Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Use of Estimates in the Preparation of Financial Statements The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the U.S. (“GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. The most significant assumptions and estimates relate to the valuation of real estate including impairment and depreciable lives. Application of these assumptions requires the exercise of judgment as to future uncertainties and, as a result, actual results could differ from these estimates. Our consolidated financial statements include our accounts and the accounts of other subsidiaries over which we have control. All inter-company transactions, balances, and profits have been eliminated in consolidation. In addition, interests in entities acquired are evaluated based on applicable GAAP, and entities deemed to be variable interest entities (“VIE”) in which we are the primary beneficiary are also consolidated. If the interest in the entity is determined not to be a VIE, then the entity is evaluated for consolidation based on legal form, economic substance, and the extent to which we have control, substantive participating rights or both under the respective ownership agreement. For entities in which we have less than a controlling interest but have significant influence There are judgments and estimates involved in determining if an entity in which we have made an investment is a VIE and, if so, whether we are the primary beneficiary. The entity is evaluated to determine if it is a VIE by, among other things, calculating the percentage of equity being risked compared to the total equity of the entity. Determining expected future losses involves assumptions of various possibilities of the results of future operations of the entity, assigning a probability to each possibility, and using a discount rate to determine the net present value of those future losses. A change in the judgments, assumptions, and estimates outlined above could result in consolidating an entity that should not be consolidated or accounting for an investment using the equity method that should in fact be consolidated, the effects of which could be material to our consolidated financial statements. Upon the acquisition of real estate properties that qualify as a business, we recognize the assets acquired, the liabilities assumed and any noncontrolling interest as of the acquisition date, measured at their fair values. The acquisition date is the date on which we obtain control of the real estate property. The assets acquired and liabilities assumed may consist of land, inclusive of associated rights, buildings, assumed debt, identified intangible assets and liabilities, and asset retirement obligations. Identified intangible assets generally consist of above-market leases, in-place leases, in-place tenant improvements, in-place leasing commissions, and tenant relationships. Identified intangible liabilities generally consist of below-market leases. Goodwill is recognized as of the acquisition date and measured as the aggregate fair value of the consideration transferred and any noncontrolling interests in the acquiree over the fair value of the identifiable net assets acquired. Likewise, a bargain purchase gain is recognized in current earnings when the aggregate fair value of the consideration transferred and any noncontrolling interests in the acquiree is less than the fair value of the identifiable net assets acquired. Acquisition-related costs are expensed in the period incurred. Initial valuations are subject to change until our information is finalized, which is no later 12 The fair value of the tangible assets acquired, consisting of land and buildings, is determined by valuing the property as if it were vacant, and the “as-if-vacant” value is then allocated to land and buildings. Land values are derived from appraisals, and building values are calculated as replacement cost less depreciation or management’s estimates of the fair value of these assets using discounted cash flow analyses or similar methods believed to be used by market participants. The value of hotels and all other buildings is depreciated over the estimated useful lives 39 25 We determine the fair value of assumed debt by calculating the net present value of the scheduled mortgage payments using interest rates for debt with similar terms and remaining maturities that management believes we could obtain at the date of the debt assumption. Any difference between the fair value and stated value of the assumed debt is recorded as a discount or premium and amortized over the remaining life of the loan using the effective interest method. We determine the value of above-market and below-market leases for acquired properties based on the present value (using an interest rate that reflects the risks associated with the leases acquired) of the difference between (1) the contractual amounts to be paid pursuant to the in-place leases and (2) management’s estimate of current market lease rates for the corresponding in-place leases, measured over a period equal to (a) the remaining non-cancelable lease term for above-market leases, or (b) the remaining non-cancelable lease term plus any below-market fixed rate renewal options that, based on a qualitative assessment of several factors, including the financial condition of the lessee, the business conditions in the industry in which the lessee operates, the economic conditions in the area in which the property is located, and the ability of the lessee to sublease the property during the renewal term, are reasonably assured to be exercised by the lessee for below-market leases. We record the fair value of above-market and below-market leases as intangible assets or intangible liabilities, respectively, and amortize them as an adjustment to rental income over the determined lease term. The total value of identified real estate intangible assets acquired is further allocated to in-place leases, in-place tenant improvements, in-place leasing commissions, and tenant relationships based on our evaluation of the specific characteristics of each tenant’s lease and our overall relationship with that respective tenant. The aggregate value for tenant improvements and leasing commissions is based on estimates of these costs incurred at inception of the acquired leases, amortized through the date of acquisition. The aggregate value of in-place leases acquired and tenant relationships is determined by applying a fair value model. The estimates of fair value of in-place leases include an estimate of carrying costs during the expected lease-up periods for the respective spaces considering existing market conditions. In estimating the carrying costs that would have otherwise been incurred had the leases not been in place, we include such items as real estate taxes, insurance and other operating expenses as well as lost rental revenue during the expected lease-up period based on existing market conditions. The estimates of the fair value of tenant relationships also include costs to execute similar leases including leasing commissions, legal fees, and tenant improvements as well as an estimate of the likelihood of renewal as determined by management on a tenant-by-tenant basis. We amortize the value of in-place leases, in-place tenant improvements, and in-place leasing commissions to expense over the initial term of the respective leases. In no event does the amortization period for intangible assets or liabilities exceed the remaining depreciable life of the building. Should a tenant terminate its lease, the unamortized portion of the acquired lease intangibles related to that tenant would be charged to expense. Buildings and Land and Lease Acquired Below- December 31, 2017 Improvements Improvements Intangibles Market Leases Cost $ 157,074 $ 40,354 $ 2,288 $ (207) Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization (30,421) (3,257) (1,389) 155 Net $ 126,653 $ 37,097 $ 899 $ (52) Buildings and Land and Lease Acquired Below- December 31, 2016 Improvements Improvements Intangibles Market Leases Cost $ 164,087 $ 45,885 $ 1,599 $ (137) Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization (31,728) (3,175) (1,247) 72 Net $ 132,359 $ 42,710 $ 352 $ (65) We classify properties as held for sale when certain criteria are met in accordance with GAAP. At that time, we present the assets and obligations of the property held for sale separately in our consolidated balance sheet and we cease recording depreciation and amortization expense related to that property. Properties held for sale are reported at the lower of their carrying amount or their estimated fair value, less estimated costs to sell. We did not have any real estate assets classified as held for sale at December 31, 2017 or 2016. For sales of real estate or assets classified as held for sale, we will evaluate whether a disposal transaction meets the criteria of a strategic shift that will have a major effect on our operations and financial results to determine if the results of operations and gains on sale of real estate will be presented as part of our continuing operations or as discontinued operations in our consolidated statements of operations. If the disposal represents a strategic shift, it will be classified as discontinued operations for all periods presented; if not, it will be presented in continuing operations. We consider investments in highly liquid money market funds or investments with original maturities of three months or less to be cash equivalents. The carrying amount of cash and cash equivalents reported on the balance sheet approximates fair value. As required by our lenders, restricted cash is held in escrow accounts for anticipated capital expenditures, real estate taxes, and other reserves for certain of our consolidated properties. Capital reserves are typically utilized for non-operating expenses such as tenant improvements, leasing commissions, and major capital expenditures. Alternatively, a lender may require its own formula for an escrow of capital reserves. Restricted cash may also include certain funds temporarily placed in escrow with qualified intermediaries to facilitate potential like-kind exchange transactions in accordance with Section 1031 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended. December 31, 2017 2016 2015 Cash and cash equivalents 52,147 67,111 76,815 Restricted cash 5,213 6,101 4,581 Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash 57,360 73,212 81,396 For all of our real estate and real estate related investments, we monitor events and changes in circumstances indicating that the carrying amounts of the real estate assets may not be recoverable. Examples of the types of events and circumstances that would cause management to assess our assets for potential impairment include, but are not limited to: a significant decrease in the market price of an asset; a significant adverse change in the manner in which the asset is being used; an accumulation of costs in excess of the acquisition basis plus construction of the property; major vacancies and the resulting loss of revenues; natural disasters; a change in the projected holding period; legitimate purchase offers; and changes in the global and local markets or economic conditions. To the extent that our portfolio is concentrated in limited geographic locations, downturns specifically related to such regions may result in tenants defaulting on their lease obligations at those properties within a short time period, which may result in asset impairments. When such events or changes in circumstances are present, we assess potential impairment by comparing estimated future undiscounted operating cash flows expected to be generated over the life of the asset and from its eventual disposition to the carrying amount of the asset. These projected cash flows are prepared internally by the Advisor and reflect in-place and projected leasing activity, market revenue and expense growth rates, market capitalization rates, discount rates, and changes in economic and other relevant conditions. Our management reviews these projected cash flows to assure that the valuation is prepared using reasonable inputs and assumptions that are consistent with market data or with assumptions that would be used by a third-party market participant and assume the highest and best use of the investment. We consider trends, strategic decisions regarding future development plans, and other factors in our assessment of whether impairment conditions exist. In the event that the carrying amount exceeds the estimated future undiscounted operating cash flows, we recognize an impairment loss to adjust the carrying amount of the asset to estimated fair value. While we believe our estimates of future cash flows are reasonable, different assumptions regarding factors such as market rents, economic conditions, and occupancy rates could significantly affect these estimates. In evaluating our investments for impairment, management may use appraisals and make estimates and assumptions, including, but not limited to, the projected date of disposition of the properties, the estimated future cash flows of the properties during our ownership, and the projected sales price of each of the properties. A future change in these estimates and assumptions could result in understating or overstating the carrying value of our investments, which could be material to our financial statements. In addition, we may incur impairment charges on assets classified as held for sale in the future if the carrying amount of the asset upon classification as held for sale exceeds the estimated fair value, less costs to sell. We also evaluate our investments in unconsolidated joint ventures at each reporting date. If we believe there is an other than temporary decline in market value, we will record an impairment charge based on these evaluations. We assess potential impairment by comparing our portion of estimated future undiscounted operating cash flows expected to be generated by the joint venture over the life of the joint venture’s assets to the carrying amount of the joint venture. In the event that the carrying amount exceeds our portion of estimated future undiscounted operating cash flows, we recognize an impairment loss to adjust the carrying amount of the joint venture to its estimated fair value. During the year ended December 31, 2017, we recorded a non-cash impairment charge of $ 4.1 1.4 We believe the carrying value of our operating real estate assets and our investment in an unconsolidated joint venture is currently recoverable. However, if market conditions worsen unexpectedly or if changes in our strategy significantly affect any key assumptions used in our fair value calculations, we may need to take charges in future periods for impairments related to our existing investments. Any such non-cash charges would have an adverse effect on our consolidated financial position and results of operations. We have and may continue to provide funding to third-party developers for the acquisition, development, and construction of real estate (“ADC Arrangement”). Under an ADC Arrangement, we may participate in the residual profits of the project through the sale or refinancing of the property. We evaluate such arrangements to determine if they have characteristics similar to a loan or if the characteristics are more similar to a joint venture or partnership such as participating in the risks and rewards of the project as an owner or an investment partner. When we determine that the characteristics are more similar to a jointly-owned investment or partnership, we account for the arrangement as an investment in an unconsolidated joint venture under the equity method of accounting or a direct investment (consolidated basis of accounting) instead of applying loan accounting. ADC Arrangements are reassessed at each reporting period. See Note 7 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information. We recognize rental income generated from leases of our operating properties on a straight-line basis over the terms of the respective leases, including the effect of rent holidays, if any. Straight-line rent income of less than $ 0.1 0.1 Hotel revenues consist primarily of guest room, food and beverage, and other ancillary revenues such as laundry and parking at hotel properties. Hotel revenues are recognized as the services are rendered. During the periods presented, our hotel revenues were derived from the operations of the Courtyard Kauai Coconut Beach Hotel, which was sold on August 15, 2017. Accounts receivable primarily consists of receivables related to our consolidated properties as of both December 31, 2017 and 2016. Prepaid expenses included prepaid directors and officers’ insurance premiums, as well as prepaid insurance premiums for our consolidated properties. Furniture, fixtures, and equipment are recorded at cost and are depreciated according to our capitalization policy, which uses the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives of five to seven years. Furniture, fixtures, and equipment associated with properties classified as held for sale are not depreciated. Maintenance and repairs are charged to operations as incurred. Accumulated depreciation associated with our furniture, fixtures, and equipment was $ 4.7 9.9 Deferred financing fees are recorded at cost, accounted for as a reduction to notes payable and amortized to interest expense using a straight-line method that approximates the effective interest method over the life of the related debt. Deferred financing fees, net were $ 0.4 0.8 2.2 1.9 Our objective in using derivatives is to add stability to interest expense and to manage our exposure to interest rate movements or other identified risks and to minimize the variability caused by foreign currency translation risk related to our net investment in foreign real estate. To accomplish these objectives, we use various types of derivative instruments to manage fluctuations in cash flows resulting from interest rate risk attributable to changes in the benchmark interest rate of London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”). These instruments include LIBOR-based interest rate swaps and caps. For our net investments in foreign real estate, we may use foreign exchange put/call options to eliminate the impact of foreign currency exchange movements on our financial position. We measure our derivative instruments and hedging activities at fair value and record them as an asset or liability, depending on our rights or obligations under the applicable derivative contract. Changes in fair value of derivative instruments not designated as hedges are recognized in earnings in the affected period. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, we do not have any derivatives designated as net investment hedges, fair value hedges or cash flow hedges. No derivatives were being used for trading or speculative purposes. See Notes 4 and 11 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information. We have elected to be taxed as a REIT under Sections 856 through 860 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Internal Revenue Code”), and have qualified as a REIT since the year ended December 31, 2008. To qualify as a REIT, we must meet a number of organizational and operational requirements, including a requirement that we distribute at least 90 During 2015, we recorded an aggregate provision for income tax of approximately $ 2.7 The foreign income tax recorded during 2015 was calculated on gains recognized at the exchange rate in effect on the date of sale and calculated using then current tax rates. 0.1 1.6 0.8 0.8 We have reviewed our tax positions under GAAP guidance that clarify the relevant criteria and approach for the recognition and measurement of uncertain tax positions. The guidance prescribes a recognition threshold and measurement attribute for the financial statement recognition of a tax position taken, or expected to be taken, in a tax return. A tax position may only be recognized in the financial statements if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained upon examination. We believe it is more likely than not that the tax positions taken relative to our federal tax status as a REIT will be sustained in any tax examination. For our international investments where the functional currency is other than the U.S. dollar, assets and liabilities are translated using period-end exchange rates, while the statement of operations amounts are translated using the average exchange rates for the respective period. Gains and losses resulting from the change in exchange rates from period to period are reported separately as a component of other comprehensive income (loss). Gains and losses resulting from foreign currency transactions are included in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss). The Euro was the functional currency for the operations of AJS and Holstenplatz, which were both sold in 2015. As a result of the sale of AJS and Holstenplatz, we no longer have foreign operations. However, we still maintain a Euro-denominated bank account that is comprised primarily of the remaining undistributed proceeds from the sale of these properties, which we translate into U.S. dollars at the current exchange rate at each reporting period. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, we maintained approximately $ 0.4 3.6 0.5 0.1 0.4 Upon the substantial liquidation of an investment in a foreign entity, the cumulative translation adjustment (“CTA”) balance is required to be released into earnings. In accordance with Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2013-05, upon disposal of a foreign property, we recognize the CTA as an adjustment to the resulting gain or loss on sale. During the first quarter of 2015, we recognized a CTA of approximately $ 0.6 0.4 Items of other comprehensive income (loss) consist of gains and losses affecting equity that are excluded from net income (loss) under GAAP. The components of other comprehensive income (loss) consist of cumulative foreign currency translation gains and losses. We had a stock-based incentive award plan for our directors and consultants and for employees, directors, and consultants of our affiliates. However, we have did not issued any stock-based awards under the plan and effective on December 19, 2017, we may no longer issue any awards under the plan as of December 31, 2017. At December 31, 2017 and 2016, we had cash and cash equivalents deposited in certain financial institutions in excess of federally insured levels. We have diversified our cash and cash equivalents among several banking institutions in an attempt to minimize exposure to any one of these entities. We regularly monitor the financial stability of these financial institutions and believe that we are not exposed to any significant credit risk in cash and cash equivalents or restricted cash. Geographic and Asset Type Concentration Our investments may at times be concentrated in certain asset types that are subject to higher risk of foreclosure, or secured by assets concentrated in a limited number of geographic locations. For the year ended December 31, 2017, excluding the investment we sold in 2017 28.1 13.9 21.3 13.1 22.6 1.0 Florida Texas, Tennessee, Ohio, Georgia and Indiana, 54.7 35.7 9.6 properties, properties and medical office building Noncontrolling interest represents the noncontrolling ownership interest’s proportionate share of the equity in our consolidated real estate investments. Income and losses are allocated to noncontrolling interest holders based generally on their ownership percentage. In certain instances, our joint venture agreement provides for liquidating distributions based on achieving certain return metrics (“promoted interest”). If a property reaches a defined return threshold, then it will result in distributions to noncontrolling interest which is different from the standard pro-rata allocation percentage. Net income (loss) per share is calculated based on the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during each period. The weighted average shares outstanding used to calculate both basic and diluted income (loss) per share were the same for each of the three years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, as there were no potentially dilutive securities outstanding. GAAP establishes standards for reporting financial and descriptive information about an enterprise’s reportable segments. We have determined that we have one reportable segment, with activities related to the ownership, development, and management of real estate assets. Our chief operating decision maker evaluates operating performance on an individual property level. Therefore, our properties are aggregated into one reportable segment. Certain prior period amounts may have been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation. |