| Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations |
This management’s discussion and analysis (“MD&A”) of the financial condition and results of operations of the Company should be read in conjunction with our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes for the three and six months ended June 30, 2016 and 2015, which have been prepared in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”). All dollar amounts are in U.S. dollars (“US$” or “$”) unless stated otherwise. As at August 2, 2016, the Bank of Canada noon rate for conversion of United States dollars to Canadian dollars (“CDN$”) was US$1 to CDN$1.3089.
Our MD&A is intended to enable readers to gain an understanding of our current operating results and financial position. To do so, we provide information and analysis comparing the results of operations and financial position for the current period to those of the preceding comparable period. We also provide analysis and commentary that we believe is required to assess our future prospects. Accordingly, certain sections of this report contain forward-looking statements that are based on current plans and expectations. These forward-looking statements are affected by risks and uncertainties that are discussed in Item 1A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015, and below in the section titled “Cautions Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” and that could have a material impact on future prospects. Readers are cautioned that actual results could vary from those forecasted in this MD&A.
Cautions Regarding Forward-Looking Statements
This MD&A contains certain forward-looking statements that reflect management’s expectations regarding our growth, results of operations, performance and business prospects and opportunities.
Statements about our future plans and intentions, results, levels of activity, performance, goals, achievements or other future events constitute forward-looking statements. Wherever possible, words such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “could,” “expect,” “plan,” “intend,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “predict,” or “potential” or the negative or other variations of these words, or similar words or phrases, have been used to identify these forward-looking statements. These statements reflect management’s current beliefs and are based on information available to management as of the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
Forward-looking statements involve significant risk, uncertainties and assumptions. Although the forward-looking statements contained in this MD&A are based upon what management believes to be reasonable assumptions, we cannot assure readers that actual results will be consistent with these forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are made as of the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and we assume no obligation to update or revise them to reflect new events or circumstances, except as required by law. Many factors could cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements that may be expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements, including: our ability to derive anticipated benefits from the acquisition of DivX Corporation (“DivX”); our ability to realize some or all of the anticipated benefits of our partnerships; our ability to increase revenue; general economic and market segment conditions; our customers’ subscriber levels and financial health; our ability to pursue and consummate acquisitions in a timely manner; our continued relationships with our customers; our ability to negotiate favorable terms for contract renewals; competitor activity; product capability and acceptance rates; technology changes; regulatory changes; foreign exchange risk; interest rate risk; and credit risk. These factors should be considered carefully and readers should not place undue reliance on the forward-looking statements. A more detailed assessment of the risks that could cause actual results to materially differ from current expectations is contained in Item 1A, “Risk Factors,” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015.
On June 23, 2016, the United Kingdom (“UK”) held a referendum in which voters approved an exit from the European Union (“EU”), commonly referred to as “Brexit.” The referendum is non-binding; however, if passed into law, negotiations would begin to determine the future terms of the UK’s relationship with the EU, including the terms of trade between those two bodies. While the future effects of Brexit are unknown, the announcement that the referendum had passed caused significant volatility in global stock markets and currency exchange rate fluctuations, and it is possible that these will reoccur from time to time and that there will be increased legal and regulatory complexities in relation to Brexit. We do not anticipate at this time that Brexit will have a material impact on our business.
Overview
We are a leading provider of enterprise digital video solutions with the mission to deliver and enable the highest quality live and on-demand digital video content experiences anywhere and on any device. Our flagship solution, the NeuLion Digital Platform, is a proprietary, cloud-based, fully integrated, turnkey solution that enables the delivery and monetization of digital video content.
Enterprises throughout the entire digital video ecosystem use our solutions to better grow, engage and monetize their customer bases. The NeuLion Digital Platform offers content owners and rightsholders a highly-configurable and scalable suite of digital technologies, together with services for back-end content preparation, management, secure delivery and monetization, in an end-to-end solution that addresses the complexities associated with successfully streaming and marketing their content. Our comprehensive solution suite also includes our DivX video solution that allows consumer electronics (“CE”) manufacturers to provide a secure, high-quality video experience and premium screen resolution, up to Ultra HD/4K, across virtually all content formats, for a wide range of connected devices.
We primarily generate revenue by offering the NeuLion Digital Platform on a subscription license basis. Our revenue is generated from fees determined by the number of channels through which we deliver our customers’ content, the number of events we stream and the number of connected devices we enable, as well as from variable fees determined by the volume of digital video content we deliver and/or the end user revenue generated by our customers. We also generate revenue from licensing our DivX video solution to CE manufacturers, video solution developers and others.
We believe that the proliferation of Internet-connected devices, the increasing amount of digital video content, the growth in video consumption, particularly sports, on mobile devices and the demand for continually improving and personalized viewing experiences will be the principal drivers of our growth. As enterprises continue to struggle with the complexities of managing growing libraries of digital content, creating compelling branded user experiences and delivering those experiences across a wide range of connected devices in high-quality resolutions, our comprehensive suite of products and focus on innovation will allow us to increase revenues from existing customers and expand our customer base in North America and internationally.
We were incorporated as Jump TV Inc. on January 14, 2000 under the Canada Business Corporations Act. In October 2008, Jump TV Inc. completed a merger with the company now known as NeuLion USA, Inc. pursuant to which it became our wholly-owned subsidiary. The merger was accounted for as a reverse takeover. In July 2009, our Registration Statement on Form 10 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), was declared effective by the SEC and we changed our corporate name to NeuLion, Inc. We have traded on the TSX since August 9, 2006. On November 30, 2010, we were domesticated under Delaware law. On January 30, 2015, we consummated the acquisition of DivX, which creates, distributes, and licenses digital video technologies for PCs, smart TVs, and mobile devices. MainConcept, its subsidiary, provides high-quality video compression-decompression, or codec, software libraries and products to consumer electronics manufacturers, broadcasters, video solution developers and others.
Recent Developments
| (i) | Acquisition of Saffron Digital Limited (“Saffron Digital”) |
On June 3, 2016, we completed the acquisition of Saffron Digital in an all-cash asset transaction for total consideration of $9.0 million, of which $7.5 million was paid on closing and $1.5 million is to be paid on September 30, 2016.
Saffron Digital helped its customers build multi-platform digital video services for entertainment delivered over-the-top to internet connected devices. Saffron Digital has been working with Hollywood studios and other entertainment content owners for the last ten years, gaining extensive industry expertise and experience in developing and delivering high profile, global premium over-the-top video on demand (OTT VOD) digital services. The Saffron Digital platform supports advanced implementations of subscription video on demand, electronic sell through and advertising supported video on demand.
This extensive industry knowledge of best-in-class digital entertainment services, offered in combination with the NeuLion's market leading experience in delivering live TV channels and live sports, offers owners and rights holders of sports, entertainment, movies and TV channels, a market leading platform, all from one company.
On June 6, 2016, we announced the following changes to our management structure:
Nancy Li, our co-founder, was promoted to the position of Executive Chair of the Board. Charles B. Wang, who had served as Chairman of the Board since 2008, continues as a company director.
Roy Reichbach was promoted to President and Chief Executive Officer. Mr. Reichbach, who is also a director of the Company, was previously our General Counsel. He replaced Dr. Kanaan Jemili, who remains a consultant with the Company.
Trevor Renfield, formerly Chief Financial Officer at DivX, was promoted to Chief Financial Officer, replacing Art McCarthy, who resigned from that position.
Key Performance Metrics
We regularly review a number of performance indicators, including the following key metrics, to evaluate our business, measure our performance, identify trends affecting our business, formulate financial projections and make strategic decisions.
After DivX was acquired by NeuLion on January 30, 2015, the purchase price allocation on the acquisition date included an adjustment to record the fair value of assumed contractual payments due to DivX for which no or little additional obligations existed in order to receive such payments. These contractual payments are for fixed multi-year site licenses and unbilled per unit royalties for units shipped prior to the acquisition. Prior to the acquisition, revenue relating to such transactions was recognized during the period in which such customers reported the number of royalty-eligible units that they had shipped. Revenues from annual or other license fees are recognized based on the specific terms of the license arrangement. For instance, some of the DivX’s large CE customers have entered into agreements for which they have the right to ship an unlimited number of units over a specified term for a flat fee. We record the fees associated with these arrangements on a straight-line basis over the specified term. Upon closing the acquisition of DivX, because DivX assumed no additional obligations under such contracts, these fixed payments are considered a fixed payment stream, rather than revenue and are therefore treated as accounts receivable as opposed to revenue as part of the purchase accounting. The fair value of the remaining fixed payments due under the applicable contracts is estimated by calculating the discounted cash flows associated with such fixed payments. The reduction in revenues related to the fixed payments being treated as accounts receivable as opposed to revenues has been reflected as a non-GAAP financial measure to include the effect of the excluded revenues to allow investors and analysts to make meaningful comparisons between DivX's ongoing core business operating results and those of other companies.
| | 3 months ended June 30, | | | | | | 6 months ended June 30, | |
| | 2016 | | | 2015 | | | % change | | | 2016 | | | 2015 | | | % change | |
Revenue - Pro Forma (amounts in millions) | | $ | 24.1 | | | $ | 22.7 | | | 6% | | | $ | 50.4 | | | $ | 46.6 | | | 8% | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Revenue (GAAP) as reported | | $ | 24.1 | | | $ | 22.7 | | | | | | $ | 50.4 | | | $ | 44.4 | | | | |
Revenue (GAAP) DivX (prior to acquisition) | | $ | - | | | $ | - | | | | | | $ | - | | | $ | 2.2 | | | | |
We principally use pro forma revenue, in combination with pro forma non-GAAP revenue and platform revenue, as described below, to monitor the period-over-period performance of the business. Pro forma revenue reflects the combined revenue of our historical business and our acquired DivX business, adjusted as a result of purchase accounting. Our pro forma revenue increased by 6% and 8% for the three and six months ended June 30, 2016, respectively.
| | 3 months ended June 30, | | | | | | 6 months ended June 30, | |
| | 2016 | | | 2015 | | | % change | | | 2016 | | | 2015 | | | % change | |
Pro Forma Revenue - non-GAAP (amounts in millions) | | $ | 24.2 | | | $ | 26.7 | | | -9% | | | $ | 51.4 | | | $ | 55.8 | | | -8% | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Revenue (GAAP) as reported | | $ | 24.1 | | | $ | 22.7 | | | | | | $ | 50.4 | | | $ | 44.4 | | | | |
Revenue (GAAP) DivX (prior to acquisition) | | $ | - | | | $ | - | | | | | | $ | - | | | $ | 2.2 | | | | |
Revenue due to purchase accounting adjustment | | $ | 0.1 | | | $ | 4.0 | | | | | | $ | 1.0 | | | $ | 9.2 | | | | |
We principally use pro forma non-GAAP revenue, in combination with pro forma revenue and platform revenue, as described above and below, to monitor the period-over-period performance of the business. Pro forma non-GAAP revenue measures the revenue of our historical business and our acquired DivX business on a combined basis without adjustment for purchase accounting. There will be no purchase accounting adjustments to revenue in future quarters. Our pro forma non-GAAP revenue decreased by 9% and 8% for the three and six months ended June 30, 2016, respectively. We expect the growth in pro forma non-GAAP revenue to be less than that in our organic revenue growth due to a decline in pro forma non-GAAP revenues generated by our DivX and MainConcept revenue streams. Please see the reconciliation of GAAP Revenue to Pro Forma non-GAAP Revenue, below, for full details.
| 3 months ended June 30, | | | | | 6 months ended June 30, | |
| 2016 | | 2015 | | | % change | | 2016 | | 2015 | | | % change | |
Revenue - NeuLion Digital Platform (amounts in millions) | | $ | 15.9 | | | $ | 15.5 | | | 3% | | | $ | 34.1 | | | $ | 32.0 | | | 7% | |
We expect our revenue from our NeuLion Digital Platform to grow faster than revenue from our other solutions as we add new customers and increase the variable revenue we realize from existing customers. As a result, we expect our platform revenue to continue to grow in absolute dollars and as a percentage of revenue. Our platform revenue grew by 3% and 7% for the three and six months ended June 30, 2016, respectively. Our platform revenue is seasonal, related to the timing and size of events that our customers deliver through our solution. The fourth quarter has historically been our highest revenue quarter, but this seasonality may change as we add new customers and events.
| | 3 months ended June 30, | | | 6 months ended June 30, | |
| | 2016 | | | 2015 | | | 2016 | | | 2015 | |
Pro Forma Cost of Revenue as a % of Pro Forma non-GAAP Revenue | | | 17% | | | | 16% | | | | 17% | | | | 16% | |
Cost of revenue consists principally of bandwidth costs paid in connection with our delivery of digital video content, and to a lesser extent, license fees paid to certain customers for whom we recognize revenue on a gross basis. We use cost of revenue as a percent of revenue, together with adjusted EBITDA, to measure the operating performance of our business. We have been able to reduce our cost of revenue as a percent of revenue as we have increased the digital video content we deliver on the NeuLion Digital Platform and as a result of the acquisition of DivX. Our cost per unit of bandwidth decreases as we deliver more digital video content. Our cost of revenue as a percentage of revenue going forward will also be effected by our revenue mix.
| 3 months ended June 30, | | | | 6 months ended June 30, | |
| 2016 | | 2015 | | % change | | 2016 | | 2015 | | % change | |
Pro Forma Adjusted EBITDA (amounts in millions) | | $ | 3.3 | | | $ | 4.2 | | | -21% | | | $ | 10.3 | | | $ | 11.0 | | | -6% | |
We monitor pro forma adjusted EBITDA, together with cost of revenue as a percent of revenue, to measure the operating performance of our business. We expect adjusted EBITDA to improve over time as we grow our revenue and improve our operating performance, but adjusted EBITDA as a percent of revenue will vary based on the timing of revenue and expenses. Refer to reconciliation of GAAP Net Income (Loss) to Pro Forma Adjusted EBITDA, below, for full details.
Reconciliation of GAAP Revenue to Pro Forma non-GAAP Revenue (in thousands): | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| Three months ended June 30, | | Six months ended June 30, | |
| 2016 | | 2015 | | 2016 | | 2015 | |
| | | | | | | | |
GAAP Revenue | | $ | 24,111 | | | $ | 22,683 | | | $ | 50,404 | | | $ | 44,358 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Pro forma adjustment | | | - | | | | - | | | | - | | | | 2,239 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Pro Forma GAAP Revenue | | $ | 24,111 | | | $ | 22,683 | | | $ | 50,404 | | | $ | 46,597 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Revenue excluded due to purchase accounting | | | 82 | | | | 4,032 | | | | 948 | | | | 9,196 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Pro Forma Non-GAAP Revenue | | $ | 24,193 | | | $ | 26,715 | | | $ | 51,352 | | | $ | 55,793 | |
Reconciliation of GAAP Net Income (Loss) to Pro Forma Adjusted EBITDA (in thousands): | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Three months ended June 30, | | | Six months ended June 30, | |
| | 2016 | | | 2015 | | | 2016 | | | 2015 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Consolidated Net Income (Loss) on a GAAP basis | | $ | (776 | ) | | $ | (3,223 | ) | | $ | 1,306 | | | $ | (3,731 | ) |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Pro forma adjustment | | | - | | | | - | | | | - | | | | (2,225 | ) |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Consolidated Net Income (Loss) on a Pro Forma GAAP basis | | $ | (776 | ) | | $ | (3,223 | ) | | $ | 1,306 | | | $ | (5,956 | ) |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Revenue excluded due to purchase accounting | | | 82 | | | | 4,032 | | | | 948 | | | | 9,196 | |
Depreciation and amortization | | | 2,125 | | | | 2,062 | | | | 4,099 | | | | 4,123 | |
Stock-based compensation | | | 1,372 | | | | 594 | | | | 2,126 | | | | 921 | |
Acquisition-related expenses | | | 102 | | | | - | | | | 102 | | | | 360 | |
Gain on revaluation of convertible note derivative | | | - | | | | (300 | ) | | | - | | | | (506 | ) |
Income tax expense | | | 227 | | | | 1,203 | | | | 1,878 | | | | 2,700 | |
Investment income (expense) and foreign exchange loss | | | 201 | | | | (143 | ) | | | (126 | ) | | | 216 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Pro Forma Adjusted EBITDA | | $ | 3,333 | | | $ | 4,225 | | | $ | 10,333 | | | $ | 11,054 | |
We report Pro Forma non-GAAP Revenue and Pro Forma Adjusted EBITDA because they are key measures used by management to evaluate our results and make strategic decisions about the Company, including potential acquisitions. Pro Forma Non-GAAP Revenue represents GAAP revenue as if an acquisition occurred at the beginning of the period and before purchase price accounting adjustments as a result of an acquisition. Pro Forma Adjusted EBITDA represents net income (loss) as if an acquisition occurred at the beginning of the period before interest, income taxes, depreciation and amortization, stock-based compensation, acquisition-related expenses, listing-related expenses, purchase accounting adjustments, gain on revaluation of convertible note derivative, investment income/expense and foreign exchange gain/loss. These measures do not have any standardized meaning prescribed by U.S. GAAP and therefore are unlikely to be comparable to the calculation of similar measures used by other companies, and should not be viewed as an alternative to measures of financial performance or changes in cash flows calculated in accordance with U.S. GAAP.
COMPONENTS OF OPERATING RESULTS
We operate in one segment. Our chief operating decision-maker reviews our operating results on an aggregate basis and manages our operations as a single operating segment.
Revenue
We generate a majority of our revenue by offering the NeuLion Digital Platform on a subscription license basis. Revenue from the NeuLion Digital Platform is generated from fees determined by the number of channels through which we deliver our customers’ content, the number of events we stream and the number of connected devices we enable, as well as from variable fees determined by the volume of digital video content we deliver and/or the end user revenue generated by our customers. We also generate revenue from licensing our DivX video solution to CE manufacturers, video solution developers and others.
Our contracts with customers typically have a length between two years and five years and are generally on an exclusive basis. We recognize recurring fees in the period in which services are provided and when collection of fees is reasonably assured and the amount of fees is fixed or determinable.
Our platform revenue is seasonal and is based significantly on the timing and size of events that our customers deliver through our solution. The fourth quarter has historically been our highest revenue quarter, but this seasonality may change as we add new customers and events.
Cost and Expenses
Cost of revenue
Cost of revenue consists principally of bandwidth costs paid in connection with our distribution of digital video content and, to a lesser extent, license fees paid to certain customers for whom we recognize revenue on a gross basis. Cost of revenue excludes amortization and depreciation and labor costs.
Our cost of revenue as a percentage of revenue going forward will depend primarily on our revenue mix.
Selling, general and administrative expenses, including stock-based compensation
Selling, general and administrative expenses, including stock-based compensation, or SG&A expenses, include wages and benefits, stock-based compensation, acquisition-related expenses, professional fees, marketing costs, travel expenses, rent, office supplies, corporate IT services, credit card processing fees and other general operating expenses. Historically, approximately 65% of SG&A has consisted of wages and benefits for our employees.
We expect SG&A expenses to increase in absolute dollars as we add personnel, increase our spending on sales and marketing and grow our business; however, we expect SG&A expenses to decline as a percent of revenue over time.
Research and development
Research and development expenses primarily consist of wages and benefits for research and development personnel. Historically, approximately 90% of R&D has consisted of wages and benefits for our employees.
We expect research and development expenses to increase in absolute dollars as we continue to add personnel to enhance and grow our solutions; however, we expect research and development expenses to decline as a percent of revenue over time.
Key Trends and Factors That May Impact Our Performance
We believe that there are many factors that will continue to affect our ability to sustain and increase both revenue and profitability and impact the nature and amount of our expenditures, including:
| · | Market acceptance of our services. We compete in markets where the value of certain aspects of our services is still in the process of market acceptance. We believe that our future growth depends in part on the continued and increasing acceptance and realization of the value of our service offerings. |
| · | Technological change. Our success depends in part on our ability to keep pace with technological changes in and evolving industry standards applicable to our service offerings and to successfully develop, launch, and drive demand for new and enhanced, innovative, high-quality solutions that meet or exceed customer needs. |
| · | Technology spending. Our growth and results depend in part on general economic conditions and the pace and level of technology spending by potential customers to take their content digital. |
In addition, in June 2016, we completed the acquisition of Saffron Digital. The integration of the two companies will impact our future revenues, expenses and operating results.
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Comparison of Three Months Ended June 30, 2016 to Three Months Ended June 30, 2015 (unaudited)
Our condensed consolidated financial statements for the three months ended June 30, 2016 and 2015 have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. A comparison of our results of operations for those periods is as follows (amounts in thousands):
| | 3 months ended June 30, | |
| | 2016 | | | 2015 | |
Revenue | | $ | 24,111 | | | $ | 22,684 | |
| | | | | | | | |
Costs and expenses | | | | | | | | |
Cost of revenue, exclusive of depreciation and | | | | | | | | |
amortization shown separately below | | | 4,131 | | | | 4,215 | |
Selling, general and administrative, including | | | | | | | | |
stock-based compensation | | | 12,918 | | | | 11,390 | |
Research and development | | | 5,285 | | | | 7,480 | |
Depreciation and amortization | | | 2,125 | | | | 2,062 | |
| | | 24,459 | | | | 25,147 | |
Operating loss | | | (348 | ) | | | (2,463 | ) |
Other (expense) income | | | (201 | ) | | | 443 | |
Net and comprehensive loss before income taxes | | | (549 | ) | | | (2,020 | ) |
Income taxes | | | (227 | ) | | | (1,203 | ) |
Net and comprehensive loss | | $ | (776 | ) | | $ | (3,223 | ) |
Revenue
Revenue increased to $24.1 million for the three months ended June 30, 2016 from $22.7 million for the three months ended June 30, 2015. The $1.4 million improvement was primarily the result of an increase in revenues from our NeuLion Digital Platform of $0.4 million and from our CE and MainConcept revenue streams of $1.0 million.
Costs of Revenue
Cost of revenue decreased to $4.1 million for the three months ended June 30, 2016 from $4.2 million for the three months ended June 30, 2015. Cost of revenue as a percentage of revenue improved from 19% for the three months ended June 30, 2015 to 17% for the three months ended June 30, 2016. The two percentage point improvement (as a percentage of revenue) primarily resulted from improved broadcast operating costs.
Selling, general and administrative expenses, including stock-based compensation
Selling, general and administrative expenses, including stock-based compensation, increased by $1.5 million, or 13%, from $11.4 million for the three months ended June 30, 2015, to $12.9 million for the three months ended June 30, 2016. The individual variances are as follows:
• Wages and benefits increased from $7.3 million for the three months ended June 30, 2015 to $8.1 million for the three months ended June 30, 2016. The $0.8 million increase was primarily the result of additional costs associated with the acquisition of Saffron Digital, severance payments and increased health benefit costs.
• Stock-based compensation increased from $0.6 million for the three months ended June 30, 2015 to $1.4 million for the three months ended June 30, 2016. The $0.8 million increase was primarily the result of stock option and restricted stock grants that took place subsequent to May 15, 2015.
• Professional fees increased from $0.8 million for the three months ended June 30, 2015 to $0.9 million for the three months ended June 30, 2016.
• Acquisition-related expenses were $0.1 million for the three months ended June 30, 2016. There were no comparable expenses for the three months ended June 30, 2015. These expenses related to audit, legal and valuation fees incurred as a result of the acquisition of Saffron Digital.
• Other SG&A expenses decreased from $2.7 million for the three months ended June 30, 2015 to $2.4 million for the three months ended June 30, 2016. Other SG&A expenses include travel expenses, rent, office supplies, corporate IT services, credit card processing fees and other general operating expenses.
Research and development
Research and development costs decreased from $7.5 million for the three months ended June 30, 2015 to $5.3 million for the three months ended June 30, 2016. The $2.2 million decrease was primarily a result of a reduction in headcount due to redundancy associated with the acquisition of DivX.
Depreciation and amortization
Depreciation and amortization was $2.1 million for the three months ended June 30, 2015 and 2016.
Income taxes
The tax provision for the three months ended June 30, 2016 was $0.2 million, compared to $1.2 million for the three months ended June 30, 2015. The provision for income taxes during 2016 is primarily comprised of current and deferred tax expense in the U.S. and in profitable cost-plus foreign jurisdictions, and foreign withholding taxes. The provision for income taxes during 2015 is primarily comprised of current and deferred tax expense in profitable cost-plus foreign jurisdictions, changes in deferred tax liabilities that cannot be offset by deferred tax assets, and foreign withholding taxes.
At December 31, 2015, based on the weight of available evidence, including profitability in recent periods and the availability of expected future taxable income, we concluded that it is more likely than not that the benefits of federal deferred income tax assets will be realized. Accordingly, we reduced the valuation allowances on our federal and some state related deferred income tax assets. As of June 30, 2016, we continue to maintain a valuation allowance to offset certain foreign and state deferred tax assets, as realization of such assets does not meet the more-likely-than-not threshold.
Comparison of Six Months Ended June 30, 2016 to Six Months Ended June 30, 2015 (unaudited)
Our condensed consolidated financial statements for the six months ended June 30, 2016 and 2015 have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. A comparison of our results of operations for those periods is as follows (amounts in thousands):
| | 6 months ended June 30, | |
| | Actual | | | Pro Forma | |
| | 2016 | | | 2015 (1) | | | 2015 | |
Revenue | | $ | 50,404 | | | $ | 44,358 | | | $ | 46,597 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Costs and expenses | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Cost of revenue, exclusive of depreciation and | | | | | | | | | | | | |
amortization shown separately below | | | 8,785 | | | | 8,541 | | | | 8,770 | |
Selling, general and administrative, including | | | | | | | | | | | | |
stock-based compensation | | | 24,823 | | | | 21,303 | | | | 22,709 | |
Research and development | | | 9,639 | | | | 12,796 | | | | 14,543 | |
Depreciation and amortization | | | 4,099 | | | | 3,588 | | | | 4,121 | |
| | | 47,346 | | | | 46,228 | | | | 50,143 | |
Operating income | | | 3,058 | | | | (1,870 | ) | | | (3,546 | ) |
Other income | | | 126 | | | | 228 | | | | 291 | |
Net and comprehensive income (loss) before income taxes | | | 3,184 | | | | (1,642 | ) | | | (3,255 | ) |
Income taxes | | | (1,878 | ) | | | (2,089 | ) | | | (2,701 | ) |
Net and comprehensive income (loss) | | $ | 1,306 | | | $ | (3,731 | ) | | $ | (5,956 | ) |
(1) Actual results for six months ended June 30, 2015 include only five months of DivX as the acquisition occurred on January 30, 2015.
Revenue
Revenue increased to $50.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2016 from $44.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2015. The $6.0 million improvement was primarily the result of an increase in revenues from our NeuLion Digital Platform of $2.1 million and from our CE and MainConcept revenue streams of $3.9 million. Revenue for six months ended June 30, 2015 includes only five months of the CE and MainConcept revenue as the acquisition occurred on January 30, 2015.
Costs of Revenue
Cost of revenue increased to $8.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2016 from $8.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2015. Cost of revenue as a percentage of revenue improved from 19% for the six months ended June 30, 2015 to 17% for the six months ended June 30, 2016. The two percentage point improvement (as a percentage of revenue) primarily resulted from improved broadcast operating costs.
Selling, general and administrative expenses, including stock-based compensation
Selling, general and administrative expenses, including stock-based compensation, increased by $3.5 million, or 16%, from $21.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2015, to $24.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2016. The increase was primarily the result of the acquisition of DivX on January 30, 2015, whose results are only included for five months in the prior period versus six months in the current period. The individual variances are as follows:
• Wages and benefits increased from $13.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2015 to $16.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2016. Wages and benefits for six months ended June 30, 2015 include only five months of DivX as the acquisition occurred on January 30, 2015.
• Stock-based compensation increased from $0.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2015 to $2.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2016. The $1.0 million increase was primarily the result of stock option and restricted stock grants that took place subsequent to May 15, 2015.
• Professional fees increased from $1.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2015 to $1.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2016.
• Acquisition-related expenses decreased from $0.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2015 to $0.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2016. The decrease was as a result of expenses related to audit, legal and valuation fees incurred as a result of the acquisition of DivX on January 30, 2015.
• Other SG&A expenses decreased from $4.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2015 to $4.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2016. Other SG&A expenses include travel expenses, rent, office supplies, corporate IT services, credit card processing fees and other general operating expenses.
Research and development
Research and development costs decreased from $12.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2015 to $9.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2016. The $3.2 million decrease was primarily a result of a reduction in headcount due to redundancy associated with the acquisition of DivX.
Depreciation and amortization
Depreciation and amortization increased from $3.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2015 to $4.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2016. Depreciation and amortization for six months ended June 30, 2015 include only five months of the DivX results as the acquisition occurred on January 30, 2015.
Income taxes
The tax provision for the six months ended June 30, 2016 was $1.9 million, compared to $2.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2015. The provision for income taxes during 2016 is primarily comprised of current and deferred tax expense in the U.S. and in profitable cost-plus foreign jurisdictions, and foreign withholding taxes. The provision for income taxes during 2015 is primarily comprised of current and deferred tax expense in profitable cost-plus foreign jurisdictions, changes in deferred tax liabilities that cannot be offset by deferred tax assets, and foreign withholding taxes.
At December 31, 2015, based on the weight of available evidence, including profitability in recent periods and the availability of expected future taxable income, we concluded that it is more likely than not that the benefits of federal deferred income tax assets will be realized. Accordingly, we reduced the valuation allowances on its federal and some state related deferred income tax assets. As of June 30, 2016, we continue to maintain a valuation allowance to offset certain foreign and state deferred tax assets, as realization of such assets do not meet the more-likely-than-not threshold.
QUARTERLY TRENDS
Our overall operating results fluctuate from quarter to quarter as a result of a variety of factors, some of which are outside of our control. Our historical results should not be considered a reliable indicator of our future results of operations.
Our platform revenue is seasonal based significantly on the timing and size of events that our customers deliver through our solution. The fourth quarter has historically been our highest revenue quarter, but this seasonality may change as we add new customers and events.
SG&A expenses are the highest in the fourth quarter, primarily as a result of additional employees needed to support the additional business activity during that quarter. We expect SG&A expenses to increase in absolute dollars as we add personnel, increase our spending on sales and marketing and growing our business; however we expect SG&A expenses to decline as a percent of revenue over time.
Research and development expenses have been fairly stable for most quarters presented. We expect research and development expenses to increase in absolute dollars as we continue to add personnel to enhance and grow our solutions; however, we expect research and development expenses to decline as a percent of revenue over time.
LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
Our cash position was $46.1 million at June 30, 2016. During the six months ended June 30, 2016, we generated $2.9 million from operating activities, which included cash of $4.4 million from changes in operating assets and liabilities. Cash used in investing activities included $7.5 million for the acquisition of Saffron Digital and $1.5 million used to purchase fixed assets. Included in our fixed asset purchases was $0.6 million that was used to purchase a software license. We do not expect to incur a similar type cost in the near future. Cash used in financing activities included $1.6 million for our share repurchase program offset by $0.4 million received on the exercise of stock options.
As of June 30, 2016, our principal sources of liquidity included cash and cash equivalents of $46.1 million and trade accounts receivable of $9.6 million, offset by $7.7 million in accounts payable and $9.6 million in accrued liabilities. We continue to closely monitor our cash balances to ensure that we have sufficient cash on hand to meet our operating needs. Management believes that we have sufficient liquidity to meet our working capital and capital expenditure requirements for at least the next 12 months.
At June 30, 2016, approximately 62% of our cash and cash equivalents were held in accounts with a U.S. bank that received a A-2 rating from Standard and Poor’s and an P-1 rating from Moody’s and 22% of our cash and cash equivalents were held in accounts with a U.S. bank that received a AA- rating from Standard and Poor’s and an Aa1 rating from Moody’s. We believe that these U.S. financial institutions are secure and that we will be able to access the balance of our bank deposits. Our investment policy is to invest in low-risk short-term investments which are primarily term deposits. We have not had a history of any defaults on these term deposits, nor do we expect any in the future given the short-term maturity of these investments.
Working Capital Requirements
Our net working capital at June 30, 2016 was $32.2 million, a decrease of $6.4 million from the December 31, 2015 net working capital of $38.6 million. Our working capital ratios at June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 were 2.1 and 2.2, respectively. Included in current liabilities at June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 are approximately $10.0 million and $11.6 million, respectively, of liabilities (deferred revenue) that we do not anticipate settling in cash.
The change in working capital was primarily due to decreases in current assets of $9.4 million and current liabilities of $3.0 million.
Current assets at June 30, 2016 were $61.0 million, a decrease of $9.4 million from the December 31, 2015 balance of $70.4 million. The change was primarily due to a decrease in cash and cash equivalents of $7.3 million. We used $7.5 million to acquire Saffron Digital.
Current liabilities at June 30, 2016 were $28.8 million, a decrease of $3.0 million from the December 31, 2015 balance of $31.8 million. The decrease was primarily due to a decrease in accounts payable of $2.3 million.
Off Balance Sheet Arrangements
We did not have any off balance sheet arrangements as of June 30, 2016.