency, are required to be classified as liabilities. The change in the Company’s functional currency, effective July 1, 2023 resulted in the reclassification of outstanding stock options that were previously denominated

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in C$ from equity-classified to liability-classified options (see Note 8), which are accounted for as a share option modification in accordance with FASB’s ASC 718 – Compensation – Stock Compensation (“ASC 718”). Under ASC 718, when an award is reclassified from equity to liability, if at the reclassification date the original vesting conditions are expected to be satisfied, then the minimum amount of compensation cost to be recognized is based on the grant date fair value of the original award. Fair value changes below this minimum amount are recorded in additional paid-in capital. For each reporting period after the modification date, the stock option liability is adjusted so that it equals the portion of the requisite service provided multiplied by the modified award’s fair value at the end of the reporting period.

Share Issuance Costs

Common share issuance costs are incremental costs directly associated with an offering of securities. These costs typically include fees paid to bankers or underwriters, attorneys, accountants, as well as printers and other third parties. Prior to the effective date of an offering of equity securities, specific incremental costs directly attributable to a proposed or actual offering of securities may be deferred and charged against the gross proceeds of the offering.  The Company capitalizes these deferred financing costs as prepaid expenses and other current assets in the accompanying unaudited interim condensed consolidated balance sheets until the completion of the offering, unless the offering is abandoned, at which time the deferred financing costs will be recognized in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations.  During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company recognized general and administrative expenses of $0.0 million and $0.8 million related to abandoned offerings.

Emerging Growth Company Status

The Company is an Emerging Growth Company, as defined in Section 2(a) of the Securities Act of 1933, as modified by the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (“JOBS Act”). Under the JOBS Act, emerging growth companies can delay adopting new or revised accounting standards issued subsequent to the enactment of the JOBS Act, until such time as those standards apply to private companies. The Company has elected to use this extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards that have different effective dates for public and private companies until the earlier of the date that it (i) is no longer an emerging growth company or (ii) affirmatively and irrevocably opts out of the extended transition period provided in the JOBS Act. As a result, these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements may not be comparable to companies that comply with the new or revised accounting pronouncements as of public company effective dates.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In August 2020, the FASB issued ASU No. 2020-06, Debt—Debt with Conversion and Other Options (“Subtopic 470-20 ”) and Derivatives and Hedging Contracts in Entity s Own Equity (“Subtopic 815-40 ”): Accounting for Convertible Instruments and Contracts in an Entity’s Own Equity. ASU 2020-06 will simplify the accounting for convertible instruments by reducing the number of accounting models for convertible debt instruments and convertible preferred shares. Limiting the accounting models results in fewer embedded conversion features being separately recognized from the host contract as compared with current GAAP. Convertible instruments that continue to be subject to separation models are (i) those with embedded conversion features that are not clearly and closely related to the host contract, that meet the definition of a derivative, and that do not qualify for a scope exception from derivative accounting and (ii) convertible debt instruments issued with substantial premiums for which the premiums are recorded as additional paid-in capital. ASU 2020-06 also amends the guidance for the derivatives scope exception for contracts in an entity’s own equity to reduce form-over-substance-based accounting conclusions. ASU 2020-06 will be effective for the Company for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023. Early adoption is permitted, but no earlier than fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company is currently evaluating the potential impact adopting ASU 2020-06 will have on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and related disclosures, but does not have any outstanding debt as of September 30, 2023.

In June 2016, and in later clarifying amendments, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. The pronouncement changes the impairment model for most financial assets and will require the use of an “expected loss” model for instruments measured at amortized cost. Under this model, entities will be required to estimate the lifetime expected credit loss on such instruments and record an allowance to offset the amortized cost basis of the financial asset, resulting in a net presentation of the amount expected to be collected on the financial asset. ASU 2016-13 will be effective for the Company for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, with early adoption permitted. The Company adopted this standard effective January 1, 2023 with no material impact on the Company’s unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements.

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3. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

The following are the major categories of assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

	As of September 30, 2023
	Level 1		Level 2			Level 3	Total
Assets:
Short-term investments	$	31,824	$	—	$	—	$	31,824
Total assets measured at fair value	$	31,824	$	—	$	—	$	31,824
Liabilities:
Warrant liability	$	—	$	—	$	277,356	$	277,356
Total liabilities measured at fair value	$	—	$	—	$	277,356	$	277,356

	As of December 31, 2022
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets:
Short-term investments	$	31,009	$	—	$	—	$	31,009
Total assets measured at fair value	$	31,009	$	—	$	—	$	31,009
Liabilities:
Warrant liability	$	—	$	—	$	1,859,374	$	1,859,374
Total liabilities measured at fair value	$	—	$	—	$	1,859,374	$	1,859,374

No transfers between levels have occurred in either reporting period presented. Refer to Note 7 below for disclosures related to the warrant liability.

4. PREPAID EXPENSES AND OTHER CURRENT ASSETS

Prepaid expenses and other current assets consist of the following:

	September 30,		December 31,
	2023		2022
Upfront research payments	$	64,418	$	346,015
Goods and services tax receivable		83,448		71,626
Accrued interest receivable		82,059		—
Insurance		645,133		471,088
Dues and subscriptions		32,036		7,926
Consultants		4,811		56,797
License fee		4,722		25,700
Deposits		19,623		12,907
Miscellaneous		21,535		4,623
Total prepaid expenses and other current assets	$	957,785	$	996,682

5. ACCRUED LIABILITIES AND ACCOUNTS PAYABLE

Accrued liabilities consist of the following:

	September 30,		December 31,
	2023		2022
Legal	$	46,697	$	—
Accounting		82,732		73,970
Research and development		729,717		3,185,346
Other		577,594		178,330
Accrued liabilities	$	1,436,740	$	3,437,646

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Other accrued liabilities for the period ending September 30, 2023 include $514,214 of share issuance costs related to the August 2023 PIPE.

Accounts payable are current obligations due to vendors.  In May 2023, the Company entered into an agreement with a vendor which gives the option to defer payment on approximately $5.5 million of current accounts payable and accrued liabilities until March 31, 2024. The outstanding balance of invoices due to the vendor will accrue interest at an annual rate of 5.5%, which will be paid monthly. The Company may repay the outstanding balance at any time.  

6. EQUITY

The Company has authorized an unlimited number of both Common and Preferred Shares, issuable in series, and 70 million Series 1 Convertible Preferred Shares. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company had 18,525,254 and 8,579,284 issued and outstanding Common Shares, respectively, and 70,000,000 issued and outstanding Series 1 Convertible Preferred Shares. The Common Shares and Series 1 Convertible Preferred Shares have no par value.

Common Shares reserved for future issuance consists of the following:

	September 30,	December 31,
	2023	2022
Warrants	13,955,897	1,873,622
Series 1 Convertible Preferred Shares	1,166,667	1,166,667
Options issued and outstanding under stock option plan	1,041,492	1,043,025
Deferred Share Units	1,061	1,061
Common Shares available for grant under stock option plan	397,613	396,080
Total Common Shares reserved for future issuance	16,562,730	4,480,455

The preferences, privileges and rights of the Common Shares are as follows:

Voting

Subject to any special voting rights or restrictions, holders of Common Shares entitled to vote shall have one vote per share.

Dividends

The Company’s Board of Directors may from time to time declare and authorize payment of dividends, if any, as they may deem advisable and need not give notice of such declaration to any shareholder. Subject to the rights of common shareholders, if any, holding shares with specific rights as to dividends, all dividends on Common Shares shall be declared and paid according to the number of such shares held and paid in Canadian dollars.

Liquidation Rights

In the event of the liquidation, dissolution or winding-up of the Company or any other distribution of the Company’s assets for the purpose of winding up the Company’s affairs, after the payment of dividends declared but unpaid, the holders of Common Shares shall be entitled pari passu to receive any remaining property of the Company.

Series 1 Convertible Preferred Shares

On June 17, 2022, the directors of the Company authorized the issuance of 70,000,000 Series 1 Convertible Preferred Shares (“Preferred Shares”) with the following preferences, privileges and rights:

Dividends

If the Company declares, pays or sets aside any dividends on shares of any other class or series of capital stock the holders of the Preferred Shares shall receive a dividend on each outstanding share of Preferred Share in an amount equal to that dividend per share of the Preferred Share as would equal the product of the dividend payable as if all shares of such series had been converted into Common Shares.

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Liquidation

In the event of any voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company, the holders of the Preferred Shares shall be entitled to be paid out of the assets of the Company available for distribution to the shareholders an amount per share equal to $6.00, plus any dividends declared but not paid. If, upon any such liquidation event, the assets available for distribution to the shareholders are insufficient to pay the holders of the Preferred Shares, the holders of the Preferred Shares shall share ratably in any distribution of the assets available for distribution in proportion to the respective amounts which would otherwise be payable in respect of the shares held by them upon such distribution if all amounts payable on or with respect to such shares were paid in full.

Voting

The Preferred Shares do not confer any voting rights or privileges.

Redemption

The Preferred Shares are not subject to mandatory redemption or other redemption provisions for which the events resulting in redemption are not within the Company’s control.

Optional Conversion

Preferred Shares are convertible, at the option of the holder thereof, at any time and from time to time, and without the payment of additional consideration by the holder thereof, into such number of fully paid and non-assessable Common Shares as is determined by dividing $0.10 by the applicable conversion price in effect at the time of conversion. The Conversion Price was initially equal to $0.10 and, following the Reverse Share Split on June 28, 2022, is equal to $6.00, such that 60 Preferred Shares are convertible into 1 Common Share.

Mandatory Conversion

All outstanding Preferred Shares shall automatically convert into Common Shares, at the effective conversion rate upon the closing of one or more sales of equity securities resulting in at least $30 million of gross proceeds to the Company. As of September 30, 2023, the Company has raised approximately $27.8 million.

Equity Transactions

Following the change in functional currency effective July 1, 2023, the Company reassessed the classification of its historical US$ and C$ denominated warrants in accordance with the Company’s accounting policy for warrants. As a result of the reassessment, the Company determined that 870,026 US$ warrants to purchase Common Shares, originally issued in financing transactions in 2021 and 2022, previously classified as warrant liabilities met the criteria under ASC 815-40 for permanent equity classification. The US$ warrants with a total fair value of $1,287,400, calculated using a Black Scholes calculation as of June 30, 2023, were reclassified from warrant liability to additional-paid-in-capital in the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements. The fair value of the US$ warrants represented the entirety of the Company’s warrant liability as of June 30, 2023. The US$ warrants will not be re-measured prospectively.

As result of the reassessment the Company determined that 687,591 C$ warrants, originally issued in financing transactions between 2018 and 2020, which were previously classified in permanent equity no longer met the criteria for equity classification.  The C$ warrants were remeasured as of July 1, 2023. The C$ warrants have exercise prices between C$12.00 and C$28.80 and expire between January 2024 and November 2025. The Company measured the fair value of the C$ warrants on July 1, 2023 using a Black Scholes calculation and the resulting value of $396,375 was recorded as a reclassification from additional-paid-in-capital to warrant liability.  The C$ warrants liability was subsequently re-measured at September 30, 2023 to a fair value of $277,356, with the change in fair value of $119,019 reported in other income in the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated statement of comprehensive loss.

The weighted-average values of the significant assumptions used in the Black Scholes valuation of the C$ warrants as of July 1, 2023 included volatility of 84.6%, a risk-free rate of 4.54%, exercise price of C$12.80 and an expected term of 2.3 years. The weighted-average values of the significant assumptions used in the Black Scholes valuation of the C$ warrants as of

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September 30, 2023 included volatility of 127.8%, a risk-free rate of 4.83%, exercise price of C$13.35 and an expected term of 1.9 years.

A summary of warrant liability activity for the nine-month period ended September 30, 2023 is as follows:

	September 30,
	2023
Balance at December 31, 2022	$	1,859,374
Change in fair value of US$ warrant liability		(564,549)
Foreign exchange loss		(7,425)
Fair value of US$ warrant liability as of June 30, 2023		1,287,400
Fair value of previously liability-classified US$ warrants reclassified to additional paid-in-capital as of July 1, 2023		(1,287,400)
Fair value of previously equity-classified C$ warrants reclassified to warrant liability as of July 1, 2023		396,375
Change in fair value of C$ warrant liability		(119,019)
Balance at September 30, 2023	$	277,356

A summary of warrant liability activity for the year ended December 31, 2022 is as follows:

	December 31,
	2022
Balance at December 31, 2021	$	1,871,687
October 2022 PIPE warrant liability at issuance		1,520,401
Change in fair value of the warrant liability		(1,533,644)
Foreign exchange loss		930
Balance at December 31, 2022	$	1,859,374

In August 2023, through a private placement (“August 2023 PIPE”), the Company issued 9,945,969 Common Shares, and, in lieu of Common Shares, Pre-Funded Warrants to purchase an aggregate of 954,725 Common Shares, and, in each case, accompanying Common Warrants to purchase an aggregate of up to 10,900,604 additional Common Shares at a unit price of $1.88 per Common Share and accompanying Common Warrant (or $1.87 per Pre-Funded Warrant and accompanying Common Warrant). The private placement resulted in aggregate gross proceeds of $20,483,758 before $2,738,558 of issuance costs. The Common Warrants are exercisable for five years commencing six months after the issuance date at a price of $1.75.

The Company determined the Pre-Funded Warrants and Common Warrants both met the permanent equity criteria classification. The Pre-Funded Warrants and Common Warrants are classified as a component of permanent equity because they are freestanding financial instruments that are legally detachable and separately exercisable from the Common Shares with which they were issued, are immediately exercisable, do not embody an obligation for the Company to repurchase its shares, and permit the holders to receive a fixed number of common shares upon exercise. In addition, the Pre-Funded Warrants and Common Warrants do not provide any guarantee of value or return.

The Company also issued 327,020 compensation warrants to purchase Common Shares as compensation to a placement agent as part of the August 2023 PIPE.  The compensation warrants have an exercise price of $1.75 and expire in February 2029. The Company used a Black Scholes calculation to determine the fair value of the compensation warrants at the issuance date. The fair value of $466,658 of issuance costs are recorded in additional-paid-in capital, which results in a net zero impact to additional paid-in-capital and issuance costs. Significant assumptions used in the Black Scholes calculation included risk free interest rate of 4.36%; historical volatility of 107.3%; and a 5.5-year expiry.

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7. WARRANTS

As of September 30, 2023, outstanding Common Share warrants and exercise prices denominated in C$ unless otherwise noted, related to unit offerings are as follows:

Exercise	Number of
Price $	Warrants	Expiry date
28.80	139,659	January 2024
18.00	68,334	June 2024
18.00	150,818	November 2024
18.00	49,167	December 2024
12.00	279,613	November 2025
USD 12.60	524,088	August 2026
USD 9.60	146,744	August 2026
USD 7.50	345,938	April 2028
USD 6.10	69,188	April 2028
USD 0.01	954,724	None
USD 1.75	11,227,624	February 2029
	13,955,897

In April 2023, 100,073 warrants with an exercise price of C$28.80 expired without being exercised. There were no warrant exercises in the nine months ended September 30, 2023.

8. SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION

2015 Stock Option Plan

The Company maintains the 2015 Stock Option Plan (“2015 Option Plan”), originally referred to as the 2007 Option Plan. In June 2015, the 2015 Option Plan was amended from a fixed option plan to a rolling share option plan pursuant to which the Company is authorized to grant options of up to 20% of its issued and outstanding Common Shares. Share options granted vest at various rates and have a term not exceeding ten years. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company had 397,613 and 396,080 options available for grant under the 2015 Option Plan, respectively.

The following table summarizes the share options outstanding under the 2015 Option Plan for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. All amounts are denominated in C$, except year and share amounts:

				Weighted
		Weighted		Average
		Average		Remaining
	Number of	Exercise		Contractual	Aggregate
	Share	Price Per		Term	Intrinsic
	Options	Share		(years)	Value
Outstanding as of December 31, 2022	1,043,025	$	7.53	6.1	$	59,116
Expired	(1,533)		11.77	—		—
Outstanding as of September 30, 2023	1,041,492		7.52	5.4		59,116
Vested and exercisable as of September 30, 2023	696,625	$	7.43	4.2	$	59,116

The aggregate intrinsic value of options outstanding and vested and exercisable is calculated as the difference between the exercise price of the underlying options, and the fair value of the Company’s Common Shares when the exercise price is below fair value.  There were no options exercised or granted during the nine months ended September 30, 2023.

Upon the change in the Company’s functional currency effective July 1, 2023 C$ share options previously classified as equity were reclassified as liabilities. On July 1, 2023, these options had a fair value of $1,768,515, which was recorded as share-based compensation liability, of which $1,435,913 was reclassified from additional paid-in capital and the remainder of $332,602 was recorded as additional share-based compensation expense. The C$ options were re-measured as of September 30, 2023 and had a fair value of $992,367, resulting in a decrease in fair value of $776,148, of which $332,602 was reduced

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from share-based compensation expense, with the remaining $443,516 applied to additional paid-in-capital in the Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss.

The following table summarizes the weighted average of significant assumptions used to calculate the fair value of C$ share options outstanding and exercisable as of July 1, 2023 and September 30, 2023:

	Period Ended
	September 30,			July 1,
	2023			2023
Weighted average fair value of Options	C$	1.30		C$	2.54
Expected volatility		118.7	%		83.3	%
Risk-free interest rate		4.81	%		4.30	%
Expected dividend yield		—	%		—	%
Expected term (years)		6.8			6.5

Share-based Payment Expense

The following table summarizes total share-based compensation included in the Company’s accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss:

	Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	September 30,				September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Research and development	$	—	$	39,627	$	78,018	$	157,147
General and administrative		—		68,957		188,683		240,333
Total share-based compensation	$	—	$	108,584	$	266,701	$	397,480

As of September 30, 2023, there was $487,925 of unrecognized share-based compensation liability related to options outstanding but unvested, which is expected to be recognized over weighted-average remaining service period of 2.5 years.

9. RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

UBC Collaborative Research Agreement

In April 2016, the Company entered into a collaborative research agreement (“CRA”) with the University of British Columbia (“UBC”) and the Vancouver Coastal Health Authority in the amount of C$787,500, with the Company’s Chief Scientific Officer, as principal investigator at the UBC. In January 2022, the UBC CRA was amended to extend the project for an additional three years, and funding was increased to an aggregate total of C$5,030,000. This amendment, along with the November 2021 amendment extends the project for an additional three years, effective January 1, 2022. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, the Company made cash payments of $296,590 and $255,339 and incurred costs of $444,730 and $409,268, respectively, which are included in research and development expenses in the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

10. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

Research, Development and License Agreements

The Company enters into research, development and license agreements with various parties in the ordinary course of business where the Company receives research services and rights to proprietary technologies. The agreements require compensation to be paid by the Company, typically, by a combination of the following:

● fees comprising amounts due initially on entering into the agreements and additional amounts due either on specified timelines or defined services to be provided;

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● milestone payments that are dependent on products developed under the agreements proceeding toward specified plans of clinical trials and commercial development; and

● royalty payments calculated as a percentage of net sales, commencing on commercial sale of any product candidates developed from the technologies.

Milestone and royalty related amounts that may come due under various agreements are dependent on, among other factors, preclinical safety and efficacy, clinical trials, regulatory approvals and, ultimately, the successful development and commercial launch of a new drug, the outcomes and timings of which are uncertain. Amounts due per the various agreements for milestone payments will accrue once the occurrence of a milestone is likely. Amounts due as royalty payments will accrue as commercial revenues from the product are earned. Through September 30, 2023, no events have occurred that require accrual of any milestone or royalty related amounts.

UBC and the Vancouver Coastal Health Authority Agreement

In April 2016, the Company entered into a three-year, CRA with the UBC and the Vancouver Coastal Health Authority. The agreement was amended various times through January 2022, extending the agreement through 2025. Refer to Note 9 Related Party Transactions.

UBC Agreement

In February 2009, the Company entered into an agreement with UBC to further the development and commercialization of certain technology developed, in part, by the Company’s Chief Scientific Officer. The agreement was amended and restated in October 2015. Under the amended and restated agreement, the Company is committed to make royalty payments based on revenue earned from the licensed technology. An annual license fee is payable over the term of the agreement. The agreement remains effective unless terminated under the provisions of the agreement.  The Company made annual license payments of C$25,000 during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022. Through September 30, 2023, no accruals for royalty payments have been made.

University Health Network Agreement

In April 2006, and in additional amendments through November 2013, the Company entered into an agreement with the University Health Network, Toronto, to license certain technology and related intellectual property. The UHN License Agreement calls for certain customary payments such as milestone payments, buyout payments and payment to UHN between a half of one percent to a low single digit royalty on revenues. The aggregate amount of all potential milestone and buyout payments under the UHN License Agreement (excluding royalty payments) is C$3,325,000. The Company did not make any payments under the agreement to UHN pursuant to the terms of the UHN License Agreement during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022. As of September 30, 2023, no accruals for any milestones or royalty payments have been made.

Indemnification

In the ordinary course of business, the Company enters into agreements that may include indemnification provisions. Pursuant to such agreements, the Company may indemnify, hold harmless and defend an indemnified party for losses suffered or incurred by the indemnified party. Some of the provisions will limit losses to those arising from third party actions. In some cases, the indemnification will continue after the termination of the agreement. The maximum potential amount of future payments the Company could be required to make under these provisions is not determinable. The Company has never incurred material costs to defend lawsuits or settle claims related to these indemnification provisions. The Company has also entered into indemnification agreements with its directors and officers that may require the Company to indemnify its directors and officers against liabilities that may arise by reason of their status or service as directors or officers. The Company currently has directors’ and officers’ insurance.

11. NET LOSS PER SHARE

Basic net earnings per share applicable to common stockholders is calculated by dividing net earnings applicable to common shareholders by the weighted average shares outstanding during the period, without consideration for common share equivalents. Diluted net earnings per share applicable to common shareholders is calculated by adjusting the weighted average

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shares outstanding for the dilutive effect of common share equivalents outstanding for the period, determined using the treasury-stock method and the if-converted method. For purposes of the calculation of dilutive net loss per share applicable to common shareholders, stock options, and warrants are considered to be common stock equivalents but are excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share applicable to common shareholders, as their effect would be anti-dilutive; therefore, basic and diluted net loss per share applicable to common shareholders were the same for all periods presented.

As of September 30, 2023, 954,725 Pre-Funded Warrants to purchase common shares for little to no consideration, issued in connection with the August 2023 private placement (see Note 6), were included in the basic and diluted net loss per share calculation. The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to common shareholders:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Numerator:
Net loss attributable to common shareholders	$	(2,360,648)	$	(5,956,875)	$	(9,632,053)	$	(10,796,758)
Denominator:
Weighted-average shares outstanding used in computing net loss per share attributable to common shareholders, basic and diluted		12,370,830		7,195,529		9,861,719		7,195,529
Net loss per share attributable to common shareholders, basic and diluted	$	0.19	$	0.83	$	0.98	$	1.50

The following outstanding potentially dilutive Common Shares equivalents were excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share for the periods presented because including them would have been antidilutive:

	September 30,
	2023	2022
Options issued and outstanding under stock option plan	1,041,492	689,321
Warrants	13,955,897	1,560,588
Series 1 Convertible Preferred Shares	1,166,667	1,166,667
Deferred Share Units	1,061	1,061
Total	16,165,117	3,417,637

12. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

The Company did not identify any subsequent events through November 14, 2023, the date these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements were issued.

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ITEM 2. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

All references in this management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations, or MD&A, to the “Company”, “ProMIS”, “we”, “us”, or “our” refer to ProMIS Neurosciences Inc., unless otherwise indicated or the context requires otherwise. The following MD&A is prepared as of November 14, 2023 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K and the unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (collectively, the “Financial Statements”), which have been prepared by management in accordance with GAAP as issued by the FASB. All dollar amounts refer to United States dollars, except as stated otherwise. Unless otherwise stated herein, all share and per share numbers relating to the Company’s Common Shares prior to the effectiveness of the Reverse Share Split have been adjusted to give effect to the Reverse Share Split.

Overview

We are applying our patented technology platform to build a portfolio of antibody therapies and therapeutic vaccines in neurodegenerative diseases and other protein-misfolding diseases, with a focus on Alzheimer’s disease (AD), multiple system atrophy (MSA), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). We believe these diseases share a common biologic cause — misfolded versions of proteins, that otherwise perform a normal function, becoming toxic and killing neurons, resulting in disease. ProMIS’ technology platform enables drug discovery through a combination of protein biology, physics and supercomputing. We believe this platform provides a potential advantage in selectively targeting the toxic misfolded proteins with therapeutics or detecting them with diagnostics.

We are developing a pipeline of antibodies aimed at selectively targeting misfolded toxic forms of proteins that drive neurodegenerative diseases without interfering with the essential functions of the same properly folded proteins. Our product candidates are PMN310, PMN267, and PMN442. Our lead product candidate is PMN310, a monoclonal antibody designed to treat AD by selectively targeting toxic, misfolded oligomers of amyloid-beta. PMN267 is our second lead product candidate targeting ALS. It has been shown in preclinical studies to selectively recognize misfolded, cytoplasmic TDP-43 aggregates without interacting with normal TDP-43. Misfolded TDP-43 is believed to play an important role in the development of ALS. In light of research suggesting that misfolded toxic a-syn is a primary driver of disease in synucleinopathies such as MSA and Parkinson’s disease, our third lead product candidate, PMN442 has shown robust binding to pathogenic a-syn oligomers and seeding fibrils in preclinical studies, with negligible binding to a-syn monomers and physiologic tetramers which are required for normal neuronal function. We also have earlier stage preclinical programs and a project to refine our discovery algorithm using machine learning as highlighted in the “Other Key Projects” section below.

We were incorporated on January 23, 2004 under the Canada Business Corporations Act (CBCA). On July 13, 2023, the Company continued its existence from a corporation incorporated under the CBCA into the Province of Ontario under the Business Corporations Act (Ontario) (the OBCA) (the Continuance). The Continuance was approved by the Company’s shareholders at the Company’s 2023 Annual Meeting of Shareholders held on June 29, 2023. We have a wholly-owned U.S. subsidiary, ProMIS USA, which was incorporated in January 2016 in the State of Delaware. ProMIS USA has had no material activity and has no material financial impact on our Financial Statements. Since our inception, we have devoted substantially all of our resources to developing our platform technologies and the resultant antibody product candidates, building our intellectual property portfolio, business planning, raising capital and providing general and administrative support for these operations. We have principally financed our operations through public and private placements of Common Shares and warrants and convertible debt.

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We have incurred significant operating losses since inception. Our ability to generate product revenue sufficient to achieve profitability will depend heavily on the successful development and eventual licensing and/or commercialization of our product candidates and any future product candidates. Our net losses were $2.4 million and $6.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively and $9.6 million and $10.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. As of September 30, 2023, we had an accumulated deficit of $89.9 million. We expect to continue to incur net losses for the foreseeable future and, if able to raise additional funding, would expect our research and development expenses, general and administrative expenses and capital expenditures to increase. In particular, if we are able to raise additional funding, we expect our expenses to increase as we continue our development of, and seek regulatory approvals for, our product candidates, as well as initiate clinical trials, hire additional personnel, pay fees to outside consultants, lawyers and accountants, and incur other increased costs associated with being a clinical-stage public company. In addition, if we obtain marketing approval for any product candidates, we may incur significant commercialization expenses related to product manufacturing, marketing, sales and distribution. We may also incur expenses should we in-license or acquire additional product candidates.

As a result, we will need substantial additional funding to support our continuing operations and pursue our growth strategy. Until such time as we can generate significant revenue from product sales, if ever, we expect to finance our operations through the sale of equity, debt financings, or other capital sources, which may include collaborations with other companies or other strategic transactions. We may be unable to raise additional funds or enter into such other agreements or arrangements when needed on favorable terms, or at all. If we fail to raise capital or enter into such agreements as and when needed, we may have to significantly delay, reduce or eliminate the development and commercialization of one or more of our product candidates or delay our pursuit of potential in-licenses or acquisitions.

Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with product development, we are unable to predict the timing or amount of increased expenses or when or if we will be able to achieve or maintain profitability. Even if we are able to generate product sales, we may not become profitable. If we fail to become profitable or are unable to sustain profitability on a continuing basis, then we may be unable to continue our operations at planned levels and be forced to reduce or terminate our operations.

We expect that our cash of $16.9 million as of September 30, 2023 will not be sufficient to fund the Company’s operating expenses for at least 12 months from the date these Financial Statements were issued. This raises substantial about regarding our ability to continue as a going concern. Refer to additional discussion related to going concern considerations in “Liquidity and Capital Resources.”

Program Updates

ProMIS lead program PMN310: Potential Next Generation Therapy for Alzheimer’s Disease

PMN310, a monoclonal antibody selective for toxic amyloid-beta oligomers in AD, is our lead product candidate. In the beginning of 2023, the Company made significant progress on the program elements.

The Company successfully manufactured PMN310 drug product under cGMP conditions. In April 2023, we filed the Investigational New Drug (IND) application with the FDA and obtained clearance on May 5, 2023. The first subjects in first-in-human Phase 1 clinical trial of PMN310 as a treatment for Alzheimer’s disease are expected to be dosed by end of November.

Expenditures for PMN310 in the three months ended September 30, 2023 were approximately $0.5 million, not including allocations of senior management time.

ALS Portfolio, including TAR-DNA binding protein 43 (TDP-43) – PMN267

PMN267 has been humanized in a human IgG1 framework and is ready to progress to IND-enabling studies, subject to sufficient available resources, to support the systemic, extracellular administration form. Additionally, in conjunction with a partner having expertise with vectorization, the development of an intrabody form could progress.

Multiple system atrophy (MSA) – PMN442

ProMIS has selected a novel monoclonal antibody (PMN442) which appears to target alpha-synuclein as a lead candidate for MSA based on its selective binding and protective activity against pathogenic forms of alpha-synuclein. PMN442 has been humanized in a human IgG1 framework and is ready to progress to IND-enabling studies, subject to availability of sufficient resources.

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Other key projects

We continue to progress with other key projects, in addition to our top priorities PMN310, PMN267, and PMN442. With respect to the amyloid vaccine program, mouse studies have provided data guiding the development of an AD vaccine containing our oligomer peptide antigens conjugated to a carrier protein in formulation with an adjuvant. Mouse vaccination studies are also ongoing to test potential a-syn vaccine candidates utilizing our peptide antigens to target pathogenic a-syn.

Our proprietary technology employs algorithmic prediction of protein misfolding to identify disease-specific epitopes (DSEs) to which selective antibodies can be raised.  An effort is underway to update the algorithms with machine learning capabilities to accelerate our ability to identify and patent DSEs and antibodies, across neurodegenerative diseases as well as other therapeutic areas.

Recent Corporate Highlights

● In July 2023, we presented two posters at the Alzheimer’s Association International Conference (AAIC) entitled “Selective targeting and protection against toxic amyloid-beta oligomers by PMN310, a monoclonal antibody rationally designed for greater therapeutic potency in Alzheimer’s disease” and “Rational design of a vaccine for Alzheimer’s disease using a computationally-derived conformational epitope to selectively target toxic amyloid-beta oligomers”.

● In July 2023, the Company announced and completed the voluntarily delisting from TSX to consolidate its shares on Nasdaq. The Company believes that this consolidation to the Nasdaq will facilitate the opportunity to undertake transactions in accordance with the rules of Nasdaq as its primary market while creating a central marketplace for common shares and providing more liquidity. The Company also believes that delisting from the TSX will lower the expenses of a dual listing and provide savings in time and effort of management, which can be redirected to initiatives intended to generate shareholder value.

● In August 2023, we completed a private placement of 9,945,969 Common Shares and, in lieu of Common Shares, 954,725 pre-funded warrants, each attached to a Common Share warrant exercisable at a price of $1.75 for gross proceeds of $20.4 million before deducting issuance costs of $2.7 million. Proceeds from the private placement are expected to be used to advance the clinical development of PMN310, ProMIS’ lead therapeutic candidate, as well as for working capital and other general corporate expenses.

● In October 2023, the PMN310 Phase 1a trial was added to the clinicaltrials.gov database (Study NCT06105528).

Components of Operating Results

Revenue

We have not generated any revenue since our inception and do not expect to generate any revenue from the sale of our products in the near future, if at all. If our product candidates are successful and result in marketing approval or if we enter into collaboration or license agreements with third parties, we may generate revenue in the future from a combination of product sales or payments from such collaboration or license agreements.

Operating Expenses

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses consist primarily of costs incurred in connection with the development and research of our platform technologies, as well as unrelated discovery program expenses. We expense research and development costs in the periods in which they are incurred. These expenses include:

● employee-related expenses, including salaries, related benefits and share-based compensation expense, for employees engaged in research and development activities;

● external research and development expenses incurred under arrangements with third parties, such as contract research organizations or contract research organizations (“CROs”), and consultants;

● the cost of acquiring, developing, and manufacturing clinical study materials; and

● costs associated with preclinical and clinical activities and regulatory operations.

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We enter into consulting, research, and other agreements with commercial entities, researchers, universities, and others for the provision of goods and services. Such arrangements are generally cancelable upon reasonable notice and payment of costs incurred. Costs are considered incurred based on an evaluation of the progress to completion of specific tasks under each contract using information and data provided by the respective vendors, including our clinical sites. These costs consist of direct and indirect costs associated with our platform technologies, as well as fees paid to various entities that perform certain research on our behalf. Depending upon the timing of payments to the service providers, we recognize prepaid expenses or accrued expenses related to these costs. These accrued or prepaid expenses are based on management’s estimates of the work performed under service agreements, milestones achieved, and experience with similar contracts. We monitor each of these factors and adjust estimates accordingly.

Research and development activities account for a significant portion of our operating expenses. If we are able to obtain additional funding, we expect our research and development expenses to increase substantially for the foreseeable future as we continue to implement our business strategy, which includes advancing our platform technologies through clinical development as well as other product candidates into clinical development, expanding our research and development efforts, including hiring additional personnel to support our research efforts, our clinical and product development efforts, and seeking regulatory approvals for our product candidates that successfully complete clinical trials.

We use our personnel and infrastructure resources across multiple research and development programs directed toward identifying and developing product candidates. Our direct research and development expenses consist primarily of external costs, including fees paid to consultants, contractors and CROs in connection with our development activities and the cost of acquiring, developing, and manufacturing clinical study materials.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of personnel costs including salary, bonus, employee-benefits and share-based compensation, costs incurred in development and protection of intellectual property, professional service fees, and other general overhead and facility costs, (including rent) depreciation and amortization. If we are able to obtain additional funding, we expect our general and administrative expenses to increase substantially for the foreseeable future as we increase our administrative function to support the growth of the business and its continued research and development activities.

Other (Expense) Income

Other (expense) income consists primarily of interest expense on our convertible debt, changes in the fair value of our financial instruments and interest income.

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 and 2022

Results of Operations

The following table summarizes our results of operations for the periods presented:

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		Change
Operating expenses
Research and development	$	5,658,127	$	9,702,978	$	(4,044,851)
General and administrative		4,729,969		5,154,324		(424,355)
Total operating expenses		10,388,096		14,857,302		(4,469,206)
Loss from operations		(10,388,096)		(14,857,302)		4,469,206
Other income/(expense)		756,043		4,060,544		(3,304,501)
Net loss	$	(9,632,053)	$	(10,796,758)	$	1,164,705

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Research and Development Expenses

The following table summarizes the period-over-period changes in research and development expenses for the periods presented:

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		Change
Direct research and development expenses by program
PMN310	$	3,144,784	$	5,823,786	$	(2,679,002)
ALS		—		690,539		(690,539)
Platform and other programs		466,793		392,905		73,888
Indirect research and development expenses:
Employee salaries and benefits		1,088,562		1,081,398		7,164
Share-based compensation		78,018		140,162		(62,144)
Consulting expense		807,551		1,461,366		(653,815)
Other operating costs		72,419		112,822		(40,403)
Total research and development expenses	$	5,658,127	$	9,702,978	$	(4,044,851)

Research and development expenses decreased by $4.0 million, or 42%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2022. This decrease is attributable to a $3.3 million decrease in direct research and development expenses. PMN310 related expenses for drug substance manufacturing and preclinical studies increased during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 whereas we conserved resources following the submission of the PMN310 IND in April 2023. Additionally, expenditures on our ALS program slowed during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 as we focused our available resources on PMN310. Research and development consulting expenses also decreased by $0.7M.

General and Administrative Expenses

The following table summarizes the period-over-period changes in general and administrative expenses for the periods presented:

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		Change
Employee salaries and benefits	$	629,864	$	577,839	$	52,025
Share-based compensation		188,683		210,230		(21,547)
Professional and consulting fees		3,568,384		4,058,895		(490,511)
Patent expense		184,341		358,974		(174,633)
Facility-related and other		158,697		(51,614)		210,311
Total general and administrative expenses	$	4,729,969	$	5,154,324	$	(424,355)

General and administrative expenses decreased by $0.4 million, or 8%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2022. Employee salaries increased by $0.1 million. Professional and consulting fees decreased by $0.5 million.  Professional and consulting fees during the nine months ended September, 2023 included one-time costs of $0.8 million related to expensing previously deferred financing costs after abandoning planned offerings. Professional and consulting fees during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 included $1.3 million of one-time costs related to our Nasdaq listing in July 2022. Excluding one-time costs, professional and consulting fees were $2.7 million for both the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, which included an increase in insurance costs of $0.2 million, an increase of $0.2 million in contractors and consultants and an increase of $0.1 million in board of director fees offset by decreases of $0.1 million in each of recruiting, legal and investor relations costs and a $0.1 million decrease in other business development costs.  Patent costs decreased by $0.2 million and facility and other costs increased by $0.2 million, primarily due to the impact of foreign exchange gains during the nine months ended September 30, 2022.

Other Income (Expense)

Other income decreased by $3.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2022. The decrease was primarily due to a $1.3 million gain on extinguishment of convertible debt in June 2022 and a decrease in other income of $2.3 million on change in fair value of the derivative liability and warrant liabilities offset by a $0.1 million increase in interest income and a decrease in interest expense of $0.2 million.

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Three Months Ended September 30, 2023 and 2022

Results of Operations

The following table summarizes our results of operations for the periods presented:

	Three Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		Change
Operating expenses
Research and development	$	1,142,160	$	4,570,562	$	(3,428,402)
General and administrative		1,375,380		1,483,573		(108,193)
Total operating expenses		2,517,540		6,054,135		(3,536,595)
Loss from operations		(2,517,540)		(6,054,135)		3,536,595
Other income/(expense)		156,892		97,260		(59,632)
Net loss	$	(2,360,648)	$	(5,956,875)	$	3,596,227

Research and Development Expenses

The following table summarizes the period-over-period changes in research and development expenses for the periods presented:

	Three Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		Change
Direct research and development expenses by program
PMN310	$	540,998	$	2,988,181	$	(2,447,183)
ALS		—		286,481		(286,481)
Platform and other programs		167,878		84,875		83,003
Indirect research and development expenses:
Employee salaries and benefits		353,720		403,342		(49,622)
Share-based compensation		—		39,627		(39,627)
Consulting expense		38,251		734,851		(696,600)
Other operating costs		41,313		33,205		8,108
Total research and development expenses	$	1,142,160	$	4,570,562	$	(3,428,402)

Research and development expenses decreased by $3.4 million, or 75%, for the three months ended September 30, 2023 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2022. This decrease is attributable to a $2.7 million decrease in direct research and development expenses and a decrease of $0.7 million in consulting expenses as we sought to conserve our resources following the submission of the PMN310 IND application in April 2023.

General and Administrative Expenses

The following table summarizes the period-over-period changes in general and administrative expenses for the periods presented:

	Three Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		Change
Employee salaries and benefits	$	207,931	$	199,069	$	8,862
Share-based compensation		—		68,957		(68,957)
Professional and consulting fees		994,570		1,251,770		(257,200)
Patent expense		42,198		104,172		(61,974)
Facility-related and other		130,681		(140,395)		271,076
Total general and administrative expenses	$	1,375,380	$	1,483,573	$	(108,193)

General and administrative expenses decreased by $0.1 million, or 7%, for the three months ended September 30, 2023 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2022. Professional and consulting fees totaled $1.0M for the three months ended September 30, 2023, representing a decrease of $0.3 million, year on year and one-time costs of $0.2 million related to our Nasdaq listing in July 2022. Patent costs decreased by $0.1 million and facility and other costs increased by $0.3 million, primarily due to the impact of foreign exchange gains during the three months ended September 30, 2022.

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Other Income (Expense)

Other income increased by $0.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2022. The increase was primarily due to an increase of $0.1 million in interest income and the change in fair value of warrant liability, offset by an increase of $0.1 million in interest expense.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Sources of Liquidity

We are a development stage company as we have not generated revenues to date and do not expect to have significant revenues until we are able to sell a product candidate after obtaining applicable regulatory approvals or we establish collaborations that provide funding, such as licensing fees, milestone payments, royalties, research funding or otherwise. Operations have been financed since inception, through the sale of equity and debt securities and the conversion of Common Share purchase warrants and share options. Our objectives, when managing capital, are to ensure there are sufficient funds available to carry out our research, development and eventual commercialization programs. When we have excess funds, we manage our liquidity risk by investing in highly liquid corporate and government bonds with staggered maturities to provide regular cash flow for current operations. We do not hold any asset-backed commercial paper and our cash is not subject to any external restrictions. We also manage liquidity risk by frequently monitoring actual and projected cash flows. The Board reviews and approves the Company’s operating and capital budgets, as well as any material transactions not in the ordinary course of business. The majority of our accounts payable and accrued liabilities have maturities of less than three months. We are dependent on our ability to generate revenues from our products or secure additional financing in order to continue our research and development activities and meet our ongoing obligations and existing liabilities. In May 2023, we entered into an agreement with a vendor which gives the option to defer payment on approximately $5.5 million of current accounts payable and accrued liabilities until March 31, 2024. The outstanding balance of invoices due to the vendor will accrue interest at an annual rate of 5.5%, which is paid monthly. We may repay the outstanding balance at any time.

In August 2023, we completed a private placement of 9,945,969 Common Shares and, in lieu of Common Shares, 954,725 pre-funded warrants, each attached to a Common Share warrant exercisable at a price of $1.75 for gross proceeds of $20.4 million before deducting issuance costs of $2.7 million. Proceeds from the private placement are expected to be used to advance the clinical development of PMN310, ProMIS’ lead therapeutic candidate, as well as for working capital and other general corporate expenses.

We incurred a net loss of $2.4 million and $9.6 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively, and reported an accumulated deficit of $89.9 million as of September 30, 2023. Management believes that these conditions raise substantial doubt as to the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern within 12 months of the date the Financial Statements are issued. Additional funding will be necessary to fund future clinical activities and to pay down our existing liabilities. We will seek additional funding through public and private financings, debt financings, collaboration agreements, strategic alliances and licensing agreements. Although we have been successful in raising capital in the past, changing macroeconomic factors including, but not limited to, rising interest rates, uncertainties in the banking industry and inflation have diminished certain opportunities to obtain funding in the current market environment. There is no assurance of success in obtaining such additional financing on terms acceptable to us, if at all, and there is no assurance that we will be able to enter into collaborations or other arrangements. If we are unable to obtain funding, it could force us to delay, reduce or eliminate research and development programs and product portfolio expansion or commercialization efforts. These potential delays, reductions and eliminations could adversely affect future business prospects, and our ability to continue as a going concern.

Cash Flows

The following table summarizes our sources and uses of cash for the periods presented:

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		Change
Net cash used in operating activities	$	(7,085,438)	$	(12,480,255)	$	5,394,817
Net cash used in investing activities		—		(2,024)		2,024
Net cash provided by financing activities		18,259,414		—		18,259,414
Effect of exchange rates on cash		(181,425)		(540,884)		359,459
Net increase (decrease) in cash	$	10,992,551	$	(13,023,163)	$	24,015,714

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Cash Flows from Operating Activities

Cash used in operating activities was $7.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, which consisted of a net loss of $9.6 million, increased by non-cash activities of $0.4 million offset by a net change of $3.0 million in our operating assets and liabilities. Non-cash activities primarily consisted of a non-cash gain on the change in fair value of warrant liability of $0.7 million. Additive changes in cash flows related to operating assets and liabilities primarily consisted of an increase of $5.4 million of accounts payable offset by a $2.0 million decrease in accrued liabilities.

Cash used in operating activities was $12.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, which consisted of a net loss of $10.8 million, increased by $3.3 million in non-cash activities and offset by a net change of $1.6 million in our operating assets and liabilities. The additive non-cash activities primarily consisted of the change in fair value of financial instruments of $3.0 million and gain on extinguishment of debt and derivative liability of $1.3 million, offset by non-cash charges for share-based compensation of $0.3 million, $0.2 million for amortization of convertible debt discount and foreign exchange losses of $0.4 million. Changes in cash flows related to operating assets and liabilities primarily consisted of a $0.8 million increase in prepaid expenses and other current assets and an increase of $2.4 million of accounts payable and accrued liabilities.

Cash Flows from Investing Activities

There was no cash used in investing activities during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and nominal cash used in investing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2022.

Cash Flows from Financing Activities

Cash provided by financing activities was $18.3 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 from the common shares, pre-funded warrants, and common share warrants sold in the August 2023 PIPE, which does not include $0.5 million of accrued but unpaid issuance costs as of September 30, 2023.

There was no cash provided by financing activities during the nine months ended September 30, 2022.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our MD&A is based on our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S GAAP and on a basis consistent with those accounting principles followed by us and disclosed in Note 2 to our audited consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2022. The preparation of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires our management to make certain judgments and estimates that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements, as well as the reported expenses incurred during the reporting periods. Our estimates are based on our historical experience and on various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgement about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Significant estimates and judgments include, but are not limited to, accruals for research and development expenses and the valuation of warrant liabilities and embedded derivative liabilities. Accordingly, actual results may differ from these judgments and estimates under different assumptions or conditions and any such difference may be material.

There have been no material changes to our critical accounting estimates since December 31, 2022.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

A description of recently issued accounting pronouncements that may potentially impact our financial position and results of operations is disclosed in Note 2 to the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

Emerging Growth Company Status

We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the JOBS Act. Under the JOBS Act, emerging growth companies can delay adopting new or revised accounting standards issued subsequent to the enactment of the JOBS Act until such time as those standards apply to private companies.

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We have elected to use this extended transition period to enable us to comply with new or revised accounting standards that have different effective dates for public and private companies until the earlier of the date we (i) are no longer an emerging growth company or (ii) affirmatively and irrevocably opt out of the extended transition period provided in the JOBS Act. As a result, our financial statements may not be comparable to companies that comply with new or revised accounting pronouncements as of public company effective dates.

Fully Diluted Share Capital

The number of issued and outstanding Common Share Equivalents as of September 30, 2023 was as follows:

	Number of
	Common
	Share
	Equivalents
Common Shares	18,525,254
Options issued and outstanding under stock option plan	1,041,492
Warrants	13,955,897
Series 1 Convertible Preferred Shares	1,166,667
Deferred share units	1,061
Total - September 30, 2023	34,690,371

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

In the normal course of business, we are exposed to a number of financial risks that can affect our operating performance. These risks are credit risk, liquidity risk and market risk. Our overall risk management program and prudent business practices seek to minimize any potential adverse effects on the Company’s financial performance.

Credit Risk

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to a significant concentration of credit risk consist primarily of cash and short-term investments. We manage our exposure to credit losses by placing our cash with accredited financial institutions, which at times, may exceed federally insured limits, and when we have excess funds, such funds are invested in high-quality government and corporate issuers with low credit risk. Cash held is not subject to any external restrictions. As of the year ended December 31, 2022 and three months ended September 30, 2023, a hypothetical 10% relative change in interest rates would not have a material impact on our Financial Statements.

Liquidity Risk

Our exposure to liquidity risk is dependent on purchasing obligations and raising funds to meet commitments and sustain operations. We are a pre-revenue development stage company, and we rely on external fundraising to support our operations. We also manage liquidity risk by continuously monitoring actual and projected cash flows. Our Board of Directors reviews and approves the Company’s operating budget, as well as any material transaction.

Inflation Risk

Inflation generally affects us by increasing our cost of labor, outside consultants and CROs. We do not believe that inflation had a material effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations during the three months ended September 30, 2023 or 2022.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

The Company maintains “disclosure controls and procedures,” as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) and Rule 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including

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our principal executive and principal financial officers, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Our management, with the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of September 30, 2023. Based on the evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures, our management concluded that, as of September 30, 2023, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to provide reasonable assurance that the information required to be disclosed by us in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q was (a) reported within the time periods specified by SEC rules and regulations, and (b) communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, to allow timely decisions regarding any required disclosure.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) promulgated under the Exchange Act that occurred during the quarter ended September 30, 2023 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

PART II

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

From time to time, we may become involved in litigation or other legal proceedings arising in the ordinary course of our business. We are not currently a party to any material litigation or legal proceedings that, in the opinion of our management, are likely to have a material adverse effect on our business. Regardless of outcome, litigation can have an adverse impact on us because of defense and settlement costs, diversion of management resources, negative publicity, reputational harm and other factors.

Item 1A. Risk Factors.

We operate in a rapidly changing environment that involves a number of risks which could materially affect our business, financial condition or future results, some of which are beyond our control. In addition to the other information set forth in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, the risks and uncertainties that we believe are most important for you to consider are discussed under the heading “Risk Factors Summary” and in Item 1A – “Risk Factors” in the Company’s Form 10-K, as amended and supplemented by the information in “Part II, Item 1A. Risk Factors” in our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarters ended March 31, 2023 and June 30, 2023. The risk factors set forth below are risk factors containing changes, which may be material, from the risk factors previously disclosed under the heading “Risk Factors Summary” and in Item 1A – “Risk Factors” in the Company’s Form 10-K as filed with the SEC and such subsequently filed Quarterly Report.

We have incurred losses since inception, we anticipate that we will incur continued losses for the foreseeable future and there is substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern for the full one-year period following the date of this filing of the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. We will require additional financing to achieve our goals, and a failure to obtain this necessary capital when needed on acceptable terms, or at all, could force us to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our development programs, commercialization efforts or other operations.

The development of biopharmaceutical therapeutic candidates is capital-intensive. We expect our expenses to increase in connection with our ongoing activities, particularly as we conduct our ongoing and planned preclinical studies of our development programs, initiate clinical trials for our therapeutic candidates and seek regulatory approval for our current therapeutic candidates and any future therapeutic candidates we may develop. If we obtain regulatory approval for any of our therapeutic candidates, we also expect to incur significant commercialization expenses related to product manufacturing, marketing, sales and distribution. Because the outcome of any preclinical study or clinical trial is highly uncertain, we cannot reasonably estimate the actual amounts necessary to successfully complete the development and commercialization of our therapeutic candidates. Accordingly, we will need to obtain substantial additional funding in connection with our continuing operations. We had working capital of approximately $8.0 million as of September 30, 2023. Management believes its working capital position raises substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern within the next twelve months from the date of filing of this Form 10-Q. We will require substantial additional funds for further research and development, planned clinical testing, regulatory approvals, establishment of manufacturing capabilities and, if necessary, the marketing and sale of our products. Our ability to raise additional financing and maintain operations in the future could be at substantial risk and there can be no assurance that additional funding or partnerships will be available on acceptable terms that would foster successful commercialization of our products. Failing to raise capital when needed or on attractive terms could force us to delay, reduce or eliminate our research and development programs or any future commercialization efforts.

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We may attempt to raise additional funds for these purposes through public or private equity or debt financing, collaborations with other biopharmaceutical companies and/or from other sources.

Unfavorable global economic conditions could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Our results of operations could be adversely affected by general conditions in the global economy and in the global financial markets. Portions of our future clinical trials may be conducted outside of the U.S. and unfavorable economic conditions resulting in the weakening of the U.S. dollar would make those clinical trials more costly to operate. Furthermore, a severe or prolonged economic downturn, including a recession or depression resulting from the current COVID-19 pandemic or other public health crises, weather catastrophe, acts of terrorism, war (such as the military conflict between Russia and Ukraine or between Israel and Hamas), threats of terrorist attacks or war, political disruption or other events outside of our control could result in a variety of risks to our business, including, among other things, weakened demand for our product candidates or any future product candidates, if approved, and our ability to raise additional capital when needed on acceptable terms, if at all. Any of the foregoing could seriously harm our business, and we cannot anticipate all of the ways in which the political or economic climate and financial market conditions could seriously harm our business.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.

In August 2023, we completed a private placement of an aggregate of (a) 9,945,969 common share units (the Common Share Units), each consisting of one of the Company’s Common Shares, and one warrant to purchase one Common Share (the Warrants) and (b) 954,725 pre-funded units, each consisting of one pre-funded warrant to purchase one Common Share (the Pre-Funded Warrants) and one Warrant (the Pre-Funded Units and together with the Common Share Units, the Units), for gross proceeds of $20.4 million before deducting issuance costs of $2.7 million.  The purchase price for each Common Share Unit was $1.88 per Common Share Unit and the purchase price for each Pre-Funded Unit was $1.87 per Pre-Funded Unit. The Warrants have an exercise price of $ 1.75 per whole Warrant, are exercisable beginning February 21, 2024 and will expire February 21, 2029. The Units, Common Shares, Pre-Funded Warrants, Warrants and Warrant Shares were sold and/or issued without registration under the Securities Act in reliance on the exemption provided by Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act as a transaction not involving a public offering and/or Rule 506(b) of Regulation D promulgated thereunder, as well as available exemptions under applicable state securities laws.

Item 3. Defaults upon Senior Securities

None.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.

Not applicable

Item 5. Other Information.

None.

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Item 6. Exhibits.

The following documents are filed as exhibits to this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q:

4.1	Form of Warrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 22, 2023).
4.2	Form of Pre-Funded Warrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 22, 2023).
10.1	Form of Unit Purchase Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 22, 2023).
10.2	Form of Registration Rights Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 22, 2023).
31.1*	Certification Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 – Chief Executive Officer
31.2*	Certification Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 – Chief Financial Officer
32.1*	Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 – Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer
101.INS*	Inline XBRL Instance Document - The instance document does not appear in the interactive data file because its XBRL tags are embedded within the inline XBRL document.
101.SCH*	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
101.CAL*	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.
101.DEF*	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.
101.LAB*	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.
101.PRE*	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.
104*	Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101).

* Filed herewith.

The certification attached as Exhibit 32.1 that accompanies this Quarterly Report is not deemed filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission and is not to be incorporated by reference into any filing of the Registrant under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, whether made before or after the date of this Quarterly Report, irrespective of any general incorporation language contained in such filing.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, on November 14, 2023.

	PROMIS NEUROSCIENCES INC.
Date: November 14, 2023	By:	/s/ Gail Farfel
		Gail Farfel
		Chief Executive Officer
		(principal executive officer)
Date: November 14, 2023	By:	/s/ Daniel Geffken
		Daniel Geffken
		Chief Financial Officer
		(principal financial officer)

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