| Risk Management Activities and Derivative Transactions | Risk Management Activities and Derivative Transactions TVA is exposed to various risks related to commodity prices, investment prices, interest rates, currency exchange rates, and inflation as well as counterparty credit and performance risks. To help manage certain of these risks, TVA has historically entered into various derivative transactions, principally commodity option contracts, forward contracts, swaps, swaptions, futures, and options on futures. Overview of Accounting Treatment TVA recognizes certain of its derivative instruments as either assets or liabilities on its Consolidated Balance Sheets at fair value. The accounting for changes in the fair value of these instruments depends on (1) whether TVA uses regulatory accounting to defer the derivative gains and losses, (2) whether the derivative instrument has been designated and qualifies for hedge accounting treatment, and (3) if so, the type of hedge relationship (for example, cash flow hedge). The following tables summarize the accounting treatment that certain of TVA's financial derivative transactions receive: Summary of Derivative Instruments That Receive Hedge Accounting Treatment (part 1) Amount of Mark-to-Market Gain (Loss) Recognized in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) (in millions) Three Months Ended June 30 Nine Months Ended June 30 Derivatives in Cash Flow Hedging Relationship Objective of Hedge Transaction Accounting for Derivative 2024 2023 2024 2023 Currency swaps To protect against changes in cash flows caused by changes in foreign currency exchange rates (exchange rate risk) Unrealized gains and losses are recorded in AOCI and reclassified to Interest expense to the extent they are offset by gains and losses on the hedged transaction $ 1 $ 5 $ 17 $ 79 Summary of Derivative Instruments That Receive Hedge Accounting Treatment (part 2) (1) Amount of Gain (Loss) Reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) to Interest Expense (in millions) Three Months Ended June 30 Nine Months Ended June 30 Derivatives in Cash Flow Hedging Relationship 2024 2023 2024 2023 Currency swaps $ 7 $ 22 $ 20 $ 65 Note (1) There were no amounts excluded from effectiveness testing for any of the periods presented. Based on forecasted foreign currency exchange rates, TVA expects to reclassify approximately $10 million of gains from Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) ("AOCI") to Interest expense within the next 12 months to offset amounts anticipated to be recorded in Interest expense related to the forecasted exchange loss on the debt. Summary of Derivative Instruments That Do Not Receive Hedge Accounting Treatment Amount of Gain (Loss) Recognized in Income on Derivatives (1) (in millions) Three Months Ended June 30 Nine Months Ended June 30 Derivative Type Objective of Derivative Accounting for Derivative Instrument 2024 2023 2024 2023 Interest rate swaps To fix short-term debt variable rate to a fixed rate (interest rate risk) Mark-to-market gains and losses are recorded as regulatory liabilities and assets, respectively Realized gains and losses are recognized in Interest expense when incurred during the settlement period and are presented in operating cash flow $ (8) $ (10) $ (23) $ (36) Commodity derivatives To protect against fluctuations in market prices of purchased commodities (price risk) Mark-to-market gains and losses are recorded as regulatory liabilities and assets, respectively Realized gains and losses are recognized in Fuel expense or Purchased power expense as the contracts settle to match the delivery period of the underlying commodity (2) (72) (97) (227) (256) Notes (1) All of TVA's derivative instruments that do not receive hedge accounting treatment have unrealized gains (losses) that would otherwise be recognized in income but instead are deferred as regulatory assets and liabilities. As such, there were no related gains (losses) recognized in income for these unrealized gains (losses) for the three and nine months ended June 30, 2024 and for the three and nine months ended June 30, 2023. (2) Of the amount recognized for the three months ended June 30, 2024, $59 million and $13 million were reported in Fuel expense and Purchased power expense, respectively, and of the amount recognized for the three months ended June 30, 2023, $78 million and $19 million were reported in Fuel expense and Purchased power expense, respectively. Of the amount recognized for the nine months ended June 30, 2024, $186 million and $41 million were reported in Fuel expense and Purchased power expense, respectively, and of the amount recognized for the nine months ended June 30, 2023, $205 million and $51 million were reported in Fuel expense and Purchased power expense, respectively. Fair Values of TVA Derivatives (in millions) At June 30, 2024 At September 30, 2023 Derivatives That Receive Hedge Accounting Treatment: Balance Balance Sheet Presentation Balance Balance Sheet Presentation Currency swaps £250 million Sterling $ (58) Accounts payable and accrued liabilities $(5); Other long-term liabilities $(53) $ (72) Accounts payable and accrued liabilities $(6); Other long-term liabilities $(66) £150 million Sterling (66) Accounts payable and accrued liabilities $(3); Other long-term liabilities $(63) (69) Accounts payable and accrued liabilities $(4); Other long-term liabilities $(65) Derivatives That Do Not Receive Hedge Accounting Treatment: Balance Balance Sheet Presentation Balance Balance Sheet Presentation Interest rate swaps $1.0 billion notional $ (520) Accounts payable and accrued liabilities $(22); Accrued interest $(5); Other long-term liabilities $(493) $ (499) Other current assets $1; Accrued interest $(27); Other long-term liabilities $(473) $476 million notional (172) Accounts payable and accrued liabilities $(6); Accrued interest $(1); Other long-term liabilities $(165) (159) Other current assets $3; Accrued interest $(8); Other long-term liabilities $(154) Commodity contract derivatives 14 Other current assets $9; Other long-term assets $9; Accounts payable and accrued liabilities $(2); Other long-term liabilities $(2) 31 Other current assets $21; Other long-term assets $12; Accounts payable and accrued liabilities $(1); Other long-term liabilities $(1) Commodity derivatives under the FHP (177) Accounts payable and accrued liabilities $(120); Other long-term liabilities $(57) (186) Accounts payable and accrued liabilities $(135); Other long-term liabilities $(51) Cash Flow Hedging Strategy for Currency Swaps To protect against exchange rate risk related to British pound sterling denominated Bond transactions, TVA entered into foreign currency hedges at the time the Bond transactions occurre d. TVA h ad two currency swaps outstanding at June 30, 2024, with total currency exposure of £400 million and expiration dates in 2032 and 2043. When the dollar strengthens against the British pound sterling, the exchange gain on the Bond liability and related accrued interest is offset by an equal amount of loss on the swap contract that is reclassified out of AOCI. Conversely, the exchange loss on the Bond liability and related accrued interest is offset by an equal amount of gain on the swap contract that is reclassified out of AOCI. All such exchange gains or losses on the Bond liability and related accrued interest are included in Long-term debt, net and Accrued interest, respectively. The offsetting exchange losses or gains on the swap contracts are recognized in AOCI. If any gain (loss) were to be incurred as a result of the early termination of the foreign currency swap contract, the resulting income (expense) would be amortized over the remaining life of the associated Bond as a component of Interest expense. The values of the currency swap liabilities are included in Accounts payable and accrued liabilities and Other long-term liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Derivatives Not Receiving Hedge Accounting Treatment Interest Rate Derivatives . Generally TVA uses interest rate swaps to fix variable short-term debt to a fixed rate, and TVA uses regulatory accounting treatment to defer the mark-to-market ("MtM") gains and losses on its interest rate swaps. The net deferred unrealized gains and losses are classified as regulatory liabilities or assets on TVA's Consolidated Balance Sheets and are included in the ratemaking formula when gains or losses are realized. The values of these derivatives are included in Other current assets, Accounts payable and accrued liabilities, Accrued interest, and Other long-term liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, and realized gains and losses, if any, are included on TVA's Consolidated Statements of Operations. For the three months ended June 30, 2024 and the three months ended June 30, 2023, the changes in fair market value of the interest rate swaps resulted in the reduction in unrealized losses of $32 million and $85 million, respectively. For the nine months ended June 30, 2024 and the nine months ended June 30, 2023, the changes in fair market value of the interest rate swaps resulted in the increase in unrealized losses of $63 million and the reduction in unrealized losses of $33 million, respectively. TVA may hold short-term debt balances lower than the notional amount of the interest rate swaps from time to time due to changes in business conditions and other factors. While actual balances vary, TVA generally plans to maintain average balances of short-term debt equal to or in excess of the combined notional amount of the interest rate swaps. Commodity Derivatives . TVA enters into certain derivative contracts for natural gas that require physical delivery of the contracted quantity of the commodity. TVA may also enter into short-term power purchase agreements ("PPAs") with a term of less than one year that provide an option to financially settle contracted power deliveries. This option creates an embedded derivative in the hosting PPA. TVA marks to market these contracts and defers the unrealized gains (losses) as regulatory liabilities (assets). At June 30, 2024, TVA's natural gas contract derivatives had terms of up to five Commodity Contract Derivatives At June 30, 2024 At September 30, 2023 Number of Contracts Notional Amount Fair Value (MtM) (in millions) Number of Contracts Notional Amount Fair Value (MtM) (in millions) Natural gas contract derivatives 52 353 million mmBtu $ 14 54 318 million mmBtu $ 31 Commodity Derivatives under the FHP. Currently, TVA is hedging exposure to the price of natural gas under the FHP. There is no Value at Risk aggregate transaction limit under the current FHP structure, but the TVA Board reviews and authorizes the use of tolerances and measures annually. TVA's FHP policy prohibits trading financial instruments under the FHP for speculative purposes. At June 30, 2024, TVA's natural gas swap contracts under the FHP had remaining terms of up to four Commodity Derivatives under Financial Hedging Program (1) At June 30, 2024 At September 30, 2023 Number of Contracts Notional Amount Fair Value (MtM) (in millions) Number of Contracts Notional Amount Fair Value (MtM) (in millions) Natural gas swap contracts 153 263 million mmBtu $ (177) 221 388 million mmBtu $ (186) Note (1) Fair value amounts presented are based on the net commodity position with the counterparty. Notional amounts disclosed represent the net value of contractual amounts. TVA defers all FHP unrealized gains (losses) as regulatory liabilities (assets) and records the realized gains or losses in Fuel expense and Purchased power expense to match the delivery period of the underlying commodity. Offsetting of Derivative Assets and Liabilities The amounts of TVA's derivative instruments as reported on the Consolidated Balance Sheets are shown in the table below: Derivative Assets and Liabilities (1) (in millions) At June 30, 2024 At September 30, 2023 Assets Commodity contract derivatives $ 18 $ 33 Interest rate swaps — 4 Total derivatives subject to master netting or similar arrangement $ 18 $ 37 Liabilities Currency swaps $ 124 $ 141 Interest rate swaps (2) 692 662 Commodity contract derivatives 4 2 Commodity derivatives under the FHP (3) 177 186 Total derivatives subject to master netting or similar arrangement $ 997 $ 991 Notes (1) Offsetting amounts include counterparty netting of derivative contracts. Except as discussed below, there were no other material offsetting amounts on TVA's Consolidated Balance Sheets at either June 30, 2024, or September 30, 2023. (2) Letters of credit of $415 million and $509 million were posted as collateral at June 30, 2024, and September 30, 2023, respectively, to partially secure the liability positions of one of the interest rate swaps in accordance with the collateral requirements for this derivative. (3) At June 30, 2024, the gross derivative asset and gross derivative liability were $8 million and $185 million, respectively, with offsetting amounts for each totaling $8 million. At September 30, 2023, the gross derivative asset and gross derivative liability were $26 million and $212 million, respectively, with offsetting amounts for each totaling $26 million. Other Derivative Instruments Investment Fund Derivatives . Investment funds consist primarily of funds held in the Nuclear Decommissioning Trust ("NDT"), the Asset Retirement Trust ("ART"), the Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan ("SERP"), the TVA Deferred Compensation Plan ("DCP"), and the Restoration Plan ("RP"). See Note 14 — Fair Value Measurements — Investment Funds for a discussion of the trusts, plans, and types of investments. The NDT and ART may invest in derivative instruments which may include swaps, futures, options, forwards, and other instruments. At June 30, 2024, and September 30, 2023, the NDT held investments in forward contracts to purchase debt securities. The fair values of these derivatives were in net asset positions totaling $4 million and $11 million at June 30, 2024, and September 30, 2023, respectively. Collateral . TVA's interest rate swaps, currency swaps, and commodity derivatives under the FHP contain contract provisions that require a party to post collateral (in a form such as cash or a letter of credit) when the party's liability balance under the agreement exceeds a certain threshold. At June 30, 2024, the aggregate fair value of all derivative instruments with credit-risk related contingent features that were in a liability position was $1.0 billion. TVA's collateral obligations at June 30, 2024, under these arrangements were $450 million, for which TVA had posted $415 million in letters of credit. These letters of credit reduce the available balance under the related credit facilities. TVA's assessment of the risk of its nonperformance includes a reduction in its exposure under the interest rate swap contracts as a result of this posted collateral. For all of its derivative instruments with credit-risk related contingent features: • If TVA remains a majority-owned U.S. government entity but Standard & Poor's Financial Services, LLC or Moody's Investors Service, Inc. ("Moody's") downgrades TVA's credit rating to AA or Aa2, respectively, TVA's collateral obligations would likely increase by $22 million, and • If TVA ceases to be majority-owned by the U.S. government, TVA's credit rating would likely be downgraded and TVA would be required to post additional collateral. Counterparty Risk TVA may be exposed to certain risks when a counterparty has the potential to fail to meet its obligations in accordance with agreed terms. These risks may be related to credit, operational, or nonperformance matters. To mitigate certain counterparty risk, TVA analyzes the counterparty's financial condition prior to entering into an agreement, establishes credit limits, monitors the appropriateness of those limits, as well as any changes in the creditworthiness of the counterparty, on an ongoing basis, and when required, employs credit mitigation measures, such as collateral or prepayment arrangements and master purchase and sale agreements. Customers . TVA is exposed to counterparty credit risk associated with trade accounts receivable from delivered power sales to LPCs, and from industries and federal agencies directly served, all located in the Tennessee Valley region. Of the $1.6 billion of receivables from power sales outstanding at both June 30, 2024, and September 30, 2023 nearly all of the counterparties were rated investment grade. The majority of the obligations of these customers that are not investment grade are secured by collateral. T VA is also exposed to risk from exchange power arrangements with a small number of investor-owned regional utilities related to delivered power. TVA believes its policies and procedures for counterparty performance risk reviews have generally protected TVA against significant exposure related to market and economic conditions. See Note 1 — Summary of Significant Accounting Policies — Allowance for Uncollectible Accounts, Note 3 — Accounts Receivable, Net, and Note 7 — Other Long-Term Assets . TVA had revenue from two LPCs that collectively accounted for 16 percent of total operating revenues for both the nine months ended June 30, 2024 and the nine months ended June 30, 2023. Suppliers . TVA assesses potential supplier performance risks, including procurement of fuel, purchased power, parts, and services. If suppliers are unable to perform under TVA's existing contracts or if TVA is unable to obtain similar services or supplies from other vendors, TVA could experience delays, disruptions, additional costs, or other operational outcomes that may impact generation, maintenance, and capital programs. If certain fuel or purchased power suppliers fail to perform under the terms of their contract with TVA, TVA might lose the money that it paid to the supplier under the contract and have to purchase replacement fuel or power on the spot market, perhaps at a significantly higher price than TVA was entitled to pay under the contract. In addition, TVA might not be able to acquire replacement fuel or power in a timely manner and thus might be unable to satisfy its own obligations to deliver power. TVA continues evaluating potential supplier performance risks and supplier impact but cannot determine or predict the duration of such risks/impacts or the extent to which such risks/impacts could affect TVA's business, operations, and financial results or cause potential business disruptions. TVA continues to experience impacts due to inflation, supply chain material challenges, and labor availability. This has led to project delays and limited availability and/or price increases for supplies and labor. TVA has been able to manage these challenges with limited business disruptions at this time; however, should pressures continue long term, TVA could experience more significant disruptions and pressure to further increase power rates. Natural Gas and Fuel Oil . TVA purchases a significant amount of its natural gas requirements through contracts with a variety of suppliers and purchases substantially all of its fuel oil requirements on the spot market. TVA delivers to its gas fleet under firm and non-firm transportation contracts on multiple interstate natural gas pipelines. TVA contracts for storage capacity that allows for operational flexibility and increased supply during peak gas demand scenarios or supply disruptions. TVA plans to continue using contracts of various lengths and terms to meet the projected natural gas needs of its natural gas fleet. TVA also maintains on-site, fuel oil backup to operate at the majority of the combustion turbine sites in the event of major supply disruptions. In the event a supplier experiences an incident that limits its ability to fulfill its firm contractual obligations to supply TVA natural gas, TVA intends to leverage its storage and balancing services and/or replace the volume with a third party to ensure reliability of generation. Coal . To help ensure a reliable supply of coal, TVA had coal contracts with multiple suppliers as of June 30, 2024. The contracted supply of coal is sourced from several geographic regions of the U.S. and is delivered via barge and rail. As a result of emerging technologies, environmental regulations, industry trends, and natural gas market volatility over the past few years, coal suppliers are facing increased financial pressure, which has led to relatively poor credit ratings and bankruptcies, restructuring, mine closures, or other scenarios. A long-term continued decline in demand for coal could result in more consolidations, additional bankruptcies, restructuring, mine closures, or other scenarios. Nuclear Fuel . Nuclear fuel is obtained predominantly through long-term uranium concentrate supply contracts, contracted conversion services, contracted enrichment services, or a combination thereof, and contracted fuel fabrication services. The supply markets for uranium concentrates and certain nuclear fuel services are subject to price fluctuations and availability restrictions. Supply market conditions may make procurement contracts subject to credit risk related to the potential nonperformance of counterparties. In the event of nonperformance by these or other suppliers, TVA believes that replacement uranium concentrate and nuclear fuel services can be obtained, although at prices that may be unfavorable when compared to the prices under the current supply agreements. On May 13, 2024, President Biden signed the Prohibiting Russian Uranium Imports Act into law, and further restrictions on the purchase or use of Russian origin fuel may be forthcoming. TVA should have no direct impact from existing or future restrictions since TVA has no Russian origin nuclear fuel in inventory for use in its reactors and it is not contracted to purchase any Russian origin nuclear fuel. TVA could be impacted by higher market prices as a result of general market impacts associated with supply restrictions; however, at this time TVA's nuclear fuel is obtained predominantly through long-term contracts. Purchased Power . TVA acquires power from a variety of power producers through long-term and short-term PPAs as well as through spot market purchases. Because of the reliability risk of purchased power, TVA requires that the PPAs contain certain counterparty performance assurance requirements to help insure counterparty performance during the term of the agreements. Other Suppliers . Mounting solar supply chain constraints, commodity price increases, and the recent trade policy investigation into solar panel imports have created challenges for the U.S. solar industry. TVA's Self-Directed Solar project and TVA's existing solar PPA portfolio are not immune from these challenges. Similar to the experience of the rest of the industry, the majority of TVA's contracted PPAs from previous requests for proposals ("RFPs") that are not yet online have been impacted by project delays and price increases, and TVA terminated one PPA because of counterparty default. Derivative Counterparties . T |
