FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS | 12 Months Ended |
Dec. 31, 2013 |
Financial Instruments [Abstract] | ' |
FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS | ' |
FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS |
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In the normal course of its business, the Company purchases and sells various financial instruments which include listed and unlisted equities, corporate and sovereign debt, commodities, futures, put and call options, currency forwards, other derivatives and similar instruments sold, not yet purchased. |
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The Company is exposed to credit risk in relation to counterparties that may default on their obligations to the Company. The amount of counterparty credit risk predominantly relates to the value of financial contracts receivable and assets held at counterparties. The Company mitigates its counterparty credit risk by using several counterparties which decreases the likelihood of any significant concentration of credit risk with any one counterparty. In addition, the Company is exposed to credit risk on corporate and sovereign debt instruments to the extent that the debtors may default on their debt obligations. |
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The Company is exposed to market risk including interest rate and foreign exchange fluctuations on financial instruments that are valued at market prices. Market movements can be volatile and difficult to predict. This may affect the ultimate gains or losses realized upon the sale of its holdings as well as the amount of net investment income reported in the consolidated statements of income. Management utilizes the services of the Company's investment advisor to monitor the Company's positions to reduce the risk of potential loss due to changes in market values. |
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Purchases and sales of investments are disclosed in the consolidated statements of cash flows. Net realized gains on the sale of investments, financial contracts, and investments sold, not yet purchased during 2013 were $142.0 million (2012: $60.8 million gains, 2011: $139.8 million gains). Gross realized gains were $352.9 million (2012: $268.1 million, 2011: $337.9 million) and gross realized losses were $210.9 million (2012: $207.3 million, 2011: $198.1 million). For the year ended December 31, 2013, included in net investment income in the consolidated statements of income were $154.8 million of net gains (2012: $67.6 million of net gains, 2011: $75.7 million of net losses) relating to change in unrealized gains and losses on trading securities still held at the balance sheet date. |
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As of December 31, 2013, cash and investments with a fair value of $410.3 million (2012: $441.7 million) have been pledged as security against letters of credit issued. |
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As of December 31, 2013, the Company’s investment in Apple Inc. and Micron Technology Inc. were the only investments in excess of 10% of the Company’s shareholders’ equity, with fair values of $161.4 million and $147.0 million, or 14.9% and 13.5% of shareholders' equity, respectively. As of December 31, 2012, the Company’s investment in gold and gold derivatives was the only investment in excess of 10% of the Company’s shareholders’ equity, with fair values of $97.6 million, or 11.3% of shareholders' equity. |
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Fair Value Hierarchy |
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The Company’s financial instruments are carried at fair value, and the net unrealized gains or losses are included in net investment income in the consolidated statements of income. |
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The following table presents the Company’s investments, categorized by the level of the fair value hierarchy as of December 31, 2013: |
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| | Fair value measurements as of December 31, 2013 | | | | |
| | Quoted prices in | | Significant other | | Significant | | Total | | | | |
| active markets | observable | unobservable | | | | |
Description | (Level 1) | inputs | inputs | | | | |
| | (Level 2) | (Level 3) | | | | |
Assets: | | ($ in thousands) | | | | |
Debt instruments | | $ | — | | | $ | 3,785 | | | $ | 527 | | | $ | 4,312 | | | | | |
| | | |
Listed equity securities | | 1,274,920 | | | 7,236 | | | — | | | 1,282,156 | | | | | |
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Commodities | | 60,888 | | | — | | | — | | | 60,888 | | | | | |
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Private and unlisted equity securities | | — | | | — | | | 46,323 | | | 46,323 | | | | | |
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Financial contracts receivable | | 4,500 | | | 99,548 | | | — | | | 104,048 | | | | | |
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| | $ | 1,340,308 | | | $ | 110,569 | | | $ | 46,850 | | | $ | 1,497,727 | | | | | |
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Liabilities: | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Listed equity securities, sold not yet purchased | | $ | (917,123 | ) | | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | (917,123 | ) | | | | |
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Debt instruments, sold not yet purchased | | — | | | (194,567 | ) | | — | | | (194,567 | ) | | | | |
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Financial contracts payable | | — | | | (18,857 | ) | | — | | | (18,857 | ) | | | | |
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| | $ | (917,123 | ) | | $ | (213,424 | ) | | $ | — | | | $ | (1,130,547 | ) | | | | |
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The following table presents the Company’s investments, categorized by the level of the fair value hierarchy as of December 31, 2012: |
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| | Fair value measurements as of December 31, 2012 | | | | |
| | Quoted prices in | | Significant other | | Significant | | Total | | | | |
| active markets | observable | unobservable | | | | |
Description | (Level 1) | inputs | inputs | | | | |
| | (Level 2) | (Level 3) | | | | |
Assets: | | ($ in thousands) | | | | |
Debt instruments | | $ | — | | | $ | 1,503 | | | $ | 260 | | | $ | 1,763 | | | | | |
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Listed equity securities | | 1,040,562 | | | 2,153 | | | — | | | 1,042,715 | | | | | |
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Commodities | | 94,649 | | | — | | | — | | | 94,649 | | | | | |
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Private and unlisted equity securities | | — | | | — | | | 38,801 | | | 38,801 | | | | | |
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Financial contracts receivable | | — | | | 22,744 | | | — | | | 22,744 | | | | | |
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| | $ | 1,135,211 | | | $ | 26,400 | | | $ | 39,061 | | | $ | 1,200,672 | | | | | |
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Liabilities: | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Listed equity securities, sold not yet purchased | | $ | (679,897 | ) | | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | (679,897 | ) | | | | |
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Debt instruments, sold not yet purchased | | — | | | (228,471 | ) | | — | | | (228,471 | ) | | | | |
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Financial contracts payable | | — | | | (19,637 | ) | | — | | | (19,637 | ) | | | | |
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| | $ | (679,897 | ) | | $ | (248,108 | ) | | $ | — | | | $ | (928,005 | ) | | | | |
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The following table presents the reconciliation of the balances for all investments measured at fair value using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) for the year ended December 31, 2013: |
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2013 | | Fair Value Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | | | | | | | | |
| | Debt instruments | | Private and unlisted equity securities | | Total | | | | | | | | |
| | ($ in thousands) | | | | | | | | |
Beginning balance | | $ | 260 | | | $ | 38,801 | | | $ | 39,061 | | | | | | | | | |
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Purchases | | 9,224 | | | 38,086 | | | 47,310 | | | | | | | | | |
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Sales | | (9,224 | ) | | (7,252 | ) | | (16,476 | ) | | | | | | | | |
Total realized and unrealized gains (losses) and amortization included in earnings, net | | 267 | | | 1,269 | | | 1,536 | | | | | | | | | |
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Transfers into Level 3 | | — | | | — | | | — | | | | | | | | | |
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Transfers out of Level 3 | | — | | | (24,581 | ) | | (24,581 | ) | | | | | | | | |
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Ending balance | | $ | 527 | | | $ | 46,323 | | | $ | 46,850 | | | | | | | | | |
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During the year ended December 31, 2013, $5.0 million of securities at fair value based on the date of transfer, were transferred from Level 3 to Level 2, as these securities started actively trading on a listed exchange during 2013. However due to lock-up restrictions on these securities, they were classified as Level 2 upon transfer until the lock-up period expires. Additionally, during the year ended December 31, 2013, $19.6 million of securities at fair value based on the date of transfer, were transferred from Level 3 to Level 1 as these securities began actively trading on listed exchange and there were no lock-up restrictions on these securities. During the year ended December 31, 2013, $2.4 million of securities at fair value based on the date of transfer, were transferred from Level 2 to Level 1 as the lock-up period restrictions on those securities expired. |
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The following table presents the reconciliation of the balances for all investments measured at fair value using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) for the year ended December 31, 2012: |
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2012 | | Fair Value Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | | | | |
| | Debt instruments | | Private and unlisted equity securities | | Financial contracts receivable | | Total | | | | |
| | ($ in thousands) | | | | |
Beginning balance | | $ | 465 | | | $ | 31,179 | | | $ | 263 | | | $ | 31,907 | | | | | |
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Purchases | | — | | | 11,518 | | | — | | | 11,518 | | | | | |
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Sales | | (1 | ) | | (1,754 | ) | | — | | | (1,755 | ) | | | | |
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Total realized and unrealized gains (losses) and amortization included in earnings, net | | (204 | ) | | 2,834 | | | (263 | ) | | 2,367 | | | | | |
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Transfers into Level 3 | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | | | |
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Transfers out of Level 3 | | — | | | (4,976 | ) | | — | | | (4,976 | ) | | | | |
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Ending balance | | $ | 260 | | | $ | 38,801 | | | $ | — | | | $ | 39,061 | | | | | |
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During the year ended December 31, 2012, $32.4 million of securities at fair value based on the date of transfer, were transferred from Level 2 to Level 1 as the lock-up period restrictions on those securities expired. Additionally, for the year ended December 31, 2012, $5.0 million of securities at fair value based on the date of transfer, were transferred from Level 3 to Level 2, as these securities began actively trading on a listed exchange during the year ended December 31, 2012. However, due to lock-up period restrictions on these securities, a liquidity discount was used in determining their fair value at December 31, 2012, and therefore classified as Level 2. |
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There were no other transfers between Level 1, Level 2 or Level 3 during the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012. |
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For the year ended December 31, 2013, included in net investment income in the consolidated statements of income were realized gains relating to Level 3 securities of $0.7 million (2012: realized gains of $0.6 million). For Level 3 classified securities held as of the reporting date, the change in unrealized losses for the year ended December 31, 2013 of $1.1 million (2012: unrealized gains of $2.0 million) were included in net investment income in the consolidated statements of income. In addition, for the year ended December 31, 2013, amortization expense of $0 (2012: $0.3 million) relating to financial contracts receivable valued using unobservable inputs, was included in other income (expense), net. |
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Investments |
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Debt Instruments, Trading |
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At December 31, 2013, the following investments were included in debt instruments, trading: |
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2013 | | Cost/ | | Unrealized | | Unrealized | | Fair | | | | |
amortized | gains | losses | value | | | | |
cost | | | | | | | |
| | ($ in thousands) | | | | |
Corporate debt – U.S. | | $ | 2,116 | | | $ | — | | | $ | (1,589 | ) | | $ | 527 | | | | | |
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Corporate debt – Non U.S. | | 3,761 | | | 115 | | | (91 | ) | | 3,785 | | | | | |
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Total debt instruments | | $ | 5,877 | | | $ | 115 | | | $ | (1,680 | ) | | $ | 4,312 | | | | | |
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At December 31, 2012, the following investments were included in debt instruments, trading: |
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2012 | | Cost/ | | Unrealized | | Unrealized | | Fair | | | | |
amortized | gains | losses | value | | | | |
cost | | | | | | | |
| | ($ in thousands) | | | | |
Corporate debt – U.S. | | $ | 2,317 | | | $ | 205 | | | $ | (1,856 | ) | | $ | 666 | | | | | |
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Corporate debt – Non U.S. | | 1,179 | | | — | | | (82 | ) | | 1,097 | | | | | |
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Total debt instruments | | $ | 3,496 | | | $ | 205 | | | $ | (1,938 | ) | | $ | 1,763 | | | | | |
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The maturity distribution for debt instruments held at December 31, 2013 and 2012, was as follows: |
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| | 2013 | | 2012 | | | | |
| | Cost/ | | Fair | | Cost/ | | Fair | | | | |
amortized | value | amortized | value | | | | |
cost | | cost | | | | | |
| | ($ in thousands) | | | | |
Within one year | | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | | | |
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From one to five years | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | | | |
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From five to ten years | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | | | |
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More than ten years | | 5,877 | | | 4,312 | | | 3,496 | | | 1,763 | | | | | |
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| | $ | 5,877 | | | $ | 4,312 | | | $ | 3,496 | | | $ | 1,763 | | | | | |
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Investment in Equity Securities, Trading |
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At December 31, 2013, the following long positions were included in investment in equity securities, trading: |
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2013 | | Cost | | Unrealized | | Unrealized | | Fair | | | | |
gains | losses | value | | | | |
| | ($ in thousands) | | | | |
Equities – listed | | $ | 923,594 | | | $ | 361,695 | | | $ | (28,712 | ) | | $ | 1,256,577 | | | | | |
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Exchange traded funds | | 50,253 | | | — | | | (24,674 | ) | | 25,579 | | | | | |
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| | $ | 973,847 | | | $ | 361,695 | | | $ | (53,386 | ) | | $ | 1,282,156 | | | | | |
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At December 31, 2012, the following long positions were included in investment in equity securities, trading: |
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2012 | | Cost | | Unrealized | | Unrealized | | Fair | | | | |
gains | losses | value | | | | |
| | ($ in thousands) | | | | |
Equities – listed | | $ | 875,322 | | | $ | 199,519 | | | $ | (70,275 | ) | | $ | 1,004,566 | | | | | |
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Exchange traded funds | | 38,819 | | | — | | | (670 | ) | | 38,149 | | | | | |
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| | $ | 914,141 | | | $ | 199,519 | | | $ | (70,945 | ) | | $ | 1,042,715 | | | | | |
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Other Investments |
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"Other investments" include commodities and private and unlisted equity securities. As of December 31, 2013 and 2012, commodities were comprised of gold bullion. |
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At December 31, 2013, the following securities were included in other investments: |
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2013 | | Cost | | Unrealized | | Unrealized | | Fair | | | | |
gains | losses | value | | | | |
| | ($ in thousands) | | | | |
Commodities | | $ | 54,633 | | | $ | 6,255 | | | $ | — | | | $ | 60,888 | | | | | |
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Private and unlisted equity securities | | 45,544 | | | 8,170 | | | (7,391 | ) | | 46,323 | | | | | |
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| | $ | 100,177 | | | $ | 14,425 | | | $ | (7,391 | ) | | $ | 107,211 | | | | | |
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At December 31, 2012, the following securities were included in other investments: |
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2012 | | Cost | | Unrealized | | Unrealized | | Fair | | | | |
gains | losses | value | | | | |
| | ($ in thousands) | | | | |
Commodities | | $ | 59,929 | | | $ | 34,719 | | | $ | — | | | $ | 94,648 | | | | | |
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Private and unlisted equity securities | | 36,672 | | | 4,914 | | | (2,784 | ) | | 38,802 | | | | | |
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| | $ | 96,601 | | | $ | 39,633 | | | $ | (2,784 | ) | | $ | 133,450 | | | | | |
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As of December 31, 2013, included in private and unlisted equity securities are investments in private equity funds with a fair value of $41.6 million (2012: $24.3 million) determined based on unadjusted net asset values reported by the managers of these securities. Some of these values were reported from periods prior to December 31, 2013. The private equity funds have varying lock-up periods and as of December 31, 2013, all of the funds had redemption restrictions, and therefore have been categorized within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. The redemption restrictions have been in place since inception of the investments and are not expected to lapse. As of December 31, 2013, the Company had $6.3 million (2012: $12.6 million) of unfunded commitments relating to private equity funds whose fair values are determined based on unadjusted net asset values reported by the managers of these securities. These commitments are included in the amounts presented in the schedule of commitments and contingencies in Note 14 of these consolidated financial statements. |
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Investments in Securities Sold, Not Yet Purchased |
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Securities sold, not yet purchased are securities that the Company has sold, but does not own, in anticipation of a decline in the market value of the security. The Company’s risk is that the value of the security will increase rather than decline. Consequently, the settlement amount of the liability for securities sold, not yet purchased may exceed the amount recorded in the consolidated balance sheet as the Company is obligated to purchase the securities sold, not yet purchased in the market at prevailing prices to settle its obligations. To sell a security, not yet purchased, the Company needs to borrow the security for delivery to the buyer. On each day the transaction is open, the liability for the obligation to replace the borrowed security is marked-to-market and an unrealized gain or loss is recorded. At the time the transaction is closed, the Company realizes a gain or loss equal to the difference between the price at which the security was sold and the cost of replacing the borrowed security. While the transaction is open, the Company will also incur an expense for any dividends or interest which will be paid to the lender of the securities. |
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At December 31, 2013, the following securities were included in investments in securities sold, not yet purchased: |
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2013 | | Proceeds | | Unrealized gains | | Unrealized losses | | Fair value | | | | |
| | ($ in thousands) | | | | |
Equities – listed | | $ | (836,708 | ) | | $ | 57,854 | | | $ | (130,621 | ) | | $ | (909,475 | ) | | | | |
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Exchange traded funds | | (6,318 | ) | | — | | | (1,330 | ) | | (7,648 | ) | | | | |
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Corporate debt – U.S. | | (8,135 | ) | | 2 | | | (235 | ) | | (8,368 | ) | | | | |
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Sovereign debt – Non U.S. | | (170,375 | ) | | — | | | (15,824 | ) | | (186,199 | ) | | | | |
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| | $ | (1,021,536 | ) | | $ | 57,856 | | | $ | (148,010 | ) | | $ | (1,111,690 | ) | | | | |
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At December 31, 2012, the following securities were included in investments in securities sold, not yet purchased: |
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2012 | | Proceeds | | Unrealized gains | | Unrealized losses | | Fair value | | | | |
| | ($ in thousands) | | | | |
Equities – listed | | $ | (697,278 | ) | | $ | 76,172 | | | $ | (58,791 | ) | | $ | (679,897 | ) | | | | |
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Corporate debt – U.S. | | (7,353 | ) | | 26 | | | (381 | ) | | (7,708 | ) | | | | |
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Sovereign debt – Non U.S. | | (207,122 | ) | | — | | | (13,641 | ) | | (220,763 | ) | | | | |
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| | $ | (911,753 | ) | | $ | 76,198 | | | $ | (72,813 | ) | | $ | (908,368 | ) | | | | |
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Financial Contracts |
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As of December 31, 2013 and 2012, the Company had entered into total return swaps, CDS, options, futures, forwards and interest rate options contracts with various financial institutions to meet certain investment objectives. Under the terms of each of these financial contracts, the Company is either entitled to receive or is obligated to make payments which are based on the product of a formula contained within each contract that includes the change in the fair value of the underlying or reference security. |
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At December 31, 2013, the fair values of financial contracts outstanding were as follows: |
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Financial Contracts | | Listing | | Notional amount of | | Fair value of net assets | | | | | | | | | | | |
currency | underlying instruments | (obligations) | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | on financial | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | contracts | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | ($ in thousands) | | | | | | | | | | | |
Financial contracts receivable | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Forwards | | JPY | | 71,162 | | | $ | 383 | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
Futures | | JPY/USD | | 117,494 | | | 4,500 | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
Interest rate options | | USD | | 391,559 | | | 26 | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
Put options | | USD | | 217,359 | | | 12,923 | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
Total return swaps – equities | | EUR/GBP/HKD/USD | | 178,988 | | | 83,325 | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
Warrants and rights on listed equities | | EUR | | 5,237 | | | 2,891 | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
Total financial contracts receivable, at fair value | | | | | | $ | 104,048 | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
Financial contracts payable | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Credit default swaps, purchased – corporate debt | | USD | | 273,877 | | | $ | (3,625 | ) | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
Credit default swaps, purchased – sovereign debt | | USD | | 251,467 | | | (3,980 | ) | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
Forwards | | KRW | | 32,100 | | | (58 | ) | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
Total return swaps – equities | | EUR/GBP/HKD | | 36,983 | | | (11,194 | ) | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
Total financial contracts payable, at fair value | | | | | | $ | (18,857 | ) | | | | | | | | | | | |
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At December 31, 2012, the fair values of financial contracts outstanding were as follows: |
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Financial Contracts | | Listing | | Notional amount of | | Fair value of net assets | | | | | | | | | | | |
currency | underlying instruments | (obligations) | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | on financial | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | contracts | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | ($ in thousands) | | | | | | | | | | | |
Financial contracts receivable | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Call options | | USD | | 90,374 | | | $ | 4,498 | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
Credit default swaps, purchased – corporate debt | | USD | | 39,665 | | | 265 | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
Interest rate options | | USD | | 2,299,933 | | | 109 | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
Put options | | USD | | 314,695 | | | 17,709 | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
Total return swaps – equities | | GBP/HKD/JPY | | 3,664 | | | 163 | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
Total financial contracts receivable, at fair value | | | | | | $ | 22,744 | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
Financial contracts payable | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Credit default swaps, purchased – corporate debt | | USD | | 234,212 | | | $ | (3,365 | ) | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
Credit default swaps, purchased – sovereign debt | | USD | | 251,467 | | | (5,443 | ) | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
Put options | | USD | | 16,071 | | | (1,636 | ) | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
Total return swaps – equities | | GBP/HKD | | 76,697 | | | (9,193 | ) | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
Warrants and rights on listed equities | | USD/CAD | | — | | | — | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
Total financial contracts payable, at fair value | | | | | | $ | (19,637 | ) | | | | | | | | | | | |
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As of December 31, 2013 and 2012, included in interest rate options are contracts on U.S. and Japanese interest rates denominated in U.S. dollars. Included in put options (under financial contracts receivable) are options on foreign currencies, primarily the Japanese Yen, the Australian Dollar and the Chinese Yuan, denominated in U.S. dollars. |
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Options are derivative financial instruments that give the buyer, in exchange for a premium payment, the right, but not the obligation, to either purchase from (call option) or sell to (put option) the writer, a specified underlying security at a specified price on or before a specified date. The Company enters into option contracts to meet certain investment objectives. For exchange traded option contracts, the exchange acts as the counterparty to specific transactions and therefore bears the risk of delivery to and from counterparties of specific positions. For OTC options, a dealer acts as the counterparty and therefore the Company is exposed to credit risk to the extent the dealer is unable to meet its obligations. As of December 31, 2013, the Company held OTC put options (long) with fair values of $12.9 million. As of December 31, 2012, the Company held OTC put options (long) and call options (long) with fair values of $17.2 million and $1.5 million, respectively. |
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During the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, the Company reported gains and losses on derivatives as follows: |
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Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments | | Location of gains and losses on derivatives recognized in income | | Gain (loss) on derivatives recognized | | | | | | |
in income | | | | | | |
| | | | Year ended December 31 | | | | | | |
| | | | 2013 | | 2012 | | 2011 | | | | | | |
| | | | ($ in thousands) | | | | | | |
Credit default swaps, issued – corporate debt | | Net investment income (loss) | | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | 4,785 | | | | | | | |
| | | | | |
Credit default swaps, purchased – corporate debt | | Net investment income (loss) | | (3,552 | ) | | (7,342 | ) | | 1,042 | | | | | | | |
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Credit default swaps, purchased – sovereign debt | | Net investment income (loss) | | (1,087 | ) | | (5,086 | ) | | 14,957 | | | | | | | |
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Currency forwards | | Net investment income (loss) | | 11,209 | | | — | | | (3,612 | ) | | | | | | |
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Futures | | Net investment income (loss) | | 12,504 | | | (13,064 | ) | | (2,365 | ) | | | | | | |
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Interest rate options | | Net investment income (loss) | | (82 | ) | | (2,127 | ) | | (9,625 | ) | | | | | | |
Options, warrants, and rights | | Net investment income (loss) | | 21,446 | | | (8,988 | ) | | (29,185 | ) | | | | | | |
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Total return swaps – equities | | Net investment income (loss) | | 85,638 | | | (13,176 | ) | | 8,094 | | | | | | | |
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Weather derivative swap | | Other income (expense), net | | — | | | (263 | ) | | (451 | ) | | | | | | |
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Total | | | | $ | 126,076 | | | $ | (50,046 | ) | | $ | (16,360 | ) | | | | | | |
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The Company generally does not enter into derivatives for risk management or hedging purposes. The volume of derivative activities varies from period to period depending on potential investment opportunities. |
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For the year ended December 31, 2013, the Company’s volume of derivative activities (based on notional amounts) was as follows: |
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2013 | | Year ended December 31 | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments | | Entered | | Exited | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | ($ in thousands) | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Currency forwards | | $ | 423,443 | | | $ | 115,884 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Futures | | 401,672 | | | 292,529 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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Interest rate options (1) | | — | | | 376,385 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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Options (1) | | 930,410 | | | 965,991 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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Total return swaps | | 194,343 | | | 88,404 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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Total | | $ | 1,949,868 | | | $ | 1,839,193 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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(1) Exited amount excludes options which expired or were exercised during the period. |
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For the year ended December 31, 2012, the Company’s volume of derivative activities (based on notional amounts) was as follows: |
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2012 | | Year ended December 31 | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments | | Entered | | Exited | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | ($ in thousands) | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Credit default swaps | | $ | — | | | $ | 45,966 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Futures | | 1,033,604 | | | 1,208,785 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Options (1) | | 818,319 | | | 436,033 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Total return swaps | | 67,755 | | | 61,535 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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Weather derivative swap | | — | | | 5,000 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Total | | $ | 1,919,678 | | | $ | 1,757,319 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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(1) Exited amount excludes options which expired or were exercised during the period. |
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The Company does not offset its derivative instruments and presents all amounts in the condensed consolidated balance sheets on a gross basis. The Company has pledged cash collateral to derivative counterparties to support the current value of amounts due to the counterparties based on the value of the underlying security. |
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As of December 31, 2013, the gross and net amounts of derivative instruments and the cash collateral applicable to derivative instruments were as follows: |
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31-Dec-13 | | (i) | | (ii) | | (iii) =i) - (ii) | | (iv) Gross amounts not offset in the balance sheet | | (v) =iii) + (iv) |
Description | | Gross amounts of recognized assets (liabilities) | | Gross amounts offset in the balance sheet | | Net amounts of assets (liabilities) presented in the balance sheet | | Cash collateral (received) pledged | | Net amount of asset (liability) |
| | ($ in thousands) |
Financial contracts receivable | | $ | 104,048 | | | $ | — | | | $ | 104,048 | | | $ | (45,168 | ) | | $ | 58,880 | |
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Financial contracts payable | | (18,857 | ) | | — | | | (18,857 | ) | | 34,859 | | | 16,002 | |
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Securities sold, not yet purchased | | (1,111,690 | ) | | — | | | (1,111,690 | ) | | 1,111,690 | | | — | |
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As of December 31, 2012, the gross and net amounts of derivative instruments and the cash collateral applicable to derivative instruments were as follows: |
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31-Dec-12 | | (i) | | (ii) | | (iii) =i) - (ii) | | (iv) Gross amounts not offset in the balance sheet | | (v) =iii) + (iv) |
Description | | Gross amounts of recognized assets (liabilities) | | Gross amounts offset in the balance sheet | | Net amounts of assets (liabilities) presented in the balance sheet | | Cash collateral (received) pledged | | Net amount of asset (liability) |
| | ($ in thousands) |
Financial contracts receivable | | $ | 22,744 | | | $ | — | | | $ | 22,744 | | | $ | (947 | ) | | $ | 21,797 | |
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Financial contracts payable | | (19,637 | ) | | — | | | (19,637 | ) | | 39,268 | | | 19,631 | |
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Securities sold, not yet purchased | | (908,368 | ) | | — | | | (908,368 | ) | | 908,368 | | | — | |
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