Description of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | Note 1. Description of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Description of Business RingCentral, Inc. (the Company) is a provider of software-as-a-service (SaaS) solutions for business communications. The Company was incorporated in California in 1999 and was reincorporated in Delaware on September 26, 2013. Public Offerings On October 2, 2013, the Company completed an initial public offering (IPO) and sold 8,625,000 shares of Class A common stock to the public, including the underwriters’ overallotment option of 1,125,000 shares of Class A common stock and 80,000 shares of Class A common stock sold by selling stockholders, at a price of $13.00 per share. The offer and sale of all of the shares in the IPO were registered under the Securities Act pursuant to a registration statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-190815) (the “Initial Registration Statement”). The Company received aggregate proceeds of $103.3 million from the IPO, net of underwriters’ discounts and commissions, but before deduction of offering expenses of approximately $3.9 million. On March 11, 2014, the Company completed a secondary public offering and sold 7,991,551 shares of Class A common stock to the public, including 791,551 of the underwriters’ overallotment option and 5,200,000 shares of Class A common stock sold by selling stockholders, at a price of $21.50 per share. The offer and sale of all of the shares in the secondary public offering were registered under the Securities Act pursuant to a registration statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-194132) (Secondary Registration Statement). The Company received aggregate proceeds of $57.2 million from the secondary public offering, net of underwriters’ discounts and commissions, but before deduction of offering expenses of approximately $1.1 million. The Company did not receive any proceeds from the sale of shares by the selling stockholders. Principles of Consolidation The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) and include the consolidated accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. The significant estimates made by management affect revenues, accounts receivable, the allowance for doubtful accounts, inventory reserves, goodwill, share-based compensation, deferred revenue, return reserves, provision for income taxes, uncertain tax positions, loss contingencies, sales tax liabilities and accrued liabilities. Management periodically evaluates such estimates and they are adjusted prospectively based upon such periodic evaluation. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Foreign Currency The functional currency of the Company’s foreign subsidiaries is generally the local currency. Adjustments resulting from translating foreign functional currency financial statements into U.S. dollars are recorded as part of a separate component of stockholders’ equity and reported in the statements of comprehensive loss. All assets and liabilities denominated in a foreign currency are translated into U.S. dollars at the exchange rate on the balance sheet date. Revenues and expenses are translated at the average exchange rate during the period. Foreign currency transaction gains and losses are included in other income (expense), net for the period. Cash, Cash Equivalents and Investments in Marketable Securities The Company considers highly liquid investments with a remaining maturity of three months or less at the date of purchase to be cash equivalents. The Company’s cash equivalents consist of money market funds. Cash equivalents are stated at cost plus accrued interest, which approximates fair value. Management determines the appropriate classification of its investments in marketable securities at the time of purchase and reevaluates such designation at each balance sheet date. At December 31, 2015, the Company’s cash equivalents consist of money market funds and it held no marketable securities. At December 31, 2014 the Company’s marketable securities consisted of investments in commercial paper and corporate debt securities. At December 31, 2014, all investments were designated as available-for-sale and reported at fair value based either upon quoted prices in active markets, quoted prices in less active markets, or quoted market prices for similar investments, with unrealized gains and losses, net of related tax, if any, included in accumulated other comprehensive loss in the consolidated balance sheet. These securities at any time can be liquidated for use in current operations or for other purposes, such as consideration for acquisitions, even if they had not yet reached maturity. As a result, all of our investments held at December 31, 2014 were classified as current assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet. The Company monitors its investments for potential impairment on a quarterly basis. When the carrying amount of an investment in any securities exceeds its fair value and the decline in value is determined to be other-than-temporary (i.e., when the Company does intend to sell the securities and it is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the securities prior to anticipated recovery of its amortized cost basis), management records an impairment charge to other income (expense), net, in the amount of the credit loss and the balance, if any, is recorded in accumulated other comprehensive loss in the consolidated balance sheets. No impairment losses have been recognized for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013. Allowance for Doubtful Accounts For the year ended December 31, 2013, a significant portion of revenues were realized from credit card transactions with only a small portion of revenues generating accounts receivable. For the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2015, the portion of revenues generating accounts receivable has increased as the Company’s larger customers are extended standard net 30 credit terms. For all periods presented, the Company has not experienced any significant defaults on its accounts receivable. The Company determines provisions based on historical experience and upon a specific review of customer receivables. Below is a summary of the changes in allowance for doubtful accounts for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 (in thousands): Balance at Beginning of Period Provision, net of Recoveries Write-offs Balance at End of Period Year ended December 31, 2015 Allowance for doubtful accounts $ 125 $ 411 $ 159 $ 377 Year ended December 31, 2014 Allowance for doubtful accounts $ 139 $ 40 $ 54 $ 125 Year ended December 31, 2013 Allowance for doubtful accounts $ 433 $ (8 ) $ 286 $ 139 Inventory The Company’s inventory consists primarily of telephones and peripheral equipment held at third parties. Inventory is stated at the lower of cost computed on a first-in, first-out basis, or market value. Inventory write-downs are recorded when the cost of inventory exceeds its net realizable value and establishes a new cost basis for the inventory. On a quarterly and annual basis, the Company analyzes inventory on a part by part basis in comparison to forecasted demand to identify potential excess and obsolescence issues, and adjusts carrying amounts to estimated net realizable value accordingly. Internal-Use Software Development Costs The Company capitalizes qualifying internal-use software development costs that are incurred during the application development stage, provided that management with the relevant authority authorizes and commits to the funding of the project and it is probable the project will be completed and the software will be used to perform the function intended. Costs related to preliminary project activities and post implementation operation activities are expensed as incurred. Capitalized internal-use software development costs are included in property and equipment and are amortized on a straight-line basis to cost of revenues when the underlying project is ready for its intended use. In the fourth quarter of fiscal 2015, the Company determined that due to delays in the development and failure to achieve significant milestones by a third party supplier, certain software for internal use was no longer usable, and recorded a $1.3 million charge to the consolidated statements of operations. For the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, the Company capitalized $2.1 million and $0.7 million, net of impairment, of internal-use software development costs incurred, respectively. The carrying value of internal-use software development costs, net of amortization, was $2.6 million and $1.7 million at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Property and Equipment, Net Property and equipment, net is stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization, and is depreciated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Computer hardware and software, and furniture and fixtures are depreciated over useful lives ranging from three to five years; internal-use software development costs are amortized over useful lives ranging from three to four years; and leasehold improvements are depreciated over the respective lease term or useful life, whichever is shorter. Maintenance and repairs are charged to expense as incurred. The Company evaluates the recoverability of property and equipment for possible impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of such assets or asset groups may not be recoverable. Recoverability of these assets is measured by a comparison of the carrying amounts to the future undiscounted cash flows of the assets or asset groups are expected to generate. If such evaluation indicates that the carrying amount of the assets or asset groups is not recoverable, the carrying amount of such assets or asset groups is reduced to its estimated fair value. In the fourth quarter of fiscal 2015, the Company determined that due to delays in the development and failure to achieve significant milestones by a third party supplier, certain software for internal use was no longer usable, and recorded a $1.3 million charge to the consolidated statements of operations. Concentrations Financial instruments that subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash, cash equivalents, investments in marketable securities, and accounts receivable. The Company maintains its cash, cash equivalent and investment balances, which may exceed federally insured limits, with financial institutions and corporate entities that complies with investment guidelines which management believes are financially sound and have minimal credit risk exposure. The Company’s accounts receivable are primarily derived from sales by resellers and to larger direct customers. The Company performs ongoing credit evaluations of its resellers and does not require collateral on accounts receivable. The Company maintains an allowance for doubtful accounts for estimated potential credit losses. At December 31, 2015 and 2014, AT&T, one of our resellers, accounted for 39% and 44% of the Company’s total accounts receivable, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, AT&T accounted for 13% and 12% of the Company’s total revenues and 12% and 11% of our software subscription revenues, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2013, no single customer or reseller accounted for greater than 10% of the Company’s total revenues. The Company contracted a significant portion of its software development efforts from third-party vendors located in Russia and Ukraine during the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. A cessation of services provided by these vendors could result in a disruption to the Company’s research and development efforts. Revenue Recognition The Company’s revenues consist primarily of software subscriptions and product revenues. The Company’s software subscriptions revenue includes all fees billed in connection with subscriptions to the Company’s RingCentral Office, RingCentral Professional, RingCentral Fax, and RingCentral Contact Center SaaS applications. These software subscription fees include recurring fixed plan subscription fees, recurring administrative cost recovery fees, variable usage-based fees for blocks of additional minutes systematically purchased in advance of usage in excess of plan limits and one-time upfront fees. The Company provides its subscriptions pursuant to contractual arrangements that range in duration from one month to three years. The Company’s subscription fees are generally billed in advance directly to customer credit cards or via invoices issued to larger customers. The Company’s product revenue consists of sales of pre-configured office phones used in connection with the service and includes shipping and handling fees. The Company recognizes revenue when the following criteria are met: · there is persuasive evidence of an arrangement; · the subscription is being provided to the customer or the product has been delivered; · the collection of the fees is reasonably assured; and · the amount of fees to be paid by the customer is fixed or determinable. Revenue under subscription plans are recognized as follows: · fixed plan subscription and administrative cost recovery fees are recognized on a straight-line basis over their respective contractual subscription terms; · fees for additional minutes of usage in excess of plan limits are recognized over the estimated usage period in a manner that approximates actual usage; and · one-time upfront fees are initially deferred and recognized on a straight-line basis over the estimated average customer life. Product revenue is billed at the time the order is received and recognized when the product has been delivered to the customer. The Company enters into arrangements with multiple-elements that generally include services to be provided under the subscription plan and the sale of products used in connection with the Company’s subscriptions. The Company allocates the consideration to each deliverable in a multiple-deliverable arrangement based upon its relative selling prices. The Company determines the selling price using vendor-specific objective evidence (VSOE) for its subscription plans and best estimated selling price (BESP) for its product offerings. Consideration allocated to each deliverable, limited to the amount not contingent on future performance, are then recognized to revenue when the basic revenue recognition criteria are met for the respective deliverable. The Company determines VSOE based on historical standalone sales to customers. In determining VSOE, the Company requires that a substantial majority of the selling prices fall within a reasonably narrow pricing range. VSOE exists for all of the Company’s subscription plans. The Company uses BESP as the selling price for its product offerings as the Company is not able to determine VSOE of fair value from standalone sales or third-party evidence of selling price (TPE). The Company estimates BESP for a product by considering company-specific factors such as pricing objectives, direct product and other costs, bundling and discounting practices and contractually stated prices. A portion of the Company’s software subscriptions and product revenues are generated through sales by resellers. When the Company assumes a majority of the business risks associated with performance of the contractual obligations, it records these revenues at the gross amount paid by the customer with amounts retained by the resellers recognized as sales and marketing expense. The Company’s assumption of such business risks is evidenced when, among other things, it takes responsibility for delivery of the product or subscription, is involved in establishing pricing of the arrangement, assumes credit and inventory risk, and is the primary obligor in the arrangement. When a reseller assumes the majority of the business risks associated with the performance of the contractual obligations, the Company records the associated revenue at the net amount received from the reseller. The Company recognizes revenue from resellers when the following criteria are met: · persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists through a contract with the customer; · the subscription is being provided to the customer or the product has been delivered; · the amount of fees to be paid by the customer is fixed or determinable; and · the collection of the fees is reasonably assured. The Company’s deliverables sold through its reseller agreements consist of the Company’s software subscriptions and products. Subscriptions sold through resellers are recognized on a straight-line basis over the period the underlying subscriptions are provided to the end customer. Products sold through resellers are shipped directly to the end customer and are recognized when title transfers to the end customer. Revenue from resellers has predominantly been recorded on a gross basis for all periods presented. The Company records reductions to revenue for estimated sales returns and customer credits at the time the related revenue is recognized. Sales returns and customer credits are estimated based on historical experience, current trends and expectations regarding future experience. Customer billings related to taxes imposed by and remitted to governmental authorities on revenue-producing transactions are reported on a net basis. When such remitted taxes exceed the amount billed to customers, the cost is included in general and administrative expenses. Amounts billed in excess of revenue recognized for the period are reported as deferred revenue on the consolidated balance sheet. The Company’s deferred revenue consists primarily of unearned revenue on annual and monthly subscription plans. The Company received one-time up-front payments for implementation services to be performed in connection with its carrier agreements with BT and TELUS during the year ended December 31, 2014. These amounts are being amortized on a straight-line basis over their respective initial contractual terms beginning in 2015. The BT and TELUS arrangements have initial contractual terms of three to five years, which approximates the estimated average customer life of each respective agreement. Accordingly, the portion of these one-time up-front payments that is estimated to be realized beyond December 31, 2016, or $1.1 million, is included as a component of other long-term liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. Cost of Revenues Cost of software subscriptions revenue primarily consists of costs of network capacity purchased from third-party telecommunications providers, network operations, costs to equip and maintain data centers, including co-location fees for the right to place the Company’s servers in data centers owned by third-parties, depreciation of the servers and equipment, along with related utilities and maintenance costs. Cost of software subscriptions revenue also includes personnel costs associated with non-administrative customer care and support of the functionality of the Company’s platform and data center operations, including share-based compensation expenses and allocated costs of facilities and information technology. Cost of software subscriptions revenue is expensed as incurred. Cost of product revenue is comprised primarily of the cost associated with purchased phones, shipping costs, as well as personnel costs for contractors and allocated costs of facilities and information technology related to the procurement, management and shipment of phones. Cost of product revenue is expensed in the period product is delivered to the customer. Share-Based Compensation All share-based compensation resulting from options, restricted stock units (RSUs) and employee stock purchase plan rights granted to employees under our stock plans are measured as the grant date fair value of the award and recognized in the consolidated statements of operations over the requisite service period, which is generally the vesting period. The Company estimates the fair value of stock options and ESPP rights using the Black-Scholes-Merton option-pricing model. Compensation expense is recognized using the straight-line method net of estimated forfeitures. Share-based compensation expense resulting from stock options granted to non-employees is calculated using the Black-Scholes-Merton option-pricing model and RSUs value is measured as the grant date fair value of the award and is recognized in the consolidated statements of operations over the service period. Compensation expense for non-employee stock options and RSUs subject to vesting is revalued, or marked to market, as of each reporting date until the stock options and RSUs are vested. Research and Development Research and development expenses consist primarily of third-party contractor costs, personnel costs, technology license expenses, and depreciation associated with research and development equipment. Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. Internal-use software development costs that qualify for capitalization are amortized to cost of sales over the estimated useful life of the software. Advertising Costs Advertising costs, which include various forms of e-commerce such as search engine marketing, search engine optimization and online display advertising, as well as more traditional forms of media advertising such as radio and billboards, are expensed as incurred and were $34.3 million, $27.1 million, and $22.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. Commissions Commissions consist of variable compensation earned by sales personnel and third-party resellers. Sales commissions associated with the acquisition of a new customer contract are recognized as sales and marketing expense at the time the customer has entered into a binding agreement. Income Taxes The Company accounts for income taxes using the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the estimated future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax basis. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in operations in the period that includes the enactment date. The Company records a valuation allowance to reduce its deferred tax assets to the amount of future tax benefit that is more likely than not to be realized. As of December 31, 2015, except for deferred tax assets associated with its subsidiaries in the Netherlands and China, the Company recorded a full valuation allowance against all other net deferred tax assets due to its history of operating losses. The Company classifies interest and penalties on unrecognized tax benefits as income tax expense. Segment Information The Company has determined the chief executive officer is the chief operating decision maker. The Company’s chief executive officer reviews financial information presented on a consolidated basis for purposes of assessing performance and making decisions on how to allocate resources. Accordingly, the Company has determined that it operates in a single reporting segment. Indemnification Certain of the Company’s agreements with resellers and customers include provisions for indemnification against liabilities if its subscriptions infringe a third-party’s intellectual property rights. At least quarterly, the Company assesses the status of any significant matters and its potential financial statement exposure. If the potential loss from any claim or legal proceeding is considered probable and the amount or the range of loss can be estimated, the Company accrues a liability for the estimated loss. The Company has not incurred any material costs as a result of such indemnification provisions and the Company has not accrued any liabilities related to such obligations in the consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2015 or 2014. Recent Accounting Pronouncements In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the “FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) In September 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-16, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Simplifying the Accounting for Measurement-Period Adjustments In November 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-17, Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases |