Xinyuan Real Estate (XIN) 20-F 29 Apr 20 2019 FY Annual report (foreign) Financial data

Document and Entity Information

Document and Entity Information	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019shares
Document and Entity Information [Abstract]
Document Type	20-F
Document Registration Statement	false
Document Annual Report	true
Document Transition Report	false
Document Shell Company Report	false
Entity Registrant Name	Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd.
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding	119,805,636
Document Period End Date	Dec. 31, 2019
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2019
Document Fiscal Period Focus	FY
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Entity Well-known Seasoned Issuer	No
Entity Filer Category	Accelerated Filer
Entity Emerging Growth Company	false
Entity Shell Company	false
Entity Interactive Data Current	No
Entity Voluntary Filers	No
Entity Central Index Key	0001398453
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Amendment Flag	false
Trading Symbol	XIN

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Current assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 662,606,063	$ 674,141,554
Restricted cash	326,980,363	511,874,925
Short-term investments	5,595,625	8,442,063
Accounts receivable	97,911,510	64,129,969
Other receivables	287,300,176	166,632,745
Deposits for land use rights	26,375,391	42,254,342
Other deposits and prepayments	277,463,137	257,287,874
Advances to suppliers	44,357,799	46,983,182
Real estate properties development completed	458,204,518	632,359,691
Real estate properties under development (including real estate properties under development of the consolidated variable interest entities ("VIEs") to be used only to settle obligations of the VIEs of US$166,327,833 and nil as of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2019, respectively	3,254,387,749	4,068,716,308
Amounts due from related parties	200,757,623	216,184,205
Amounts due from employees	2,350,852	1,694,416
Other current assets	772,303	520,391
Total current assets	5,645,063,109	6,691,221,665
Restricted cash, non-current	112,998,481	0
Real estate properties held for lease, net	515,868,908	302,764,217
Deposits for land use rights and properties	32,969,258	21,855,694
Property and equipment, net	43,004,379	38,114,483
Long-term investment	613,619,925	564,340,219
Deferred tax assets	260,153,439	230,452,674
Amounts due from related parties	82,687,026	26,122,186
Contract assets	23,093,235	21,779,221
Operating lease right-of-use assets	11,801,491	0
Other assets	80,405,182	137,062,313
TOTAL ASSETS	7,421,664,433	8,033,712,672
Current liabilities
Accounts payable and notes payable (including accounts payable and notes payable of the VIEs without recourse to the primary beneficiary of US$2,489,669 and US$431,883 as of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2019, respectively	1,166,659,841	790,631,410
Short-term bank loans and other debt	73,419,108	43,711,388
Customer deposits	1,106,098,647	1,921,851,255
Income tax payable	298,227,606	213,272,832
Other payables and accrued liabilities (including other payables and accrued liabilities of the VIEs without recourse to the primary beneficiary of US$3,767,049 and US$854,814 as of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2019, respectively	323,163,994	341,107,500
Payroll and welfare payable (including payroll and welfare payable of the VIEs without recourse to the primary beneficiary of US$2,263,756 and US$772,009 as of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2019, respectively	24,223,625	33,752,390
Current portion of long-term bank loans and other debt	1,418,955,459	1,647,918,456
Lease liability, current portion	11,283,724	6,562,425
Mandatorily redeemable non-controlling interests	8,857,212	22,558,686
Amounts due to related parties	53,682,296	48,502,441
Total current liabilities	4,484,571,512	5,069,868,783
Long-term bank loans	686,064,696	720,038,940
Deferred tax liabilities	338,592,787	370,508,807
Unrecognized tax benefits	73,605,084	45,939,234
Other long-term debt	1,036,690,627	1,040,455,200
Lease liability	10,187,705	10,014,791
Amounts due to related parties		31,241,768
Total liabilities	6,629,712,411	7,288,067,523
Commitments and contingencies
Shareholders' equity
Authorized500,000,000 shares, issued and outstanding- 107,875,468 shares for 2019 (2018: 119,805,636 shares)	16,410	16,399
Treasury shares	(113,719,964)	(87,639,088)
Additional paid-in capital	543,290,577	532,117,479
Statutory reserves	175,008,459	166,495,744
Retained earnings	135,873,163	99,502,126
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(50,167,006)	(30,122,179)
Total Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd. shareholders' equity	690,301,639	680,370,481
Non-controlling interest	101,650,383	65,274,668
Total equity	791,952,022	745,645,149
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY	$ 7,421,664,433	$ 8,033,712,672

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Pa

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Parenthetical) - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Real estate properties under development	$ 3,254,387,749	$ 4,068,716,308
Accounts payable and notes payable	1,166,659,841	790,631,410
Other payables and accrued liabilities	323,163,994	341,107,500
Payroll and welfare payables	$ 24,223,625	$ 33,752,390
Common stock, par value per share	$ 0.0001	$ 0.0001
Common stock, shares authorized	500,000,000	500,000,000
Common stock, shares issued	107,875,468	119,805,636
Common stock, shares outstanding	107,875,468	119,805,636
Consolidated VIEs without recourse to the primary beneficiary
Accounts payable and notes payable	$ 431,883	$ 2,489,669
Other payables and accrued liabilities	854,814	3,767,049
Payroll and welfare payables	772,009	2,263,756
VIEs and VIEs without recourse to the primary beneficiary
Real estate properties under development	$ 0	$ 166,327,833

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMP

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Revenue:
Revenue	$ 2,466,504,041	$ 2,207,966,313
Lease Income	16,128,771	9,584,972	$ 8,732,799
Total revenue	2,482,632,812	2,217,551,285	1,976,907,231
Cost of revenue:
Total cost of revenue	(1,922,323,191)	(1,602,072,983)	(1,517,279,018)
Gross profit	560,309,621	615,478,302	459,628,213
Selling and distribution expenses	(86,760,620)	(83,591,651)	(75,723,717)
General and administrative expenses	(163,686,999)	(156,456,170)	(136,844,741)
Operating income	309,862,002	375,430,481	247,059,755
Interest income	51,493,595	31,225,694	16,859,086
Interest expense	(113,775,360)	(99,245,696)	(66,153,440)
Net loss on debt extinguishment	(8,580,510)	(21,443,949)	(15,879,702)
Gain/ (loss) on short-term investments	1,451,200	(2,256,890)	9,969,966
Share of loss in equity investee	(5,416,471)	(9,374,451)	(1,710,070)
Exchange gains	(7,376,009)	(25,677,654)	756,926
Other income	5,848,727	1,741,732	2,326,010
Income/(loss) before income taxes	233,507,174	250,399,267	193,228,531
Income taxes	(150,478,372)	(144,447,247)	(113,117,126)
Net income	83,028,802	105,952,020	80,111,405
Net income attributable to non-controlling interest	(14,684,275)	(32,917,471)	(16,483,854)
Net income attributable to Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd. shareholders	$ 68,344,527	$ 73,034,549	$ 63,627,551
Earnings per share:
Basic	$ 0.60	$ 0.57	$ 0.49
Diluted	$ 0.60	$ 0.57	$ 0.48
Shares used in computation:
Basic	113,482,239	127,129,478	128,704,610
Diluted	114,100,896	129,140,830	131,605,869
Other comprehensive income/(loss), net of tax of nil
Foreign currency translation adjustments	$ (21,079,940)	$ (59,759,616)	$ 66,062,603
Comprehensive income	61,948,862	46,192,404	146,174,008
Comprehensive income attributable to non-controlling interest	(13,649,162)	(32,505,770)	(18,637,833)
Comprehensive income attributable to shareholders	48,299,700	13,686,634	127,536,175
Real Estate Sales [Member]
Revenue:
Revenue	2,387,031,568	2,139,370,792	1,924,560,806
Cost of revenue:
Total cost of revenue	(1,851,819,293)	(1,543,974,061)	(1,474,067,213)
Real estate management services income [Member]
Revenue:
Revenue	67,488,169	63,447,420	41,738,319
Cost of revenue:
Total cost of revenue	(40,889,231)	(44,619,783)	(31,646,448)
Other revenue [Member]
Revenue:
Revenue	11,984,304	5,148,101	1,875,307
Cost of revenue:
Total cost of revenue	(16,857,416)	(4,130,523)	(559,235)
Real estate lease income [Member]
Revenue:
Lease Income	16,128,771	9,584,972	8,732,799
Cost of revenue:
Total cost of revenue	$ (12,757,251)	$ (9,348,616)	$ (11,006,122)

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES:
Net income	$ 83,028,802	$ 105,952,020	$ 80,111,405
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash (used in)/provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	17,584,443	15,132,875	13,727,526
Stock-based compensation expenses	5,621,588	3,382,628	4,894,478
Deferred tax benefit	(54,775,461)	(60,602,166)	(35,587,912)
Amortization of deferred charges	7,725,283	12,182,821	6,049,202
Share of loss of equity investees	5,416,471	9,374,451	1,710,070
Exchange (gain)/loss	7,376,009	25,677,654	(756,926)
Changes in unrecognized tax benefit	27,665,850	14,707,858	10,737,387
Loss on extinguishment of debt (Note 12)	8,580,510	21,443,949	15,879,702
(Gain)/loss on short-term investments	(1,451,200)	2,256,890	(9,969,966)
Proceeds from disposal of short-term investments	12,897,025	77,788,586	178,849,628
Purchase of short-term investments	(2,955,227)	(26,673,525)	(186,062,974)
Gain from re-measurement of previously held interest upon acquisition (Note 9)	0	(4,384,563)	0
Allowance for doubtful accounts	982,936	3,016,234	7,067,288
Others	1,661,626	1,985,331	1,327,529
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable	(37,591,293)	36,940,910	(63,691,438)
Real estate properties development completed	(61,364,418)	232,507,523	(355,551,919)
Real estate properties under development	914,886,994	(67,338,946)	151,787,433
Contract assets	(1,684,741)	(6,420,339)	0
Real estate properties held for lease	(151,516,852)	(47,051,796)	(111,952,749)
Advances to suppliers	1,455,322	(8,205,641)	(7,335,343)
Other receivables	(81,286,710)	(118,383,454)	(47,195,272)
Deposits for land use rights	3,400,084	(452,147,524)	(180,359,751)
Other deposits and prepayments	(23,464,588)	(13,203,444)	275,227,746
Other current assets	(606,623)	4,174,280	(2,783,559)
Amounts due from related parties	(118,854,682)	(104,487,109)	(128,319,422)
Amounts due from employees	(318,601)	389,697	(1,465,840)
Other assets	3,414,909	(94,969,524)	(16,415,381)
Accounts payable	392,316,329	127,227,761	131,546,280
Customer deposits	(747,887,702)	264,194,597	269,509,197
Income tax payable	89,454,632	88,808,505	40,872,077
Other payables and accrued liabilities	(18,090,325)	(73,276,156)	91,455,504
Payroll and welfare payable	(9,363,632)	7,097,694	6,408,972
Net cash (used in) /provided by operating activities	272,256,758	(22,901,923)	139,712,972
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES:
Disposal of properties held for lease and property and equipment	1,111,556	330,773	425,850
Purchase of property and equipment	(5,510,126)	(9,132,946)	(5,565,513)
Acquisition of subsidiaries, net of cash acquired (Note 9)	827,011	11,761,992
Acquisition of long-term investment	(50,546,390)	(127,031,797)	(822,029,106)
Return of capital	11,087,850	158,634,902
Net cash (used in)/provided by investing activities	(43,030,099)	34,562,924	(827,168,769)
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES
Proceeds from exercise of stock options	166,480	1,390,666	6,111,912
Repurchase of shares for Restricted Stock Unit ("RSU") plan	(2,920,216)	(7,768,139)
Purchase of treasury shares (Note 19)	(26,080,876)	(19,846,720)	(14,058,280)
Dividends to shareholders	(19,647,356)	(25,739,147)	(26,090,734)
Amounts due to related parties	(25,024,684)	(79,846,860)	82,725,874
Repayments of short-term bank loans and current portion of long-term bank loans	(388,922,839)	(201,583,103)	(51,330,241)
Proceeds from short-term bank loans and current portion of long-term bank loans	84,837,579	310,137,935	256,681,062
Repayment of long-term bank loans	(9,156,553)	(65,519,223)	(14,780,892)
Proceeds from long-term bank loans	255,750,791	337,961,266	10,659,297
Repayment of other short-term debt	(1,216,629,289)	(943,033,901)	(516,320,358)
Proceeds from other short-term debt	125,131,566	407,755,830	884,488,867
Repayment of other long-term debt	(233,164,117)	(218,895,920)	(236,322,138)
Proceeds from other long-term debt	1,170,084,599	339,551,378	788,220,956
Payment of financing cost	(4,304,339)	(16,574,059)	(36,254,595)
Payment of principal from finance lease	(6,135,547)	(7,521,441)	(4,196,345)
Repayment of mandatorily redeemable non-controlling interests	(15,394,847)	(2,447,140)	(12,954,007)
Proceeds from mandatorily redeemable non-controlling interests	1,905,049	8,720,772	14,210,916
Contributions from (distributions to) non-controlling interests, net	31,031,810	(6,323,476)	23,687,327
Net cash provided by/(used in) financing activities	(278,472,789)	(189,581,282)	1,154,478,621
NET INCREASE/(DECREASE) IN CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS AND RESTRICTED CASH	(49,246,130)	(177,920,281)	467,022,824
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	(34,185,442)	(97,290,417)	87,460,916
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, at beginning of year	1,186,016,479	1,461,227,177	906,743,437
CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS AND RESTRICTED CASH, AT END OF YEAR	1,102,584,907	1,186,016,479	1,461,227,177
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION ON CASH FLOWS
Cash and cash equivalents	662,606,063	674,141,554	894,551,480
Restricted cash	439,978,844	511,874,925	566,675,697
Incomes taxes paid	130,853,782	147,809,372	112,460,711
Interest paid	293,543,976	284,624,926	223,541,763
NON-CASH ACTIVITIES
Non-controlling interest arising from asset acquisitions			5,193,097
Purchase consideration payables		75,565,148	$ 70,460,343
Debt extinguishment costs included in other payables and accrued liabilities	5,612,697	$ 13,761,966
Settlement of due from related parties as a result of business combination	48,761,943
Initial recognition of leases	$ 11,278,234

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHAN

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY - USD ($)	Parent [Member]	Common Stock [Member]	Treasury Stock [Member]	Additional Paid-in Capital [Member]	Statutory Reserves [Member]	Retained Earnings [Member]	Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income / (Loss) (Note 23)	Non-controlling Interest (Note 24) [Member]	Total
Balance at Dec. 31, 2016	$ 900,260,465	$ 16,051	$ (53,734,088)	$ 538,414,246	$ 95,973,296	$ 354,273,848	$ (34,682,888)	$ 15,891,713	$ 916,152,178
Balance, shares at Dec. 31, 2016		131,426,741
Capital injection from non-controlling interests								29,911,731	29,911,731
Exercise of share options	4,255,920	$ 263	0	4,255,657	0	0	0	0	4,255,920
Exercise of share options, shares		2,631,928
Treasury share repurchases	(14,058,280)	$ 0	(14,058,280)	0	0	0	0	0	(14,058,280)
Treasury share repurchases, shares		(5,481,846)
Shares repurchased under RSU plan, shares		0
Shares repurchased under RSU plan	(3,485,952)	$ 0	0	(3,485,952)	0	0	0	0	(3,485,952)
Foreign currency translation	63,908,624	0	0	0	0	0	63,908,624	2,153,979	66,062,603
Stock-based compensation expenses	4,154,255	$ 0	0	4,154,255	0	0	0	0	4,154,255
Stock-based compensation expenses, Shares		1,001,853
Net income	63,627,551	$ 0	0	0	0	63,627,551	0	16,483,854	80,111,405
Appropriation to statutory reserves	0	0	0	0	9,686,973	(9,686,973)	0	0	0
Dividends to shareholders	(26,090,734)	0	0	0	0	(26,090,734)	0	0	(26,090,734)
Balance at Dec. 31, 2017	992,571,849	$ 16,314	(67,792,368)	543,338,206	105,660,269	382,123,692	29,225,736	64,441,277	1,057,013,126
Balance, shares at Dec. 31, 2017		129,578,676
Adjustment to opening balance of equity (2(h)) at Dec. 31, 2018	(278,213,577)					(269,081,493)	(9,132,084)	(37,019,325)	(315,232,902)
Capital injection from non-controlling interests								36,698,455	36,698,455
Acquisition of non-controlling interests	(12,056,879)			(12,056,879)				4,169,504	(7,887,375)
Exercise of share options	1,390,666	$ 85	0	1,390,581	0	0	0	0	1,390,666
Exercise of share options, shares		846,588
Treasury share repurchases	(19,846,720)	$ 0	(19,846,720)	0	0	0	0	0	(19,846,720)
Treasury share repurchases, shares		(8,984,626)
Shares repurchased under RSU plan, shares		(3,089,050)
Shares repurchased under RSU plan	(3,937,057)	$ 0	0	(3,937,057)	0	0	0	0	(3,937,057)
Foreign currency translation	(50,215,831)	0	0	0	0	0	(50,215,831)	(411,701)	(59,759,616)
Stock-based compensation expenses	3,382,628	$ 0	0	3,382,628	0	0	0	0	3,382,628
Stock-based compensation expenses, Shares		1,454,048
Net income	73,034,549	$ 0	0	0	0	73,034,549	0	32,917,471	105,952,020
Appropriation to statutory reserves	0	0	0	0	60,835,475	(60,835,475)	0	0	0
Dividends to shareholders	(25,739,147)	0	0	0	0	(25,739,147)	0	0	(25,739,147)
Dividends to non-controlling interests								(35,521,013)	(35,521,013)
Balance at Dec. 31, 2018	680,370,481	$ 16,399	(87,639,088)	532,117,479	166,495,744	99,502,126	(30,122,179)	65,274,668	745,645,149
Balance, shares at Dec. 31, 2018		119,805,636
Capital injection from non-controlling interests	8,305,257			8,305,257				24,054,448	32,359,705
Acquisition of non-controlling interests								(317,406)	(317,406)
Exercise of share options	166,480	$ 11	0	166,469	0	0	0	0	166,480
Exercise of share options, shares		108,000
Treasury share repurchases	(26,080,876)	$ 0	$ (26,080,876)	0	0	0	0	0	(26,080,876)
Treasury share repurchases, shares		(11,715,338)	(11,715,338)
Shares repurchased under RSU plan, shares		(1,438,076)
Shares repurchased under RSU plan	(2,920,216)			(2,920,216)					(2,920,216)
Foreign currency translation	(20,044,827)	0	0	0	0	0	(20,044,827)	(1,035,113)	(21,079,940)
Stock-based compensation expenses	5,621,588	$ 0	0	5,621,588	0	0	0	0	5,621,588
Stock-based compensation expenses, Shares		1,115,246
Net income	68,344,527	$ 0	0	0	0	68,344,527	0	14,684,275	83,028,802
Appropriation to statutory reserves	0	0	0	0	8,512,715	(8,512,715)	0	0	0
Dividends to shareholders	(23,460,775)	0	0	0	0	(23,460,775)	0	0	(23,460,775)
Dividends to non-controlling interests								(1,010,489)	(1,010,489)
Balance at Dec. 31, 2019	$ 690,301,639	$ 16,410	$ (113,719,964)	$ 543,290,577	$ 175,008,459	$ 135,873,163	$ (50,167,006)	$ 101,650,383	$ 791,952,022
Balance, shares at Dec. 31, 2019		107,875,468

Background information of busin

Background information of business and organization	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019
Background information of business and organization
Background information of business and organization	1. Background information of business and organization Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd. (the “Company”) and its subsidiaries (collectively the “Group”) are principally engaged in residential real estate development and the provision of property management services. The Group’s operations are conducted mainly in the People’s Republic of China (“PRC”). In 2012, the Group expanded its business into the U.S. residential real estate market. As of December 31, 2019, principal subsidiaries of the Company and its consolidated variable interest entities included the following entities: Percentage of Registered Place Equity and Date of Registered Attributable Principal Company Name Incorporation Capital to the Group Activities Subsidiary companies: Xinyuan International Property Investment Co., Ltd. Cayman Islands October 6, 2011 US$ 500,000 100 % Investment holding company Xinyuan International (HK) Property Investment Co., Ltd. Hong Kong October 26, 2011 HK$ 3,000,000 100 % Investment holding company XIN Development Group International Inc. United States November 10, 2011 US$ — 100 % Investment holding company Xinyuan Real Estate, Ltd. Cayman Islands January 27, 2006 US$ 50,000,000 100 % Investment holding company XIN Development Management East, LLC United States August 28, 2012 US$ 1,000 100 % Property management services XIN NY Holding, LLC United States August 29, 2012 US$ 1,000 100 % Investment holding company 421 Kent Development, LLC United States August 29, 2012 US$ 1,000 100 % Real estate development Xinyuan Sailing Co., Ltd. Hong Kong June 21, 2013 HK$ 3,000,000 100 % Investment holding company AWAN Plasma Sdn Bhd Malaysia April 16, 2007 MYR 33,577,000 100 % Real estate development XIN Eco Marine Group Properties Sdn Bhd Malaysia July 9, 2014 MYR 33,217,000 100 % Investment holding company Zhengzhou Jiasheng Real Estate Co., Ltd. PRC December 2, 2013 US$ 60,000,000 100 % Real estate development Xinyuan (China) Real Estate, Ltd. (“Xinyuan China”) PRC April 10, 2006 US$ 307,000,000 100 % Investment holding company Henan Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd. (“Henan Xinyuan”) PRC May 19, 1997 RMB 200,000,000 100 % Real estate development Qingdao Xinyuan Xiangrui Real Estate Co., Ltd. PRC February 9, 2006 RMB 10,000,000 100 % Real estate development Shandong Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd. PRC June 2, 2006 RMB 300,000,000 100 % Real estate development Xinyuan Property Management Service(Cayman) Ltd. Cayman islands December 13, 2018 HKD 50,000 67.5 % Investment holding company Xinyuan Property Management Service (BVI) Ltd British Virgin Islands January 2, 2019 USD — 67.5 % Investment holding company Xinyuan Property Management Service (HK) Limited HK January 8, 2019 HKD 1 67.5 % Investment holding company Xinyuan Science and Technology Service Group Co., Ltd. PRC December 28, 1998 RMB 50,000,000 67.5 % Property management services Mingyuan Landscape Engineering Co., Ltd. PRC February 17, 2004 RMB 50,000,000 100 % Landscaping engineering and management Henan Xinyuan Wanzhuo Real Estate Co., Ltd. PRC December 29, 2011 RMB 20,000,000 100 % Real estate development Suzhou Xinyuan Real Estate Development Co., Ltd. PRC November 24, 2006 RMB 200,000,000 100 % Real estate development Anhui Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd. PRC December 7, 2006 RMB 50,000,000 100 % Real estate development Kunshan Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd. PRC January 31, 2008 RMB 200,000,000 100 % Real estate development Xinyuan Real Estate (Chengdu) Co., Ltd. PRC June 12, 2007 RMB 220,000,000 100 % Real estate development Xuzhou Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd. PRC November 9, 2009 RMB 200,000,000 100 % Real estate development Henan Xinyuan Jiye Real Estate Co., Ltd. PRC November 15, 2009 RMB 50,000,000 100 % Real estate development Beijing Xinyuan Wanzhong Real Estate Co., Ltd. (“Beijing Wanzhong”) PRC March 4, 2008 RMB 900,000,000 100 % Real estate development Percentage of Registered Place Equity and Date of Registered Attributable Principal Company Name Incorporation Capital to the Group Activities Subsidiary companies: Xinyuan Renju (Beijing) Asset Management Co., Ltd. PRC January 16, 2009 RMB 30,000,000 100 % Management consulting service Beijing Xinyuan Priority Real Estate Consulting Co., Ltd. PRC March 8, 2012 RMB 30,000,000 100 % Real estate consulting services Henan Xinyuan Priority Commercial Management Co., Ltd. PRC August 10, 2012 RMB 2,000,000 100 % Leasing management services Suzhou Xinyuan Wanzhuo Real Estate Co., Ltd. (“Suzhou Wanzhuo”) (Note 18(a)) PRC September 20, 2012 RMB 200,000,000 20 % Real estate development Jiangsu Jiajing Real Estate Co., Ltd. PRC March 28, 2005 RMB 150,000,000 100 % Real estate development Xingyang Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd. PRC July 25, 2013 RMB 200,000,000 100 % Real estate development Jinan Xinyuan Wanzhuo Real Estate Co., Ltd. PRC December 4, 2013 RMB 300,000,000 100 % Real estate development Sanya Beida Science and Technology Park Industrial Development Co., Ltd. PRC January 10, 2014 RMB 200,000,000 100 % Real estate development Chengdu Xinyuan Wanzhuo Real Estate Co., Ltd. PRC February 21, 2014 RMB 50,000,000 100 % Real estate development Tianjin Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd. PRC September 17, 2014 RMB 100,000,000 100 % Real estate development Xi’an Yinghuai Square Commerce Management Co., Ltd. PRC November 25, 2014 RMB 3,000,000 100 % Retail store Changsha Xinyuan Wanzhuo Real Estate Co., Ltd. PRC April 3, 2014 RMB 100,000,000 100 % Real estate development Shanghai Junxin Real Estate Co., Ltd. PRC January 16, 2014 RMB 5,000,000 100 % Real estate development Beijing Yinghuai Commerce and Trade Co., Ltd. PRC January 5, 2015 RMB 30,000,000 100 % Retail store Beijing Xinhe Investment Development Co., Ltd. PRC May 5, 2015 RMB 5,000,000 100 % Investment holding company Henan Yinghuai Commerce and Trade Co., Ltd. PRC March 23, 2015 RMB 10,000,000 100 % Retail store Henan Xinyuan Guangsheng Real Estate Co., Ltd. PRC July 27, 2015 RMB 200,000,000 100 % Real estate development Shanghai Hexinli Property Management Center. (Limited partnership) PRC July 28, 2015 RMB 10,640,000 100 % Property management services Shandong Xinyuan Renju Real Estate Co., Ltd. PRC November 19, 2011 RMB 50,000,000 100 % Real estate development Shaanxi Zhongmao Economy Development Co., Ltd. PRC June 22, 1998 RMB 22,500,000 65.98 % Real estate development 421 Kent Holding Co, Ltd. United States May 2, 2014 US$ 1,000 100 % Investment holding company Hudson 888 Owner LLC United States October 22, 2015 US$ 1,000 100 % Real estate development XIN Manhattan Holding LLC United States December 9, 2015 US$ 1,000 100 % Investment holding company Hudson 888 Holding LLC United States December 9, 2015 US$ 1,000 100 % Investment holding company Shenzhen Xinchuang Investment Consulting Co., Ltd. PRC January 20, 2016 RMB 10,000,000 100 % Investment Percentage of Registered Place Equity and Date of Registered Attributable Principal Company Name Incorporation Capital to the Group Activities Subsidiary companies: Henan Xinyuan Quansheng Real Estate Co., Ltd. PRC January 14, 2015 RMB 40,000,000 100 % Real estate development Zhengzhou Shengdao Real Estate Co., Ltd. PRC October 14, 2013 RMB 20,000,000 100 % Real estate development Henan Xinyuan Shunsheng Real Estate Co., Ltd. PRC January 13, 2016 RMB 30,000,000 100 % Real estate development Hunan Erli Real Estate Co., Ltd. PRC January 4, 2008 RMB 50,000,000 100 % Real estate development XIN Queens Holding LLC United States July 6, 2016 US$ 1,000 100 % Investment holding company Queens Theatre Holdco LLC United States July 6, 2016 US$ 1,000 100 % Investment holding company Queens Theatre Owner LLC United States July 6, 2016 US$ 1,000 100 % Real estate development Zhengzhou Xinnan Real Estate Co., Ltd. PRC January 21, 2016 RMB 50,000,000 100 % Real estate development Xinyan Investment Management Co., Limited. PRC April 8, 2016 RMB 100,000,000 90 % Investment Hunan Xintian Real Estate Co., Ltd. PRC September 28, 2009 RMB 20,000,000 100 % Real estate development Zhengzhou Hangmei Technology Development Co., Ltd. PRC November 25, 2014 RMB 50,000,000 51 % Real estate development Zhengzhou Hangmei Zhengxing Technology Co., Ltd. (4) PRC March 28, 2016 RMB 50,000,000 30 % Real estate consulting services Xi’an Dingrun Real Estate Co., Ltd. PRC June 1, 2011 RMB 20,000,000 100 % Real estate development Zhengzhou Kangshengboda Real Estate Co., Ltd. PRC July 29, 2016 RMB 50,000,000 100 % Real estate development Xinjiang Xinyuan Renju Equity Investment., Ltd. PRC February 24, 2017 RMB 10,000,000 100 % Real estate consulting services Zhuhai Prince Real Estate Co., Ltd. PRC September 13, 1990 RMB 307,000,000 100 % Real estate development Henan Renxin Real Estate Co., Ltd. ("Henan Renxin") PRC July 11, 2008 RMB 200,000,000 51 % Real estate development Xinchuang Technology Co., Ltd. ("Xinchuang Technology ") PRC May 2, 2017 RMB 100,000,000 100 % Management consulting services Hangzhou Huiyuan Investment Management Partnership Enterprise. (Limited partnership) PRC May 23, 2017 RMB 5,000,000 100 % Investment holding company Guangdong Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd. PRC October 18, 2017 RMB 100,000,000 100 % Real estate development Taicang Pengchi Real Estate Co., Limited. (“Taicang Pengchi”) (Note 18(a)) PRC June 16, 2017 RMB 200,000,000 17 % Real estate development Khorgos XinYan Enterprise Management Consulting Co., Ltd. PRC December 4, 2017 RMB 5,000,000 100 % Management consulting services Hunan Huaiwei Business Management Co., Ltd. (1) PRC September 13, 2017 RMB 2,000,000 51 % Retail store Jinan Xinyuan Quansheng Real Estate Co., Ltd. The PRC May 25, 2018 RMB 50,000,000 100 % Real estate development Percentage of Registered Place Equity and Date of Registered Attributable Principal Company Name Incorporation Capital to the Group Activities Subsidiary companies: Xi'an Jinbian Shunsheng Real Estate Co., Ltd. (2) The PRC December 6, 2017 RMB 20,000,000 70 % Real estate development Suzhou Yuxi Real Estate Co., Limited. The PRC March 5, 2018 RMB 100,000,000 20 % Real estate development Xinchuang Sailing (Dalian) Healthy Technology Industrial Investment Co., Ltd. The PRC June 5, 2018 RMB 600,000,000 100 % Real estate development Dalian Xinyi Renju Real Estate Co., Ltd. The PRC June 26, 2018 RMB 100,000,000 100 % Real estate development Jiangxi Xinkai Renju Management Consulting Service., Ltd. The PRC August 28, 2018 RMB 10,000,000 100 % Real estate consulting services Beijing Xinyuan Huicheng Technology Development Co., Ltd. The PRC January 26, 2018 RMB 100,000,000 100 % Technical services Suzhou Yefang Real Estate Co., Limited. (“Suzhou Yefang”) (Note 18(b)) The PRC April 14, 2017 RMB 100,000,000 20 % Real estate development Chengdu Xinyuan Renju Enterprise Management Co., Ltd. (“Chengdu Renju”) The PRC October 26, 2017 RMB 50,000,000 100 % Real estate development Chengdu Guohongteng Real Estate Co., Ltd. The PRC July 16, 2010 RMB 1,673,179,200 100 % Real estate development Qingdao Keda Real Estate Co., Ltd. (“Qingdao Keda”) The PRC September 20, 2010 RMB 50,000,000 100 % Real estate development Wuhan Yinghexin Real Estate Co., Ltd. (“Wuhan Yinghexin”) The PRC January 15, 2014 RMB 100,000,000 100 % Real estate development Henan Xinyuan Property Management Co., Ltd. The PRC December 1, 2016 RMB 10,000,000 100 % Property management services Wuhu Xinyansuifeng NO.1 Investment Center (Limited partnership) The PRC November 22, 2017 RMB 1,501,000,000 100 % Investment holding company Zhuhai Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd. The PRC December 31, 2018 RMB 100,000,000 100 % Real estate development Jinan Renju Building Material Co., Ltd. The PRC January 2, 2019 RMB 50,000,000 100 % Sales of construction material Dalian Xinyi Yaju Real Estate Co., Ltd. The PRC January 16, 2019 RMB 100,000,000 100 % Real estate development Guangdong Xinchuang Kechuang Zhigu Development Co., Ltd. The PRC February 27,2019 RMB 100,000,000 100 % Real estate development Jiangxi Xinyuan Heju Enterprise Management Consulting Service Co., Ltd. The PRC Apirl 2,2019 RMB 10,000,000 100 % Management consulting services Beijing I-Journey Science and Technology Development Co., Ltd.("I-Journey") (3) The PRC October 20,2015 RMB 40,000,000 93 % Development and sales of robots Beijing Ruizhuo Xichuang Technology Development Co., Ltd.("Xichuang") (3) The PRC July 16,2015 RMB 30,000,000 93 % Real estate brokerage Beijing Ruizhuo Xitou Development Co., Ltd. (" Xitou") (3) The PRC July 16,2015 RMB 30,000,000 85 % Internet platform for real estate property financing Beijing Future Xinzhihui Technology Development Center (Limited Partnership) (" Xinzhihui") (3) The PRC December 16,2016 RMB 30,000,000 90.67 % Investment holding company Beijing Future Xinhujin Technology Development Center (Limited Partnership) ("Xinhujin") (3) The PRC December 30,2016 RMB 20,000,000 89.5 % Investment holding company Beijing Future Xinruifeng Technology Development Center (Limited Partnership) ("Xinruifeng ") (3) The PRC February 23,2017 RMB 20,000,000 77.5 % Investment holding company Beijing Ruihao Rongtong Real Estate Co., Ltd. ("Ruihao Rongtong") PRC June 15, 2006 RMB 250,000,000 100 % Real estate development VIE: Beijing Yuzhouyun Technology Development Center (Limited partnership)) and its subsidiary (“Yuzhouyun”) (Note 2(a) The PRC March 2, 2018 RMB 18,388,300 51 % Technical services (1) Liquidated on December 10, 2019. (2) Liquidated on June 10, 2019. (3) Acquired on November 30,2019. Controlled by Zhengzhou Hangmei Technology Development Co., Ltd. which is a 10 owned subsidiary of the Group

Summary of significant accounti

Summary of significant accounting policies	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019
Summary of significant accounting policies
Summary of significant accounting policies	2. Summary of significant accounting policies (a) The Company and basis of presentation and consolidation The Group is principally engaged in residential real estate development and the provision of property management services. The Group’s operations are conducted mainly in the PRC. In 2012, the Group expanded its business into the U.S. residential real estate market. The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”). The consolidated financial statements include the financial statements of the Company, its subsidiaries, VIEs, and the subsidiaries of VIEs. All inter-company transactions and balances between the Company and its subsidiaries have been eliminated upon consolidation. Subsidiaries are consolidated from the date on which control is transferred to the Group and cease to be consolidated from the date on which control is transferred out of the Group. Where there is a loss of control of a subsidiary, the consolidated financial statements include the results for the part of the reporting year during which the Group has control. Ruihao Rongtong Ruihao Rongtong, with registered capital of US$37.6 million (RMB250.0 million), was invested in by the Company on May 6, 2015, for the purpose of undertaking a residential property development project in Beijing. On March 1, 2016, June 28, 2016 and September 18, 2016, an unrelated trustee company, Ping An trust Co., Ltd. (“Ping An trust”) purchased 20%, 5% and 10% of the Company’s equity interest in Ruihao Rongtong, respectively, and loaned US$124.3 million (RMB862.5 million) in aggregate to the Group. On February 28, 2017, the Company repurchased the 35% equity interest of Ruihao Rongtong from Ping An trust. On May 23, 2017, Ping An trust subsequently repurchased back 35% of the Company’s equity interest in Ruihao Rongtong, and loaned US$246.8 million (RMB1.61 billion) in aggregate to the Group. As of December 31, 2018, Ruihao Rongtong had one project under construction. Pursuant to the share purchase agreement, the 35% of non-controlling equity interest of Ruihao Rongtong was to be repurchased by the Company in cash at the earlier of the second anniversary date, or the date the Company elected to repurchase the 35% equity interest of Ruihao Rongtong. Therefore, the non-controlling interest is mandatorily redeemable and is accounted for as liability in accordance with ASC 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity . In addition, since the Company planned to repurchase the 35% equity interest of Ruihao Rongtong within the next 12 months, the liability is classified as current liability as of December 31, 2018. On June 21, 2019, the Company repurchased the 35% equity interest of Ruihao Rongtao from Ping An trust and Ruihao Rongtong ceased to be variable interest entity(“VIE”). In accordance with ASC 810, Consolidation , Ruihao Rongtong as of December 31, 2018 is a variable interest entity as it was not established with sufficient equity at risk to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support. As of December 31, 2018, the Company is considered as the primary beneficiary of Ruihao Rongtong, as it has the power to direct the activities of Ruihao Rongtong that most significantly impact their economic performance and has the obligation to absorb the losses and the right to receive benefits from Ruihao Rongtong through its voting interest underlying its 65% equity interest in accordance with PRC Law and the articles of association of Ruihao Rongtong. Based on the above, Ruihao Rongtong was consolidated by the Company. The carrying amounts and classifications of the assets and liabilities of the VIE are as follows: December 31, 2018 US$ Current assets 174,366,164 Non-current assets 247,753 Total assets 174,613,917 Current liabilities 151,609,433 Non-current liabilities — Total liabilities 151,609,433 The financial performance and cash flows of the VIE are as follows: Year ended December 31, 2018 US$ Revenue — Cost of revenue — Net loss (4,786,363) Net cash used in operating activities (8,804,491) Net cash used in investing activities — Net cash provided by financing activities 8,949,715 As of December 31, 2018, the current liabilities of the Ruihao Rongtong included amounts due to subsidiaries of the Group amounting to US$145,728,000, which were eliminated upon consolidation by the Company. As of December 31, 2018, the land use rights included in real estate properties under development of Ruihao Rongtong of US$166,327,833 were pledged as collateral for bank loans and other debt and the creditors have no recourse to the general credit of the primary beneficiary. Nil revenue contributed by Ruihao Rongtong to the Company’s consolidated revenues for the years ended December 31, 2018. Yuzhouyun On March 2, 2018, the Group signed a partnership agreement with certain senior management members to form Yuzhouyun. According to the partnership agreement, the design and purpose of Yuzhouyun’s activities are to provide technical services to the Group. The Group acts as a limited partner and the senior management members are general partners. Substantially all significant activities require the approval from the senior management members. The Group and senior management members agreed to share profits at the proportion of 51% and 49%, respectively. The Group, as the limited partner, is the only party with the equity at risk to absorb losses of Yuzhouyun. Yuzhouyun’s principal activities are also to provide technical service to the Group, which indicates that Yuzhouyun’s activities are conducted on behalf of the Group. Therefore, under ASC 810, Consolidation, Yuzhouyun is a variable interest entity. In addition, as the senior management members are the Group’s employees, which represent a principal-agency relationship, therefore, the Group is concluded to be “most closely associated” with Yuzhouyun. Based on the above, the Group is the primary beneficiary because it has the power to direct the activities of Yuzhouyun that most significantly impact their economic performance and has the obligation to absorb the losses and the right to receive benefits from Yuzhouyun. The carrying amounts and classifications of the assets and liabilities of Yuzhouyun are as follows: December 31, December 31, 2018 2019 US$ US$ Current assets 5,775,479 2,214,155 Non-current assets 3,557,562 4,244,195 Total assets 9,333,041 6,458,350 Current liabilities 11,808,683 13,967,333 Non-current liabilities — — Total liabilities 11,808,683 13,967,333 The financial performance and cash flows of Yuzhouyun are as follows: Year ended Year ended December 31, December 31, 2018 2019 US$ US$ Revenue 7,991,038 12,555,974 Cost of revenue (1,559,129) (3,682,899) Net loss (1,929,266) (1,796,997) Net cash provided by operating activities 519,050 368,379 Net cash used in investing activities (255,509) (1,885) Net cash used in financing activities — (52,503) As of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2019, the current liabilities of Yuzhouyun included amounts due to subsidiaries of the Group amounting to US$9,169,167 and US$10,867,898, which were eliminated upon consolidation by the Company. During the year ended December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2019, the revenue of Yuzhouyun included amounts that come from the Group amounting to US$7,399,000 and US$9,997,544, which were eliminated upon consolidation by the Company. Yuzhouyun contributed US$591,628 and US$2,558,430 of the Company’s consolidated revenues for the year ended December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2019, respectively. (b) Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes, and disclosure of contingent liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements. Estimates are used for, but not limited to, the selection of the useful lives of property and equipment and finance lease, allowance for doubtful amount associated with accounts receivables, other receivables, contract assets and advances to suppliers, fair values of the purchase price allocation with respect to business combinations, progress towards the completion of the performance obligation, accounting for the share-based compensation, accounting for deferred income taxes, impairment of real estate properties under development, real estate properties held for lease and long-term investments, provision necessary for contingent liabilities and estimating the incremental borrowing rate for operating lease liabilities. Management analyzed the forecasted cash flows for the twelve months from April 29, 2020, which indicates that the Group will have sufficient liquidity from cash flows generated by operations and existing credit facilities and therefore, there will be sufficient financial resources to settle borrowings and payables that will be due through end of April 2021. Management believes that the estimates utilized in preparing its consolidated financial statements are reasonable and prudent. Actual results could differ from these estimates. (c) Fair value of financial instruments Financial instruments include cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, short-term investments, accounts receivable, other deposits and prepayments, due from employees, due from related parties, other receivables, long-term investments, accounts payable, customer deposits, other payables and accrued liabilities, short-term bank borrowings, long-term borrowings and due to related parties. The carrying amounts of the aforementioned financial instruments, except for short-term investments that measurement alternative was elected and carrying value of short-term investments approximate their fair value due to the short term maturities of these instruments. The carrying amounts of the long-term borrowings approximate their fair values because the stated interest rates approximate rates currently offered by financial institutions for similar debt instruments of comparable credit risk and maturities. Long-term investment has no quoted market prices and it is not practicable to estimate their fair value without incurring excessive costs. The Group reviews the investments for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may no longer be recoverable. For long-term investments other than those accounted for under the equity method or those that result in consolidation of the investee, the Company measures equity investments at fair value and recognizes any changes in fair value in net income. However, for equity investments that do not have readily determinable fair values and do not qualify for the existing practical expedient in ASC 820 to estimate fair value using the net asset value per share (or its equivalent) of the investment, the Company chose to measure those investments at cost, less any impairment, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for the identical or a similar investment of the same issuer. At each reporting date, the Company is required to make a qualitative assessment as to whether equity investments without a readily determinable fair value for which the measurement alternative is elected is impaired. In the event that a qualitative assessment indicates that the investment is impaired and the fair value of the investment is less than the carrying value, the carrying value is written down to its fair value. A variety of factors are considered when determining if a decline in fair value is below carrying value, including, among others, the financial condition and prospects of the investee. Accounting guidance defines fair value as the price that would be received from selling an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. When determining the fair value measurements for assets and liabilities required or permitted to be recorded at fair value, the Company considers the principal or most advantageous market in which it would transact and it considers assumptions that market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability. Accounting guidance establishes a fair value hierarchy that requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. A financial instrument’s categorization within the fair value hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Accounting guidance establishes three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value: Level 1‑Observable inputs that reflect quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets Level 2‑Includes other inputs that are directly or indirectly observable in the market place Level 3‑Unobservable inputs which are supported by little or no market activity ASC 820 describes three main approaches for measuring the fair value of assets and liabilities: (1) market approach; (2) income approach and (3) cost approach. The market approach uses prices and other relevant information generated from market transactions involving identical or comparable assets or liabilities. The income approach uses valuation techniques to convert future amounts to a single present value amount. The measurement is based on the value indicated by current market expectations about those future amounts. The cost approach is based on the amount that would currently be required to replace an asset. In accordance with ASC 820, investment in marketable equity securities and investment in real estate investment trusts ("REITs") classified as is within Level 1 as the Company measures the fair value using quoted trading prices that are published on a regular basis , and investment in equity securities in unlisted companies categorized as Level 3 is measured at fair value using alternative method, less any impairment, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price in orderly transactions. (d) Foreign currency translation The Group’s financial information is presented in U.S. dollars. The functional currency of the Company is U.S. dollars. The functional currency of the Company’s subsidiaries in the PRC is Renminbi (“RMB”), the currency of the PRC. The functional currency of the Company’s subsidiaries in Malaysia is Malaysian Ringgit (“MYR”), the currency of Malaysia. The functional currency of the Company’s subsidiaries other than those in the PRC and Malaysia is U.S. dollars. Transactions by the Company’s subsidiaries in the PRC which are denominated in currencies other than RMB are remeasured into RMB at the exchange rate quoted by the People’s Bank of China (“PBOC”) prevailing at the dates of the transactions. Exchange gains and losses resulting from transactions denominated in a currency other than RMB are included in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income as exchange gains (losses). The consolidated financial statements of the Company’s subsidiaries have been translated into U.S. dollars in accordance with ASC 830, Foreign Currency Matters . The PRC subsidiaries’ financial information is first prepared in RMB and then is translated into U.S. dollars at period-end exchange rates as to assets and liabilities and average exchange rates as to revenue and expenses. Capital accounts are translated at their historical exchange rates when the capital transactions occurred. The RMB is not freely convertible into foreign currency and all foreign exchange transactions must take place through authorized institutions. No representation is made that the RMB amounts could have been, or could be, converted into U.S. dollars at the rates used in translation. (e) Cash and cash equivalents The Group considers all highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less to be cash equivalents. The Group maintains bank accounts mainly in the PRC, Hong Kong and United States. The vast majority of the PRC bank balances are denominated in RMB. Hong Kong and United States bank balances are denominated in U.S. dollars. Cash includes cash on hand and demand deposits in accounts maintained with various state-owned and private banks within the PRC, Hong Kong and United States. Total cash in banks (excluding restricted cash) at December 31, 2019 amounted to US$662,606,063 (December 31, 2018: US$674,141,554), of which the vast majority of deposits are not covered by insurance. (f) Restricted cash The Group is required to maintain certain deposits with banks that provide mortgage loans to the Group’s customers in order to purchase residential units from the Group. These balances are subject to withdrawal restrictions and totaled US$32,420,073 as of December 31, 2019 (December 31, 2018: US$43,748,940). As of December 31, 2019, the Group held US$270,714,930 (December 31, 2018: US$338,633,911) in its restricted cash accounts, representing funds received from sales proceeds that are subject to withdrawal restrictions. The Group is also required to maintain certain deposits with banks and financial institutions that provide loans to the Group. As of December 31, 2019, the Group also held US$20,691,781 in its restricted cash accounts (December 31, 2018: nil) as security for its short-term loans (Note 10), held US$3,153,579 (December 31, 2018: US$129,492,074) in its restricted cash accounts as security for its current portion of long-term loans (Note 11). As of December 31, 2019, the Group held US$112,998,481 (December 31, 2018: nil) in its bank accounts with withdrawal restriction for its long-term loans (Note 11). (g) Real estate properties development completed and under development Real estate properties completed and under development consist of residential unit sites and commercial offices. The Group leases the land for the residential unit sites under land use right leases with various terms from the PRC government. Real estate properties development completed and under development are stated at the lower of carrying amounts or fair value less selling costs. Expenditures for land development, including cost of land use rights, deed tax, pre-development costs and engineering costs, are capitalized and allocated to development projects by the specific identification method. Costs are allocated to specific units within a project based on the ratio of the sales value of units to the estimated total sales value times the total project costs. Costs of amenities transferred to buyers are allocated as common costs of the project that are allocated to specific units as a component of total construction costs. For amenities retained by the Group, costs in excess of the related fair value of the amenities are also treated as common costs. Results of operations of amenities retained by the Group are included in the current operating results. In accordance with ASC 360, Property, Plant and Equipment (“ASC 360”), real estate property development completed and under development are subject to valuation adjustments when the carrying amount exceeds fair value. An impairment loss is recognized only if the carrying amount of the assets is not recoverable and exceeds fair value. The carrying amount is not recoverable if it exceeds the sum of the undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by the assets. When the profitability of a current project deteriorates due to a slowdown in the sales pace, reduction of pricing or some other factor, this indicates that there may be a possible future loss on delivery and possible impairment in the recoverability of the assets. Accordingly, the assets of such project are subsequently reviewed for future losses and impairment by comparing the estimated future undiscounted cash flows for the project to the carrying value of such project. If the estimated future undiscounted cash flows are less than the asset’s carrying value, such deficit will be charged as a future loss and the asset will then be written down to its estimated fair value. The Group determines estimated fair value primarily by discounting the estimated future cash flows relating to the asset. In estimating the cash flows for a project, the Group uses various factors including (a) the expected pace at which the planned number of units will be sold, based on competitive market conditions, historical trends in sales pace and actual average selling prices of similar product offerings and any other long or short-term economic conditions which may impact the market in which the project is located; (b) the estimated net sales prices expected to be attained based on the current market conditions and historical price trends, as well as any estimated increases in future sales prices based upon the projected rate of unit sales, the estimated time gap between presale and expected delivery, the impact of government policies, the local and regional competitive environment, and certain external factors such as the opening of a subway line, school or factory; and (c) the expected costs to be incurred in the future by the Group, including, but not limited to, construction cost, construction overhead, sales and marketing, sales taxes and interest costs. The Group’s determination of fair value requires discounting the estimated cash flows at a rate commensurate with the inherent risk associated with the assets and related estimated cash flows. The discount rate used in determining each project’s fair value depends on the stage of development, location and other specific factors that increase or decrease the risk associated with the estimated cash flows. For the periods presented, the Group did not recognize any impairment for real estate properties completed and under development. (h) Revenue recognition Revenue is recognized when control of the goods or services are transferred to the customer at an amount that reflects the consideration to which the Group expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The Group also elected to exclude sales taxes and other similar taxes from the measurement of the transaction price. Therefore, revenues are recognized net of business tax, value added taxes (“VAT”). Real estate sales Revenues arising from real estate sales are recognized when or as the control of the asset is transferred to the customer. Depending on the terms of the contract and the laws that apply to the contract, control of the asset may transfer over time or at a point in time. For real estate sales contracts for which the Group has an enforceable right to payment for performance completed to date, revenue is recognized over time by measuring the progress towards complete satisfaction of that performance obligation. Otherwise, revenue is recognized at a point in time when the customer obtains the physical possession, the legal title, or the significant risks and rewards of ownership of the assets and the Group has present right to payment and the collection of the consideration is probable. The progress towards complete satisfaction of the performance obligation is measured based on the Group's efforts or inputs to the satisfaction of the performance obligation, by reference to the contract costs incurred up to the end of reporting period as a percentage of total estimated costs for each contract. Generally, the Group receives short-term advances from its customers for real estate sales. Using the practical expedient, the Group does not adjust the promised amount of consideration for the effects of a significant financing component if it expects, at contract inception, that the period between the transfer of the promised good or service to the customer and when the customer pays for that good or service will be one year or less. The Group also receives long-term advances from customers for real estate sales. The transaction price for such contracts is adjusted for the effects of a financing component, if long-term advances from customers is assessed as significant at the individual contract level. Real estate management services income Real estate management services income is recognized in the accounting period in which the services are rendered. The Group bills a fixed amount periodically for services provided and recognizes as revenue the amount to which the Group has a right to invoice that corresponds directly with the value of performance completed. Real estate management lease income Real estate lease income is generally recognized on a straight-line basis over the terms of the tenancy agreements. For real estate leases, these contracts are treated as leases for accounting purposes, rather than contracts with customers subject to ASC 606. Other revenue Other revenue includes services ancillary to the Group's real estate projects, including construction service revenue and software consulting service income. Construction service revenue and software consulting service income are recognized when services are provided as the customer simultaneously benefits from the services as they are performed. For the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2019, revenue is recognized and disaggregated by major source as below: 2018 2019 US$ US$ Real estate sales 2,139,370,792 2,387,031,568 Real estate management services income 63,447,420 67,488,169 Other revenue 5,148,101 11,984,304 Revenue from contracts with customers 2,207,966,313 2,466,504,041 Real estate lease income 9,584,972 16,128,771 Total revenue 2,217,551,285 2,482,632,812 Contract assets The Group pays sales commission to its real estate sales agencies for each real estate sales contract. The Group has elected to apply the optional practical expedient for costs to obtain a contract which allows the Group to immediately expense sales commissions (included under selling and distribution expenses) when the amortization period of the asset that the Group otherwise would have used is one year or less. For incremental costs of obtaining real estate sales contracts that extend beyond a one-year period, these incremental costs of obtaining real estate sales contracts are recognized as assets if the real estate sales are collectible and amortized as the Group transfers the control of the assets to customers. The Group recognized US$6.2 million and US$14.9 million of such costs in selling and distribution expense during the year ended December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2019. As of December 31, 2018 and 2019, there was no impairment losses on contract assets. Contract liabilities A contract liability is the obligation to transfer goods or services to a customer for which the Group has received consideration (or an amount of consideration is due) from the customer. If a customer pays consideration before the Group transfers goods or services to the customer, a contract liability is recognized when the payment is made or the payment is due (whichever is earlier). The Group’s contract liabilities are comprised of customer deposits, which are recognized as revenue when the Group performs under the contract. The following table presents the Group's contract balances as of December 31, 2018 and 2019: December 31, 2018 December 31, 2019 Contract assets 21,779,221 23,093,235 Customer deposits (note 14) 1,921,851,255 1,106,098,647 The amount of revenue recognized during the year ended December 31, 2019 and included in the customer deposits as of December 31, 2018 is US$1,188,040,187. Impact of adoption of ASC 606 As of January 1, 2018, the Group adopted ASU No. 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606),” as modified (ASC606), using the modified retrospective method, which the Group does not adjust prior periods. The Group applied the rules to all open contracts existing as of January 1, 2018, recording a decrease of US$315.2 million to total equity for the cumulative effect of the change, with an increase real estate properties development completed of US$35.1 million, real estate properties under development of US$1,176.1 million, contract asset of US$15.6 million and other non-current assets of US$68.2 million, other current asset reductions of US$61.2 million, increase customer deposits of US$1,602.0 million, other current liabilities reductions of US$17.7 million and non-current liabilities reductions of US$35.3 million. A significant portion of the Group’s revenue is derived from real estate sales of development properties in the PRC. Prior to the adoption of ASC 606, the Group recognizes revenue using the percentage-of-completion (“POC”) method. Under ASC 606, to recognize revenue over time similar to the POC method, contractual provisions need to provide the Group with an enforceable right to payment. Historically, the Group’s contracts did not include a specific term on enforceable right to payment. For all contracts executed starting from January 1, 2018, the Group modified certain terms to establish an enforceable right to payment for performance completed to date, including a reasonable profit. Under ASC 606, the Group recognizes revenue on an “over time” basis prospectively for these new contracts by using cost inputs to measure progress towards the completion of the performance obligation. For contracts that did not include enforceable right to payment terms, revenue is recognized at a point in time when title to the property is transferred to the customer upon the adoption of ASC 606. The following table summarizes the impact of adopting ASC 606 on consolidated statement of comprehensive income as of and for the year ended December 31, 2018. December 31, 2018 Amounts without Effects of adoption adoption Amounts of ASC606 of ASC606 as reported Consolidated statement of comprehensive income Revenue 1,896,940,997 320,610,288 2,217,551,285 Cost of revenue (1,499,457,049) (102,615,934) (1,602,072,983) Selling and distribution expenses (90,805,960) 7,214,309 (83,591,651) General and administrative expenses (155,805,869) (650,301) (156,456,170) Income taxes (93,887,973) (50,559,274) (144,447,247) Net income/(loss) (68,047,068) 173,999,088 105,952,020 (i) Accounts receivable Accounts receivable represents the Group’s right to an amount of consideration that is unconditional (i.e. only the passage of time is required before payment of the consideration is due). The Group’s account receivable consists of balances due from customers for the sale of residential units in the PRC and United States and real estate management service contracts. These balances are unsecured, bear no interest and are due within a year from the date of the sale. Accounts receivable are reviewed periodically as to whether their carrying value has become impaired. The Group considers the assets to be impaired if the collectability of the balances become doubtful. As of December 31, 2019, there was US$1,456,243 allowance for doubtful accounts (December 31, 2018: US$1,539,894). (j) Other receivables Other receivables consist of various cash advances to unrelated companies and individuals with which the Group has business relationships. Other receivables are reviewed periodically as to whether their carrying value has become impaired. The Group considers the assets to be impaired if the collectability of the balances becomes doubtful. As of December 31, 2019, there was US$8,313,052 allowance for doubtful accounts (December 31, 2018: US$10,594,423). (k) Deposits for land use rights Deposits for land use rights consist of upfront cash payments made to local land bureaus to secure land use rights under executed short-term or long-term land framework cooperation agreements or land use rights agreements. Deposits for land use rights are reviewed periodically as to whether their carrying value has become impaired. The Group considers the assets to be impaired if the collectability of the balances become doubtful. There were no impairment losses for any periods presented. (l) Other deposits and prepayments Other deposits and prepayments mainly consist of upfront cash payments made to third parties related to the direct negotiation model in acquiring land parcels and prepaid tax. Other deposits and prepayments are reviewed periodically as to whether their carrying value has become impaired. The Group considers the assets to be impaired if the collectability of the balances become doubtful. There were no impairment losses for any periods presented. (m) Advances to suppliers Advances to suppliers consist of balances paid to contractors and vendors for services and materials that have not been provided or received and generally relate to the development and construction of residential units in th

Short-term investments

Short-term investments	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019
Short-term investments
Short-term investments	3. Short-term investments The short-term investments represent investments in REITs, which are publicly traded on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange, marketable equity securities, and investment in private equity fund, which are expected to be realized in cash during the next 12 months. The following summarizes the short-term investments measured at fair value at December 31, 2018 and 2019: December 31, 2018 US$ Fair Unrealized value Cost gain in profit Level 1 REITs 8,442,063 7,291,863 1,150,200 Total 8,442,063 7,291,863 1,150,200 December 31, 2019 US$ Fair Unrealized value Cost loss in profit Level 1 Equity securities with readily determinable fair value 2,076,443 3,700,257 (1,623,814) Level 3 Equity securities without readily determinable fair value 3,519,182 3,519,182 — Total 5,595,625 7,219,439 (1,623,814) During the year ended December 31, 2019, there was no change in the carrying amount of equity securities without readily determinable fair value measured under fair value alternative method using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3). During the year ended December 31, 2019, US$3,075,014 (2018: US$3,407,090 realized loss) net realized gain and US$1,623,814 (2018: US$1,150,200 unrealized gain) unrealized loss are included in earnings.

Other receivables

Other receivables	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019
Other receivables
Other receivables	4. Other receivables As of December 31, 2019, other receivables consisted of the following: December 31, 2019 US$ Henan Derun Real Estate Co. Ltd (“Henan Derun”) 124,436,299 Zhengzhou Jiahe Real Estate Co. Ltd (“Zhengzhou Jiahe”) 67,429,462 Zhangjiakou Xingyuan City Construction Development Co. Ltd 19,696,568 Huzhou Xinhong Jingcheng Construction and Development Co. Ltd 16,369,944 Due from contractors 24,444,823 Others 34,923,080 Other receivables 287,300,176 Other non-current assets as of December 31, 2018 included a prepayment of US$95.6 million to Henan Derun for the purchase of 10% equity interest in Henan Derun. In December 2019, the Group and Henan Derun agreed to terminate the equity interest purchase. In addition, the Group agreed to provide Henan Derun financing using the prepayment and charge an interest of 18% per annum commencing from the date of prepayment made to Henan Derun. As of December 31, 2019, the prepayment is recorded as other receivable aggregating to US$124.4 million (December 31, 2018: US$13.5 million). In March 2020, the Group entered into an agreement with Henan Derun pursuant to which the above receivables shall be settled by Henan Derun’s transfer of certain parcels of land properties to a project company 80% owned by the Group and the Group will assume the bank loans of Henan Derun aggregating to US$77.1 million which were pledged by such land properties. The Group evaluated the potential impairment and concluded that no impairment allowance is required because the fair value of the relevant land properties attributed to the Group as appraised by an external valuer exceeded the total amount of the above receivables and bank loans assumed by the Group. Receivable from Zhengzhou Jiahe of US$67.4 million (December 31, 2018: US$60.7 million) bears an interest from 15% to 18% per annum with a due date of December 31, 2019. The balance is now overdue. The directors of the Company are of the view that no impairment provision is required for the balance because it was secured by the 100% equity interest in Zhengzhou Jiahe with a fair value appraised by an external valuer significantly higher than the balance.

Real estate properties developm

Real estate properties development completed and under development	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019
Real estate properties development completed and under development
Real estate properties development completed and under development	5. Real estate properties development completed and under development The following summarizes the components of real estate properties development completed and under development at December 31, 2018 and 2019: December 31, December 31, 2018 2019 US$ US$ Development completed: Zhengzhou Century East A 4,000,881 3,913,910 Suzhou International City Garden 1,460,187 1,579,238 Jinan Xinyuan Splendid 4,952,551 5,175,618 Zhengzhou Xin City 14,946,209 11,094,087 Beijing Xindo Park 42,003,855 41,462,271 Suzhou Lake Royal Palace 4,880,245 4,966,527 Xingyang Splendid I 16,616,861 3,201,168 Zhengzhou Thriving Family 14,908,355 11,397,709 Shanghai Yipin Royal Palace 82,320,988 80,709,011 New York Oosten 127,749,947 1,201,783 Chengdu Thriving Family 88,492,260 64,327,235 Sanya Yazhou Bay No.1 31,716,745 6,627,299 Xi’an Metropolitan 48,352,943 43,103,208 Kunshan Royal Palace 8,279,289 5,742,133 Jinan Xin Central 41,158,302 29,175,427 Changsha Xinyuan Splendid 7,340,408 7,540,854 Zhengzhou Fancy City II (South) 151,224 1,263,824 Kunshan Xindo Park 23,673,323 8,251,834 Zhengzhou Xindo Park 13,794,988 8,301,650 Zhengzhou Fancy City I 19,329,493 17,254,407 Henan Xin Central I 36,230,637 14,913,267 Xuzhou Colorful City — 5,547,620 Henan Xin Central II — 9,884,003 Zhengzhou International New City I — 17,458,454 Zhengzhou International New City II — 17,044,177 Tianjin Spring Royal Palace I — 19,221,577 Xingyang Splendid Phase II — 15,283,105 Xingyang Splendid Phase III — 2,563,122 Real estate properties development completed 632,359,691 458,204,518 Under development: Current: Xuzhou Colorful City 49,972,999 — Xingyang Splendid II 44,074,338 — Xingyang Splendid III 62,771,683 — Xingyang Splendid IV 11,743,049 46,472,092 Jinan Royal Palace 328,737,914 223,967,341 Tianjin Spring Royal Palace I 101,091,391 — Henan Xin Central II 99,196,076 — Zhengzhou Fancy City II(North) 77,295,404 95,360,634 Zhengzhou International New City I 339,890,348 — Zhengzhou International New City II 171,711,098 — Tongzhou Xinyuan Royal Palace 214,011,166 234,987,743 Changsha Mulian Royal Palace 108,637,317 — XIN Eco Marine Group Properties Sdn Bhd 15,064,162 27,488,080 Hudson Garden Project 106,844,124 123,555,996 Flushing Project 92,821,714 107,304,741 Changsha Furong Thriving Family 39,054,048 15,540,229 Zhengzhou International New City III A 86,999,855 110,507,107 Zhuhai Xin World 102,997,747 153,864,698 Xinyuan Chang’an Royal Palace 144,771,923 157,044,224 Kunshan Xinyu Jiayuan 159,974,516 146,779,965 Zhengzhou International New City Pending Staging 238,835,232 376,230,958 Zhengzhou Hangmei International Wisdom City I 91,069,505 75,943,506 Xinyuan Golden Water View City 428,430,649 438,686,015 Suzhou Galaxy Bay 51,739,509 62,557,317 Xi’an Metropolitan II 5,609,532 5,903,626 Zhengzhou International New City III B 94,547,682 19,164,288 Zhengzhou International New City III C 99,240,244 88,758,649 Zhengzhou International New City III D 42,706,005 8,416,916 Tianjin Spring Royal Palace II 70,891,230 62,093,526 Zhengzhou Fancy City III 89,529,453 79,922,540 Jinan Royal Spring Bay 119,400,947 135,015,228 Suzhou Gusu Shade I (Suzhou New Project) 39,163,694 45,267,243 Wuhan Canglong Royal Palace (Wuhan New Project) 124,701,587 141,707,492 Dalian International Health Technology Town I 33,796,959 85,174,478 Qingdao Royal Dragon Bay 246,387,446 212,457,554 Chengdu Xinyuan City 688,987,085 723,555,656 Zhengzhou International New City IV 176,269,525 220,859,532 Xingyang Splendid V 45,984,974 31,136,007 Xingyang Splendid Building 46 4,836,734 7,997,771 Foshan Xinchuang AI International Science and Technology Innovation Valley — 225,362,486 5,049,788,864 4,489,083,638 Profit recognized 348,170,931 301,358,319 Less: progress billings (Note 14) (1,329,243,487) (1,536,054,208) Total real estate properties under development 4,068,716,308 3,254,387,749 Total real estate properties development completed and under development 4,701,075,999 3,712,592,267 As of December 31, 2019, land use rights included in the real estate properties under development totaled US$2,179,888,833 (December 31, 2018: US$2,733,197,585). As of December 31, 2019, land use rights with an aggregate net book value of US$798,910,332 (December 31, 2018: US$1,046,360,853) was pledged as collateral for certain bank loans and other debts.

Real estate properties held for

Real estate properties held for lease, net	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019
Real estate properties held for lease, net
Real estate properties held for lease, net	6. Real estate properties held for lease, net The Group leases buildings to various third parties its owned properties including elementary schools, basement parking, kindergartens, parking facilities, clubhouses as well as shopping mall. These leases are non-cancelable operating leases with remaining lease periods that vary from 25 days to 20 years. The leases may include minimum base rents with escalated contingent rent clauses. December 31, December 31, 2018 2019 US$ US$ Elementary schools 3,107,711 3,057,371 Basement parking 9,633,568 14,694,085 Kindergartens 10,194,286 10,049,512 Parking facilities 55,941,369 100,036,672 Clubhouses 7,789,415 8,574,329 Shopping mall 243,346,989 290,610,416 Residential properties — 124,280,030 Others 2,972,811 2,924,658 Total costs 332,986,149 554,227,073 Accumulated depreciation (30,221,932) (38,358,165) Real estate properties held for lease, net 302,764,217 515,868,908 The Group has shopping mall equipment with gross amount of US$7,266,822 and US$7,149,114 acquired under finance lease as of December 31, 2018 and 2019, respectively. Depreciation expense for real estate properties held for lease for the year ended December 31, 2019 amounted to US$8,625,765(2017: US$7,280,421; 2018: US$7,963,627). As of December 31, 2019, US$206,516,986 of real estate properties held for lease were pledged as collateral for certain bank loans and other debts (2018: US$175,429,630). As of December 31, 2019, minimum future rental income on non-cancellable leases (none of which contains any contingent rental clauses), in the aggregate and for each of the five succeeding fiscal years and thereafter, is as follows: Year Amount US$ 2020 15,986,263 2021 15,587,876 2022 14,786,872 2023 13,728,432 2024 and thereafter 107,158,511 Total 167,247,954

Property and equipment, net

Property and equipment, net	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019
Property and equipment, net
Property and equipment, net	7 . Property and equipment, net Property and equipment consisted of the following: December 31, December 31, 2018 2019 US$ US$ Finance lease right-of-use asset -Corporate aircraft 37,494,502 36,887,168 Vehicles 5,109,037 5,069,515 Furniture and fixtures 12,580,384 10,523,537 Office buildings 10,994,284 21,842,187 Total 66,178,207 74,322,407 Accumulated depreciation (28,063,724) (31,318,028) Property and equipment, net 38,114,483 43,004,379 On October 23, 2012, the Group acquired a corporate aircraft under a finance lease. The lease has an eight-year term and expires on September 15, 2021 with 32 quarterly lease payments of US$1,426,000. A deposit in the amount of US$6.7 million may be used as full and final payment to Minsheng to purchase the corporate aircraft. Depreciation expense for property and equipment for the year ended December 31, 2019 amounted to US$5,904,454(2017: US$5,350,256; 2018: US$4,908,299) which includes amortization expense related to the corporate aircraft capital lease amounting to US$ 2,336,187 (2017: US$2,613,008; 2018: US$2,582,340). Accumulated depreciation expense for property and equipment as of December 31, 2019 amounted to US$31,318,028 (2017: US$23,994,047; 2018: US$28,063,724) which includes accumulated amortization expense related to the corporate aircraft capital lease amounting to US$14,601,171 (2017: US$11,375,747; 2018: US$13,238,949).

Long-term investment

Long-term investment	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019
Long-term investment
Long-term investment	8. Long-term investment As of December 31, 2018 and 2019, the long-term investment consisted of the following: December 31, Initial Cost 2018 US$ US$ Nonmarketable equity securities Zhengzhou Lianhe Real Estate Co., Ltd. 241,648 291,409 Zhengzhou Taike Real Estate Co., Ltd. 738,073 728,523 Equity method investees Qingdao Huiju Zhihui City Industrial Development Co., Ltd. 505,162,873 478,778,879 Wuhu Penghong Investment Center (Limited Partnership) 30,608,185 23,613,358 Madison Developments Limited. 19,095,969 16,743,122 Others 59,289,036 44,184,928 Total 564,340,219 December 31, Initial Cost 2019 US$ US$ Nonmarketable equity securities Zhengzhou Lianhe Real Estate Co., Ltd. 241,648 286,689 Zhengzhou Taike Real Estate Co., Ltd. 738,073 716,723 Equity method investees Qingdao Huiju Zhihui City Industrial Development Co., Ltd. 523,459,957 488,227,667 Wuhu Penghong Investment Center (Limited Partnership) 30,608,185 18,333,122 Madison Developments Limited. 19,095,969 16,294,996 Suzhou Rongjingchen Real Estate Co., Ltd 42,041,464 41,452,466 Others 69,160,051 48,308,262 Total 613,619,925 Equity method investees On April 19, 2017, the Company signed an agreement to acquire up to 70% equity interest of Qingdao Huiju Zhihui City Industrial Development Co., Ltd. (“Qingdao Huiju”), which is developing a real estate project in Qingdao city from Beijing Huiju Technology Industry Development Co., Ltd. (“Beijing Huiju”), a non-affiliated company for a consideration of US$505.2 million. As of December 31, 2019, US$505.2 million had been paid and a 49% equity interest has been transferred to the Company. Based on the articles of association, the Company cannot exercise control of Qingdao Huiju until it acquires the entire 70% equity interest, but has the ability to exercise significant influence over Qingdao Huiju’s operating and financial decisions and accounted for it as an equity method investment. The Group initiated various legal actions against Beijing Huiju for, inter alia, (i) the transfer of the remaining 21% equity interest in Qingdao Huiju to the Group and appointment of directors into the board of Qingdao Huiju (ii) refund of unauthorized transfer of cash of US$98.7 million from Qingdao Huiju to Beijing Huiju and (iii) return of business license and official seals of Qingdao Huiju to Qingdao Huiju . In March 2019,the PRC local court held that Beijing Huiju shall refund the unauthorized cash transferred to Beijing Huiju to Qingdao Huiju and has frozen the cash of US$98.7 million in Beijing Huiju’s bank account. In January 2020, local PRC court held that Beijing Huiju shall return the business license and official seals of Qingdao Huiju to Qingdao Huiju. However, Beijing Huiju appealed to PRC Courts against the refund of cash and return of business and official seals to Qingdao Huiju. Currently the above lawsuits are in progress. Based on independent legal advice and after due and careful enquiry, the directors of the Company are of the view that Group is entitled to the receipt of the 21% equity interest in Qingdao Huiju and the appointment of directors into the board of Qingdao Huiju, and Qingdao Huiju is entitled to get back the cash, business license and seals from Beijing Huiju. Hence the above events shall have not any material adverse effect on the Group’s investment in and receivable from Qingdao Huiju. On September 4, 2017, the Company with two non-affiliated companies, established a limited partnership, Wuhu Penghong Investment Center (Limited Partnership) (“Wuhu Penghong”), in which the Company and the other two partners each invested US$30.6 million, US$91.8 million and US$3.1 million in cash, respectively, to invest in real estate project. The other two partners hold substantive participating rights whereas the Company only exercises significant influence, and therefore, accounted for its investment in Wuhu Penghong under the equity method. On March 21, 2018, the Company acquired 50% equity interest in Madison Developments Limited (“MDL”), which is developing a real estate project in London, England from ED Jersey Limited, a non-affiliated company for a consideration of US$19.1 million. Based on the articles of association, the Company cannot exercise control of MDL, but has the ability to exercise significant influence over MDL’s operating and financial decisions and accounts for it as an equity method investment. In July 2019, the Company acquired 24% equity interest in Suzhou Rongjingchen Real Estate Co., Ltd. ("Suzhou Rongjingchen"), which is developing a real estate project in Suzhou city from Suzhou Kaijingsheng Real Estate Co., Ltd., a non-affiliated company, for a consideration of US$42.0 million. Based on the articles of association, the Company cannot exercise control of Suzhou Rongjingchen, but has the ability to exercise significant influence over Suzhou Rongjingchen's operating and financial decisions and accounted for it as an equity method investment. As of December 31, 2019, the Group’s investment in the investees in the aggregate exceeded its proportionate share of the net assets of the equity method investee by nil (December 31, 2018: nil). This difference, if any, represents equity method goodwill and therefore, is not amortized. For the year ended December 31, 2019, the Group recognized its share of loss from its equity method investments of US$5,416,471 (2017: loss of US $1,710,070; 2018: loss of US US$9,374,451). As of December 31, 2018 and 2019, there was no material impairment related to these investments. Summarized combined financial information of the equity method investees is as follows: December 31, 2019 US$ (in thousands) Current assets 1,413,713 Noncurrent assets 411,764 Current liabilities 499,078 Non-current liabilities 460,617 Non-controlling interest 5,778 Gross revenue 68,353 Gross profit 14,976 Loss from continuing operations (5,928) Net loss (10,691) Net loss attributable to the Company (11,614) The above summarized financial information represents the operating performance and financial position of the investees since they became equity method investees of the Group.

Acquisition of subsidiaries

Acquisition of subsidiaries	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019
Acquisition of subsidiaries
Acquisition of subsidiaries	9. Acquisition of subsidiaries 2018 Acquisition Activitiy On September 6, 2018, the Group’s equity method investee, Wuhu Penghua Tenth Investment Center (Limited Partnership) (“Wuhu Penghua”), repurchased all partnership interests from all its partners except the Group for a consideration of US$146.6 million. As a result, the Company was the sole partner remaining. Therefore,Wuhu Penghua and its subsidiaries Chengdu Renju and Chengdu Guohongteng Real Estate Co., Ltd. (collectively, the “Wuhu Group”) became wholly-owned by the Company. This acquisition was consistent with the Group’s strategy to develop residential real estate markets in fast growth cities in China, and was accounted for under the acquisition method of accounting with acquired assets and assumed liabilities recorded at their acquisition date fair values. A gain of US$4,384,563 was recognized as a result of the re-measurement of previously held equity interest in the Wuhu Group based on the acquisition-date fair value and is presented as a component of other income. The goodwill recognized at the acquisition date amounting to US$534,697 is primarily as a result of the ASC 740 requirement to recognize a deferred tax liability, calculated as the difference between the tax effect of the fair value of the acquired real estate property under development and its corresponding tax base. None of the goodwill recognized is tax deductible. The operational results of the Wuhu Group have been included in the Group’s consolidated financial statements since September 6, 2018 (“Acquisition Date”). The purchase price allocation for the acquisition is primarily based on a valuation determined by the Group with the assistance of an independent third party valuation firm. The following table summarizes the fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed on Acquisition Date. US$ Carrying amount of previously held equity interests 202,354,932 Remeasurement gain 4,384,563 Fair value of previously held equity interests(i) 206,739,495 Less: Goodwill 534,697 206,204,798 Fair value of net identifiable assets acquired: Cash and cash equivalents 11,761,992 Real estate properties under development 538,393,230 Current assets 7,471,403 Current liabilities (57,705,079) Deferred tax liabilities (534,697) Long-term bank loan (293,182,051) Net assets acquired 206,204,798 (i) The business combination was achieved without the transfer of consideration. The difference between the fair value of previously held equity interest and the fair value of net identifiable assets acquired was recognized as goodwill. As the Wuhu Group were private companies, the fair value of the Group’s previously held equity interest is estimated based on asset-based approach using significant unobservable inputs that market participants would consider, which mainly include estimated revenue and estimated cost for the construction project. The amount of revenue and net income of the Wuhu Group included in the Group’s consolidated statement of comprehensive income for the period from the Acquisition Date to December 31, 2018 are US$30,248,316 and US$6,710,751, respectively. The pro forma results of operations for the acquisition has not been presented because the revenue and earnings generated before the acquisition is immaterial. 2019 Acquisition Activity In November 2019, the Group acquired Beijing Ruizhuo Xitou Development Co., Ltd. (“Xitou”), a related party, for a total consideration of US$16,486,299, represents extinguishment of pre-existing receivable (Note 18). Xitou is primarily engaged in provision of online platform services for real estate project financing purposes. In November 2019, the Group acquired Beijing Ruizhuo Xichuang Technology Development Co., Ltd. (“Xichuang”), a related party, for a total consideration of US$11,212,797, represents extinguishment of pre-existing receivable (Note 18). Xichuang is primarily engaged in the provision of online platform services for sourcing, sale and purchase of real estate properties. In November 2019, the Group acquired Beijing I-Journey Science and Technology Development Co,Ltd.("I-Journey"), a related party, for a total consideration of US$21,062,847, represents extinguishment of pre-existing receivable (Note 18). I-journey is primarily engaged in the sale of household robots and provision of community cloud services. The acquisitions of Xitou, Xichuang and I-journey were in line with the Group’s strategy to extend its business to provide real estate and property management related technology services. The above acquisitions were accounted for under the acquisition method of accounting with acquired assets and assumed liabilities recorded at their acquisition date fair values. The goodwill recognized upon the acquisitions amounting to US$6,624,594, US$5,159,916 and US$12,927,103 respectively is primarily as a result of the excess of the acquisition considerations over the respective fair value of net identifiable assets acquired. The goodwill recognized in other non-current assets is attributable primarily to expected synergies and the assembled workforce. The goodwill is not deductible for tax purposes. None of the goodwill recognized is tax deductible. The operational results of Xitou, Xichuang and I-journey have been included in the Group's consolidated financial statements since November 30, 2019 ("Date of Acquisition"). The pro forma results of operations for the acquisitions have not been presented because the revenue and earnings generated before the acquisitions is immaterial. The purchase price allocation for the acquisitions is primarily based on a valuation determined by the Group with the assistance of an independent third party valuation firm. The following table summarizes the fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed on Date of Acquisition. Xinruifeng Xinhujin Xinzhihui subgroup subgroup subgroup Total US$ US$ US$ US$ Cash and cash equivalents 472,974 276,511 77,526 827,011 Intangible assets (1) Technology 9,446,403 5,877,125 6,249,820 21,573,348 Trade mark — — 2,623,205 2,623,205 Other current assets 262,373 164,373 691,872 1,118,618 Deferred tax assets 1,057,527 1,170,995 658,831 2,887,353 Other non-current assets 29,935 14,176 43,115 87,226 Goodwill 6,624,594 5,159,916 12,927,103 24,711,613 Current liabilities (269,349) (241,318) (1,499,623) (2,010,290) Deferred tax liabilities (1,057,527) (1,170,995) (658,831) (2,887,353) Non-controlling interest (80,631) (37,986) (50,171) (168,788) Total Consideration 16,486,299 11,212,797 21,062,847 48,761,943 (1) Intangible assets acquired in 2019 have estimated useful lives between six and ten years. (2) Xinruifeng,Xinhujin and Xinzhihui are parents of Xitou, Xichuang and I-journey.

Short-term bank loans and other

Short-term bank loans and other debt	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019
Short-term bank loans and other debt
Short-term bank loans and other debt	10. Short-term bank loans and other debt Short-term bank loans and other debt represent amounts due to various banks and financial institutions that are due on the dates indicated below. Short-term bank loans and other debt at December 31, 2018 and 2019 consisted of the following: December 31, December 31, 2018 2019 US$ US$ Loan from The Bank of East Asia Due January 2, 2020, at 1.10% plus 1 month LIBOR — 19,900,000 Loan from Henan Zhongyuan Microfinance Co., Ltd. Due July 26, 2019, at 11.60% per annum 7,285,231 — Loan from Zhongyuan Aviation Finance Leasing Co.,Ltd. Due December 20 2020, at 10.00% per annum — 11,467,562 Loan from Hua Xia Bank Co., Ltd. Due May 30, 2020, at 6.5250% per annum — 8,600,671 Loan from Shandong Rongyue Finance Leasing Co., Ltd. Due December 24, 2020, at 5.00% per annum — 4,300,335 Loan from Kunlun Trust Co., Ltd. Due June 28, 2019, at 10.50% per annum 36,426,157 — Loan from Zhongyuan Commercial Factoring Co., Ltd. Due January 30, 2020, at 10.00% per annum — 28,668,902 Loan from Tianjin financial exchange center Co., Ltd. at 9.00% per annum 189,215 Loan from Tianjin financial exchange center Co., Ltd. at 8.50% per annum 51,604 Loan from Tianjin financial exchange center Co., Ltd. at 8.00% per annum — 240,819 Total short-term bank loans and other debt 43,711,388 73,419,108 As of December 31, 2019, except when otherwise indicated, the Group’s short-term bank loans and other debt were all denominated in RMB and were mainly secured by the Group’s real estate properties held for lease with net book value of US$14,899,171 (December 31, 2018: nil), the real estate properties development completed with net book value of US$10,168,195 (December 31, 2018: nil), and restricted cash of US$20,691,781 (December 31, 2018: nil). The weighted average interest rate on short-term bank loans and other debt as of December 31, 2019 was 8.33% (December 31, 2018: 10.68%).

Long-term bank loans

Long-term bank loans	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019
Long-term bank loans
Long-term bank loans	11. Long-term bank loans Long-term bank loans as of December 31, 2018 and 2019 analyzed by final installment maturity dates consisted of the following: December 31, December 31, 2018 2019 US$ US$ Loan from ICBC Due December 26, 2021, at 6.175% per annum 116,560,788 66,890,284 Due December 22, 2021, at 6.175% per annum 58,284,765 33,448,009 Due December 30, 2021, at 6.60% per annum 53,619,303 30,770,333 Due December 22, 2021, at 9.80% per annum 58,281,851 33,448,009 Due July 23, 2022, at 4.75% per annum — 14,334,451 286,746,707 178,891,086 Loan from China Guangfa Bank Due July 17, 2021, at 6.175% per annum — 18,048,508 Due October 20, 2019, at 6.4125% per annum 10,490,733 — 10,490,733 18,048,508 Loan from Bank of China Due March 30, 2020, at 6.65% per annum 33,512,064 7,167,226 Due October 31, 2021 at 4.75% per annum 64,110,036 50,457,269 97,622,100 57,624,495 Loan from Bank of Beijing Due February 14, 2020 at 4.75% per annum 42,810,934 32,372,065 Loan from The Bank of East Asia Due June 1, 2019, at 1.10% plus 1 month LIBOR 9,675,654 — Due June 5, 2019, at 1.10% plus 1 month LIBOR 10,000,000 — Due August 15, 2019, at 1.10% plus 1 month LIBOR 20,000,000 — Due August 30, 2019,at 1.10% plus 1 month LIBOR 9,700,000 — Due September 19, 2019, at 1.10% plus 1 month LIBOR 2,220,000 — Due January 9, 2020, at 1.10% plus 1 month LIBOR 3,178,000 3,178,000 Due June 2, 2019, at 1.10% plus 1 month LIBOR 34,421,617 — Due September 27, 2019, at 1.10% plus 3 month LIBOR 24,294,636 — Due June 4, 2021, at 1.10% plus 1 month LIBOR — 22,500,000 Due June 6, 2021, at 1.10% plus 1 month LIBOR — 30,000,000 Due August 20, 2021, at 1.10% plus 1 month LIBOR — 19,170,000 Due September 27, 2021, at 1.10% plus 1 month LIBOR — 9,100,000 Due October 20, 2021, at 1.10% plus 1 month LIBOR — 2,100,000 Due October 27, 2021, at 1.10% plus 1 month LIBOR — 17,570,000 113,489,907 103,618,000 Loan from Ping An Bank Co., Ltd. Due May 31, 2021, at 6.8875% per annum 116,417,997 80,272,928 Due May 27, 2021, at 7.3625% per annum 14,570,463 9,890,771 Due March 27, 2022, at 6.9825% per annum — 39,405,407 130,988,460 129,569,106 Loan from China Construction Bank Due July 2, 2021, at 6.65% per annum 56,824,805 — Due August 1, 2021, at 4.35% per annum — 44,723,488 Due August 1, 2021, at 4.75% per annum — 11,180,872 Due August 1, 2021, at 4.75% per annum 17,484,555 17,201,343 Due April 4, 2021, at 6.175% per annum 36,424,700 — 110,734,060 73,105,703 Loan from Bank of Minsheng Due June 14, 2031, at 8.50% per annum 62,798,694 59,487,973 Due March 30, 2023 at 8.8825% per annum 291,394,685 286,402,339 354,193,379 345,890,312 Loan from Bank of Hengfeng Due September 20, 2021, at 8.0009% per annum 73,580,837 65,150,082 Loan from Zheshang Bank Co., Ltd Due September 21, 2021, at 7.60% per annum 29,286,630 17,344,686 Loan from Bank of Communications Co., Ltd Due March 18, 2022, at 7.600% per annum — 37,104,728 Loan from Bank of Zhengzhou Co., Ltd Due September 26, 2021, at 7.000075% per annum — 64,505,031 Loan from Bank of Huaxia Co., Ltd Due December 27, 2021, at 5.08% per annum — 11,610,908 Total 1,249,943,747 1,134,834,710 Less: current portion of long-term bank loans (529,904,807) (448,770,014) Total long-term bank loans 720,038,940 686,064,696 As of December 31, 2019, the contractual maturities of these loans are as follows: Year Amount US$ 2020 448,770,014 2021 599,627,953 2022 37,269,574 2023 4,156,992 2024 and thereafter 45,010,177 Less: current portion of long-term bank loans (448,770,014) Total: long-term bank loans 686,064,696 As of December 31, 2019, except when otherwise indicated, the Group’s long term bank loans were all denominated in RMB and were mainly secured by the Group’s real estate properties under development with net book value of US$78,726,065 (December 31, 2018: US$30,727,630), land use rights with net book value of US$382,772,544 (December 31, 2018: US$462,352,750), the Group’s real estate properties held for lease with net book value of US$144,272,409 (December 31, 2018: 123,781,349), the real estate properties development completed with net book value of US$457,032 (December 31, 2018: nil), and restricted cash of US$116,152,060 (December 31, 2018:nil). The interest rates of these bank loans are adjustable based on the range of 100% to 206% of the PBOC prime rate. The weighted average interest rate on long-term bank loans as of December 31, 2019 was 6.94% (December 31, 2018: 7.16%).

Other long-term debt

Other long-term debt	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019
Other long-term debt
Other long-term debt	12. Other long-term debt As of December 31,2018 and 2019, other long-term debt analyzed by final installment maturity dates consisted of the following: December 31, December 31, Senior notes 2018 2019 US$ US$ November 2020 Senior Secured notes due on November 22, 2020 at 8.875% 295,673,796 296,897,742 August 2019 Senior Notes due on August 30, 2019 at 8.125% 286,741,749 — February 2021 Senior notes due on February 28, 2021 at 7.75% 270,624,821 261,941,119 March 2020 Senior Secured Notes due on March 12, 2020 at 9.875% 197,226,325 123,055,415 October 2021 Senior Secured Notes due on October 16, 2021 at 14.20% — 295,968,740 Corporate bonds Due December 28, 2020 at 8.20% 58,275,179 1,962,386 Due January 27, 2021 at 7.47% 43,709,787 8,213,641 Due March 14, 2021 at 7.09% 72,849,705 7,551,597 Due August 15, 2019 at 8.20% 63,404,057 — Due April 7, 2020 at 8.20% 89,655,359 — Due September 21, 2020 at 8.50% 28,998,553 21,947,434 Due April 1, 2024 at 8.40% — 58,887,016 Due January 4, 2022 at 8.50% — 650,673 Loan from Ping An Trust Co., Ltd Due May 22, 2020 at 10.3192% 189,416,016 43,003,354 Due November 30, 2019 at 10.3192% 130,813,615 — Due May 23, 2019 at 10.3192% 189,780,277 — Due November 23, 2020 at 11.20% — 200,682,320 Due May 22, 2021 at 15.00% — 42,989,020 Due May 29, 2021 at 11.50% — 85,863,364 Due April 26, 2021 at 11.50% — 24,248,158 Loan from Guo Tou Tai Kang Trust Co., Ltd Due October 30, 2019 at 9.30% 2,360,415 — Due November 2, 2019 at 9.30% 26,780,511 — Kunlun Trust Co., Ltd Due March 17, 2020 at 7.62% 21,855,694 21,501,677 Loan from Wanxiang Trust Co., Ltd Due December 4, 2020 at 12.00% 1,427,905 — Due April 30, 2021 at 12.00% — 28,668,903 Due January 4, 2020 at 12.00% — 12,929,675 Due July 18, 2020 at 12.00% — 21,501,677 Loan from China Huarong Asset Management Co., Ltd Due November 27, 2020 at 11.50% 11,656,370 10,894,183 Due October 30, 2020 at 11.50% 40,951,099 28,095,525 Due November 8, 2021 at 12.00% — 30,145,351 Loan from China Resources Investment Trust Co., Ltd Due November 9, 2020 at 9.405% 50,996,620 42,286,632 Loan from Chang An International Trust Co., Ltd Due December 10, 2023 at 9.00% — 172,013,417 Loan from Henan Zhongyuan Microfinance Co., Ltd Due July 23, 2021 at 11.60% — 6,880,537 Loan from Kent EB-5 LLC Due January 23, 2020 at 5.95% 9,500,000 9,500,000 Due April 30, 2020 at 5.95% 5,000,000 5,000,000 Due June 25, 2020 at 5.95% 5,000,000 5,000,000 Due August 4, 2020 at 5.95% 5,000,000 5,000,000 Due August 20, 2020 at 5.95% 5,000,000 5,000,000 Due October 1, 2020 at 5.95% 10,000,000 10,000,000 Due November 23, 2020 at 5.95% 10,000,000 10,000,000 Due March 15, 2021 at 5.95% 9,500,000 9,500,000 Due September 12, 2021 at 5.95% 500,000 500,000 Loan from Bank of Ozark Due March 24, 2021 at 4.50% plus 1 month LIBOR 24,008,924 50,157,305 Loan from Bank Direct Capital Finance Due November 1, 2020 at 5.5% 1,762,072 822,506 Loan from CMGT Lender 35 LLC Due May 24, 2021 at 12.26% — 18,660,737 Loan from 135-35 NORTHERN BLVD 1&2 LLC Due May 1, 2021 at 8.5% — 28,955,968 Total principal of other long-term debt 2,158,468,849 2,006,876,072 Less: current portion of other long-term debt (1,118,013,649) (970,185,445) Total other long-term debt 1,040,455,200 1,036,690,627 The March 2020, November 2020, February 2021 and October 2021 Senior Secured Notes are senior secured pari passu obligations of the Company. As of December 31, 2019, the contractual maturities of these debts are as follows: Year Amount US$ 2020 970,185,445 2021 989,429,149 2022 34,402,683 2023 12,858,795 Less: current portion of other long term debt (970,185,445) Total: Other long-term debt 1,036,690,627 As of December 31, 2019, except when otherwise indicated and the Senior Secured Notes, the Group’s other long-term debt was all denominated in RMB and mainly secured by the Group’s real estate properties under development with net book value of US$1,445,969 (December 31, 2018: US$963,588 ), land use rights with net book value of US$416,137,788 (December 31, 2018: US$584,008,103), real estate properties held for lease with net book value of US$47,345,406 (December 31, 2018: US$51,648,281), and real estate properties development completed with net book value of US$50,301,375 (December 31, 2018: US$36,801,393). August 2019 Senior Secured Notes On August 30, 2016, the Company issued an aggregate principal amount of US$300,000,000 of the August 2019 Senior Secured Notes. The August 2019 Senior Secured Notes bear interest at 8.125% per annum payable semi-annually. Interest will be payable on February 28 and August 30 of each year, commencing February 28, 2017. The effective interest rate of August 2019 Senior Secured Notes is 9.06%. The August 2019 Senior Secured Notes were issued pursuant to an indenture, dated August 30, 2016, between the Company, the “Subsidiary Guarantors” identified below and Citicorp International Limited, as trustee and collateral agent (the “August 2019 Indenture”). The Company’s obligations under the August 2019 Indenture and the August 2019 Senior Secured Notes have been guaranteed by certain of the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiaries, Xinyuan Real Estate, Ltd., Xinyuan International Property Investment Co., Ltd., Victory Good Development Ltd., South Glory International Ltd., Elite Quest Holdings Ltd. and Xinyuan International (HK) Property Investment Co., Limited (the “Subsidiary Guarantors”) and will be guaranteed by such other future subsidiaries of the Company as is set forth in and in accordance with the terms of the August 2019 Indenture. The Company’s obligations under the August 2019 Indenture and the August 2019 Senior Secured Notes are secured by a pledge of the capital stock of the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiaries, Xinyuan Real Estate, Ltd., Xinyuan International Property Investment Co., Ltd., Victory Good Development Limited, South Glory International Limited and Elite Quest Holdings Ltd. At any time prior to August 30, 2019, the Company may at its option redeem the August 2019 Senior Secured Notes, in whole but not in part, at a redemption price equal to 100.0% of the principal amount of the August 2019 Senior Secured Notes plus the Applicable Premium as of, and accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to (but not including) the redemption date. “Applicable Premium” means with respect to any August 2019 Senior Secured Note at any redemption date, the greater of (i) 1.00% of the principal amount of such August 2019 Senior Secured Note and (ii) the excess of (A) the present value at such redemption date of the principal amount of such August 2019 Senior Secured Note, plus all required remaining scheduled interest payments due on such August 2019 Senior Secured Note through the maturity date of the August 2019 Senior Secured Notes (but excluding accrued and unpaid interest to the redemption date), computed using a discount rate equal to the Adjusted Treasury Rate (as defined in the August 2019 Indenture) plus 100 basis points, over (B) the principal amount of such August 2019 Senior Secured Note on such redemption date. At any time prior to August 30, 2019, the Company may redeem up to 35% of the aggregate principal amount of the August 2019 Senior Secured Notes with the net cash proceeds of one or more sales of our common shares in certain equity offerings, within a specified period after the equity offering, at a redemption price of 108.125% of the principal amount of the August 2019 Senior Secured Notes, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to (but not including) the redemption date, provided that at least 65% of the aggregate principal amount of the August 2019 Senior Secured Notes issued on August 30, 2016 remain outstanding after each such redemption. The Company has evaluated and determined that there was no embedded derivative requiring bifurcation from the August 2019 Senior Secured Notes under the requirements of ASC 815. The embedded redemption options and repurchase features did not qualify for derivative accounting because the embedded derivatives were considered clearly and closely related to the characteristics of the August 2019 Secured Senior Notes. The August 2019 Indenture, contains certain covenants that, among others, restrict the Company’s ability and the ability of the Company’s Restricted Subsidiaries (as defined in the August 2019 Indenture) to incur additional debt or to issue preferred stock, to make certain payments or investments, to pay dividends or purchase or redeem capital stock, to sell assets (including limitations on the use of proceeds of asset sales), to grant liens on the collateral securing the August 2019 Senior Secured Notes or other assets, to make certain other payments or to engage in transactions with affiliates and holders of more than 10% of the Company’s Common Shares, subject to certain qualifications and exceptions and satisfaction, in certain circumstances of specified conditions, such as a Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio (as defined in the August 2019 Indenture) of 2.50 to 1.0. From August 31, 2018 to December 31, 2018, the Company redeemed the August 2019 Senior Secured Notes for a total principal amount of US$11.9 million. The Company recognized gain on extinguishment of debt amounting to US$511,919, consisting of the gain from the difference between repurchase price and principal amount of the debt amounting to US$577,449 and the loss from unamortized deferred debt issuance costs amounting to US$65,530. From January 1, 2019 to December 31, 2019, the Company redeemed the August 2019 Senior Secured Notes for a total principal amount of US$288.1 million. The Company recognized loss on extinguishment of debt amounting to US$1,111,583 in 2019, consisting of the loss from the difference between repurchase price and principal amount of the debt amounting to US$125,165 and the loss from unamortized deferred debt issuance costs amounting to US$986,418. February 2021 Senior Secured Notes On February 28, 2017, The Company issued an aggregate principal amount of US$300,000,000 of the February 2021 Senior Secured Notes. The February 2021 Senior Secured Notes bear interest at 7.75% per annum payable semi-annually. Interest will be payable on February 28 and August 28 of each year, commencing August 28, 2017. The February 2021 Senior Secured Notes have a four year term maturing on February 28, 2021. The effective interest rate of February 2021 Senior Secured Notes is 8.68%. The February 2021 Senior Secured Notes were issued pursuant to an indenture, dated February 28, 2017, between the Company, the “Subsidiary Guarantors” identified below and Citicorp International Limited, as trustee and collateral agent (the “February 2021 Indenture”). The Company’s obligations under the February 2021 Indenture and the February 2021 Senior Secured Notes have been guaranteed by certain of the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiaries, Xinyuan Real Estate, Ltd., Xinyuan International Property Investment Co., Ltd., Victory Good Development Ltd., South Glory International Ltd., Elite Quest Holdings Ltd. and Xinyuan International (HK) Property Investment Co., Limited (the “Subsidiary Guarantors”) and will be guaranteed by such other future subsidiaries of the Company as is set forth in and in accordance with the terms of the February 2021 Indenture. The Company’s obligations under the February 2021 Indenture and the February 2021 Senior Secured Notes are secured by a pledge of the capital stock of the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiaries, Xinyuan Real Estate, Ltd., Xinyuan International Property Investment Co., Ltd., Victory Good Development Limited, South Glory International Limited and Elite Quest Holdings Ltd. At any time prior to February 28, 2021, the Company may at its option redeem the February 2021 Senior Secured Notes, in whole but not in part, at a redemption price equal to 100.0% of the principal amount of the February 2021 Senior Secured Notes plus the Applicable Premium as of, and accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to (but not including) the redemption date. “Applicable Premium” means with respect to any February 2021 Senior Secured Note at any redemption date, the greater of (i) 1.00% of the principal amount of such February 2021 Senior Secured Note and (ii) the excess of (A) the present value at such redemption date of the principal amount of such February 2021 Senior Secured Note, plus all required remaining scheduled interest payments due on such February 2021 Senior Secured Note through the maturity date of the February 2021 Senior Secured Notes (but excluding accrued and unpaid interest to the redemption date), computed using a discount rate equal to the Adjusted Treasury Rate (as defined in the February 2021 Indenture) plus 100 basis points, over (B) the principal amount of such February 2021 Senior Secured Note on such redemption date. At any time prior to February 28, 2021, the Company may redeem up to 35% of the aggregate principal amount of the February 2021 Senior Secured Notes with the net cash proceeds of one or more sales of our common shares in certain equity offerings, within a specified period after the equity offering, at a redemption price of 107.75% of the principal amount of the February 2021 Senior Secured Notes, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to (but not including) the redemption date, provided that at least 65% of the aggregate principal amount of the February 2021 Senior Secured Notes issued on February 28, 2017 remain outstanding after each such redemption. The Company has evaluated and determined that there was no embedded derivative requiring bifurcation from the February 2021 Senior Secured Notes under the requirements of ASC 815. The embedded redemption options and repurchase features did not qualify for derivative accounting because the embedded derivatives were considered clearly and closely related to the characteristics of the February 2021 Secured Senior Notes. The February 2021 Indenture, contains certain covenants that, among others, restrict the Company’s ability and the ability of the Company’s Restricted Subsidiaries (as defined in the February 2021 Indenture) to incur additional debt or to issue preferred stock, to make certain payments or investments, to pay dividends or purchase or redeem capital stock, to sell assets (including limitations on the use of proceeds of asset sales), to grant liens on the collateral securing the February 2021 Senior Secured Notes or other assets, to make certain other payments or to engage in transactions with affiliates and holders of more than 10% of the Company’s Common Shares, subject to certain qualifications and exceptions and satisfaction, in certain circumstances of specified conditions, such as a Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio (as defined in the February 2021 Indenture) of 2.0 to 1.0. From August 31, 2018 to December 31, 2018, the Company redeemed the February 2021 Senior Secured Notes for a total principal amount of US$25.4 million. The Company recognized gain on extinguishment of debt amounting to US$2,642,710, consisting of the gain from the difference between repurchase price and principal amount of the debt amounting to US$3,043,135 and the loss from unamortized deferred debt issuance costs amounting to US$400,425. From January 1, 2019 to December 31, 2019, the Company redeemed the February 2021 Senior Secured Notes for a total principal amount of US$10.6 million. The Company recognized gain on extinguishment of debt amounting to US$1,126,617, consisting of the gain from the difference between repurchase price and principal amount of the debt amounting to US$1,246,256 and the loss from unamortized deferred debt issuance costs amounting to US$119,639. November 2020 Senior Secured Notes On November 22, 2017 and December 1, 2017, the Company issued an aggregate principal amount of US$200,000,000 and US$100,000,000 of the November 2020 Senior Secured Notes, respectively. The November 2020 Senior Secured Notes bear interest at 8.875% per annum payable semi-annually. Interest will be payable on May 22 and November 22 of each year, commencing May 22, 2018. The November 2020 Senior Secured Notes have a three year term maturing on November 22, 2020. The effective interest rate of November 2020 Senior Secured Notes is 9.95%. The November 2020 Senior Secured Notes were issued pursuant to an indenture, dated November 22, 2017, between the Company, the “Subsidiary Guarantors” identified below and Citicorp International Limited, as trustee and collateral agent (the “November 2020 Indenture”). The Company’s obligations under the November 2020 Indenture and the November 2020 Senior Secured Notes have been guaranteed by certain of the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiaries, Xinyuan Real Estate, Ltd., Xinyuan International Property Investment Co., Ltd., Victory Good Development Ltd., South Glory International Ltd., Elite Quest Holdings Ltd. and Xinyuan International (HK) Property Investment Co., Limited (the “Subsidiary Guarantors”) and will be guaranteed by such other future subsidiaries of the Company as is set forth in and in accordance with the terms of the November 2020 Indenture. The Company’s obligations under the November 2020 Indenture and the November 2020 Senior Secured Notes are secured by a pledge of the capital stock of the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiaries, Xinyuan Real Estate, Ltd., Xinyuan International Property Investment Co., Ltd., Victory Good Development Limited, South Glory International Limited and Elite Quest Holdings Ltd. At any time prior to November 22, 2020, the Company may at its option redeem the November 2020 Senior Secured Notes, in whole but not in part, at a redemption price equal to 100.0% of the principal amount of the November 2020 Senior Secured Notes plus the Applicable Premium as of, and accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to (but not including) the redemption date. “Applicable Premium” means with respect to any November 2020 Senior Secured Note at any redemption date, the greater of (i) 1.00% of the principal amount of such November 2020 Senior Secured Note and (ii) the excess of (A) the present value at such redemption date of the principal amount of such November 2020 Senior Secured Note, plus all required remaining scheduled interest payments due on such November 2020 Senior Secured Note through the maturity date of the November 2020 Senior Secured Notes (but excluding accrued and unpaid interest to the redemption date), computed using a discount rate equal to the Adjusted Treasury Rate (as defined in the November 2020 Indenture) plus 100 basis points, over (B) the principal amount of such November 2020 Senior Secured Note on such redemption date. At any time prior to November 22, 2020, the Company may redeem up to 35% of the aggregate principal amount of the November 2020 Senior Secured Notes with the net cash proceeds of one or more sales of our common shares in certain equity offerings, within a specified period after the equity offering, at a redemption price of 108.875% of the principal amount of the November 2020 Senior Secured Notes, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to (but not including) the redemption date, provided that at least 65% of the aggregate principal amount of the November 2020 Senior Secured Notes issued on November 22, 2017 remain outstanding after each such redemption. The Company has evaluated and determined that there was no embedded derivative requiring bifurcation from the November 2020 Senior Secured Notes under the requirements of ASC 815. The embedded redemption options and repurchase features did not qualify for derivative accounting because the embedded derivatives were considered clearly and closely related to the characteristics of the November 2020 Secured Senior Notes. The November 2020 Indenture, contains certain covenants that, among others, restrict the Company’s ability and the ability of the Company’s Restricted Subsidiaries (as defined in the November 2020 Indenture) to incur additional debt or to issue preferred stock, to make certain payments or investments, to pay dividends or purchase or redeem capital stock, to sell assets (including limitations on the use of proceeds of asset sales), to grant liens on the collateral securing the November 2020 Senior Secured Notes or other assets, to make certain other payments or to engage in transactions with affiliates and holders of more than 10% of the Company’s Common Shares, subject to certain qualifications and exceptions and satisfaction, in certain circumstances of specified conditions, such as a Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio (as defined in the November 2020 Indenture) of 2.0 to 1.0. From January 1, 2019 to December 31, 2019, the Company redeemed the November 2020 Senior Secured Notes for a total principal amount of US$0.9 million. The Company recognized gain on extinguishment of debt amounting to US$38,136, consisting of the gain from the difference between repurchase price and principal amount of the debt amounting to US$47,200 and the loss from unamortized deferred debt issuance costs amounting to US$9,064. March 2020 Senior Secured Notes On March 19, 2018, the Company issued an aggregate principal amount of US$200,000,000 of the March 2020 Senior Secured Notes. The March 2020 Senior Secured Notes bear interest at 9.875% per annum payable semi-annually. Interest will be payable on March 19 and September 19 of each year, commencing September 19, 2018. The March 2020 Senior Secured Notes have a two year term maturing on March 19, 2020. The effective interest rate of March 2020 Senior Secured Notes is 11.34%. The March 2020 Senior Secured Notes were issued pursuant to an indenture, dated March 19, 2017, between the Company, the “Subsidiary Guarantors” identified below and Citicorp International Limited, as trustee and collateral agent (the “March 2020 Indenture”). The Company’s obligations under the March 2020 Indenture and the March 2020 Senior Secured Notes have been guaranteed by certain of the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiaries, Xinyuan Real Estate, Ltd., Xinyuan International Property Investment Co., Ltd., Victory Good Development Ltd., South Glory International Ltd., Elite Quest Holdings Ltd. and Xinyuan International (HK) Property Investment Co., Limited (the “Subsidiary Guarantors”) and will be guaranteed by such other future subsidiaries of the Company as is set forth in and in accordance with the terms of the March 2020 Indenture. The Company’s obligations under the March 2020 Indenture and the March 2020 Senior Secured Notes are secured by a pledge of the capital stock of the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiaries, Xinyuan Real Estate, Ltd., Xinyuan International Property Investment Co., Ltd., Victory Good Development Limited, South Glory International Limited and Elite Quest Holdings Ltd. At any time prior to March 19, 2020, the Company may at its option redeem the March 2020 Senior Secured Notes, in whole but not in part, at a redemption price equal to 100.0% of the principal amount of the March 2020 Senior Secured Notes plus the Applicable Premium as of, and accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to (but not including) the redemption date. “Applicable Premium” means with respect to any March 2020 Senior Secured Note at any redemption date, the greater of (i) 1.00% of the principal amount of such March 2020 Senior Secured Note and (ii) the excess of (A) the present value at such redemption date of the principal amount of such March 2020 Senior Secured Note, plus all required remaining scheduled interest payments due on such March 2020 Senior Secured Note through the maturity date of the March 2020 Senior Secured Notes (but excluding accrued and unpaid interest to the redemption date), computed using a discount rate equal to the Adjusted Treasury Rate (as defined in the March 2020 Indenture) plus 100 basis points, over (B) the principal amount of such March 2020 Senior Secured Note on such redemption date. At any time prior to March 19, 2020, the Company may redeem up to 35% of the aggregate principal amount of the March 2020 Senior Secured Notes with the net cash proceeds of one or more sales of our common shares in certain equity offerings, within a specified period after the equity offering, at a redemption price of 109.875% of the principal amount of the March 2020 Senior Secured Notes, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to (but not including) the redemption date, provided that at least 65% of the aggregate principal amount of the March 2020 Senior Secured Notes issued on March 19, 2018 remain outstanding after each such redemption. The Company has evaluated and determined that there was no embedded derivative requiring bifurcation from the March 2020 Senior Secured Notes under the requirements of ASC 815. The embedded redemption options and repurchase features did not qualify for derivative accounting because the embedded derivatives were considered clearly and closely related to the characteristics of the March 2020 Senior Secured Notes. The March 2020 Indenture, contains certain covenants that, among others, restrict the Company’s ability and the ability of the Company’s Restricted Subsidiaries (as defined in the March 2020 Indenture) to incur additional debt or to issue preferred stock, to make certain payments or investments, to pay dividends or purchase or redeem capital stock, to sell assets (including limitations on the use of proceeds of asset sales), to grant liens on the collateral securing the March 2020 Senior Secured Notes or other assets, to make certain other payments or to engage in transactions with affiliates and holders of more than 10% of the Company’s Common Shares, subject to certain qualifications and exceptions and satisfaction, in certain circumstances of specified conditions, such as a Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio (as defined in the March 2020 Indenture) of 2.0 to 1.0. From January 1, 2019 to December 31, 2019, the Company redeemed the March 2020 Senior Secured Notes for a total principal amount of US$75.7 million. The Company recognized loss on extinguishment of debt amounting to US$563,941, mainly consisting of the loss from unamortized deferred debt issuance costs amounting to US$563,941. October 2021 Senior Secured Notes On April 15, 2019 and April 26, 2019, the Company issued Senior Notes with an aggregate principal amount of US$300,000,000 due on October 15, 2021 (the "October 2021 Notes"). The October 2021 Notes bear interest at 14.2% per annum, payable semi-annually. Interest will be payable on April 15 and October 15 of each year, commencing October 15, 2019. The October 2021 Notes have a two and a half year (thirty month) term maturing on October 15, 2021. The October 2021 Notes were issued pursuant to an indenture, dated as of April 15, 2019, between the Company, the Subsidiary Guarantors (as defined below) and Citicorp International Limited, as trustee and shared security agent (the "October 2021 Indenture"). The Company's obligations under the October 2021 Indenture and the October 2021 Notes are guaranteed initially by certain of the Company's wholly-owned subsidiaries, Xinyuan Real Estate, Ltd., Xinyuan International Property Investment Co., Ltd., Victory Good Development Limited, South Glory International Limited, Elite Quest Holdings Limited and Xinyuan International (HK) Property Investment Co., Limited (the "Subsidiary Guarantors") and will be guaranteed by such other future subsidiaries of the Company as is set forth in and in accordance with the terms of the October 2021 Indenture. The Company's obligations under the October 2021 Indenture and the October 2021 Notes are secured by a pledge of the capital stock of the Company's wholly-owned subsidiaries, Xinyuan Real Estate, Ltd., Xinyuan International Property Investment Co., Ltd., Victory Good Development Limited, South Glory International Limited and Elite Quest Holdings Limited. At any time prior to October 15, 2021, the Company may at its option redeem the October 2021 Notes, in whole but not in part, at a redemption price equal to 100.0% of the principal amount of the October 2021 Notes plus the Applicable Premium as of, and accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to (but not including) the redemption date. "Applicable Premium" means with respect to any October 2021 Note at any redemption date, the greater of (i) 1.00% of the principal amount of such Note and (ii) the excess of (A) the present value at such redemption date of the principal amount of such Note, plus all required remaining scheduled interest payments due on such Note through the maturity date of the October 2021 Notes (but excluding accrued and unpaid interest to the redemption date), computed using a discount rate equal to the Adjusted Treasury Rate (as defined in the Indenture) plus 100 basis points, over (B) the principal amount of such Note on such redemption date. At any time prior to October 15, 2021, the Company may redeem up to 35% of the aggregate principal amount of the October 2021 Notes with the net cash proceeds of one or more sales of the Company's common shares in certain equity offerings, within a specified period after the equity offering, at a redemption price of 114.2% the principal amount of the October 2021 Notes, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to (but not including) the redemption date, provided that at least 65% of the aggregate principal amount of the October 2021 Notes issued on April 15, 2019 remain outstanding after each such redemption and any such redemption takes place within 60 days after the closing of the related equity offering. Following a Change of Control (as defined in the October 2021 Indenture), the Company must make an offer to purchase all outstanding October 2021 Notes at a purchase price equal to 101.0% of the principal amount thereof plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to (but not including) the offer to purchase payment date. The October 2021 Indenture contains certain covenants that, among others, restrict the Company's ability and the ability of the Company's Restricted Subsidiaries (as defined in the October 2021 Indenture) to incur additional debt or to issue preferred stock, to make certain payments or investments, to pay dividends or purchase or redeem capital stock, sell assets, or make certain other payment, subject to certain qualifications and exceptions and satisfaction, in certain circumstances of specified conditions, such as a Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio (as defined in the October 2021 Indenture) of 2.0 to 1.0. From January 1, 2019 to December 31, 2019, the Company redeemed the October 2021 Senior Secured Notes for a total principal amount of US$2.5 million. The Company recognized loss on extinguishment of debt amounting to US$25,240, consisting of the gain from the difference between repurchase price and principal amount of the debt amounting to US$52,500 and the loss from unamortized deferred debt issuance costs amounting to US$77,740. Onshore Corporate Bonds On December 28, 2015, Xinyuan China issued the first tranche of the onshore corporate bonds with an aggregate principal amount of RMB 1 billion (US$154 million) due on December 28, 2020 (the “First Tranche Bonds”) at a coupon rate of 7.5% per annum payable annually. Interest is payable on December 28 of each year, commencing December 28, 2016. From November 19, 2018 to November 30, 2018, the Company redeemed the First Tranche Bonds for a total principal amount of RMB 0.6 billion (US$87 million). The Company recognized loss on extinguishment of debt amounting to US$6,518,487, consisting of both the debt redemption price amounting to US$6,509,574 and unamortized deferred debt issuance costs amounting to US$8,913. From August 14, 2019 to November 12, 2019, the Company redeemed the First Tranche Bonds for a total principal amount of RMB 0.4 billion (US$57 million). The Company recognized loss on extinguishment of debt amounting to US$1,484, consisting of both the debt redemption price amounting to US$175 and unamortized deferred debt issuance costs amounting to US$1,659. On January 27, 2016, Xinyuan China issued the second tranche of the onshore corporate bonds with an aggregate principal amount of RMB 0.7 billion( US$107 million) due on January 27, 2021 (the “Second Tranche Bonds”) at a coupon rate of 7.47% per annum payable annually. Interest is payable on January 27 of each year, commencing January 27, 2017. From December 14, 2018 to December 21, 2018, the Company redeemed the Second Tranche Bonds for a total principal amount of RMB 0.4 billion (US$58 million). The Company recognized loss on extinguishment of debt amounting to US$4,775,500, consisting of both the debt redemption price amounting to US$4,773,284 and unamortized deferred debt issuance costs amounting to US$2,

Lease

Lease	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019
Lease
Lease	13. Lease Lessee The Group has operating and finance leases, which primarily consist of corporate aircraft, office space and equipment. The Group’s leases include options to extend the lease term. The Group’s lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants. The Group has operating leases for office and dormitory in the United States and China. The leases have remaining lease terms of up to 2 years. Lease recorded on the consolidated balance sheets are summarized as follows: December 31, 2019 US$ Lease Assets Finance lease ROU assets Property and equipment, net 22,285,997 Real estate properties held for lease, net 7,020,033 Total 29,306,030 Operating lease ROU assets 11,801,491 Lease Liabilities Current Current portion of finance lease 6,409,827 Current portion of operating lease 4,873,897 Total 11,283,724 Non-current Finance lease, net of current portion 3,839,456 Operating lease, net of current portion 6,348,249 Total 10,187,705 The components of lease expenses recognized as follows: Year ended December 31, 2019 US$ Operating lease cost: Operating lease cost 6,480,093 Short-term lease cost 2,612,901 Finance lease cost: Amortization of ROU assets 2,465,268 Interest on the lease liabilities 1,019,758 Total lease cost 12,578,020 For the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018, the Group recorded operating lease expenses of US$US$5,132,393 and US$9,614,639, respectively. Supplemental cash flow information related to leases was as follows: Year ended December 31, 2019 US$ Operating cash flows for operating leases 6,275,565 Operating cash flows for finance leases 1,393,198 Financing cash flows for finance leases Maturities of lease liabilities are as follows: December 31, 2019 Finance Leases Operating Leases US$ US$ Year ending December 31, 2020 7,511,008 6,470,913 Year ending December 31, 2021 4,059,224 4,443,336 Year ending December 31, 2022 — 1,007,535 Year ending December 31, 2023 — 294,239 Total lease payments 11,570,232 12,216,023 Less: imputed interest 1,320,949 993,877 Present value of lease liabilities 10,249,283 11,222,146 Other supplemental information related to lease term and discount rate is summarized below: December 31, 2019 Weighted-average remaining lease term (years) Operating leases 2.32 Finance leases 1.63 Weighted-average discount rate Operating leases 4.35 % Finance leases 8.05 %

Customer deposits

Customer deposits	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019
Customer deposits
Customer deposits	14. Customer deposits Advances for real estate properties comprise of sales proceeds received from customers for the pre-sale of residential units in the PRC. Advances for real estate properties are typically funded up to 40% - 80% by mortgage loans made by banks to the customers. The Group holds certain cash balances in restricted cash accounts at the relevant banks (Note 2 (f)). The Group, in return, has a right to withhold transfer of title to the customer until outstanding amounts are fully settled. December 31, December 31, 2018 2019 US$ US$ Advances for real estate properties 3,218,686,349 2,616,487,072 Add: increase in revenue recognized in excess of amounts received from customers 32,408,393 25,665,783 Less: recognized as progress billings (Note 5) (1,329,243,487) (1,536,054,208) Customer deposits (Note 2(h)) 1,921,851,255 1,106,098,647

Income taxes

Income taxes	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019
Income taxes
Income taxes	15. Income taxes (a) Corporate income tax (“CIT”) Under the current law of the Cayman Islands, the Company is not subject to income tax and withholding tax. The Company’s PRC subsidiaries are subject to income tax at the statutory rate of 25% in accordance to the PRC corporate income tax laws and regulations. Further, under the same tax laws and regulations, dividends paid by PRC enterprises out of profits earned post‑2007 to non-PRC tax resident investors are subject to PRC dividend withholding tax of 10%. A lower withholding tax rate may be applied based on applicable tax treaty with certain jurisdictions. The Company’s HK subsidiaries are subject to income tax at the statutory rate of 16.5% in accordance to the HK profits tax laws and regulations. The Company did not make any provisions for Hong Kong Profits Tax as there were no assessable profits arising in or derived from Hong Kong for any of the periods presented. Under the Hong Kong tax law, the Company’s HK subsidiaries are exempted from income tax on its foreign-derived income and there are no withholding taxes in Hong Kong on remittance of dividends. The Company’s US subsidiaries are subject to income tax at the effective rate of approximately 33% in accordance with US corporate income tax laws and regulations, dividends and interests paid by US enterprises to non-US tax resident enterprises are subject to US withholding tax of 30%. Income before income tax expenses consists of: Year ended December 31, 2017 2018 2019 US$ US$ US$ PRC 275,898,007 355,674,888 355,606,696 Non PRC (82,669,476) (105,275,621) (122,099,522) Total 193,228,531 250,399,267 233,507,174 Income tax expenses for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019 are summarized as follows: Year ended December 31, 2017 2018 2019 US$ US$ US$ Current: CIT tax expense 103,302,037 141,399,866 133,862,272 Land Appreciation Tax (“LAT”) expense 40,203,748 62,996,403 68,631,338 Deferred tax benefit (30,388,659) (59,949,022) (52,015,238) Income tax expense 113,117,126 144,447,247 150,478,372 The Group’s income tax expense differs from the tax expense computed by applying the PRC statutory CIT rate of 25% for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, are as follows: Year ended December 31, 2017 2018 2019 US$ US$ US$ CIT at rate of 25% 48,307,133 62,599,817 58,376,794 Tax effect of non-deductible expenses 3,641,665 5,799,761 8,867,037 LAT expense 40,203,748 62,996,403 68,631,338 CIT benefit of LAT (10,050,937) (15,749,101) (17,157,834) Changes in valuation allowance 3,180,741 (491,075) 23,073,210 International rate differences 10,149,331 18,224,012 17,351,758 Dividend and interest withholding taxes 18,877,500 15,403,663 (3,816,800) Adjustment of estimated income tax accruals (954,552) (3,952,396) (4,285,329) Others (237,503) (383,837) (561,802) Income tax expense 113,117,126 144,447,247 150,478,372 (b) Unrecognized tax benefit The following table summarizes the activities related to the Group’s unrecognized tax benefits: 2017 2018 2019 US$ US$ US$ Balance at January 1 20,491,988 31,231,376 45,939,234 Additions for tax positions of current year 10,813,497 15,500,052 14,547,590 Reclassification from prior year tax payable — — 13,118,260 Movement in current year due to foreign exchange rate fluctuation 2,001 — — Reductions for tax positions of prior years (76,110) — — Reduction due to company liquidation — (792,194) — Balance at December 31 31,231,376 45,939,234 73,605,084 The movement in the liability for unrecognized tax benefits of US$10,813,497 in 2017 was due to deemed interest income from subsidiaries of the Company during the year. The movement in the liability for unrecognized tax losses of US$2,001 was due to the fluctuation of US$/RMB exchange rate, and therefore was recorded as other comprehensive income arising from the foreign currency translation. The remaining change of US$76,110 was recognized due to the availability for taxation deductions in 2017. The movement in the liability for unrecognized tax benefits of US$15,500,052 in 2018 was due to deemed interest income from subsidiaries of the Company during the year. The change of US$792,194 was recognized mainly due to the liquidation of a company. The movement in the liability for unrecognized tax benefits in 2019 included an amount of US$12,713,235 and related late payment interests of US$1,834,355 which was due to deemed interest income from subsidiaries of the Company during the year. Reclassification from prior year tax payable included an amount of US$12,793,498 and related late payment interests of US$324,762, which was due to uncertain tax position in respect of investment loss deduction claimed in the 2018 tax return filed in 2019. As of December 31, 2018 and 2019, unrecognized tax benefits of nil and US$12,793,498, respectively, if ultimately recognized, will impact the effective tax rate. The Group anticipates new unrecognized tax benefits, related to tax positions similar to those giving rise to its existing unrecognized tax benefits, to originate after December 31, 2019. It is possible that the amount of uncertain tax positions will change in the next twelve months, however, an estimate of the range of the possible outcomes cannot be made at this time. The Group’s income tax returns for fiscal year 2009 through fiscal year 2019 remain open to potential examination. In addition, local tax authorities may exercise broad discretion in applying the tax law, thus potentially exposing the subsidiaries to audits of tax years outside the general statute of limitations. (c) LAT LAT is applicable at progressive tax rates ranging from 30% to 60% on the appreciation of land values, with an exemption provided for the sales of ordinary residential properties if the appreciation values do not exceed certain thresholds specified in the relevant tax laws. For all periods presented, the Group has made provision for LAT with respect to properties sold up to the respective reporting date in accordance with the requirements set forth in the relevant PRC tax laws and regulations. (d) Deferred tax The tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to the Group’s deferred tax assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2018 and 2019 are as follows: December 31, December 31, 2018 2019 US$ US$ Deferred tax assets: Tax loss carried forward 42,185,810 50,163,293 Accruals and provisions 48,850,991 62,936,343 Capitalized expenses 26,796,716 50,288,336 Revenue recognition at a point in time less tax paid under deemed profit method 130,498,661 127,927,710 Revenue recognition of real estate lease income on a straight-line basis 14,269,520 17,164,019 Deemed interest expense 43,266,604 55,979,839 Valuation allowance (5,941,941) (28,022,499) Operating lease liability — 2,805,537 Others — 418,310 Total deferred tax assets 299,926,361 339,660,888 Deferred tax liabilities: Revenue recognition over time (77,968,759) (84,241,946) Real estate properties accelerated cost deduction (1,212,993) (1,193,345) Taxable temporary differences arising from asset acquisitions (307,747,731) (280,540,093) Dividend and interest withholding taxes (52,991,279) (49,174,479) Operating lease right-of-use assets — (2,950,373) Others (61,732) — Total deferred tax liabilities (439,982,494) (418,100,236) Certain of the Company’s PRC subsidiaries have PRC tax net operating loss carry forwards of US$173.4 million (2018: US$159.9 million) which will expire in one to ten years, if unutilized. Losses incurred in the U.S. amounting to US$10.3 million (2018: US$1.5 million) can be carried forward for 20 years. During 2018 and 2019, the Company has considered its operational funding needs, future development initiatives and its dividend distribution plan and is permanently reinvesting all but US$374.4 million and US$491.7 million of its PRC subsidiaries earnings as at December 31, 2018 and 2019 respectively. Accordingly, the Company accrued deferred income tax liabilities of US$37.4 million and US$49.2 million for the withholding tax liability associated with the distribution of retained earnings that are not permanently reinvested as at December 31, 2018 and 2019, respectively. As of December 31, 2018 and 2019, the total amount of undistributed earnings from the Company’s PRC subsidiaries that are considered to be permanently reinvested were US$227.2 million and US$283.7 million, and the related unrecognized deferred tax liabilities were approximately US$22.7 million and US$28.4 million, respectively. The Company’s remaining subsidiaries do not have retained earnings for all the periods presented. In assessing the ability to realize the deferred tax assets, the Group has considered whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible. Accordingly, the Group recorded valuation allowances amounting US$5,941,941 and US$28,022,499 as of December 31, 2018 and 2019, respectively.

Share-based compensation

Share-based compensation	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019
Share-based compensation
Share-based compensation	16. Share-based compensation As of December 31, 2019, the Company primarily has three share-based compensation plans under which awards may be granted to both employees and non-employees, namely, the 2007 Long Term Incentive Plan (the “2007 Plan”), 2015 Long Term Incentive Plan (the “2015 Plan”), and 2014 Restricted Stock Unit Plan (the “2014 RSU Plan”). On 31 January 2019, Cayman Property Management Service (Cayman) Ltd., a subsidiary of the Company, operates a restricted share award scheme (the “Scheme”). On September 28, 2019, the Company approved the employee stock option plan of Xinchuang Technology Co. Ltd. (“Xinchuang Technology”). Compensation cost of US$5,621,588 (2017: US$4,894,478, 2018: US$3,382,628) was recorded in general and administrative expenses with a corresponding credit to additional paid-in capital in the year ended December 31, 2019. The compensation cost is primarily regarded as a permanent difference for income tax purposes as relevant equity awards were mainly granted by the Company and a subsidiary, which are registered in the Cayman Islands, a tax-free jurisdiction. Hence, no tax benefit was recognized upon the recognition of compensation cost. The Company has a policy of using authorized shares in the existing pool to satisfy any future exercise of share options and shares repurchased held by a third party trustee to satisfy the RSUs granted under the 2014 RSU Plan. 2007 Plan In November 2007, the Company adopted the 2007 Plan which provides for the grant of options, restricted shares, restricted stock units, stock appreciation rights and other stock-based awards to purchase its common shares. The maximum aggregate number of common shares which may be issued pursuant to all awards, including options, is 10 million common shares, subject to adjustment to account for changes in the capitalization of the Company. Under the 2007 Plan, the Company granted share options with service conditions to purchase common shares to employees, at an exercise price ranging from US$1.085 to US$1.81 per option. These options have a weighted average grant date fair value of US$0.36 ~ US$0.61 per option and the total expected compensation cost has considered the expected forfeitures. These options generally have vesting periods based on length of service of 36 months and will expire no later than 2025. 2015 Plan In June 2015, the Company approved the 2015 Plan to provide grant of options to purchase shares of company stock with maximum aggregate number of 20 million common shares, subject to adjustment to account for changes in the capitalization of the Company. On July 1, 2015, under the 2015 Plan, the Company granted share options with service conditions to purchase up to 6,574,600 common shares to twenty-two employees, at an exercise price of US$1.71 per share. These options have a weighted average grant date fair value of US$0.48 per option and a total expected compensation cost, net of expected forfeitures, of US$3,165,867. These options have vesting periods based on length of service of 34 months and will expire no later than July 1, 2025. On July 29, 2015, under the 2015 Plan, the Company granted share options with service conditions to purchase up to 81,600 common shares to one employee, at an exercise price of US$1.71 per share. These options have a weighted average grant date fair value of US$0.42 per option and a total expected compensation cost, net of expected forfeitures, of US$34,294. These options have vesting periods based on length of service of 33 months and will expire no later than July 29, 2025. No options were granted during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2019, for 2007 Plan and 2015 Plan. Assumptions The fair value of each option is estimated on the date of grant using the Dividend Adjusted Black-Scholes option-pricing model that uses the assumptions noted below. Options Options Granted in Granted in 2015 2015 Under the Under the 2007 Plan 2015 Plan Average risk-free rate of return 1.82‑1.92 % 1.57‑1.92 % Expected term 6 Years 6 Years Volatility rate 46.3‑55.2 % 55.0‑55.9 % Dividend yield 5 % 5 % The risk-free rate for periods within the expected life of the option is based on the implied yield rates of U.S treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant. The expected life of options represents the period of time the granted options are expected to be outstanding. The Company had limited historical exercise data. Therefore, the expected life was estimated as the average of the contractual term and the vesting period. The dividend yield was based on the Company’s dividend distribution plan. The expected volatility was based on the historical daily stock price of the Company, annualized. Share Option Activity As of January 1, 2019, all options granted under 2007 plan were fully vested. The following table is a summary of the Company’s share option activity under the 2007 Plan (in US$, except options): Weighted Weighted Average Remaining Number of Exercise Contractual Aggregate Options Under the 2007 Plan Options Price Life (Years) Intrinsic Value Outstanding, January 1, 2019 1.21 (exercise price) 12,738 1.21 1.95 32,991 1.085 (exercise price) 100,000 1.085 2.50 271,500 1.64 (exercise price) 100,000 1.64 3.87 216,000 1.21 (exercise price) 39,400 1.21 5.50 102,046 1.81(exercise price) 68,000 1.81 6.85 135,320 Granted — — — — Exercised 1.085 (exercise price) 40,000 1.085 — 38,893 1.81 (exercise price) 68,000 1.81 — 32,116 Forfeited — — — — Outstanding and Exercisable, December 31, 2019 1.21 (exercise price) 12,738 1.21 8,662 1.085 (exercise price) 60,000 1.085 48,300 1.64 (exercise price) 100,000 1.64 25,000 1.21 (exercise price) 39,400 1.21 26,792 The aggregate intrinsic value in the table above represents the total intrinsic value (the aggregate difference between the Company’s closing stock price of US$1.89 per common share as of December 31, 2019 and the exercise price for in-the-money options) that would have been received by the option holders if all in-the-money options had been exercised on December 31, 2019. As of December 31, 2019, there was no unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested share-based compensation arrangements granted to employees, under the 2007 Plan. Total fair value of options vested during the year ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019 was US$40,703, US$33,919 and nil, respectively. As of January 1, 2019, all options granted under 2015 plan were fully vested, with no option exercised or forfeited during 2019. And there was no new grant during the year ended December 31, 2019. The following table is a summary of the Company's share option activity under the 2015 Plan (in US$, except options): Weighted Weighted Average Remaining Number of Exercise Contractual Aggregate Options Under the 2015 Plan Options Price Life (Years) Intrinsic Value Outstanding, January 1, 2019 1.71(exercise price) 2,796,734 1.71 6.50 5,845,173 Outstanding and Exercisable, December 31, 2019 1.71(exercise price) 2,796,734 1.71 5.50 5,789,239 The aggregate intrinsic value in the table above represents the total intrinsic value (the aggregate difference between the Company’s closing stock price of US$1.89 per common share as of December 31, 2019 and the exercise price for in-the-money options) that would have been received by the option holders if all in-the-money options had been exercised on December 31, 2019. As of December 31, 2019, there was no unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested share-based compensation arrangements granted to employees, under the 2015 Plan. Total fair value of options vested during the year ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019 was US$769,798, US$228,534 and nil, respectively. 2014 RSU Plan On May 23, 2014, the Board of Directors approved the 2014 RSU Plan, which is administered by the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors. The 2014 RSU Plan provides for discretionary grants of restricted stock units, or RSUs, to or for the benefit of participating employees. The maximum number of common shares that may be delivered to 2014 RSU Plan participants in connection with RSUs granted under the 2014 RSU Plan is 10,000,000, subject to adjustment if the Company’s outstanding common shares are increased, decreased, changed into or exchanged for a different number or kind of shares or securities of the Company through a reorganization, recapitalization, reclassification, stock dividend, stock split, reverse stock split or other similar transaction. On May 23, 2014, the Company established a trust that is governed by a third party trustee and deposited US$7,042,725 into the trust. The trustee used the funds to acquire 4,234,884 common shares in the open market. Repurchased shares were granted to certain employees and awards vest ratably over a three year service vesting period. The aggregate fair value of the restricted shares granted at the grant date shall be recognized as compensation expense using the straight-line method. On April 10, 2015, under the 2014 RSU Plan, the Company deposited US$3,259,998 into the trust. The trustee used the funds to acquire 2,076,964 common shares from the open market. The awards vest ratably over a three year service vesting period. The aggregate fair value of the restricted shares granted at the grant date shall be recognized as compensation expense using the straight-line method. On April 18, 2016, under the 2014 RSU Plan, the Company deposited US$4,003,999 into the trust. The trustee used the funds to acquire 1,614,220 common shares from the open market. The awards vest ratably over a three year service vesting period. The aggregate fair value of the restricted shares granted at the grant date shall be recognized as compensation expense using the straight-line method. On July 27, 2017, under the 2014 RSU Plan, the Company deposited US$3,485,952 into the trust. The trustee has not used the funds to acquire any common shares from the open market as of December 31, 2017. The awards vest ratably over a three year service vesting period. The aggregate fair value of the restricted shares granted at the grant date shall be recognized as compensation expense using the straight-line method. The trustee has used the funds to acquire 1,356,584 common shares from the open market as of December 31, 2018. On July 30, 2018, under the 2014 RSU Plan, the Company deposited US$3,976,660 into the trust. The trustee has used the funds to acquire 1,732,466 common shares from the open market as of December 31, 2018. The awards vest ratably over a three-year service vesting period. The aggregate fair value of the restricted shares granted at the grant date shall be recognized as compensation expense using the straight-line method. On August 30, 2019, under the 2014 RSU Plan, the Company deposited US$2,912,539 into the trust. The trustee has used the funds to acquire 1,438,076 common shares from the open market as of December 31, 2019. The awards vest ratably over a three-year service vesting period. The aggregate fair value of the restricted shares granted at the grant date shall be recognized as compensation expense using the straight-line method. The weighted average grant-date fair value of restricted shares granted during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019 was US$2.68, US$2.21 and US$2.12, respectively, which was derived from the fair value of the underlying ordinary shares. Other awards On September 28, 2019, the Board of Directors of the Company approved the employee stock option plan of Xinchuang Technology Co., Ltd. (“Xinchuang Technology”), a subsidiary of the Company. Under the plan, the Company reserved 150 million shares, representing 30% of Xinchuang Technology's issued capital for purpose of providing share option awards to the Company’s senior management and employees. In November 2019, the Company granted a total 100 million share options to certain employees of the Group with an exercise price of US$0.14 (RMB 1).The options become vested in 5 tranches subject to achievement of certain performance conditions as follows: (i) 5% on the grant date with no performance condition; (ii) 5% for each of the first, second, third anniversary of the grant date, respectively; and (iii) the remaining 80% shall vest upon the completion of the initial public offering of Xinchuang. The total fair value of the share options granted in October 2019 is US$3.5 million, which shall be recognized as compensation expense using the accelerated method. The fair value is determined by an external valuer using the discounted cash flow method to determine the underlying equity fair value of Xinchuang Technology. Key assumptions, such as the discount rate, cash flow projections and the discount for lack of marketability, are determined by the Group with best estimates. As of December 31, 2019, there were no shares expired and the Group recognized expense relating to the options is immaterial (2018: nil, 2017: nil) in profit or loss during the period. Xinyuan Property Management Service (Cayman) Ltd., a subsidiary of the Company, operates a restricted share award scheme (the “Scheme”) for the purpose of providing incentives and rewards to eligible participants (the “Participants”) who contribute to the success of its operations. The Participants of the Scheme include its directors and senior executives. The Scheme was adopted by its board on 31 January 2019 (the “Adoption Date”). Pursuant to the Scheme, an award of 56,250 restricted shares (subdivided into 56,250,000 restricted shares in August 2019), representing 15% of its share capital, was granted to the Participants with a total exercise price at an aggregate consideration of US$1,204,094 (RMB8,400,000). The considerations were fully settled in cash upon the issuance of restricted shares. And the restricted shares vest in three tranches of 2%, 18% and 80% on 1 January 2020, 1 January 2021 and 1 January 2022, respectively, in accordance with certain vesting conditions , that is, performance condition based on the completion of IPO which requires recognition on an accelerated basis. On June 14, 2019, Mr. Zhang Lizhou (one of the participants) resigned as an executive director. Upon the resignation of Mr. Zhang Lizhou, the Company repurchased the 18,750 shares granted to him at a consideration of US$401,365 (RMB2,800,000) which was equal to the amount paid by Mr. Zhang Lizhou to the Company at the issuance date. The remaining settled aggregate consideration of US$802,729 (RMB5,600,000) according to the Scheme was recognized as liability because the restricted shares will be repurchased by the Company at the original amount paid by participants upon the termination of employment. The aggregate fair value of the restricted shares granted at the grant date amounting to US$4,931,051 (RMB34,400,000) are recognized as compensation expense using the accelerated method. The fair value is determined by an external valuer using the discounted cash flow method to determine the underlying equity fair value of Xinyuan Property Management Service (Cayman) Ltd. Key assumptions, such as the discount rate, cash flow projections and the discount for lack of marketability, are determined by the Group with best estimates. As of December 31, 2019, there were no shares vested, expired and the Group recognized expense relating to the Scheme of US$1,762,927 (RMB12,298,534) (2018: nil, 2017: nil) in profit or loss during the period.

Other payables and accrued liab

Other payables and accrued liabilities	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019
Other payables and accrued liabilities
Other payables and accrued liabilities	17. Other payables and accrued liabilities The components of other payables and accrued liabilities are as follows: December 31, December 31, 2018 2019 US$ US$ Contract deposit 107,480,079 98,280,724 Accrued expenses 51,306,223 47,003,084 Debt extinguishment costs 13,761,966 11,665,069 Deed tax and maintenance fund withheld for customers 9,998,534 8,272,296 Bidding deposit 3,723,584 4,213,479 Welfare payable 1,893,635 1,480,963 Other tax payable 14,786,612 26,734,901 Accrued aircraft operating expense 1,415,369 1,654,945 Accrued interest expense 47,214,392 38,893,375 Purchase consideration payable for asset acquisitions and business combinations 75,565,148 66,868,333 Others 13,961,958 18,096,825 Total 341,107,500 323,163,994

Related party and employee tran

Related party and employee transactions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019
Related party and employee transactions
Related party and employee transactions	18. Related party and employee transactions (a) December 31, December 31, 2018 2019 US$ US$ Current: Starry Sky 8,052,075 — I-journey 16,366,841 — Xitou 14,494,710 — Xichuang 7,539,604 — Qingdao Huiju 61,392,033 84,455,456 Henan Hongguang Olympic Real Estate Co., Ltd. 51,340,375 84,031,006 Madison Development Limited 22,988,260 — Suzhou Wanzhuo’s non-controlling interest holders 27,201,258 — Taicang Pengchi’s non-controlling interest holders 5,630,819 — Xinzheng Meihang Network Technology Co., Ltd. — 22,578,925 Others 1,178,230 9,692,236 Total current amounts due from related party 216,184,205 200,757,623 Non current: Xinzheng Meihang Network Technology Co., Ltd. 26,122,186 — Madison Development Limited — 27,739,567 Suzhou Wanzhuo's non-controlling interest holders — 18,856,638 Taicang Pengchi's non-controlling interest holders — 24,624,693 Suzhou Yefang's non-controlling interest holders — 11,466,128 Total non-current amounts due from related party 26,122,186 82,687,026 Total 242,306,391 283,444,649 As of December 31, 2018, the Company advanced US$7,903,416 of working capital funds to Starry Sky. Of the amount advanced, US$1,100,070 was in the form of unsecured interest bearing loans, which has no fixed payment terms and bears interest at 10%. Accrued interest amounted to US$148,659 as of December 31, 2018. The remaining advances are unsecured and bear no interest. As of December 31, 2019, the Company reclassified advances to long-term investment. On June 6, 2019 the Group and Nanjing Starry Sky (the other shareholder of Starry Sky) agreed to convert the advance into capital contribution. As of December 31, 2018, the Group advanced US$36,699,899 of working capital funds to I-journey, Xitou and Xichuang, without any fixed payments terms. As of December 31, 2018, US$18,410,797 was in the form of unsecured interest bearing loans, which bears interest from 10% to 12%. Accrued interest amounted to US$1,701,256. The remaining advances are unsecured and bear no interest. During 2019, the Group completed its acquisitions of I-journey, Xitou and Xichuang for a total consideration of US$48,761,943, which is settled by the outstanding advances as of the acquisition date (Note 9). Certain senior management members became non-controlling shareholders of I-journey, Xitou and Xichang upon the completion of the acquisition by a total cash contribution of US$168,430. As of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2019, the balances due from Qingdao Huiju , the Company's equity method investee, are related to advances for operational needs without any fixed payment terms. This balance is unsecured, bears no interest, and is expected to be repaid in one year. Henan Hongguang Olympic Real Estate Co., Ltd. (“Henan Hongguang”) is the non-controlling shareholder of Henan Renxin (Note1), one of the Company’s subsidiaries. As of December 31, 2019, the balance due from Henan Hongguang is related to advances for operational needs without any fixed payment terms. This balance is unsecured, bears no interest, and is expected to be repaid in one year. Xinzheng Meihang Network Technology Co., Ltd. ("Meihang") is the non-controlling shareholder of Zhengzhou Hangmei Technology Development Co., Ltd. ("Zhengzhou Hangmei"), one of the Company's subsidiaries. As of December 31, 2018, and December 31, 2019, the balances due from Meihang are US$22,944,780 and US$22,578,925, respectively, which have a three year payment terms, and bear interest at 11.5%. In 2019, the Company received interest amounted to US$5,716,045. Accrued interest amounted to US$3,177,406 and nil as of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2019, respectively. As of December 31, 2019, the balance due from Madison Development Limited, an equity method investee, amounting to US$21,055,073 is related to advances for operational needs. This balance is unsecured, bears interest at 15%, and has no fixed repayment term. Accrued interest amounted to US$6,684,494 as of December 31, 2019. This balance is expected to be repaid over one year. On September 12, 2017, the Company sold 80% of its equity interest in Suzhou Wanzhuo to four non-affiliated passive investors for an aggregate cash consideration of US$23,687,327. Pursuant to the updated articles of association, the Company still exercises control over the relevant principal activities of Suzhou Wanzhuo and therefore, continues to consolidate it in its financial statements. As of December 31, 2019, the balances due from the non-controlling interest holders amounting to US$18,856,638 are related to advances for working capital funds. The balances are in the form of an unsecured interest bearing loan, which has no fixed payment terms, and bears interest at 4.75%. Accrued interest is immaterial as of December 31, 2019. This balance is expected to be repaid over one year. On December 1, 2017, the Company together with seven other non-affiliated companies acquired 100% of Taicang Pengchi for an aggregate cash consideration of US$28,836,311. The Company accounted for the acquisition of Taicang Pengchi as an asset acquisition because the only asset of Taicang Pengchi is the land. Pursuant to the articles of association, the Company exercises control over the relevant significant activities of Taicang Pengchi and therefore, consolidates it in its financial statements. As of December 31, 2019, the balance of due from the non-controlling interest holders amounting to US$24,624,693 are related to advances for working capital funds. This balance is unsecured, bears no interest, and is expected to be repaid over one year. As of December 31, 2019, the balance due from Suzhou Yefang amounting to US$11,466,128 is related to advances for working capital funds. This balance is unsecured, bears no interest, and is expected to be repaid over one year. In evaluating the collectability of the amounts due from related parties balance, the Group considers many factors, including the related parties’ repayment history and their credit-worthiness. An allowance for doubtful accounts is made when collection of the full amount is no longer probable. For the periods presented, based on management’s evaluation, no allowance was deemed necessary. (b) Amounts due to related party December 31, December 31, 2018 2019 US$ US$ Current: Suzhou Wanzhuo’s non-controlling interest shareholders 23,447,245 15,997,603 Suzhou Yefang’s non-controlling interest holders 11,902,028 1,496,762 Xinzheng Meihang Network Technology Co., Ltd. — 27,133,055 Others 13,153,168 9,054,876 Total current amounts due to related party 48,502,441 53,682,296 Non current: Xinzheng Meihang Network Technology Co., Ltd. 31,241,768 — Total 79,744,209 53,682,296 As of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2019, Suzhou Wanzhuo’s non-controlling interest holders advanced US$18,929,073 and US$11,397,546 of working capital funds in aggregate to Suzhou Wanzhuo in the form of an unsecured interest-bearing loan, which has no fixed payment terms, and bears annual interest from 4.25% to 4.75%, respectively. Accrued interest amounted to US$3,913,866 and US$3,131,821 as of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2019, respectively. The remaining advance amounting to US$1,468,236 for shareholder service is unsecured, bears no interest, and is expected to be paid in one year. On June 6, 2018, the Company together with 4 other non-affiliated companies acquired 100% of Suzhou Yefang for an aggregate cash consideration of US$15,615,240. The Company accounted for the acquisition of Suzhou Yefang as an asset acquisition because the only asset of Suzhou Yefang is the land. Pursuant to the articles of association, the Company exercises control over the relevant significant activities of Suzhou Yefang and therefore, consolidates it in its financial statements. As of December 31, 2019, the Company repaid the entire payable to its non-controlling shareholders except for accrued interest amounted to US$1,496,762. Meihang is the non-controlling shareholder of Zhengzhou Hangmei, one of the Company’s subsidiaries. As of December 31, 2018, and December 31, 2019, Meihang advanced US$27,579,790 and US$27,133,055 of working capital funds to Zhengzhou Hangmei in the form of an unsecured interest (10%) bearing loan with a three year payment term. In 2019, the Company repaid interest amounted to US$6,315,967. Accrued interest amounted to US$3,661,978 and nil as of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2019, respectively. (c) Amounts due from employees December 31, December 31, 2018 2019 US$ US$ Advances to employees 1,694,416 2,350,852 The balance represents cash advances to employees for traveling expenses and other expenses. The balances are unsecured, bear no interest and have no fixed payment terms. (d) Others In 2018, the Company sold a small percentage of the equity interests (ranging from 0.50% to 5.54%) in eight real estate project companies to senior management and employees for a total consideration of US$8,720,772. In 2019, the Company sold additional percentage of the equity interests in the eight real estate project companies to senior management and employees for a total consideration of US$604,914 and the total sold equity interests ranges from 0.57% to 5.59% as of December 31, 2019. According to the equity transfer agreement, the Company is obligated to repurchase the equity interest back from management. Therefore, the non-controlling interest is mandatorily redeemable and is accounted for as a liability. In 2019, the Company sold 6.03% of the equity interests in one real estate project company to senior management and employees for a total consideration of US$1,300,135. According to the equity transfer agreement, the Company is obligated to repurchase the equity interest back from management. Therefore, the non-controlling interest is mandatorily redeemable and is accounted for as a liability. On June 24, 2017, Beijing Wanzhong, one of the Company’s subsidiaries, invested US$2,142,573 in the Xin Future No.1 Private Equity Fund. The fund is operated by Beijing Xinyuan Future Investment Management Limited, an investment company controlled by the Company’s senior management. Management accounted for this investment at fair value using the net asset value practical expedient. The Company can redeem its investment on the last trading day of each quarter by providing written notice in advance. On September 26, 2018, the Company redeemed its investment resulting in US$59,970 gain recorded in net realized gain on short-term investments during the year ended December 31, 2018. For the year ended December 31, 2019, total directors’ remuneration amounted to US$7,036,954 (2017: US$10,634,720; 2018: US$7,056,388).

Equity

Equity	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019
Equity
Equity	19. Equity (i) As at December 31, 2019, the Company’s authorized share capital was 500 million common shares, par value US$0.0001 per share (December 31, 2018: 500 million common shares). (ii) During the year ended December 31, 2019, 11,715,338 common shares were repurchased at a total cost of US$26,080,876. (iii) During the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company distributed quarterly dividends of US$0.05 per common share to common shareholders amounting to a total of US$23,460,775. All other equity transactions have been disclosed in consolidated statement of changes in shareholders' equity.

Earnings per share

Earnings per share	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019
Earnings per share
Earnings per share	20. Earnings per share Basic and diluted net earnings per share for each period presented are calculated as follows: December 31, 2017 2018 2019 US$ US$ US$ Numerator: Net income attributable to Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd. Shareholders - basic and diluted 63,627,551 73,034,549 68,344,527 Denominator: Weighted average number of shares outstanding-basic* 128,704,610 127,129,478 113,482,239 Stock options 1,877,785 1,728,058 618,657 Restricted stock units 1,023,474 283,294 - Weighted average number of shares outstanding-diluted 131,605,869 129,140,830 114,100,896 Basic earnings per share 0.49 0.57 0.60 Diluted earnings per share 0.48 0.57 0.60 * The restricted shares repurchased by the trustee that are unvested are excluded from the number of shares outstanding for purposes of computing basic earnings per share in accordance with ASC 260. However, these unvested restricted shares are factored into the computation of diluted earnings per share using the treasury stock method. During the year ended December 31, 2019, nil (2017: 180,000; 2018: nil) stock options, and 876,400 (2017: nil; 2018: 1,019,128) RSUs, were excluded from the calculation of earnings per share, respectively, because their effect would be anti-dilutive.

Segment reporting

Segment reporting	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019
Segment reporting
Segment reporting	21. Segment reporting The Group’s long-lived assets and revenue are mainly located in and derived from the PRC. Starting in 2012, a relatively smaller portion of the Group’s long-lived assets and revenue are located in and derived from the United States. The Group considers that each of its individual property developments is a discrete operating segment. The Group has aggregated its segments on a geographical basis as property development projects undertaken within a region have similar expected economic characteristics, type of properties offered, customers and market and regulatory environment. The Group’s reportable operating segments are comprised of Henan Region, Shandong Region, Shanghai Region (including Shanghai and Jiangsu Province), Sichuan Region, Beijing Region (including Beijing and Tianjin), Hainan Region, Hunan Region, Shaanxi Region, Guangdong Region, Hubei Region, and Liaoning Region in the PRC; and the United States. Each geographic operating segment is principally engaged in the construction and development of residential real estate units. The "property management" category relates to property management services. The “other” category relates to investment holdings, landscaping, engineering and management, real estate sale, purchase and lease activities. The accounting policies of the various segments are the same as those described in Note 2, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies”. The Group’s chief operating decision maker relies upon net sales, gross profit and net income when making decisions about allocating resources and assessing performance of the Group. Net sales for geographic segments are generally based on the location of the project development. Net income for each segment includes net sales to third parties, related cost of sales and operating expenses directly attributable to the segment. Capital expenditures for each segment includes cost for acquisition of subsidiaries, vehicles, and fixtures and furniture. No single customer accounted for more than 10% of net sales for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019. Summary information by operating segment is as follows: December 31, 2017 Henan Shandong Jiangsu Sichuan Beijing Hainan Hunan Shanghai Tianjin Shaanxi United States Guangdong Others Consolidated US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ Net real estate sales 886,207,602 252,186,589 284,388,321 79,054,170 540,766 87,304,257 133,499,073 973,450 38,646,991 63,283,292 98,476,295 — - 1,924,560,806 Real estate lease income 3,567,372 183,530 - - - - 6,071 209,186 - 3,832,764 - 19,659 914,217 8,732,799 Real estate management services income 1,505,932 - - - - - - - - 356,429 - — 39,875,958 41,738,319 Other revenue 508,891 52,893 21,184 87,307 - 11,396 118,391 5,046 74 - 307,793 — 762,332 1,875,307 Total revenue 891,789,797 252,423,012 284,409,505 79,141,477 540,766 87,315,653 133,623,535 1,187,682 38,647,065 67,472,485 98,784,088 19,659 41,552,507 1,976,907,231 Cost of real estate sales (607,656,121) (204,691,234) (247,765,242) (71,332,282) (363,305) (55,291,475) (107,834,718) (664,093) (23,602,129) (46,516,108) (108,350,506) — - (1,474,067,213) Cost of real estate lease income (2,170,672) (348,420) (3,353,579) (158,879) - - (174,601) (332,094) - (4,420,100) - — (47,777) (11,006,122) Cost of real estate management services (935,942) - - - - - - - - - - — (30,710,506) (31,646,448) Other costs (227,081) (10,706) (127,375) - (51,424) (3,846) (95,235) - - - - (10,342) (33,226) (559,235) Total cost of revenue (610,989,816) (205,050,360) (251,246,196) (71,491,161) (414,729) (55,295,321) (108,104,554) (996,187) (23,602,129) (50,936,208) (108,350,506) (10,342) (30,791,509) (1,517,279,018) Gross profit 280,799,981 47,372,652 33,163,309 7,650,316 126,037 32,020,332 25,518,981 191,495 15,044,936 16,536,277 (9,566,418) 9,317 10,760,998 459,628,213 Operating expenses (64,061,347) (10,497,498) (16,659,076) (3,772,416) (44,507,378) (7,726,269) (10,099,854) (747,409) (6,001,987) (9,123,653) (10,597,926) (680,754) (28,092,891) (212,568,458) Operating income/(loss) 216,738,634 36,875,154 16,504,233 3,877,900 (44,381,341) 24,294,063 15,419,127 (555,914) 9,042,949 7,412,624 (20,164,344) (671,437) (17,331,893) 247,059,755 Interest income 11,355,876 338,069 218,937 100,988 516,950 26,443 320,666 268,325 271,527 69,336 - 264 3,371,705 16,859,086 Interest expense (18,393,523) (362,759) (1,829,665) - (5,056,962) - - (2,100,301) (1,214,368) - (3,570,310) — (33,625,552) (66,153,440) Net realized gain on short-term investments 3,110,564 - 7,395 - 9,077 - - - - - - — 4,746,951 7,873,987 Share of (loss)/gain in an equity investee (1,062,499) (974,405) (2,818) - - - - - - - - — 329,652 (1,710,070) Loss on extinguishment of debt - - - - - - - - - - - — (15,879,702) (15,879,702) Exchange gains (362,736) - - - - - - - - - - — 1,119,662 756,926 Unrealized income on short-term investments 151,003 - - - - - - - - - - — 1,944,976 2,095,979 Other income 2,326,004 - - - - - - - - - 6 — - 2,326,010 - Income/(loss) before income taxes 213,863,323 35,876,059 14,898,082 3,978,888 (48,912,276) 24,320,506 15,739,793 (2,387,890) 8,100,108 7,481,960 (23,734,648) (671,173) (55,324,201) 193,228,531 Income tax benefit/(expense) (77,985,230) (11,359,619) (6,913,466) (812,628) 4,065,308 (10,189,683) (2,560,610) 686,619 (1,713,343) (840,827) 8,694,642 145,513 (14,333,802) (113,117,126) Net income/(loss) 135,878,093 24,516,440 7,984,616 3,166,260 (44,846,968) 14,130,823 13,179,183 (1,701,271) 6,386,765 6,641,133 (15,040,006) (525,660) (69,658,003) 80,111,405 Depreciation and amortization 5,597,930 416,607 3,445,463 218,043 767,841 148,453 185,123 68,648 9,836 1,766,074 232,618 38 870,852 13,727,526 Capital expenditure 5,756,237 11,636 13,725 22,550 2,960,195 1,361 21,262 - 20,322 9,571 257,643 392,779 294,575 9,761,856 Real estate properties development completed 49,708,034 82,128,992 13,625,012 146,791,480 52,675,024 97,350,745 49,346,740 90,003,702 — 127,107,105 131,656,359 — — 840,393,193 Real estate properties under development 937,340,899 78,988,478 217,051,399 — 200,296,958 — 109,107,637 — 40,379,791 140,257,927 168,236,598 93,205,573 11,135,393 1,996,000,653 Real estate properties held for lease 53,783,548 5,633,936 38,824,172 23,503,438 — — 50,422,065 4,578,302 — 100,574,370 — — 613,482 277,933,313 Total long-lived assets 207,599,517 420,656,893 50,598,511 391,437,638 16,714,738 609,466 51,791,292 4,639,263 1,706,170 125,298,084 19,666,135 125,896 23,378,186 1,314,221,789 Total assets 2,715,305,431 693,368,606 459,080,321 584,350,518 296,118,475 108,984,575 266,196,168 103,055,884 98,249,020 440,219,180 354,473,170 93,723,704 171,309,218 6,384,434,270 December 31, 2018 Henan Shandong Jiangsu Sichuan Beijing Hainan Hunan Shanghai Tianjin Shaanxi United States Guangdong Hubei Liaoning Others Consolidated US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ Net real estate sales 1,002,960,937 291,763,807 330,352,688 80,701,160 12,314,328 169,606,837 97,162,300 — 86,165,279 58,795,214 8,815,926 — — 427,072 305,244 2,139,370,792 Real estate lease income 4,463,583 497,354 917,227 86,593 — — 111,408 641,119 — 2,064,129 — — — — 803,559 9,584,972 Real estate management services income 3,061,093 — — — — — — — — 2,464,039 — — — — 57,922,288 63,447,420 Other revenue 297,202 4,506 473,667 318,863 2,176,071 476,184 482,597 — 30 — 570,646 — — — 348,335 5,148,101 Total revenue 1,010,782,815 292,265,667 331,743,582 81,106,616 14,490,399 170,083,021 97,756,305 641,119 86,165,309 63,323,382 9,386,572 — — 427,072 59,379,426 2,217,551,285 Cost of real estate sales (701,238,639) (228,347,098) (214,621,791) (75,842,475) (9,355,460) (87,710,266) (100,986,641) (57,369) (56,487,052) (59,670,857) (9,357,970) — — (298,443) — (1,543,974,061) Cost of real estate lease income (2,245,710) (470,614) (2,336,287) (554,861) — — (1,475,782) (238,406) — (1,978,147) — — — — (48,809) (9,348,616) Real estate management services cost (2,733,062) — — — — — — — — (2,870,604) — — — — (39,016,117) (44,619,783) Other costs (388,790) (1,224,399) (94,807) (435,324) — (4,551) (517,028) — — — — — — — (1,465,624) (4,130,523) Total cost of revenue (706,606,201) (230,042,111) (217,052,885) (76,832,660) (9,355,460) (87,714,817) (102,979,451) (295,775) (56,487,052) (64,519,608) (9,357,970) — — (298,443) (40,530,550) (1,602,072,983) Gross profit 304,176,614 62,223,556 114,690,697 4,273,956 5,134,939 82,368,204 (5,223,146) 345,344 29,678,257 (1,196,226) 28,602 — — 128,629 18,848,876 615,478,302 Operating expenses (62,812,091) (12,610,671) (15,284,915) (4,275,577) (64,432,460) (12,088,762) (11,008,482) (163,680) (5,904,656) (5,834,584) (4,654,552) (1,185,184) (1,949,565) (1,485,827) (36,356,815) (240,047,821) Operating income/(loss) 241,364,523 49,612,885 99,405,782 (1,621) (59,297,521) 70,279,442 (16,231,628) 181,664 23,773,601 (7,030,810) (4,625,950) (1,185,184) (1,949,565) (1,357,198) (17,507,939) 375,430,481 Interest income 23,934,452 478,524 568,283 104,895 1,388,846 22,667 194,297 62,536 230,432 78,014 3,311 5,506 — 5,966 4,147,965 31,225,694 Interest expense (15,091,954) — (1,009,438) (2,259,789) (2,137,378) — — (1,689,514) — (915,585) (3,501,863) — — — (72,640,175) (99,245,696) Net realized loss on short-term investments 183,450 — — — — — — — — — — — — — (3,590,540) (3,407,090) Share of loss in an equity investee (1,342,875) (1,067,320) (949,748) (3,719,920) — — — — — — — (1,295,899) — — (998,689) (9,374,451) (Loss)/gain on extinguishment of debt (24,665,987) — — — — — — — — — — — — — 3,222,038 (21,443,949) Exchange (loss)/gain (13,029,174) — — — (1,544) — — — — — — — — 335,310 (12,982,246) (25,677,654) Unrealized income on short-term investments — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 1,150,200 1,150,200 Other income (3,773,556) (162,149) 391,338 4,585,338 (521,424) 32,867 27,078 (1,822) (948,161) (120,442) 2,093,750 — 1,180 — 137,735 1,741,732 Income/(loss) before income taxes 207,578,879 48,861,940 98,406,217 (1,291,097) (60,569,021) 70,334,976 (16,010,253) (1,447,136) 23,055,872 (7,988,823) (6,030,752) (2,475,577) (1,948,385) (1,015,922) (99,061,651) 250,399,267 Income tax benefit/(expense) (66,585,136) (24,338,485) (33,672,476) (1,312,549) 5,810,925 (33,888,754) 14,764,618 1,503,472 (8,088,479) 1,735,041 3,037,875 (392,906) (152,722) 689,435 (3,557,106) (144,447,247) Net income/(loss) 140,993,743 24,523,455 64,733,741 (2,603,646) (54,758,096) 36,446,222 (1,245,635) 56,336 14,967,393 (6,253,782) (2,992,877) (2,868,483) (2,101,107) (326,487) (102,618,757) 105,952,020 Depreciation and amortization 5,881,359 664,325 2,398,697 553,823 1,506,886 44,773 1,395,291 277,113 150,980 1,888,104 (95,404) 137,262 15,028 8,235 306,403 15,132,875 Capital expenditure 8,700,583 4,689,576 6,226 10,229 2,279,441 — 278 — 290,791 13,183 89,510 — 197,756 58,259 318,555 16,654,387 Real estate property development completed 119,978,648 46,110,853 38,293,044 88,492,260 42,003,855 31,716,745 7,340,408 82,320,988 — 48,352,943 127,749,947 — — — — 632,359,691 Real estate property under development 1,630,532,021 520,017,386 240,985,540 620,344,540 214,011,166 — 113,205,249 — 106,218,839 150,381,455 199,665,838 102,997,747 124,701,587 30,590,778 15,064,162 4,068,716,308 Real estate properties held for lease, net 72,389,385 7,929,336 39,824,983 36,086,237 — — 47,347,197 4,037,272 — 94,612,752 — — — — 537,055 302,764,217 Total long-lived assets 370,303,455 500,658,792 95,890,366 37,986,138 42,680,909 5,953,273 48,805,523 4,056,266 6,535,427 125,890,353 25,781,516 23,600,985 176,034 337,113 53,834,857 1,342,491,007 Total assets 3,326,001,406 902,384,756 740,208,056 839,829,759 340,188,589 39,269,241 274,708,013 95,034,595 185,400,019 330,029,859 384,883,423 134,196,645 127,532,829 34,993,328 279,052,154 8,033,712,672 December 31, 2019 Henan Shandong Shanghai Sichuan Beijing Hainan Hunan Shaanxi United States Guangdong Hubei Liaoning Property Management Others Consolidated US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ Net real estate sales 1,382,533,759 275,120,959 279,731,401 85,189,227 126,540,125 43,820,016 157,938,663 6,917,948 750,000 9,738,197 — 18,621,886 — 129,387 2,387,031,568 Real estate lease income 6,630,994 321,819 2,920,280 728,016 657,451 — 135,279 3,301,027 893,982 — — — 483,944 55,979 16,128,771 Real estate management services income 7,578,862 — — — — — — 2,783,091 — — — — 57,126,216 — 67,488,169 Other revenue 151,102 700,044 823,150 1,063,557 3,269,965 — 583,737 — 296,091 — — — 1,187,948 3,908,710 11,984,304 Total revenue 1,396,894,717 276,142,822 283,474,831 86,980,800 130,467,541 43,820,016 158,657,679 13,002,066 1,940,073 9,738,197 — 18,621,886 58,798,108 4,094,076 2,482,632,812 Cost of real estate sales (1,082,472,232) (220,925,677) (201,704,497) (81,765,082) (92,849,397) (31,764,435) (110,346,111) (6,510,485) (1,444,563) (6,821,557) (23,397) (13,440,458) — (1,751,402) (1,851,819,293) Cost of real estate lease income (2,348,963) (561,264) (2,565,142) (799,359) — (1,693,085) (2,913,152) (1,348,218) — — — — (46,792) (12,757,251) Cost of real estate management services (4,716,112) — — — — — — (561,329) — — — — (35,611,790) — (40,889,231) Other costs (2,449,683) (1,267,950) — (3,672) (4,794,719) (2,192) (362,009) — — — — — (1,124,118) (6,853,073) (16,857,416) — Total cost of revenue (1,091,986,990) (222,754,891) (204,269,639) (82,568,113) (98,125,392) (31,766,627) (112,401,205) (2,792,781) (6,821,557) (23,397) (13,440,458) (36,735,908) (8,651,267) (1,922,323,191) Gross profit 304,907,727 53,387,931 79,205,192 4,412,687 32,342,149 12,053,389 46,256,474 3,017,100 (852,708) 2,916,640 (23,397) 5,181,428 22,062,200 (4,557,191) 560,309,621 Operating expenses (70,839,873) (14,770,303) (18,080,374) (8,011,273) (73,333,124) (2,514,263) (3,991,323) (9,414,601) (1,966,796) (3,429,583) (2,801,220) (7,076,960) (28,409,288) (250,447,619) — Operating income/(loss) 234,067,854 38,617,628 61,124,818 (3,598,586) (40,990,975) 9,539,126 42,265,151 949,844 (3,452,980) 2,380,208 14,985,240 (32,966,479) 309,862,002 Interest income 42,379,712 436,165 306,228 493,469 2,241,516 3,208 182,529 12,795 48,285 13,533 1,695 13,240 681,464 4,679,756 51,493,595 Interest expense (14,805,529) (3,061,587) (1,066,270) — (7,385,692) (11,507) — (138,107) (3,472,559) — — — — (83,834,109) (113,775,360)) Net realized gain on short-term investments 183,450 — — — — — — — — — — — — 2,891,564 3,075,014 Share of (loss)/gain in an equity investee (1,370,440) (922,281) (613,155) — — — — — — (2,903,841) — — (630,775) 1,024,021 (5,416,471) Loss on extinguishment of debt (8,044,499) — — — — — — — — — — — - (536,011) (8,580,510) Exchange gains/(loss) 12,524,863 — — — — — — — — — — — (236,736) (19,664,136) (7,376,009) Unrealized loss on short-term investments — — — — — — — — — — — — - (1,623,814) (1,623,814) Other income/(loss) 4,536,260 866 47,762 246,927 909,298 156,235 (17,844) (199,670) — (289,485) — 64,155 124,295 269,928 5,848,727 Income/(loss) before income taxes 269,471,671 35,070,791 59,799,383 (2,858,190) (45,225,853) 9,687,062 42,429,836 (3,116,520) (13,691,583) (2,229,949) (3,451,285) 2,457,603 14,923,488 (129,759,280) 233,507,174 Income tax (expense)/benefit (69,803,421) (23,020,472) (28,043,624) (2,864,732) (9,456,395) (4,643,587) (16,123,072) 2,210,548 2,921,151 (1,017,315) 704,284 (717,299) (241,601) (382,837) (150,478,372) Net income/(loss) 199,668,250 12,050,319 31,755,759 (5,722,922) (54,682,248) 5,043,475 26,306,764 (905,972) (2,747,001) 1,740,304 14,681,887 (130,142,117) 83,028,802 Depreciation and amortization 5,553,392 433,948 2,622,483 635,494 2,732,083 29,414 1,668,279 1,873,910 1,665,384 41,616 46,012 16,987 189,503 75,938 17,584,443 Capital expenditure 6,263,956 64,816 2,579 26,254 1,142,809 3,712 44,058 16,761 3,579,071 — 4,821 25,188 352,073 119,575 11,645,673 Real estate properties development completed 133,572,883 34,351,045 106,796,363 64,327,235 60,683,848 6,627,299 7,540,854 43,103,208 1,201,783 — — — — — 458,204,518 Real estate properties under development 886,160,682 359,079,121 123,381,923 619,020,458 266,984,229 — 6,433,260 162,947,850 230,860,737 372,170,620 141,707,492 58,153,297 — 27,488,080 3,254,387,749 Real estate properties held for lease 109,809,942 6,954,550 40,675,960 34,515,933 7,520,601 888,150 60,967,850 91,474,049 162,599,274 — — — — 462,599 515,868,908 Total long-lived assets 524,367,010 509,819,916 183,400,846 44,244,900 61,281,191 6,664,536 62,686,470 100,419,560 176,115,157 18,237,255 934,102 1,084,510 8,335,524 79,010,347 1,776,601,324 Total assets 2,882,024,764 573,869,426 752,136,052 897,210,854 470,434,500 27,393,755 107,134,983 338,107,052 439,770,834 414,319,137 148,165,478 73,223,300 106,315,123 191,559,175 7,421,664,433

Commitments and contingencies

Commitments and contingencies	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019
Commitments and contingencies
Commitments and contingencies	22. Commitments and contingencies Other commitments As of December 31, 2019, the Group had outstanding commitments with respect to non-cancellable construction contracts for real estate development and land use rights purchases as follows: Amount US$ 2020 559,280,163 2021 662,777,841 2022 116,494,755 2023 28,682,333 2024 and thereafter 4,829,879 Total 1,372,064,971 Contingencies As of December 31, 2019, the Group provided guarantees of US$2,617,194,854 (2018: US$1,988,632,540), in favor of its customers in respect of mortgage loans granted by banks to such customers for their purchases of the Group’s properties where the underlying real estate ownership certificates can only be provided to the banks on a time delay manner due to administrative procedures in the PRC. Pursuant to the terms of the guarantees, upon default in mortgage payments by these purchasers, the Group is responsible to repay the outstanding mortgage principal together with the accrued interest and penalty owed by the defaulted purchasers to the bank and the Group is entitled to take over the legal titles and possession of the related properties. The Group’s guarantee period starts from the date of grant of the relevant mortgage loan and ends upon issuance of real estate ownership certificate which will generally be available within six to twelve months after the purchaser takes possession of the relevant property. The Group paid US$788,644, US$1,659,652, and US$1,782,038 to satisfy guarantee obligations related to customer defaults for the years ended December 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively. The fair value of the guarantees is not significantly different than the net realizable value of the properties and management considers that in case of default in payments, the net realizable value of the related properties can cover the repayment of the outstanding mortgage principal together with the accrued interest and penalty and therefore no provision has been made for the guarantees. At December 31, 2019, the Group provided financial guarantees for bank loans of two of its equity method investees. The Group could incur losses in the event of defaults under or foreclosure of these loans and its maximum exposure to credit losses is US$202,115,765 (2018: US$280,189,999). The fair value of the guarantees is not significant and the Group considers that in case of default in payments, the net realizable value of the related properties can cover the repayment of the outstanding bank loans together with the accrued interest and penalty and therefore, no provision has been made for the guarantees in the consolidated financial statements. In May 2019, an authorized entity of local government (the “Government Entity”) sued Beijing Huiju, the original controlling and existing shareholder of one of the Group’s equity method investee, Qingdao Huiju, for disputes in construction contract entered into between the Government Entity and Beijing Huiju. The Government Entity also claimed that Qingdao Huiju is jointly liable for the aforementioned construction contract and a commitment letter issued by Beijing Huiju, and sued both Beijing Huiju and Qingdao Huiju to be jointly and severally liable to a liquidated damage of US$230.9 million stipulated in the commitment letter. Qingdao Huiju received the local court verdict of the first instance in April 2020 which held that Qingdao Huiju shall be jointly and severally liable to the liquidated damages of US$ 230.9 million, and court cost of US$1,167,369. Qingdao Huiju appealed to the verdict in April, 2020. Management believes that the Government Entity’s claims against Qingdao Huiju are without merit and intends to contest vigorously against such claims because the commitment letter was unilaterally issued by Beijing Huiju without any signature or confirmation by Qingdao Huiju. At this stage of the appeal proceedings, Qingdao Huiju cannot predict the outcome of this lawsuit or a judgment against Qingdao Huiju, whether in whole or in part, may result in a loss, if any. An estimate for the reasonably possible loss or a range of reasonably possible losses cannot be made at this time. In December 2016, 421 Kent Development LLC (“421 Kent”), the property company for the Group’s Oosten project, terminated its contract with its general contractor. The general contractor and various subcontractors have filed lawsuits against 421 Kent and the Company for approximately US$22.0 million, in aggregate, plus punitive damages. In addition, the general contractor filed mechanic’s liens against 421 Kent and the Company for approximately US$8.0 million. 421 Kent has answered the claims and believes the contractors’ claims and liens are without merit and intends to contest vigorously such claims. At this stage of the proceedings, 421 Kent cannot predict the outcome of this lawsuit or a judgment against 421 Kent, whether in whole or in part, may result in a loss, if any. An estimate for the reasonably possible loss or a range of reasonably possible losses cannot be made at this time. In May 2015, XIN Development Management East, LLC ("XDME") filed an arbitration claim for not less than US$10.0 million which was subsequently reduced for the purpose of a prior mediation to US$8 million against Wanks Adams Slavin Associates LLP ("WASA"), the design company for the Group's Oosten project. WASA has asserted a total of approximately US$2.0 million in counterclaims. XDME believes WASA's counterclaims are without merit and intends to contest vigorously such claims. On November 26, 2018, XDME reconciled with the design company WASA and settled the claim.

Concentration of risk

Concentration of risk	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019
Concentration of risk
Concentration of risk	23. Concentration of risk The Group’s operations are conducted mainly in the PRC. Starting in 2012, a relatively smaller portion of the Group’s operations is conducted in the United States. Accordingly, the Group’s business, financial condition and results of operations is primarily influenced by the political, economic and legal environments in the PRC and by the general state of the PRC economy. The Group’s operations in the PRC are subject to special considerations and significant risks. These include risks associated with, among others, the political, economic and legal environments and foreign currency exchange. The Group’s results may be adversely affected by changes in the political and social conditions in the PRC, and by changes in governmental policies with respect to laws and regulations, anti-inflationary measures, currency conversion and remittance abroad, and rates and methods of taxation, among other things. The Group transacts most of its business in RMB, which is not freely convertible into foreign currencies. All foreign exchange transactions take place either through the PBOC or other banks authorized to buy and sell foreign currencies at the exchange rates quoted by the PBOC. Approval of foreign currency payments by the PBOC or other institutions requires submitting a payment application form together with suppliers’ invoices, shipping documents and signed contracts. On July 21, 2005, the PRC government changed its decade-old policy of pegging the value of the RMB to the US$. Under the new policy, the RMB is permitted to fluctuate within a narrow and managed band against a basket of certain foreign currencies. This change in policy has resulted in a 15.7% appreciation of the RMB against the US$ from July 21, 2005 to December 31, 2019. To the extent that the Company needs to convert US$ into RMB for capital expenditures and working capital and other business purposes, appreciation of RMB against US$ would have an adverse effect on the RMB amount the Company would receive from the conversion. Conversely, if the Company decides to convert RMB into US$ for the purpose of making payments for dividends on ordinary shares, strategic acquisitions or investments or other business purposes, appreciation of US$ against RMB would have a negative effect on the US$ amount available to the Company. In addition, a significant depreciation of the RMB against the US$ may significantly reduce the US$ equivalent of the Company’s earnings or losses. The Group offers certain homebuyers seller-financing arrangements. All the homebuyers that entered into such arrangements were subject to credit verification procedures. In addition, accounts receivable balances are unsecured, but monitored on an ongoing basis via the Group’s management reporting procedures. The Group provides longer payment terms to particular home buyers after applying strict credit requirements based on the Group’s credit policy. As of December 31, 2018 and 2019, there is no concentration of credit risk with respect to receivables and the Group does not have a significant exposure to any individual debtor. In 2013, PRC banks tightened the conditions on which mortgage loans are extended to homebuyers. Therefore, mortgage loans for homebuyers have been subject to longer processing periods or even denied by the banks. The Group monitors its homebuyers’ outstanding mortgage loans on an ongoing basis via the Group’s management reporting procedures and took the position that contracts with underlying mortgage loans with processing periods exceeding one year shall not be considered when recognizing revenue on an over time basis (Note 2(h) for further detail). As a result, sales contracts of 280 apartments were excluded when determining revenue to be recognized in 2019. In addition, no single customer or supplier accounted for more than 10% of revenue or project expenditures for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019.

Non-controlling interests

Non-controlling interests	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019
Non-controlling interests
Non-controlling interests	24. Non-controlling interests As of December 31, 2018, the non-controlling interests consisted of the following: December 31, Ownership 2018 US$ Shaanxi Zhongmao Economy Development Co., Ltd. 34.02 % 3,264,319 Taicang Pengchi Real Estate Co., Limited. (Note 18(a)) 83.00 % (25,096,542) Suzhou Xinyuan Wanzhuo Real Estate Co., Ltd. (Note 18(a.b)) 80.00 % (27,912,339) Henan Renxin Real Estate Co., Ltd. 49.00 % — Suzhou Yefang Real Estate Co., Limited. (Note 18(a.b)) 79.99 % (11,652,185) Others (3,877,921) Total (65,274,668) As of December 31, 2019, the non-controlling interests consisted of the following: December 31, Ownership 2019 US$ Shaanxi Zhongmao Economy Development Co., Ltd. 34.02 % 6,285,895 Xinyuan Property Management Service (Cayman) Ltd. 32.50 % (28,398,921) Taicang Pengchi Real Estate Co., Limited. (Note 18(a)) 83.00 % (31,228,046) Suzhou Xinyuan Wanzhuo Real Estate Co., Ltd. (Note 18(a.b)) 80.00 % (34,280,307) Henan Renxin Real Estate Co., Ltd. 49.00 % — Suzhou Yefang Real Estate Co., Limited. (Note 18(a.b)) 79.99 % (11,463,297) Others (2,565,707) Total (101,650,383)

Subsequent events

Subsequent events	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019
Subsequent events
Subsequent events	25. Subsequent events Since January 2020, the coronavirus pandemic ("the COVID-19") has spread across China and other countries, governments have implemented a series of measures including travel restrictions and quarantines to contain COVID-19, which adversely affected the real estate industry where the Group operates. We currently believe our first quarter results of operations will be negatively impacted by these developments. The development and evolution of the COVID-19 in China and globally still has great uncertainty in the duration and severity, which may further amplify and delay the impact on the recovery of the real estate industry. Given the uncertainty about the situation, the Group currently cannot estimate the impact to the 2020 financial performance and cash flows.

Condensed financial information

Condensed financial information of the Company	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019
Condensed financial information of the Company
Condensed financial information of the Company	26. Condensed financial information of the Company The condensed financial statements of Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd. have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Under the PRC laws and regulations, the Company’s PRC subsidiaries are restricted in their ability to transfer certain of their net assets to the Company in the form of dividend payments, loans or advances. The amounts restricted include paid-in capital and statutory reserves, as determined pursuant to PRC generally accepted accounting principles, totaling US$879,070,803 as of December 31, 2019 (2018: US$777,376,696). Condensed Balance Sheets Year ended December 31 2018 2019 US$ US$ ASSETS Current assets Cash and cash equivalents 93,606,791 28,591,381 Other receivables 665,428 10,928 Other current assets 250,569 77,649 Due from subsidiaries 667,811,964 455,222,231 Due from related parties 348,076 — Total current assets 762,682,828 483,902,189 Investments in subsidiaries 1,142,335,163 1,338,730,125 TOTAL ASSETS 1,905,017,991 1,822,632,314 LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY Current liabilities Short-term bank loan — 19,900,000 PRC income tax payable 13,388 13,388 PRC other tax payable 902,190 902,190 Other payable and accrued liabilities 24,090,605 27,612,109 Current portion of long-term bank loan and other debt 397,039,358 423,131,157 Payroll and welfare payables 2,817,136 2,220,113 Total current liabilities 424,862,677 473,778,957 Long term bank loan 3,178,000 100,440,000 Other long-term debt 796,606,833 558,111,718 Total liabilities 1,224,647,510 1,132,330,675 Shareholders’ equity Common shares, $0.0001 par value: Authorized‑500,000,000 shares, issued and outstanding- 107,875,468 shares for 2019 (2018: 119,805,636 shares) 16,399 16,410 Treasury shares (87,639,088) (113,719,964) Additional paid-in capital 532,117,479 543,290,577 Retained earnings 235,875,691 260,714,616 Total shareholders’ equity 680,370,481 690,301,639 TOTAL LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY 1,905,017,991 1,822,632,314 Condensed Statements of Comprehensive Income Year ended December 31 2017 2018 2019 US$ US$ US$ General and administrative expenses (13,781,596) (9,877,059) (9,509,893) Operating loss (13,781,596) (9,877,059) (9,509,893) Interest expense (65,387,198) (105,990,420) (107,382,764) Interest income 3,200,520 1,221,465 1,682,189 Net (loss)/gain on debt extinguishment (15,879,702) 3,267,457 536,011 Gain on short-term investments — — 27,099 Other expenses/(income) 1,114,517 (11,135,488) (20,106,250) Equity in profit of subsidiaries, net 154,361,010 195,548,594 203,098,135 Income from operations before income taxes 63,627,551 73,034,549 68,344,527 Income taxes — — — Net income attributable to common shareholders 63,627,551 73,034,549 68,344,527 Other comprehensive income/(loss), net of tax of nil Foreign currency translation adjustments 63,908,624 (59,347,915) (20,044,827) Comprehensive income attributable to shareholders 127,536,175 13,686,634 48,299,700 Condensed Statements of Cash Flows Year ended December 31 2017 2018 2019 US$ US$ US$ Cash flows from operating activities: Net income 63,627,551 73,034,549 68,344,527 Adjustment to reconcile net income to net cash used in operating activities: Equity in profit of subsidiaries, net (154,361,010) (195,548,594) (203,098,135) Stock based compensation expense 4,266,373 3,152,908 3,782,307 Amortization of deferred charges 4,036,412 7,415,821 7,445,276 Loss on extinguishment of debt 15,879,702 (3,267,457) (536,011) Other receivables — (665,428) 654,500 Other current assets (2,214) (203,789) 172,920 Other payable and accrued liabilities 4,874,134 7,342,974 (291,915) Payroll and welfare payables 2,893,230 (590,356) (597,023) Amount due from related parties (561,872) 213,796 348,076 Net cash used in operating activities (59,347,694) (109,115,576) (123,775,478) Cash flows from financing activities: Changes in due from subsidiaries (326,904,897) 53,143,354 212,589,733 Proceeds from short-term bank loans 24,294,636 — 19,900,000 Repayments of long-term bank loans — (13,250,000) (110,311,908) Proceeds from long-term bank loans — 3,178,000 100,440,000 Proceeds from other long-term debts 603,179,617 200,000,000 300,000,000 Repayment of other long-term debts (201,002,731) — (413,300,000) Purchase of treasury shares (14,058,280) (19,846,720) (26,080,876) Dividends to shareholders (26,090,734) (25,739,147) (19,647,356) Payment of financing cost (26,952,084) (4,082,815) (2,075,789) Purchase of shares under RSU plan — (7,797,949) (2,920,216) Proceeds from exercise of stock options 6,111,912 1,390,666 166,480 Net cash provided by financing activities 38,577,439 186,995,389 58,760,068 Net (decrease)/increase in cash and cash equivalents (20,770,255) 77,879,813 (65,015,410) Cash and cash equivalents, at the beginning of the year 36,497,233 15,726,978 93,606,791 Cash and cash equivalents, at end of the period 15,726,978 93,606,791 28,591,381 (a) Basis of presentation In the company-only financial statements, the Company’s investment in subsidiaries is stated at cost plus its equity interest in undistributed earnings of subsidiaries since inception. The company-only financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s consolidated financial statements. The Company records its investment in its subsidiaries under the equity method of accounting as prescribed in ASC 323, Investment-Equity Method and Joint Ventures. Such investment is presented on the balance sheet as “Investments in subsidiaries” and share of the subsidiaries’ profit or loss as “Equity in profit of subsidiaries, net” on the condensed statements of comprehensive income. The subsidiaries did not pay any dividends to the Company for the periods presented. (b) Related party transactions As of December 31, 2018 and 2019, the Company had US$551,155,875 and US$338,566,142 due from its wholly-owned subsidiaries. These amounts mainly reflect intercompany loans from the Company to Xinyuan Real Estate, Ltd. While intercompany loans have no fixed payments terms, the Company has a legal enforceable right to demand payment at any time, and Xinyuan Real Estate, Ltd. has the ability to repay the outstanding balance on demand. In 2013, the Company also entered into a separate loan facility agreement with XIN Development Group International Inc. Pursuant to the agreement, the Company will provide a loan facility to XIN Development for the period from July 1, 2013 to January 18, 2018 amounting to US$50,000,000 at 17.5% per annum. As of December 31, 2019, the Company has US$116,656,089 (2018: US$116,656,089) including accrued interest of US$67,554,210 (2018: US$67,554,210), due from XIN Development under this loan facility. (c) Commitments Except for those disclosed in the Company’s condensed financial information, the Company does not have significant commitments or long-term obligations as of the period end presented.

Summary of significant accoun_2

Summary of significant accounting policies (Policies)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019
Summary of significant accounting policies
The Company and basis of presentation and consolidation	(a) The Company and basis of presentation and consolidation The Group is principally engaged in residential real estate development and the provision of property management services. The Group’s operations are conducted mainly in the PRC. In 2012, the Group expanded its business into the U.S. residential real estate market. The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”). The consolidated financial statements include the financial statements of the Company, its subsidiaries, VIEs, and the subsidiaries of VIEs. All inter-company transactions and balances between the Company and its subsidiaries have been eliminated upon consolidation. Subsidiaries are consolidated from the date on which control is transferred to the Group and cease to be consolidated from the date on which control is transferred out of the Group. Where there is a loss of control of a subsidiary, the consolidated financial statements include the results for the part of the reporting year during which the Group has control. Ruihao Rongtong Ruihao Rongtong, with registered capital of US$37.6 million (RMB250.0 million), was invested in by the Company on May 6, 2015, for the purpose of undertaking a residential property development project in Beijing. On March 1, 2016, June 28, 2016 and September 18, 2016, an unrelated trustee company, Ping An trust Co., Ltd. (“Ping An trust”) purchased 20%, 5% and 10% of the Company’s equity interest in Ruihao Rongtong, respectively, and loaned US$124.3 million (RMB862.5 million) in aggregate to the Group. On February 28, 2017, the Company repurchased the 35% equity interest of Ruihao Rongtong from Ping An trust. On May 23, 2017, Ping An trust subsequently repurchased back 35% of the Company’s equity interest in Ruihao Rongtong, and loaned US$246.8 million (RMB1.61 billion) in aggregate to the Group. As of December 31, 2018, Ruihao Rongtong had one project under construction. Pursuant to the share purchase agreement, the 35% of non-controlling equity interest of Ruihao Rongtong was to be repurchased by the Company in cash at the earlier of the second anniversary date, or the date the Company elected to repurchase the 35% equity interest of Ruihao Rongtong. Therefore, the non-controlling interest is mandatorily redeemable and is accounted for as liability in accordance with ASC 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity . In addition, since the Company planned to repurchase the 35% equity interest of Ruihao Rongtong within the next 12 months, the liability is classified as current liability as of December 31, 2018. On June 21, 2019, the Company repurchased the 35% equity interest of Ruihao Rongtao from Ping An trust and Ruihao Rongtong ceased to be variable interest entity(“VIE”). In accordance with ASC 810, Consolidation , Ruihao Rongtong as of December 31, 2018 is a variable interest entity as it was not established with sufficient equity at risk to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support. As of December 31, 2018, the Company is considered as the primary beneficiary of Ruihao Rongtong, as it has the power to direct the activities of Ruihao Rongtong that most significantly impact their economic performance and has the obligation to absorb the losses and the right to receive benefits from Ruihao Rongtong through its voting interest underlying its 65% equity interest in accordance with PRC Law and the articles of association of Ruihao Rongtong. Based on the above, Ruihao Rongtong was consolidated by the Company. The carrying amounts and classifications of the assets and liabilities of the VIE are as follows: December 31, 2018 US$ Current assets 174,366,164 Non-current assets 247,753 Total assets 174,613,917 Current liabilities 151,609,433 Non-current liabilities — Total liabilities 151,609,433 The financial performance and cash flows of the VIE are as follows: Year ended December 31, 2018 US$ Revenue — Cost of revenue — Net loss (4,786,363) Net cash used in operating activities (8,804,491) Net cash used in investing activities — Net cash provided by financing activities 8,949,715 As of December 31, 2018, the current liabilities of the Ruihao Rongtong included amounts due to subsidiaries of the Group amounting to US$145,728,000, which were eliminated upon consolidation by the Company. As of December 31, 2018, the land use rights included in real estate properties under development of Ruihao Rongtong of US$166,327,833 were pledged as collateral for bank loans and other debt and the creditors have no recourse to the general credit of the primary beneficiary. Nil revenue contributed by Ruihao Rongtong to the Company’s consolidated revenues for the years ended December 31, 2018. Yuzhouyun On March 2, 2018, the Group signed a partnership agreement with certain senior management members to form Yuzhouyun. According to the partnership agreement, the design and purpose of Yuzhouyun’s activities are to provide technical services to the Group. The Group acts as a limited partner and the senior management members are general partners. Substantially all significant activities require the approval from the senior management members. The Group and senior management members agreed to share profits at the proportion of 51% and 49%, respectively. The Group, as the limited partner, is the only party with the equity at risk to absorb losses of Yuzhouyun. Yuzhouyun’s principal activities are also to provide technical service to the Group, which indicates that Yuzhouyun’s activities are conducted on behalf of the Group. Therefore, under ASC 810, Consolidation, Yuzhouyun is a variable interest entity. In addition, as the senior management members are the Group’s employees, which represent a principal-agency relationship, therefore, the Group is concluded to be “most closely associated” with Yuzhouyun. Based on the above, the Group is the primary beneficiary because it has the power to direct the activities of Yuzhouyun that most significantly impact their economic performance and has the obligation to absorb the losses and the right to receive benefits from Yuzhouyun. The carrying amounts and classifications of the assets and liabilities of Yuzhouyun are as follows: December 31, December 31, 2018 2019 US$ US$ Current assets 5,775,479 2,214,155 Non-current assets 3,557,562 4,244,195 Total assets 9,333,041 6,458,350 Current liabilities 11,808,683 13,967,333 Non-current liabilities — — Total liabilities 11,808,683 13,967,333 The financial performance and cash flows of Yuzhouyun are as follows: Year ended Year ended December 31, December 31, 2018 2019 US$ US$ Revenue 7,991,038 12,555,974 Cost of revenue (1,559,129) (3,682,899) Net loss (1,929,266) (1,796,997) Net cash provided by operating activities 519,050 368,379 Net cash used in investing activities (255,509) (1,885) Net cash used in financing activities — (52,503) As of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2019, the current liabilities of Yuzhouyun included amounts due to subsidiaries of the Group amounting to US$9,169,167 and US$10,867,898, which were eliminated upon consolidation by the Company. During the year ended December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2019, the revenue of Yuzhouyun included amounts that come from the Group amounting to US$7,399,000 and US$9,997,544, which were eliminated upon consolidation by the Company. Yuzhouyun contributed US$591,628 and US$2,558,430 of the Company’s consolidated revenues for the year ended December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2019, respectively.
Use of Estimates	(b) Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes, and disclosure of contingent liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements. Estimates are used for, but not limited to, the selection of the useful lives of property and equipment and finance lease, allowance for doubtful amount associated with accounts receivables, other receivables, contract assets and advances to suppliers, fair values of the purchase price allocation with respect to business combinations, progress towards the completion of the performance obligation, accounting for the share-based compensation, accounting for deferred income taxes, impairment of real estate properties under development, real estate properties held for lease and long-term investments, provision necessary for contingent liabilities and estimating the incremental borrowing rate for operating lease liabilities. Management analyzed the forecasted cash flows for the twelve months from April 29, 2020, which indicates that the Group will have sufficient liquidity from cash flows generated by operations and existing credit facilities and therefore, there will be sufficient financial resources to settle borrowings and payables that will be due through end of April 2021. Management believes that the estimates utilized in preparing its consolidated financial statements are reasonable and prudent. Actual results could differ from these estimates.
Fair value of financial instruments	(c) Fair value of financial instruments Financial instruments include cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, short-term investments, accounts receivable, other deposits and prepayments, due from employees, due from related parties, other receivables, long-term investments, accounts payable, customer deposits, other payables and accrued liabilities, short-term bank borrowings, long-term borrowings and due to related parties. The carrying amounts of the aforementioned financial instruments, except for short-term investments that measurement alternative was elected and carrying value of short-term investments approximate their fair value due to the short term maturities of these instruments. The carrying amounts of the long-term borrowings approximate their fair values because the stated interest rates approximate rates currently offered by financial institutions for similar debt instruments of comparable credit risk and maturities. Long-term investment has no quoted market prices and it is not practicable to estimate their fair value without incurring excessive costs. The Group reviews the investments for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may no longer be recoverable. For long-term investments other than those accounted for under the equity method or those that result in consolidation of the investee, the Company measures equity investments at fair value and recognizes any changes in fair value in net income. However, for equity investments that do not have readily determinable fair values and do not qualify for the existing practical expedient in ASC 820 to estimate fair value using the net asset value per share (or its equivalent) of the investment, the Company chose to measure those investments at cost, less any impairment, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for the identical or a similar investment of the same issuer. At each reporting date, the Company is required to make a qualitative assessment as to whether equity investments without a readily determinable fair value for which the measurement alternative is elected is impaired. In the event that a qualitative assessment indicates that the investment is impaired and the fair value of the investment is less than the carrying value, the carrying value is written down to its fair value. A variety of factors are considered when determining if a decline in fair value is below carrying value, including, among others, the financial condition and prospects of the investee. Accounting guidance defines fair value as the price that would be received from selling an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. When determining the fair value measurements for assets and liabilities required or permitted to be recorded at fair value, the Company considers the principal or most advantageous market in which it would transact and it considers assumptions that market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability. Accounting guidance establishes a fair value hierarchy that requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. A financial instrument’s categorization within the fair value hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Accounting guidance establishes three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value: Level 1‑Observable inputs that reflect quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets Level 2‑Includes other inputs that are directly or indirectly observable in the market place Level 3‑Unobservable inputs which are supported by little or no market activity ASC 820 describes three main approaches for measuring the fair value of assets and liabilities: (1) market approach; (2) income approach and (3) cost approach. The market approach uses prices and other relevant information generated from market transactions involving identical or comparable assets or liabilities. The income approach uses valuation techniques to convert future amounts to a single present value amount. The measurement is based on the value indicated by current market expectations about those future amounts. The cost approach is based on the amount that would currently be required to replace an asset. In accordance with ASC 820, investment in marketable equity securities and investment in real estate investment trusts ("REITs") classified as is within Level 1 as the Company measures the fair value using quoted trading prices that are published on a regular basis , and investment in equity securities in unlisted companies categorized as Level 3 is measured at fair value using alternative method, less any impairment, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price in orderly transactions.
Foreign currency translation	(d) Foreign currency translation The Group’s financial information is presented in U.S. dollars. The functional currency of the Company is U.S. dollars. The functional currency of the Company’s subsidiaries in the PRC is Renminbi (“RMB”), the currency of the PRC. The functional currency of the Company’s subsidiaries in Malaysia is Malaysian Ringgit (“MYR”), the currency of Malaysia. The functional currency of the Company’s subsidiaries other than those in the PRC and Malaysia is U.S. dollars. Transactions by the Company’s subsidiaries in the PRC which are denominated in currencies other than RMB are remeasured into RMB at the exchange rate quoted by the People’s Bank of China (“PBOC”) prevailing at the dates of the transactions. Exchange gains and losses resulting from transactions denominated in a currency other than RMB are included in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income as exchange gains (losses). The consolidated financial statements of the Company’s subsidiaries have been translated into U.S. dollars in accordance with ASC 830, Foreign Currency Matters . The PRC subsidiaries’ financial information is first prepared in RMB and then is translated into U.S. dollars at period-end exchange rates as to assets and liabilities and average exchange rates as to revenue and expenses. Capital accounts are translated at their historical exchange rates when the capital transactions occurred. The RMB is not freely convertible into foreign currency and all foreign exchange transactions must take place through authorized institutions. No representation is made that the RMB amounts could have been, or could be, converted into U.S. dollars at the rates used in translation.
Cash and cash equivalents	(e) Cash and cash equivalents The Group considers all highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less to be cash equivalents. The Group maintains bank accounts mainly in the PRC, Hong Kong and United States. The vast majority of the PRC bank balances are denominated in RMB. Hong Kong and United States bank balances are denominated in U.S. dollars. Cash includes cash on hand and demand deposits in accounts maintained with various state-owned and private banks within the PRC, Hong Kong and United States. Total cash in banks (excluding restricted cash) at December 31, 2019 amounted to US$662,606,063 (December 31, 2018: US$674,141,554), of which the vast majority of deposits are not covered by insurance.
Restricted cash	(f) Restricted cash The Group is required to maintain certain deposits with banks that provide mortgage loans to the Group’s customers in order to purchase residential units from the Group. These balances are subject to withdrawal restrictions and totaled US$32,420,073 as of December 31, 2019 (December 31, 2018: US$43,748,940). As of December 31, 2019, the Group held US$270,714,930 (December 31, 2018: US$338,633,911) in its restricted cash accounts, representing funds received from sales proceeds that are subject to withdrawal restrictions. The Group is also required to maintain certain deposits with banks and financial institutions that provide loans to the Group. As of December 31, 2019, the Group also held US$20,691,781 in its restricted cash accounts (December 31, 2018: nil) as security for its short-term loans (Note 10), held US$3,153,579 (December 31, 2018: US$129,492,074) in its restricted cash accounts as security for its current portion of long-term loans (Note 11). As of December 31, 2019, the Group held US$112,998,481 (December 31, 2018: nil) in its bank accounts with withdrawal restriction for its long-term loans (Note 11).
Real estate properties development completed and under development	(g) Real estate properties development completed and under development Real estate properties completed and under development consist of residential unit sites and commercial offices. The Group leases the land for the residential unit sites under land use right leases with various terms from the PRC government. Real estate properties development completed and under development are stated at the lower of carrying amounts or fair value less selling costs. Expenditures for land development, including cost of land use rights, deed tax, pre-development costs and engineering costs, are capitalized and allocated to development projects by the specific identification method. Costs are allocated to specific units within a project based on the ratio of the sales value of units to the estimated total sales value times the total project costs. Costs of amenities transferred to buyers are allocated as common costs of the project that are allocated to specific units as a component of total construction costs. For amenities retained by the Group, costs in excess of the related fair value of the amenities are also treated as common costs. Results of operations of amenities retained by the Group are included in the current operating results. In accordance with ASC 360, Property, Plant and Equipment (“ASC 360”), real estate property development completed and under development are subject to valuation adjustments when the carrying amount exceeds fair value. An impairment loss is recognized only if the carrying amount of the assets is not recoverable and exceeds fair value. The carrying amount is not recoverable if it exceeds the sum of the undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by the assets. When the profitability of a current project deteriorates due to a slowdown in the sales pace, reduction of pricing or some other factor, this indicates that there may be a possible future loss on delivery and possible impairment in the recoverability of the assets. Accordingly, the assets of such project are subsequently reviewed for future losses and impairment by comparing the estimated future undiscounted cash flows for the project to the carrying value of such project. If the estimated future undiscounted cash flows are less than the asset’s carrying value, such deficit will be charged as a future loss and the asset will then be written down to its estimated fair value. The Group determines estimated fair value primarily by discounting the estimated future cash flows relating to the asset. In estimating the cash flows for a project, the Group uses various factors including (a) the expected pace at which the planned number of units will be sold, based on competitive market conditions, historical trends in sales pace and actual average selling prices of similar product offerings and any other long or short-term economic conditions which may impact the market in which the project is located; (b) the estimated net sales prices expected to be attained based on the current market conditions and historical price trends, as well as any estimated increases in future sales prices based upon the projected rate of unit sales, the estimated time gap between presale and expected delivery, the impact of government policies, the local and regional competitive environment, and certain external factors such as the opening of a subway line, school or factory; and (c) the expected costs to be incurred in the future by the Group, including, but not limited to, construction cost, construction overhead, sales and marketing, sales taxes and interest costs. The Group’s determination of fair value requires discounting the estimated cash flows at a rate commensurate with the inherent risk associated with the assets and related estimated cash flows. The discount rate used in determining each project’s fair value depends on the stage of development, location and other specific factors that increase or decrease the risk associated with the estimated cash flows. For the periods presented, the Group did not recognize any impairment for real estate properties completed and under development.
Revenue recognition	(h) Revenue recognition Revenue is recognized when control of the goods or services are transferred to the customer at an amount that reflects the consideration to which the Group expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The Group also elected to exclude sales taxes and other similar taxes from the measurement of the transaction price. Therefore, revenues are recognized net of business tax, value added taxes (“VAT”). Real estate sales Revenues arising from real estate sales are recognized when or as the control of the asset is transferred to the customer. Depending on the terms of the contract and the laws that apply to the contract, control of the asset may transfer over time or at a point in time. For real estate sales contracts for which the Group has an enforceable right to payment for performance completed to date, revenue is recognized over time by measuring the progress towards complete satisfaction of that performance obligation. Otherwise, revenue is recognized at a point in time when the customer obtains the physical possession, the legal title, or the significant risks and rewards of ownership of the assets and the Group has present right to payment and the collection of the consideration is probable. The progress towards complete satisfaction of the performance obligation is measured based on the Group's efforts or inputs to the satisfaction of the performance obligation, by reference to the contract costs incurred up to the end of reporting period as a percentage of total estimated costs for each contract. Generally, the Group receives short-term advances from its customers for real estate sales. Using the practical expedient, the Group does not adjust the promised amount of consideration for the effects of a significant financing component if it expects, at contract inception, that the period between the transfer of the promised good or service to the customer and when the customer pays for that good or service will be one year or less. The Group also receives long-term advances from customers for real estate sales. The transaction price for such contracts is adjusted for the effects of a financing component, if long-term advances from customers is assessed as significant at the individual contract level. Real estate management services income Real estate management services income is recognized in the accounting period in which the services are rendered. The Group bills a fixed amount periodically for services provided and recognizes as revenue the amount to which the Group has a right to invoice that corresponds directly with the value of performance completed. Real estate management lease income Real estate lease income is generally recognized on a straight-line basis over the terms of the tenancy agreements. For real estate leases, these contracts are treated as leases for accounting purposes, rather than contracts with customers subject to ASC 606. Other revenue Other revenue includes services ancillary to the Group's real estate projects, including construction service revenue and software consulting service income. Construction service revenue and software consulting service income are recognized when services are provided as the customer simultaneously benefits from the services as they are performed. For the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2019, revenue is recognized and disaggregated by major source as below: 2018 2019 US$ US$ Real estate sales 2,139,370,792 2,387,031,568 Real estate management services income 63,447,420 67,488,169 Other revenue 5,148,101 11,984,304 Revenue from contracts with customers 2,207,966,313 2,466,504,041 Real estate lease income 9,584,972 16,128,771 Total revenue 2,217,551,285 2,482,632,812 Contract assets The Group pays sales commission to its real estate sales agencies for each real estate sales contract. The Group has elected to apply the optional practical expedient for costs to obtain a contract which allows the Group to immediately expense sales commissions (included under selling and distribution expenses) when the amortization period of the asset that the Group otherwise would have used is one year or less. For incremental costs of obtaining real estate sales contracts that extend beyond a one-year period, these incremental costs of obtaining real estate sales contracts are recognized as assets if the real estate sales are collectible and amortized as the Group transfers the control of the assets to customers. The Group recognized US$6.2 million and US$14.9 million of such costs in selling and distribution expense during the year ended December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2019. As of December 31, 2018 and 2019, there was no impairment losses on contract assets. Contract liabilities A contract liability is the obligation to transfer goods or services to a customer for which the Group has received consideration (or an amount of consideration is due) from the customer. If a customer pays consideration before the Group transfers goods or services to the customer, a contract liability is recognized when the payment is made or the payment is due (whichever is earlier). The Group’s contract liabilities are comprised of customer deposits, which are recognized as revenue when the Group performs under the contract. The following table presents the Group's contract balances as of December 31, 2018 and 2019: December 31, 2018 December 31, 2019 Contract assets 21,779,221 23,093,235 Customer deposits (note 14) 1,921,851,255 1,106,098,647 The amount of revenue recognized during the year ended December 31, 2019 and included in the customer deposits as of December 31, 2018 is US$1,188,040,187. Impact of adoption of ASC 606 As of January 1, 2018, the Group adopted ASU No. 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606),” as modified (ASC606), using the modified retrospective method, which the Group does not adjust prior periods. The Group applied the rules to all open contracts existing as of January 1, 2018, recording a decrease of US$315.2 million to total equity for the cumulative effect of the change, with an increase real estate properties development completed of US$35.1 million, real estate properties under development of US$1,176.1 million, contract asset of US$15.6 million and other non-current assets of US$68.2 million, other current asset reductions of US$61.2 million, increase customer deposits of US$1,602.0 million, other current liabilities reductions of US$17.7 million and non-current liabilities reductions of US$35.3 million. A significant portion of the Group’s revenue is derived from real estate sales of development properties in the PRC. Prior to the adoption of ASC 606, the Group recognizes revenue using the percentage-of-completion (“POC”) method. Under ASC 606, to recognize revenue over time similar to the POC method, contractual provisions need to provide the Group with an enforceable right to payment. Historically, the Group’s contracts did not include a specific term on enforceable right to payment. For all contracts executed starting from January 1, 2018, the Group modified certain terms to establish an enforceable right to payment for performance completed to date, including a reasonable profit. Under ASC 606, the Group recognizes revenue on an “over time” basis prospectively for these new contracts by using cost inputs to measure progress towards the completion of the performance obligation. For contracts that did not include enforceable right to payment terms, revenue is recognized at a point in time when title to the property is transferred to the customer upon the adoption of ASC 606. The following table summarizes the impact of adopting ASC 606 on consolidated statement of comprehensive income as of and for the year ended December 31, 2018. December 31, 2018 Amounts without Effects of adoption adoption Amounts of ASC606 of ASC606 as reported Consolidated statement of comprehensive income Revenue 1,896,940,997 320,610,288 2,217,551,285 Cost of revenue (1,499,457,049) (102,615,934) (1,602,072,983) Selling and distribution expenses (90,805,960) 7,214,309 (83,591,651) General and administrative expenses (155,805,869) (650,301) (156,456,170) Income taxes (93,887,973) (50,559,274) (144,447,247) Net income/(loss) (68,047,068) 173,999,088 105,952,020
Accounts receivable	(i) Accounts receivable Accounts receivable represents the Group’s right to an amount of consideration that is unconditional (i.e. only the passage of time is required before payment of the consideration is due). The Group’s account receivable consists of balances due from customers for the sale of residential units in the PRC and United States and real estate management service contracts. These balances are unsecured, bear no interest and are due within a year from the date of the sale. Accounts receivable are reviewed periodically as to whether their carrying value has become impaired. The Group considers the assets to be impaired if the collectability of the balances become doubtful. As of December 31, 2019, there was US$1,456,243 allowance for doubtful accounts (December 31, 2018: US$1,539,894).
Other receivables	(j) Other receivables Other receivables consist of various cash advances to unrelated companies and individuals with which the Group has business relationships. Other receivables are reviewed periodically as to whether their carrying value has become impaired. The Group considers the assets to be impaired if the collectability of the balances becomes doubtful. As of December 31, 2019, there was US$8,313,052 allowance for doubtful accounts (December 31, 2018: US$10,594,423).
Deposits for land use rights	(k) Deposits for land use rights Deposits for land use rights consist of upfront cash payments made to local land bureaus to secure land use rights under executed short-term or long-term land framework cooperation agreements or land use rights agreements. Deposits for land use rights are reviewed periodically as to whether their carrying value has become impaired. The Group considers the assets to be impaired if the collectability of the balances become doubtful. There were no impairment losses for any periods presented.
Other deposits and prepayments	(l) Other deposits and prepayments Other deposits and prepayments mainly consist of upfront cash payments made to third parties related to the direct negotiation model in acquiring land parcels and prepaid tax. Other deposits and prepayments are reviewed periodically as to whether their carrying value has become impaired. The Group considers the assets to be impaired if the collectability of the balances become doubtful. There were no impairment losses for any periods presented.
Advances to suppliers	(m) Advances to suppliers Advances to suppliers consist of balances paid to contractors and vendors for services and materials that have not been provided or received and generally relate to the development and construction of residential units in the PRC. Advances to suppliers are reviewed periodically to determine whether their carrying value has become impaired. The Group considers the assets to be impaired if it is doubtful that the services and materials can be provided. As of December 31, 2018 and 2019, there was no allowance provided.
Customer deposits	(n) Customer deposits Customer deposits consist of sales proceeds received from customers from the sale of residential units in the PRC. In the PRC, customers will generally obtain financing for the purchase of their residential unit prior to the completion of the project. The lending institution will provide the funding to the Group upon the completion of the financing rather than the completion of the project. The Group receives these funds and recognizes them as a customer deposit current liability until the revenue can be recognized.
Notes payable and other payables	(o) Notes payable and other payables Notes payable represents short-term bank acceptance notes issued by financial institutions that entitle the holder to receive the stated amount from the financial institutions at the maturity date of the notes. The Group has utilized notes payable to settle amounts owed to suppliers and contractors. The notes payable is non-interest bearing and is normally settled within six months. Notes payable was US$49,652,091 and US$271,096,538 as of December 31, 2018 and 2019, respectively. Other payables consist of balances for non-construction costs with unrelated companies and individuals with which the Group has business relationships.
Real estate properties held for lease, net	(p) Real estate properties held for lease, net Real estate properties held for lease are recorded at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Estimated useful lives of the real estate properties held for lease are 20-60 years. Maintenance, repairs and minor renewals are charged directly to expenses as incurred. Major additions and improvements to the real estate properties held for lease are capitalized. In accordance with ASC 360, Property, Plant and Equipment , real estate properties held for lease is subject to valuation adjustments when the carrying amount exceeds fair value. An impairment loss is recognized only if the carrying amount of the assets is not recoverable and exceeds fair value. The carrying amount is not recoverable if it exceeds the sum of the undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by the assets. For the periods presented, the Group did not recognize any impairment for real estate properties held for lease.
Property and equipment, net	(q) Property and equipment, net Property and equipment are recorded at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Estimated useful lives of the assets are as follows: Corporate aircraft 15 years Vehicles 5 years Furniture and fixtures 5 years Office buildings 20‑60 years Maintenance, repairs and minor renewals are charged directly to expense as incurred unless such expenditures extend the useful life or represent a betterment, in which case they are capitalized.
Long-term investments	(r) Long-term Investments The Group’s long-term investments consist of equity method investments and equity investments without readily determinable fair value. Equity method Investments Where the Group has significant influence over the investee, the Group applies the equity method of accounting in accordance with ASC subtopic 323‑10‑20, Investments-Equity Method and Joint Ventures (“ASC 323‑10‑20”). The reporting dates and accounting policies of the equity investee are the same as the Group. The investment in the equity investee is stated at cost, including the Group’s share of the equity investee’s net gain or loss, less any impairment in value. The Group recognizes in its consolidated statement of comprehensive income its share of the net income (loss) of the equity investees. The Company periodically evaluate whether declines in fair values of our investments indicate impairment and whether declines in fair value of our investments below their book value are other-than-temporary. Nonmarketable equity securities Nonmarketable equity securities are investments in privately held companies without readily determinable market values. On January 1, 2018, the Group adopted ASU 2016‑01, pursuant to which, for equity investments without readily determinable fair value, the Group elected to use the measurement alternative to measure those investments at cost, less any impairment, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for identical or similar investments of the same issuer, if any. All gains and losses on nonmarketable equity securities, realized and unrealized, are recognized in earnings. The Group performs a qualitative assessment of whether the investment is impaired at each reporting date. If a qualitative assessment indicates that the investment is impaired, the entity has to estimate the investment’s fair value in accordance with the principles of ASC 820. If the fair value is less than the investment’s carrying value, the entity recognizes an impairment loss in net income equal to the difference between the carrying value and fair value.
Capitalized interest	(s) Capitalized interest The Group capitalizes interest as a component of building construction costs in accordance with ASC 835, Interest (“ASC 835”). As a result of the total interest costs capitalized during the period, the interest expense for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, was as follows: 2017 2018 2019 US$ US$ US$ Amortization of issuance cost related to long-term debt 4,384,801 8,624,334 8,132,103 Interest expense of finance leases 1,705,739 1,385,292 973,842 Interest on borrowings 197,410,532 271,831,465 308,747,957 Total interest costs 203,501,072 281,841,091 317,853,902 Total interest costs capitalized (137,347,632) (182,595,395) (204,078,542) Interest expense, net 66,153,440 99,245,696 113,775,360
Retirement benefits	(t) Retirement benefits Regulations in the PRC require the Group to contribute to a defined contribution retirement plan for all permanent employees. Pursuant to the mandatory requirement from the local authority in the PRC, the retirement pension insurance, unemployment insurance, health insurance and housing fund were established for the employees during the term they are employed. For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, the Group is obligated to contribute for each employee an amount equal to 45%, 45% and 40%, respectively, of last year average salary determined by the Social Welfare Bureau. For the year ended December 31, 2019, the Group recorded expense in the amount of US$20,420,474 (2017: US$17,101,606; 2018: US$18,422,330).
Distribution of earnings and reserve fund	(u) Distribution of earnings and reserve fund The Company’s ability to pay dividends is primarily dependent on the Company receiving distributions from its subsidiaries. The earnings reflected in the consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP differ from those reflected in the statutory financial statements of the Company’s subsidiaries. In accordance with the PRC Company Law, the PRC subsidiaries are required to transfer 10% of their profit after tax, as determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations, to the statutory surplus reserve (the “SSR”) until such reserve reaches 50% of the registered capital of the subsidiaries. Subject to certain restrictions set out in the PRC Company Law, the SSR may be distributed to stockholders in the form of share bonus issued to increase share capital, provided that the remaining balance after the capitalization is not less than 25% of the registered capital before capital increase.
Income taxes	(v) Income taxes The Group accounts for income tax using the balance sheet method. Deferred taxes are provided for the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes, as well as unutilized net operating losses. A valuation allowance is provided for deferred tax assets if it is more likely than not these items will either expire before the Group is able to realize their benefits, or that future utilization is uncertain. The Group assesses its need for valuation allowances by tax reporting unit by jurisdiction. Late payment interests and penalties arising from underpayment of income taxes is recognized according to the relevant tax law. The amount of interest expense to be recognized is computed by applying the applicable statutory rate of interest to the difference between the tax position recognized and the amount previously taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. Interest recognized in accordance with ASC 740‑10, Income Tax (“ASC 740‑10”) is classified in the consolidated financial statements as interest expense, while penalties recognized in accordance with this interpretation are classified in the consolidated financial statements as other expenses. In accordance with the provisions of ASC 740‑10, the Group recognizes in its consolidated financial statements the impact of a tax position if a tax return’s position or future tax position is “more likely than not” to prevail (defined as a likelihood of more than fifty percent of being sustained upon audit, based on the technical merits of the tax position). Tax positions that meet the “more likely than not” threshold are measured (using a probability weighted approach) at the largest amount of tax benefit that has a greater than fifty percent likelihood of being realized upon settlement. The Group’s estimated liability for unrecognized tax benefits is periodically assessed for adequacy and may be affected by changing interpretations of laws, rulings by tax authorities, certain changes and/or developments with respect to audits, and expiration of the statute of limitations. The outcome for a particular audit cannot be determined with certainty prior to the conclusion of the audit and, in some cases, appeal or litigation process. The actual benefits ultimately realized may differ from the Group’s estimates. As each audit is concluded, adjustments, if any, are appropriately recorded in the Group’s consolidated financial statements. Additionally, in future periods, changes in facts, circumstances, and new information may require the Group to adjust the recognition and measurement estimates with regards to individual tax positions. Changes in recognition and measurement estimates are recognized in the period in which the changes occur.
Land Appreciation Tax ("LAT")	(w) Land Appreciation Tax (“LAT”) In accordance with the relevant taxation laws for real estate companies of the provinces in which the subsidiaries operate in the PRC, the local tax authorities levy LAT based on progressive rates ranging from 30% to 60% on the appreciation of land value, being the proceeds of sales of properties less deductible expenditures, generally including borrowing costs and relevant property development expenditures. LAT is generally prepaid based on a fixed percentage (varying by local tax jurisdiction) of customer deposits and is expensed when the related revenue is recognized.
Comprehensive income	(x) Comprehensive income Comprehensive income is defined as the changes in equity of the Group during a period from transactions and other events and circumstances excluding transactions resulting from investments by owners and distributions to owners. Among other disclosures, ASC 220, Comprehensive Income , requires that all items that are required to be recognized under current accounting standards as components of comprehensive income be reported in a financial statement that is displayed with the same prominence as other financial statements. For each of the periods presented, the Group’s comprehensive income includes net income and foreign currency translation adjustments and is presented in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income.
Advertising and promotion expenses	(y) Advertising and promotion expenses Advertising and promotion costs are expensed as incurred, or the first time the activity takes place, in accordance with ASC 720‑35, Advertising Costs . For the year ended December 31, 2019, the Group recorded advertising and promotion expenses of US$62,341,805 (2017: US$53,932,462; 2018: US$56,575,316).
Leases	(z) Leases The Company adopted ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) (“ASU 2016-02”) from January 1, 2019 by using the modified retrospective method and did not restate the comparable periods. The Company has elected the package of practical expedients, which allows the Company to carry forward our original assessment of whether contracts contained lease, lease classification, and the initial direct cost. Lastly, the Company elected the short-term lease exemption for all contracts with lease terms of 12 months or less. The Group determines if an arrangement is or contains a lease at inception or modification of a contract. A contract is or contains a lease if the contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period in exchange for consideration. Control over the use of the identified asset means the lessee has both (a) the right to obtain substantially all of the economic benefits from the use of the asset and (b) the right to direct the use of the asset. Lessee The Group categorizes leases with contractual terms longer than twelve months as either operating or finance. Finance leases are generally those leases that transfer ownership to the Group or allow the Group to purchase assets at a nominal amount by the end of the lease term. Assets acquired under finance leases are recorded in property and equipment, net and real estate properties held for lease, net. All other leases are recorded as operating lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets. Lease liability is recorded based the present value of the lease payments over the lease term using a discount rate at commencement date. As the implicit rate in the Group’s leases is not typically readily available, the Group uses an incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the lease commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. This incremental borrowing rate reflects the fixed rate at which the Group could borrow on a collateralized basis the amount of the lease payments in the same currency, for a similar term, in a similar economic environment. Leased assets are recognized based on the initial present value of the lease payments, reduced by lease incentives. Operating lease expense for lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The expected lease terms are based on the non-cancelable term of the lease and may contain options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that the Group will exercise that option.Finance lease assets are amortized in a manner consistent with the Group’s normal depreciation policy for owned assets. Variable lease payments not dependent on an index or rate are excluded from the ROU assets and lease liability calculations and are recognized in expense in the period which the obligation for those payments is incurred.
Property warranty	Upon adoption, the Company recognized ROU assets of US$15.0 million and total lease liability (including current and non-current) of US$14.4 million for operating leases as of January 1, 2019. The impact of adopting ASU 2016-02 on the Company’s opening retained earnings and current year net income was insignificant. As of December 31, 2019, the Company recognized operating lease ROU assets of US$11.8 million and total lease liability US$11.2 million, including current portion of US$4.9 million for operating lease. Lessor As a lessor, the Company's leases are classified as operating leases under ASC 842, and thus the pattern of recognition of real estate lease income remains unchanged from previous lease accounting guidance. Leases, in which the Group is the lessor, are substantially all accounted for as operating leases and the lease components and non-lease components are accounted for separately. (aa) Property warranty The Company and its subsidiaries provide customers with assurance-type warranties which cover major defects of building structure and certain fittings and facilities of properties sold as stipulated in the relevant sales contracts. The warranty period varies from two months to three years, depending on different property components the warranty covers. The Group regularly estimates potential costs for materials and labor with regards to warranty-type claims expected to be incurred subsequent to the delivery of a property. The Group regularly monitors the warranty reserve and makes adjustments to its pre-existing warranties, if any, in order to reflect changes in trends and historical data as information becomes available. The Group may seek recourse against its contractors or any related third parties if it can be demonstrated they are at fault. In addition, the Group withholds up to 5% of the contract cost from sub-contractors for periods of two to five years. These amounts are included in current liabilities, and are only paid to the extent that there has been no warranty claim against the Group relating to the work performed or materials supplied by the subcontractors. For the periods presented, the Group had not recognized any warranty liability nor incurred any warranty costs in excess of the amount retained from subcontractors.
Earnings per share	(ab) Earnings per share Earnings per share are calculated in accordance with ASC 260, Earnings per Share . Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing net income attributable to holders of common shares by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per common share reflects the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts to issue common shares were exercised or converted into common shares. Common share equivalents consists of common shares issuable upon the exercise of the share options and vesting of restricted shares units using treasury stock method. Common equivalents shares are excluded from the computation of diluted earnings per share if their effects would be anti-dilutive. The non-vested options granted with performance conditions are excluded in the computation of diluted EPS unless the options are dilutive and unless their conditions (a) have been satisfied at the reporting date or (b) would have been satisfied if the reporting date was the end of the contingency period.
Treasury Shares	(ac) Treasury Shares The Company accounted for shares repurchased as treasury shares at cost in accordance to ASC Subtopic 505‑30, Treasury Shares . When the Company decides to retire the treasury shares, the difference between the original issuance price and the repurchase price may be allocated between additional paid-in capital and retained earnings. On July 12, 2013, the Board of Directors unanimously authorized management to repurchase up to US$60 million of the Company’s shares from the approval date to July 5, 2015. On December 28, 2015, the Board of Directors unanimously authorized management to repurchase up to US$40 million of the Company’s shares from the approval date to the end of 2017. The Board of Directors review the Company’s share repurchase program periodically and to adjust the amount authorized for repurchase as necessary. On March 21, 2017, the Board of Directors unanimously authorized management to repurchase up to US$40 million of the Company’s shares from the approval date to the end of 2019. On August 14, 2018, the Board of Directors unanimously authorized management to repurchase up to US$50 million of the Company’s shares from the approval date to the end of 2019. On May 20, 2019, the Board of Directors unanimously authorized management to repurchase up to US$50 million of the Company's shares from the approval date to the end of 2021. As of December 31, 2019, the Company had a balance of 52,850,536 (2018: 41,135,198) treasury shares amounting to US$113,719,964 (2018: US$87,639,088).
Senior Secured Notes	(ad) Senior Secured Notes On August 30, 2016, the Company issued notes with an aggregate principal amount of US$300,000,000 due on August 30, 2019 (the “August 2019 Senior Secured Notes”) at a coupon rate of 8.125% per annum payable semi-annually. Interest is payable on February 28 and August 30 of each year, commencing February 28, 2017. The August 2019 Senior Secured Notes have a three year term maturing on August 30, 2019. Given that the August 2019 Senior Secured Notes is debt in its legal form and is not a derivative in its entirety, it has been classified as other long-term debt. The Company has evaluated and determined that there was no embedded derivative requiring bifurcation from the August 2019 Senior Secured Notes under the requirements of ASC 815. The embedded redemption options and repurchase features did not qualify for derivative accounting because the embedded derivatives were considered clearly and closely related to the characteristics of the August 2019 Senior Secured Notes. The August 2019 Senior Secured Notes were issued at par. On February 28, 2017, the Company issued notes with an aggregate principal amount of US$300,000,000 due on February 28, 2021 (the “February 2021 Senior Secured Notes”) at a coupon rate of 7.75% per annum payable semi-annually. Interest is payable on February 28 and August 28 of each year, commencing August 28, 2017. The February 2021 Senior Secured Notes have a four year term maturing on February 28, 2021. Given that the February 2021 Senior Secured Notes is debt in its legal form and is not a derivative in its entirety, it has been classified as other long-term debt. The Company has evaluated and determined that there was no embedded derivative requiring bifurcation from the February 2021 Senior Secured Notes under the requirements of ASC 815. The embedded redemption options and repurchase features did not qualify for derivative accounting because the embedded derivatives were considered clearly and closely related to the characteristics of the February 2021 Senior Secured Notes. The February 2021 Senior Secured Notes were issued at a discount. On November 22, 2017 and December 1, 2017, the Company issued notes with an aggregate principal amount of US$200,000,000 and US$100,000,000 due on November 22, 2020 (the “November 2020 Senior Secured Notes”) at a coupon rate of 8.875% per annum payable semi-annually. Interest will be payable on November 22 and May 22 of each year, commencing May 22, 2018. The November 2020 Senior Secured Notes have a three year term maturing on November 22, 2020. Given that the November 2020 Senior Secured Notes is debt in its legal form and is not a derivative in its entirety, it has been classified as other long-term debt. The Company has evaluated and determined that there was no embedded derivative requiring bifurcation from the November 2020 Senior Secured Notes under the requirements of ASC 815. The embedded redemption options and repurchase features did not qualify for derivative accounting because the embedded derivatives were considered clearly and closely related to the characteristics of the November 2020 Senior Secured Notes. The November 2020 Senior Secured Notes were issued at a discount. On March 19, 2018, the Company issued notes with an aggregate principal amount of US$200,000,000 due on March 19, 2020 (the “March 2020 Senior Secured Notes”) at a coupon rate of 9.875% per annum payable semi-annually. Interest is payable on March 19 and September 19 of each year, commencing September 19, 2018. The March 2020 Senior Secured Notes have a two year term maturing on March 19, 2020. Given that the March 2020 Senior Secured Notes is debt in its legal form and is not a derivative in its entirety, it has been classified as other long-term debt. The Company has evaluated and determined that there was no embedded derivative requiring bifurcation from the March 2020 Senior Secured Notes under the requirements of ASC 815. The embedded redemption options and repurchase features did not qualify for derivative accounting because the embedded derivatives were considered clearly and closely related to the characteristics of the March 2020 Senior Secured Notes. The March 2020 Senior Secured Notes were issued at a discount. On April 15, 2019 and April 26, 2019, the Company issued notes with an aggregate principal amount of US$200,000,000 and US$100,000,000 due on October 15, 2021 (the “October 2021 Senior Secured Notes”) at a coupon rate of 14.20% per annum payable semi-annually. Interest is payable on April 15 and October 15 of each year, commencing October 15, 2019. The October 2021 Senior Secured Notes have a two and a half years term maturing on October 15, 2021. Given that the October 2021 Senior Secured Notes is debt in its legal form and is not a derivative in its entirety, it has been classified as other long-term debt. The Company has evaluated and determined that there was no embedded derivative requiring bifurcation from the October 2021 Senior Secured Notes under the requirements of ASC 815. The embedded redemption options and repurchase features did not qualify for derivative accounting because the embedded derivatives were considered clearly and closely related to the characteristics of the October 2021 Senior Secured Notes. The October 2021 Senior Secured Notes were issued at a premium. Onshore corporate bonds During the periods presented, Xinyuan China issued a series of onshore corporate bonds. Given that each onshore corporate bond individually is debt in its legal form and is not a derivative in its entirety, it has been classified as other long-term debt. The Company has evaluated and determined that there was no embedded derivative requiring bifurcation from these onshore corporate bonds under the requirements of ASC 815. The onshore corporate bonds were issued at par.
Short-term investments	(ae) Short-term investments All highly liquid investments with original maturities of greater than three months, but less than 12 months, are classified as short-term investments. Investments that are expected to be realized in cash during the next 12 months are also included in short-term investments. Equity investments that have readily determinable fair values are measured at fair value with changes recognized in gain(loss) on short-term investments in consolidated statements of comprehensive income. Equity investments without readily determinable fair values and for which we do not have the ability to exercise significant influence are accounted for at cost with adjustments for observable changes in prices or impairments.
Assets acquisition and business combinations	(af) Assets acquisition and business combinations Pursuant to ASC 805, Business Combinations (“ASC 805”), the Company determines whether a transaction or other event is a business combination by applying the definition below, which requires that the assets acquired and liabilities assumed constitute a business. The guidance requires an entity to first evaluate whether substantially all of the fair value of the gross assets acquired is concentrated in a single identifiable asset or a group of similar identifiable assets. If that threshold is met, the set of assets and activities is not a business. If it is not met, the entity evaluates whether the set meets the definition of a business. ASC 805 defines a business as consisting of inputs and processes applied to those inputs that have the ability to contribute to the creation of outputs. Inputs are defined as economic resources, while processes are defined as protocols, systems or standards. Inputs and processes create, or have the ability to contribute to the creation of, outputs. Outputs are often present in businesses but are not required to meet the definition of a business. To be considered a business under ASC 805, the acquisition of net assets must include, at a minimum, an input and a substantive process that together significantly contribute to the ability to create outputs. If the assets acquired are not a business, the reporting entity shall account for the transaction or other event as an assets acquisition. The Company accounted for its acquisitions of Suzhou Yefang, Wuhan Yinghexin and Qingdao Keda as asset acquisitions either because the fair value of the gross assets acquired is concentrated in a single identifiable asset or a group of similar identifiable assets or the acquired entities had no processes in place to apply to inputs to have the ability to create outputs.
Non-controlling interests	(ag) Non-controlling interests A non-controlling interest is recognized to reflect the portion of their equity which is not attributable, directly or indirectly, to the Group. Consolidated net income on the consolidated statements of comprehensive income includes the net loss/(income) attributable to non-controlling interests. The cumulative results of operations attributable to non-controlling interests are recorded as non-controlling interests in the Group’s consolidated balance sheets. Losses attributable to the Group and the non-controlling interest in a subsidiary may exceed their interests in the subsidiary’s equity. The excess, and any further losses attributable to the Group and the non-controlling interest, shall continue to be attributed to those interests.
Effect of change in estimate	(ah) Effect of change in estimate Revisions in estimated gross profit margins related to estimated costs and revenues are made in the period in which circumstances requiring the revisions become known. During the year ended December 31, 2019, real estate development projects (Zhengzhou International New City IV, Zhengzhou Hangmei International Wisdom City I, Henan Xin Central I, Jinan Royal Palace, Chengdu Xinyuan City and Sanya Yazhou Bay No.1), which recognized gross profit in 2018, had changes in their estimated gross profit margins. As these projects moved closer to completion during 2019, the Company adjusted its prior estimates related to selling prices and development costs. As a result of the changes in estimate above, gross profit, net income and basic and diluted earnings per share decreased by US$59.1 million (2017: decreased US$11.1 million, 2018: increased US$34.5 million), US$44.3 million(2017: decreased US$8.3 million, 2018: increased US$25.9 million ), US$0.39 per share (2017: decreased US$0.06 per share, 2018: increased US$0.20 per share), and US$0.39 per share (2017: decreased US$0.06 per share, 2018: increased US$0.20 per share), respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2019.
Share-based compensation	(ai) Share-based compensation The Group has adopted ASC 718, Compensation-Stock Compensation , which requires that share-based payment transactions with employees, such as restricted shares or stock options, be measured based on the grant-date fair value of the equity instrument issued, and the Company has elected to recognize compensation expense using the straight-line method for all restricted shares and stock options granted with service conditions that have a graded vesting schedule. In addition, the Company recognizes share-based compensation expense net of an estimated forfeiture rate and therefore, only recognizes compensation cost for those shares expected to vest over the service period of the award. The estimation of the forfeiture rate is primarily based on historical experience of employee turnover. To the extent the Company revises this estimate in the future, the share-based payments could be materially impacted in the year of revision, as well as in the following years. The Company also has a policy of using authorized shares in the existing pool to satisfy any future exercise of share options and shares repurchased held by a third party trustee to satisfy the RSUs granted under the Company’s 2014 Restricted Stock Unit plan. For options granted with performance conditions, share-based compensation expense is recognized based on the probable outcome of the performance condition using the accelerated method over the requisite service period. A performance condition is not taken into consideration in determining fair value of the non-vested shares granted. The fair value of liabilities incurred in share-based payment transactions with employees are remeasured at the end of each reporting period through settlement. Changes in the fair value of a liability incurred under a share-based payment arrangement that occur during the requisite service period are recognized as compensation costs over that period.
Segment Reporting	(aj) Segment Reporting In accordance with ASC 280, Segment Reporting , segment reporting is determined based on how the Group’s chief operating decision maker reviews operating results to make decisions about allocating resources and assessing performance for the Group. According to the management approach, the Group operates in geographical segments. Therefore, each of its individual property developments is a discrete operating segment. The Group has aggregated its segments on a geographical basis as property development projects undertaken within a region have similar expected economic characteristics, type of properties offering, customers and market and regulatory environment (Note 21).
Comparative information	(ak) Comparative information Certain of the prior year comparative figures have been reclassified to conform to the current year’s presentation.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements	(al) Recent Accounting Pronouncements In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016‑13, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses ("ASU 2016‑13"). The amendments in ASU 2016‑13 update guidance on reporting credit losses for financial assets. This ASU requires entities to measure credit losses for financial assets measured at amortized cost based on expected losses rather than incurred losses. For available-for-sale debt securities with unrealized losses, entities will be required to recognize credit losses through an allowance for credit losses. These amendments affect loans, debt securities, trade receivables, net investments in leases, off balance sheet credit exposures, reinsurance receivables, and any other financial assets not excluded from the scope that have the contractual right to receive cash. For public business entities that are U.S. SEC filers, ASU 2016‑13 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods within those fiscal years. The Group is currently evaluating the impact on its consolidated financial statements of adopting this guidance. In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-04, Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment (“ASU 2017-04”), which simplifies the accounting for goodwill impairment by eliminating Step two from the goodwill impairment test. If the carrying amount of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value, an impairment loss shall be recognized in an amount equal to that excess, versus determining an implied fair value in Step two to measure the impairment loss. The guidance is effective for annual and interim impairment tests performed in periods beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted for all entities for annual and interim goodwill impairment testing dates on or after January 1, 2017. The guidance should be applied on a prospective basis. The Group does not believe the adoption of ASU 2017-04 will have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements. In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework- Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement . The update eliminates, modifies, and adds certain disclosure requirements for fair value measurements. This update is effective in fiscal years, including interim periods, beginning after December 15, 2019, and early adoption is permitted. The added disclosure requirements and the modified disclosure on the narrative description of measurement uncertainty should be applied prospectively for only the most recent interim or annual period presented. All other changes to disclosure requirements in this update should be applied retrospectively to all periods presented upon their effective date. The Group does not believe the adoption of ASU 2018-13 will have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements. In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-15, Intangibles-Goodwill and Other-Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Customer's Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract . This update requires a customer in a cloud computing arrangement that is a service contract to follow the internal-use software guidance in ASC 350-40 to determine which implementation costs to defer and recognize as an asset. This update is effective in fiscal years, including interim periods, beginning after December 15, 2019, and early adoption is permitted. This guidance should be applied either retrospectively or prospectively to all implementation costs incurred after the date of adoption. The Group does not believe the adoption of ASU 2018-15 will have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements. In November 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-18, Collaborative Arrangements (Topic 808): Clarifying the Interaction between Topic 808 and Topic 606. This update clarifies that certain transactions between participants in a collaborative arrangement should be accounted for under ASC 606 when the counterparty is a customer and precludes an entity from presenting consideration from a transaction in a collaborative arrangement as revenue from contracts with customers if the counterparty is not a customer for that transaction. The update is effective in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods therein, and early adoption is permitted for entities that have adopted ASC 606. This guidance should be applied retrospectively to the date of initial application of Topic 606. The Group does not believe the adoption of ASU 2018-18 will have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements. In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes . This update simplifies the accounting for income taxes as part of the FASB's overall initiative to reduce complexity in accounting standards. The amendments include removal of certain exceptions to the general principles of ASC 740, Income taxes, and simplification in several other areas such as accounting for a franchise tax (or similar tax) that is partially based on income. The update is effective in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020, and interim periods therein, and early adoption is permitted. Certain amendments in this update should be applied retrospectively or modified retrospectively, all other amendments should be applied prospectively. The Group is currently evaluating the impact on its financial statements of adopting this guidance.

Background information of bus_2

Background information of business and organization (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019
Background information of business and organization
Schedule of Subsidiaries and its Consolidated Variable Interest Entities	As of December 31, 2019, principal subsidiaries of the Company and its consolidated variable interest entities included the following entities: Percentage of Registered Place Equity and Date of Registered Attributable Principal Company Name Incorporation Capital to the Group Activities Subsidiary companies: Xinyuan International Property Investment Co., Ltd. Cayman Islands October 6, 2011 US$ 500,000 100 % Investment holding company Xinyuan International (HK) Property Investment Co., Ltd. Hong Kong October 26, 2011 HK$ 3,000,000 100 % Investment holding company XIN Development Group International Inc. United States November 10, 2011 US$ — 100 % Investment holding company Xinyuan Real Estate, Ltd. Cayman Islands January 27, 2006 US$ 50,000,000 100 % Investment holding company XIN Development Management East, LLC United States August 28, 2012 US$ 1,000 100 % Property management services XIN NY Holding, LLC United States August 29, 2012 US$ 1,000 100 % Investment holding company 421 Kent Development, LLC United States August 29, 2012 US$ 1,000 100 % Real estate development Xinyuan Sailing Co., Ltd. Hong Kong June 21, 2013 HK$ 3,000,000 100 % Investment holding company AWAN Plasma Sdn Bhd Malaysia April 16, 2007 MYR 33,577,000 100 % Real estate development XIN Eco Marine Group Properties Sdn Bhd Malaysia July 9, 2014 MYR 33,217,000 100 % Investment holding company Zhengzhou Jiasheng Real Estate Co., Ltd. PRC December 2, 2013 US$ 60,000,000 100 % Real estate development Xinyuan (China) Real Estate, Ltd. (“Xinyuan China”) PRC April 10, 2006 US$ 307,000,000 100 % Investment holding company Henan Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd. (“Henan Xinyuan”) PRC May 19, 1997 RMB 200,000,000 100 % Real estate development Qingdao Xinyuan Xiangrui Real Estate Co., Ltd. PRC February 9, 2006 RMB 10,000,000 100 % Real estate development Shandong Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd. PRC June 2, 2006 RMB 300,000,000 100 % Real estate development Xinyuan Property Management Service(Cayman) Ltd. Cayman islands December 13, 2018 HKD 50,000 67.5 % Investment holding company Xinyuan Property Management Service (BVI) Ltd British Virgin Islands January 2, 2019 USD — 67.5 % Investment holding company Xinyuan Property Management Service (HK) Limited HK January 8, 2019 HKD 1 67.5 % Investment holding company Xinyuan Science and Technology Service Group Co., Ltd. PRC December 28, 1998 RMB 50,000,000 67.5 % Property management services Mingyuan Landscape Engineering Co., Ltd. PRC February 17, 2004 RMB 50,000,000 100 % Landscaping engineering and management Henan Xinyuan Wanzhuo Real Estate Co., Ltd. PRC December 29, 2011 RMB 20,000,000 100 % Real estate development Suzhou Xinyuan Real Estate Development Co., Ltd. PRC November 24, 2006 RMB 200,000,000 100 % Real estate development Anhui Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd. PRC December 7, 2006 RMB 50,000,000 100 % Real estate development Kunshan Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd. PRC January 31, 2008 RMB 200,000,000 100 % Real estate development Xinyuan Real Estate (Chengdu) Co., Ltd. PRC June 12, 2007 RMB 220,000,000 100 % Real estate development Xuzhou Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd. PRC November 9, 2009 RMB 200,000,000 100 % Real estate development Henan Xinyuan Jiye Real Estate Co., Ltd. PRC November 15, 2009 RMB 50,000,000 100 % Real estate development Beijing Xinyuan Wanzhong Real Estate Co., Ltd. (“Beijing Wanzhong”) PRC March 4, 2008 RMB 900,000,000 100 % Real estate development Percentage of Registered Place Equity and Date of Registered Attributable Principal Company Name Incorporation Capital to the Group Activities Subsidiary companies: Xinyuan Renju (Beijing) Asset Management Co., Ltd. PRC January 16, 2009 RMB 30,000,000 100 % Management consulting service Beijing Xinyuan Priority Real Estate Consulting Co., Ltd. PRC March 8, 2012 RMB 30,000,000 100 % Real estate consulting services Henan Xinyuan Priority Commercial Management Co., Ltd. PRC August 10, 2012 RMB 2,000,000 100 % Leasing management services Suzhou Xinyuan Wanzhuo Real Estate Co., Ltd. (“Suzhou Wanzhuo”) (Note 18(a)) PRC September 20, 2012 RMB 200,000,000 20 % Real estate development Jiangsu Jiajing Real Estate Co., Ltd. PRC March 28, 2005 RMB 150,000,000 100 % Real estate development Xingyang Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd. PRC July 25, 2013 RMB 200,000,000 100 % Real estate development Jinan Xinyuan Wanzhuo Real Estate Co., Ltd. PRC December 4, 2013 RMB 300,000,000 100 % Real estate development Sanya Beida Science and Technology Park Industrial Development Co., Ltd. PRC January 10, 2014 RMB 200,000,000 100 % Real estate development Chengdu Xinyuan Wanzhuo Real Estate Co., Ltd. PRC February 21, 2014 RMB 50,000,000 100 % Real estate development Tianjin Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd. PRC September 17, 2014 RMB 100,000,000 100 % Real estate development Xi’an Yinghuai Square Commerce Management Co., Ltd. PRC November 25, 2014 RMB 3,000,000 100 % Retail store Changsha Xinyuan Wanzhuo Real Estate Co., Ltd. PRC April 3, 2014 RMB 100,000,000 100 % Real estate development Shanghai Junxin Real Estate Co., Ltd. PRC January 16, 2014 RMB 5,000,000 100 % Real estate development Beijing Yinghuai Commerce and Trade Co., Ltd. PRC January 5, 2015 RMB 30,000,000 100 % Retail store Beijing Xinhe Investment Development Co., Ltd. PRC May 5, 2015 RMB 5,000,000 100 % Investment holding company Henan Yinghuai Commerce and Trade Co., Ltd. PRC March 23, 2015 RMB 10,000,000 100 % Retail store Henan Xinyuan Guangsheng Real Estate Co., Ltd. PRC July 27, 2015 RMB 200,000,000 100 % Real estate development Shanghai Hexinli Property Management Center. (Limited partnership) PRC July 28, 2015 RMB 10,640,000 100 % Property management services Shandong Xinyuan Renju Real Estate Co., Ltd. PRC November 19, 2011 RMB 50,000,000 100 % Real estate development Shaanxi Zhongmao Economy Development Co., Ltd. PRC June 22, 1998 RMB 22,500,000 65.98 % Real estate development 421 Kent Holding Co, Ltd. United States May 2, 2014 US$ 1,000 100 % Investment holding company Hudson 888 Owner LLC United States October 22, 2015 US$ 1,000 100 % Real estate development XIN Manhattan Holding LLC United States December 9, 2015 US$ 1,000 100 % Investment holding company Hudson 888 Holding LLC United States December 9, 2015 US$ 1,000 100 % Investment holding company Shenzhen Xinchuang Investment Consulting Co., Ltd. PRC January 20, 2016 RMB 10,000,000 100 % Investment Percentage of Registered Place Equity and Date of Registered Attributable Principal Company Name Incorporation Capital to the Group Activities Subsidiary companies: Henan Xinyuan Quansheng Real Estate Co., Ltd. PRC January 14, 2015 RMB 40,000,000 100 % Real estate development Zhengzhou Shengdao Real Estate Co., Ltd. PRC October 14, 2013 RMB 20,000,000 100 % Real estate development Henan Xinyuan Shunsheng Real Estate Co., Ltd. PRC January 13, 2016 RMB 30,000,000 100 % Real estate development Hunan Erli Real Estate Co., Ltd. PRC January 4, 2008 RMB 50,000,000 100 % Real estate development XIN Queens Holding LLC United States July 6, 2016 US$ 1,000 100 % Investment holding company Queens Theatre Holdco LLC United States July 6, 2016 US$ 1,000 100 % Investment holding company Queens Theatre Owner LLC United States July 6, 2016 US$ 1,000 100 % Real estate development Zhengzhou Xinnan Real Estate Co., Ltd. PRC January 21, 2016 RMB 50,000,000 100 % Real estate development Xinyan Investment Management Co., Limited. PRC April 8, 2016 RMB 100,000,000 90 % Investment Hunan Xintian Real Estate Co., Ltd. PRC September 28, 2009 RMB 20,000,000 100 % Real estate development Zhengzhou Hangmei Technology Development Co., Ltd. PRC November 25, 2014 RMB 50,000,000 51 % Real estate development Zhengzhou Hangmei Zhengxing Technology Co., Ltd. (4) PRC March 28, 2016 RMB 50,000,000 30 % Real estate consulting services Xi’an Dingrun Real Estate Co., Ltd. PRC June 1, 2011 RMB 20,000,000 100 % Real estate development Zhengzhou Kangshengboda Real Estate Co., Ltd. PRC July 29, 2016 RMB 50,000,000 100 % Real estate development Xinjiang Xinyuan Renju Equity Investment., Ltd. PRC February 24, 2017 RMB 10,000,000 100 % Real estate consulting services Zhuhai Prince Real Estate Co., Ltd. PRC September 13, 1990 RMB 307,000,000 100 % Real estate development Henan Renxin Real Estate Co., Ltd. ("Henan Renxin") PRC July 11, 2008 RMB 200,000,000 51 % Real estate development Xinchuang Technology Co., Ltd. ("Xinchuang Technology ") PRC May 2, 2017 RMB 100,000,000 100 % Management consulting services Hangzhou Huiyuan Investment Management Partnership Enterprise. (Limited partnership) PRC May 23, 2017 RMB 5,000,000 100 % Investment holding company Guangdong Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd. PRC October 18, 2017 RMB 100,000,000 100 % Real estate development Taicang Pengchi Real Estate Co., Limited. (“Taicang Pengchi”) (Note 18(a)) PRC June 16, 2017 RMB 200,000,000 17 % Real estate development Khorgos XinYan Enterprise Management Consulting Co., Ltd. PRC December 4, 2017 RMB 5,000,000 100 % Management consulting services Hunan Huaiwei Business Management Co., Ltd. (1) PRC September 13, 2017 RMB 2,000,000 51 % Retail store Jinan Xinyuan Quansheng Real Estate Co., Ltd. The PRC May 25, 2018 RMB 50,000,000 100 % Real estate development Percentage of Registered Place Equity and Date of Registered Attributable Principal Company Name Incorporation Capital to the Group Activities Subsidiary companies: Xi'an Jinbian Shunsheng Real Estate Co., Ltd. (2) The PRC December 6, 2017 RMB 20,000,000 70 % Real estate development Suzhou Yuxi Real Estate Co., Limited. The PRC March 5, 2018 RMB 100,000,000 20 % Real estate development Xinchuang Sailing (Dalian) Healthy Technology Industrial Investment Co., Ltd. The PRC June 5, 2018 RMB 600,000,000 100 % Real estate development Dalian Xinyi Renju Real Estate Co., Ltd. The PRC June 26, 2018 RMB 100,000,000 100 % Real estate development Jiangxi Xinkai Renju Management Consulting Service., Ltd. The PRC August 28, 2018 RMB 10,000,000 100 % Real estate consulting services Beijing Xinyuan Huicheng Technology Development Co., Ltd. The PRC January 26, 2018 RMB 100,000,000 100 % Technical services Suzhou Yefang Real Estate Co., Limited. (“Suzhou Yefang”) (Note 18(b)) The PRC April 14, 2017 RMB 100,000,000 20 % Real estate development Chengdu Xinyuan Renju Enterprise Management Co., Ltd. (“Chengdu Renju”) The PRC October 26, 2017 RMB 50,000,000 100 % Real estate development Chengdu Guohongteng Real Estate Co., Ltd. The PRC July 16, 2010 RMB 1,673,179,200 100 % Real estate development Qingdao Keda Real Estate Co., Ltd. (“Qingdao Keda”) The PRC September 20, 2010 RMB 50,000,000 100 % Real estate development Wuhan Yinghexin Real Estate Co., Ltd. (“Wuhan Yinghexin”) The PRC January 15, 2014 RMB 100,000,000 100 % Real estate development Henan Xinyuan Property Management Co., Ltd. The PRC December 1, 2016 RMB 10,000,000 100 % Property management services Wuhu Xinyansuifeng NO.1 Investment Center (Limited partnership) The PRC November 22, 2017 RMB 1,501,000,000 100 % Investment holding company Zhuhai Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd. The PRC December 31, 2018 RMB 100,000,000 100 % Real estate development Jinan Renju Building Material Co., Ltd. The PRC January 2, 2019 RMB 50,000,000 100 % Sales of construction material Dalian Xinyi Yaju Real Estate Co., Ltd. The PRC January 16, 2019 RMB 100,000,000 100 % Real estate development Guangdong Xinchuang Kechuang Zhigu Development Co., Ltd. The PRC February 27,2019 RMB 100,000,000 100 % Real estate development Jiangxi Xinyuan Heju Enterprise Management Consulting Service Co., Ltd. The PRC Apirl 2,2019 RMB 10,000,000 100 % Management consulting services Beijing I-Journey Science and Technology Development Co., Ltd.("I-Journey") (3) The PRC October 20,2015 RMB 40,000,000 93 % Development and sales of robots Beijing Ruizhuo Xichuang Technology Development Co., Ltd.("Xichuang") (3) The PRC July 16,2015 RMB 30,000,000 93 % Real estate brokerage Beijing Ruizhuo Xitou Development Co., Ltd. (" Xitou") (3) The PRC July 16,2015 RMB 30,000,000 85 % Internet platform for real estate property financing Beijing Future Xinzhihui Technology Development Center (Limited Partnership) (" Xinzhihui") (3) The PRC December 16,2016 RMB 30,000,000 90.67 % Investment holding company Beijing Future Xinhujin Technology Development Center (Limited Partnership) ("Xinhujin") (3) The PRC December 30,2016 RMB 20,000,000 89.5 % Investment holding company Beijing Future Xinruifeng Technology Development Center (Limited Partnership) ("Xinruifeng ") (3) The PRC February 23,2017 RMB 20,000,000 77.5 % Investment holding company Beijing Ruihao Rongtong Real Estate Co., Ltd. ("Ruihao Rongtong") PRC June 15, 2006 RMB 250,000,000 100 % Real estate development VIE: Beijing Yuzhouyun Technology Development Center (Limited partnership)) and its subsidiary (“Yuzhouyun”) (Note 2(a) The PRC March 2, 2018 RMB 18,388,300 51 % Technical services (1) Liquidated on December 10, 2019. (2) Liquidated on June 10, 2019. (3) Acquired on November 30,2019.

Summary of significant accoun_3

Summary of significant accounting policies (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019
Schedule of Information Related to VIE's	The carrying amounts and classifications of the assets and liabilities of the VIE are as follows: December 31, 2018 US$ Current assets 174,366,164 Non-current assets 247,753 Total assets 174,613,917 Current liabilities 151,609,433 Non-current liabilities — Total liabilities 151,609,433 The financial performance and cash flows of the VIE are as follows: Year ended December 31, 2018 US$ Revenue — Cost of revenue — Net loss (4,786,363) Net cash used in operating activities (8,804,491) Net cash used in investing activities — Net cash provided by financing activities 8,949,715
Disaggregation of Revenue	Other revenue includes services ancillary to the Group's real estate projects, including construction service revenue and software consulting service income. Construction service revenue and software consulting service income are recognized when services are provided as the customer simultaneously benefits from the services as they are performed. For the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2019, revenue is recognized and disaggregated by major source as below: 2018 2019 US$ US$ Real estate sales 2,139,370,792 2,387,031,568 Real estate management services income 63,447,420 67,488,169 Other revenue 5,148,101 11,984,304 Revenue from contracts with customers 2,207,966,313 2,466,504,041 Real estate lease income 9,584,972 16,128,771 Total revenue 2,217,551,285 2,482,632,812
Contract with Customer, Asset and Liability	The following table presents the Group's contract balances as of December 31, 2018 and 2019: December 31, 2018 December 31, 2019 Contract assets 21,779,221 23,093,235 Customer deposits (note 14) 1,921,851,255 1,106,098,647
Schedule of impact of adopting ASC 606 on consolidated statement of comprehensive income	December 31, 2018 Amounts without Effects of adoption adoption Amounts of ASC606 of ASC606 as reported Consolidated statement of comprehensive income Revenue 1,896,940,997 320,610,288 2,217,551,285 Cost of revenue (1,499,457,049) (102,615,934) (1,602,072,983) Selling and distribution expenses (90,805,960) 7,214,309 (83,591,651) General and administrative expenses (155,805,869) (650,301) (156,456,170) Income taxes (93,887,973) (50,559,274) (144,447,247) Net income/(loss) (68,047,068) 173,999,088 105,952,020
Schedule Of Useful Lives	Estimated useful lives of the assets are as follows: Corporate aircraft 15 years Vehicles 5 years Furniture and fixtures 5 years Office buildings 20‑60 years
Schedule Of Interest Expense	As a result of the total interest costs capitalized during the period, the interest expense for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, was as follows: 2017 2018 2019 US$ US$ US$ Amortization of issuance cost related to long-term debt 4,384,801 8,624,334 8,132,103 Interest expense of finance leases 1,705,739 1,385,292 973,842 Interest on borrowings 197,410,532 271,831,465 308,747,957 Total interest costs 203,501,072 281,841,091 317,853,902 Total interest costs capitalized (137,347,632) (182,595,395) (204,078,542) Interest expense, net 66,153,440 99,245,696 113,775,360
Beijing Yuzhouyun Technology Development Center [Member]
Schedule of Information Related to VIE's	The carrying amounts and classifications of the assets and liabilities of Yuzhouyun are as follows: December 31, December 31, 2018 2019 US$ US$ Current assets 5,775,479 2,214,155 Non-current assets 3,557,562 4,244,195 Total assets 9,333,041 6,458,350 Current liabilities 11,808,683 13,967,333 Non-current liabilities — — Total liabilities 11,808,683 13,967,333 The financial performance and cash flows of Yuzhouyun are as follows: Year ended Year ended December 31, December 31, 2018 2019 US$ US$ Revenue 7,991,038 12,555,974 Cost of revenue (1,559,129) (3,682,899) Net loss (1,929,266) (1,796,997) Net cash provided by operating activities 519,050 368,379 Net cash used in investing activities (255,509) (1,885) Net cash used in financing activities — (52,503)

Short-term investments (Tables)

Short-term investments (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019
Short-term investments
Schedule of Short-term Investments	December 31, 2018 US$ Fair Unrealized value Cost gain in profit Level 1 REITs 8,442,063 7,291,863 1,150,200 Total 8,442,063 7,291,863 1,150,200 December 31, 2019 US$ Fair Unrealized value Cost loss in profit Level 1 Equity securities with readily determinable fair value 2,076,443 3,700,257 (1,623,814) Level 3 Equity securities without readily determinable fair value 3,519,182 3,519,182 — Total 5,595,625 7,219,439 (1,623,814)

Other receivables (Tables)

Other receivables (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019
Other receivables
Schedule of Other Receivables	December 31, 2019 US$ Henan Derun Real Estate Co. Ltd (“Henan Derun”) 124,436,299 Zhengzhou Jiahe Real Estate Co. Ltd (“Zhengzhou Jiahe”) 67,429,462 Zhangjiakou Xingyuan City Construction Development Co. Ltd 19,696,568 Huzhou Xinhong Jingcheng Construction and Development Co. Ltd 16,369,944 Due from contractors 24,444,823 Others 34,923,080 Other receivables 287,300,176

Real estate properties develo_2

Real estate properties development completed and under development (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019
Real estate properties development completed and under development
Schedule of components of real estate properties development completed and under development	The following summarizes the components of real estate properties development completed and under development at December 31, 2018 and 2019: December 31, December 31, 2018 2019 US$ US$ Development completed: Zhengzhou Century East A 4,000,881 3,913,910 Suzhou International City Garden 1,460,187 1,579,238 Jinan Xinyuan Splendid 4,952,551 5,175,618 Zhengzhou Xin City 14,946,209 11,094,087 Beijing Xindo Park 42,003,855 41,462,271 Suzhou Lake Royal Palace 4,880,245 4,966,527 Xingyang Splendid I 16,616,861 3,201,168 Zhengzhou Thriving Family 14,908,355 11,397,709 Shanghai Yipin Royal Palace 82,320,988 80,709,011 New York Oosten 127,749,947 1,201,783 Chengdu Thriving Family 88,492,260 64,327,235 Sanya Yazhou Bay No.1 31,716,745 6,627,299 Xi’an Metropolitan 48,352,943 43,103,208 Kunshan Royal Palace 8,279,289 5,742,133 Jinan Xin Central 41,158,302 29,175,427 Changsha Xinyuan Splendid 7,340,408 7,540,854 Zhengzhou Fancy City II (South) 151,224 1,263,824 Kunshan Xindo Park 23,673,323 8,251,834 Zhengzhou Xindo Park 13,794,988 8,301,650 Zhengzhou Fancy City I 19,329,493 17,254,407 Henan Xin Central I 36,230,637 14,913,267 Xuzhou Colorful City — 5,547,620 Henan Xin Central II — 9,884,003 Zhengzhou International New City I — 17,458,454 Zhengzhou International New City II — 17,044,177 Tianjin Spring Royal Palace I — 19,221,577 Xingyang Splendid Phase II — 15,283,105 Xingyang Splendid Phase III — 2,563,122 Real estate properties development completed 632,359,691 458,204,518 Under development: Current: Xuzhou Colorful City 49,972,999 — Xingyang Splendid II 44,074,338 — Xingyang Splendid III 62,771,683 — Xingyang Splendid IV 11,743,049 46,472,092 Jinan Royal Palace 328,737,914 223,967,341 Tianjin Spring Royal Palace I 101,091,391 — Henan Xin Central II 99,196,076 — Zhengzhou Fancy City II(North) 77,295,404 95,360,634 Zhengzhou International New City I 339,890,348 — Zhengzhou International New City II 171,711,098 — Tongzhou Xinyuan Royal Palace 214,011,166 234,987,743 Changsha Mulian Royal Palace 108,637,317 — XIN Eco Marine Group Properties Sdn Bhd 15,064,162 27,488,080 Hudson Garden Project 106,844,124 123,555,996 Flushing Project 92,821,714 107,304,741 Changsha Furong Thriving Family 39,054,048 15,540,229 Zhengzhou International New City III A 86,999,855 110,507,107 Zhuhai Xin World 102,997,747 153,864,698 Xinyuan Chang’an Royal Palace 144,771,923 157,044,224 Kunshan Xinyu Jiayuan 159,974,516 146,779,965 Zhengzhou International New City Pending Staging 238,835,232 376,230,958 Zhengzhou Hangmei International Wisdom City I 91,069,505 75,943,506 Xinyuan Golden Water View City 428,430,649 438,686,015 Suzhou Galaxy Bay 51,739,509 62,557,317 Xi’an Metropolitan II 5,609,532 5,903,626 Zhengzhou International New City III B 94,547,682 19,164,288 Zhengzhou International New City III C 99,240,244 88,758,649 Zhengzhou International New City III D 42,706,005 8,416,916 Tianjin Spring Royal Palace II 70,891,230 62,093,526 Zhengzhou Fancy City III 89,529,453 79,922,540 Jinan Royal Spring Bay 119,400,947 135,015,228 Suzhou Gusu Shade I (Suzhou New Project) 39,163,694 45,267,243 Wuhan Canglong Royal Palace (Wuhan New Project) 124,701,587 141,707,492 Dalian International Health Technology Town I 33,796,959 85,174,478 Qingdao Royal Dragon Bay 246,387,446 212,457,554 Chengdu Xinyuan City 688,987,085 723,555,656 Zhengzhou International New City IV 176,269,525 220,859,532 Xingyang Splendid V 45,984,974 31,136,007 Xingyang Splendid Building 46 4,836,734 7,997,771 Foshan Xinchuang AI International Science and Technology Innovation Valley — 225,362,486 5,049,788,864 4,489,083,638 Profit recognized 348,170,931 301,358,319 Less: progress billings (Note 14) (1,329,243,487) (1,536,054,208) Total real estate properties under development 4,068,716,308 3,254,387,749 Total real estate properties development completed and under development 4,701,075,999 3,712,592,267

Real estate properties held f_2

Real estate properties held for lease, net (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019
Real estate properties held for lease, net
Schedule of real estate properties held for lease, net	December 31, December 31, 2018 2019 US$ US$ Elementary schools 3,107,711 3,057,371 Basement parking 9,633,568 14,694,085 Kindergartens 10,194,286 10,049,512 Parking facilities 55,941,369 100,036,672 Clubhouses 7,789,415 8,574,329 Shopping mall 243,346,989 290,610,416 Residential properties — 124,280,030 Others 2,972,811 2,924,658 Total costs 332,986,149 554,227,073 Accumulated depreciation (30,221,932) (38,358,165) Real estate properties held for lease, net 302,764,217 515,868,908
Schedule of minimum future rental income on non-cancellable leases	Year Amount US$ 2020 15,986,263 2021 15,587,876 2022 14,786,872 2023 13,728,432 2024 and thereafter 107,158,511 Total 167,247,954

Property and equipment, net (Ta

Property and equipment, net (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019
Property and equipment, net
Schedule of Property and equipment, net	December 31, December 31, 2018 2019 US$ US$ Finance lease right-of-use asset -Corporate aircraft 37,494,502 36,887,168 Vehicles 5,109,037 5,069,515 Furniture and fixtures 12,580,384 10,523,537 Office buildings 10,994,284 21,842,187 Total 66,178,207 74,322,407 Accumulated depreciation (28,063,724) (31,318,028) Property and equipment, net 38,114,483 43,004,379

Long-term investment (Tables)

Long-term investment (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019
Long-term investment
Schedule of Long-term Investment	As of December 31, 2018 and 2019, the long-term investment consisted of the following: December 31, Initial Cost 2018 US$ US$ Nonmarketable equity securities Zhengzhou Lianhe Real Estate Co., Ltd. 241,648 291,409 Zhengzhou Taike Real Estate Co., Ltd. 738,073 728,523 Equity method investees Qingdao Huiju Zhihui City Industrial Development Co., Ltd. 505,162,873 478,778,879 Wuhu Penghong Investment Center (Limited Partnership) 30,608,185 23,613,358 Madison Developments Limited. 19,095,969 16,743,122 Others 59,289,036 44,184,928 Total 564,340,219 December 31, Initial Cost 2019 US$ US$ Nonmarketable equity securities Zhengzhou Lianhe Real Estate Co., Ltd. 241,648 286,689 Zhengzhou Taike Real Estate Co., Ltd. 738,073 716,723 Equity method investees Qingdao Huiju Zhihui City Industrial Development Co., Ltd. 523,459,957 488,227,667 Wuhu Penghong Investment Center (Limited Partnership) 30,608,185 18,333,122 Madison Developments Limited. 19,095,969 16,294,996 Suzhou Rongjingchen Real Estate Co., Ltd 42,041,464 41,452,466 Others 69,160,051 48,308,262 Total 613,619,925
Schedule of equity method investees	December 31, 2019 US$ (in thousands) Current assets 1,413,713 Noncurrent assets 411,764 Current liabilities 499,078 Non-current liabilities 460,617 Non-controlling interest 5,778 Gross revenue 68,353 Gross profit 14,976 Loss from continuing operations (5,928) Net loss (10,691) Net loss attributable to the Company (11,614)

Acquisition of subsidiaries (Ta

Acquisition of subsidiaries (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019
2018 Acquisitions Activity [Member]
Schedule of Fair Value of Assets Acquired and Liabilities Assumed	US$ Carrying amount of previously held equity interests 202,354,932 Remeasurement gain 4,384,563 Fair value of previously held equity interests(i) 206,739,495 Less: Goodwill 534,697 206,204,798 Fair value of net identifiable assets acquired: Cash and cash equivalents 11,761,992 Real estate properties under development 538,393,230 Current assets 7,471,403 Current liabilities (57,705,079) Deferred tax liabilities (534,697) Long-term bank loan (293,182,051) Net assets acquired 206,204,798 (i) The business combination was achieved without the transfer of consideration. The difference between the fair value of previously held equity interest and the fair value of net identifiable assets acquired was recognized as goodwill. As the Wuhu Group were private companies, the fair value of the Group’s previously held equity interest is estimated based on asset-based approach using significant unobservable inputs that market participants would consider, which mainly include estimated revenue and estimated cost for the construction project.
2019 Acquisitions Activity [Member]
Schedule of Fair Value of Assets Acquired and Liabilities Assumed	Xinruifeng Xinhujin Xinzhihui subgroup subgroup subgroup Total US$ US$ US$ US$ Cash and cash equivalents 472,974 276,511 77,526 827,011 Intangible assets (1) Technology 9,446,403 5,877,125 6,249,820 21,573,348 Trade mark — — 2,623,205 2,623,205 Other current assets 262,373 164,373 691,872 1,118,618 Deferred tax assets 1,057,527 1,170,995 658,831 2,887,353 Other non-current assets 29,935 14,176 43,115 87,226 Goodwill 6,624,594 5,159,916 12,927,103 24,711,613 Current liabilities (269,349) (241,318) (1,499,623) (2,010,290) Deferred tax liabilities (1,057,527) (1,170,995) (658,831) (2,887,353) Non-controlling interest (80,631) (37,986) (50,171) (168,788) Total Consideration 16,486,299 11,212,797 21,062,847 48,761,943 (1) Intangible assets acquired in 2019 have estimated useful lives between six and ten years. Xinruifeng,Xinhujin and Xinzhihui are parents of Xitou, Xichuang and I-journey.

Short-term bank loans and oth_2

Short-term bank loans and other debt (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019
Short-term bank loans and other debt
Schedule of short-term bank loans and other debt	December 31, December 31, 2018 2019 US$ US$ Loan from The Bank of East Asia Due January 2, 2020, at 1.10% plus 1 month LIBOR — 19,900,000 Loan from Henan Zhongyuan Microfinance Co., Ltd. Due July 26, 2019, at 11.60% per annum 7,285,231 — Loan from Zhongyuan Aviation Finance Leasing Co.,Ltd. Due December 20 2020, at 10.00% per annum — 11,467,562 Loan from Hua Xia Bank Co., Ltd. Due May 30, 2020, at 6.5250% per annum — 8,600,671 Loan from Shandong Rongyue Finance Leasing Co., Ltd. Due December 24, 2020, at 5.00% per annum — 4,300,335 Loan from Kunlun Trust Co., Ltd. Due June 28, 2019, at 10.50% per annum 36,426,157 — Loan from Zhongyuan Commercial Factoring Co., Ltd. Due January 30, 2020, at 10.00% per annum — 28,668,902 Loan from Tianjin financial exchange center Co., Ltd. at 9.00% per annum 189,215 Loan from Tianjin financial exchange center Co., Ltd. at 8.50% per annum 51,604 Loan from Tianjin financial exchange center Co., Ltd. at 8.00% per annum — 240,819 Total short-term bank loans and other debt 43,711,388 73,419,108

Long-term bank loans (Tables)

Long-term bank loans (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Schedule of Long-Term Bank Loans	December 31, December 31, 2018 2019 US$ US$ Loan from ICBC Due December 26, 2021, at 6.175% per annum 116,560,788 66,890,284 Due December 22, 2021, at 6.175% per annum 58,284,765 33,448,009 Due December 30, 2021, at 6.60% per annum 53,619,303 30,770,333 Due December 22, 2021, at 9.80% per annum 58,281,851 33,448,009 Due July 23, 2022, at 4.75% per annum — 14,334,451 286,746,707 178,891,086 Loan from China Guangfa Bank Due July 17, 2021, at 6.175% per annum — 18,048,508 Due October 20, 2019, at 6.4125% per annum 10,490,733 — 10,490,733 18,048,508 Loan from Bank of China Due March 30, 2020, at 6.65% per annum 33,512,064 7,167,226 Due October 31, 2021 at 4.75% per annum 64,110,036 50,457,269 97,622,100 57,624,495 Loan from Bank of Beijing Due February 14, 2020 at 4.75% per annum 42,810,934 32,372,065 Loan from The Bank of East Asia Due June 1, 2019, at 1.10% plus 1 month LIBOR 9,675,654 — Due June 5, 2019, at 1.10% plus 1 month LIBOR 10,000,000 — Due August 15, 2019, at 1.10% plus 1 month LIBOR 20,000,000 — Due August 30, 2019,at 1.10% plus 1 month LIBOR 9,700,000 — Due September 19, 2019, at 1.10% plus 1 month LIBOR 2,220,000 — Due January 9, 2020, at 1.10% plus 1 month LIBOR 3,178,000 3,178,000 Due June 2, 2019, at 1.10% plus 1 month LIBOR 34,421,617 — Due September 27, 2019, at 1.10% plus 3 month LIBOR 24,294,636 — Due June 4, 2021, at 1.10% plus 1 month LIBOR — 22,500,000 Due June 6, 2021, at 1.10% plus 1 month LIBOR — 30,000,000 Due August 20, 2021, at 1.10% plus 1 month LIBOR — 19,170,000 Due September 27, 2021, at 1.10% plus 1 month LIBOR — 9,100,000 Due October 20, 2021, at 1.10% plus 1 month LIBOR — 2,100,000 Due October 27, 2021, at 1.10% plus 1 month LIBOR — 17,570,000 113,489,907 103,618,000 Loan from Ping An Bank Co., Ltd. Due May 31, 2021, at 6.8875% per annum 116,417,997 80,272,928 Due May 27, 2021, at 7.3625% per annum 14,570,463 9,890,771 Due March 27, 2022, at 6.9825% per annum — 39,405,407 130,988,460 129,569,106 Loan from China Construction Bank Due July 2, 2021, at 6.65% per annum 56,824,805 — Due August 1, 2021, at 4.35% per annum — 44,723,488 Due August 1, 2021, at 4.75% per annum — 11,180,872 Due August 1, 2021, at 4.75% per annum 17,484,555 17,201,343 Due April 4, 2021, at 6.175% per annum 36,424,700 — 110,734,060 73,105,703 Loan from Bank of Minsheng Due June 14, 2031, at 8.50% per annum 62,798,694 59,487,973 Due March 30, 2023 at 8.8825% per annum 291,394,685 286,402,339 354,193,379 345,890,312 Loan from Bank of Hengfeng Due September 20, 2021, at 8.0009% per annum 73,580,837 65,150,082 Loan from Zheshang Bank Co., Ltd Due September 21, 2021, at 7.60% per annum 29,286,630 17,344,686 Loan from Bank of Communications Co., Ltd Due March 18, 2022, at 7.600% per annum — 37,104,728 Loan from Bank of Zhengzhou Co., Ltd Due September 26, 2021, at 7.000075% per annum — 64,505,031 Loan from Bank of Huaxia Co., Ltd Due December 27, 2021, at 5.08% per annum — 11,610,908 Total 1,249,943,747 1,134,834,710 Less: current portion of long-term bank loans (529,904,807) (448,770,014) Total long-term bank loans 720,038,940 686,064,696
Long-term Debt [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Schedule of Maturities	As of December 31, 2019, the contractual maturities of these loans are as follows: Year Amount US$ 2020 448,770,014 2021 599,627,953 2022 37,269,574 2023 4,156,992 2024 and thereafter 45,010,177 Less: current portion of long-term bank loans (448,770,014) Total: long-term bank loans 686,064,696

Other long-term debt (Tables)

Other long-term debt (Tables) - Other Long-Term Debt [Member]	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Schedule of Other Long-term Debt	December 31, December 31, Senior notes 2018 2019 US$ US$ November 2020 Senior Secured notes due on November 22, 2020 at 8.875% 295,673,796 296,897,742 August 2019 Senior Notes due on August 30, 2019 at 8.125% 286,741,749 — February 2021 Senior notes due on February 28, 2021 at 7.75% 270,624,821 261,941,119 March 2020 Senior Secured Notes due on March 12, 2020 at 9.875% 197,226,325 123,055,415 October 2021 Senior Secured Notes due on October 16, 2021 at 14.20% — 295,968,740 Corporate bonds Due December 28, 2020 at 8.20% 58,275,179 1,962,386 Due January 27, 2021 at 7.47% 43,709,787 8,213,641 Due March 14, 2021 at 7.09% 72,849,705 7,551,597 Due August 15, 2019 at 8.20% 63,404,057 — Due April 7, 2020 at 8.20% 89,655,359 — Due September 21, 2020 at 8.50% 28,998,553 21,947,434 Due April 1, 2024 at 8.40% — 58,887,016 Due January 4, 2022 at 8.50% — 650,673 Loan from Ping An Trust Co., Ltd Due May 22, 2020 at 10.3192% 189,416,016 43,003,354 Due November 30, 2019 at 10.3192% 130,813,615 — Due May 23, 2019 at 10.3192% 189,780,277 — Due November 23, 2020 at 11.20% — 200,682,320 Due May 22, 2021 at 15.00% — 42,989,020 Due May 29, 2021 at 11.50% — 85,863,364 Due April 26, 2021 at 11.50% — 24,248,158 Loan from Guo Tou Tai Kang Trust Co., Ltd Due October 30, 2019 at 9.30% 2,360,415 — Due November 2, 2019 at 9.30% 26,780,511 — Kunlun Trust Co., Ltd Due March 17, 2020 at 7.62% 21,855,694 21,501,677 Loan from Wanxiang Trust Co., Ltd Due December 4, 2020 at 12.00% 1,427,905 — Due April 30, 2021 at 12.00% — 28,668,903 Due January 4, 2020 at 12.00% — 12,929,675 Due July 18, 2020 at 12.00% — 21,501,677 Loan from China Huarong Asset Management Co., Ltd Due November 27, 2020 at 11.50% 11,656,370 10,894,183 Due October 30, 2020 at 11.50% 40,951,099 28,095,525 Due November 8, 2021 at 12.00% — 30,145,351 Loan from China Resources Investment Trust Co., Ltd Due November 9, 2020 at 9.405% 50,996,620 42,286,632 Loan from Chang An International Trust Co., Ltd Due December 10, 2023 at 9.00% — 172,013,417 Loan from Henan Zhongyuan Microfinance Co., Ltd Due July 23, 2021 at 11.60% — 6,880,537 Loan from Kent EB-5 LLC Due January 23, 2020 at 5.95% 9,500,000 9,500,000 Due April 30, 2020 at 5.95% 5,000,000 5,000,000 Due June 25, 2020 at 5.95% 5,000,000 5,000,000 Due August 4, 2020 at 5.95% 5,000,000 5,000,000 Due August 20, 2020 at 5.95% 5,000,000 5,000,000 Due October 1, 2020 at 5.95% 10,000,000 10,000,000 Due November 23, 2020 at 5.95% 10,000,000 10,000,000 Due March 15, 2021 at 5.95% 9,500,000 9,500,000 Due September 12, 2021 at 5.95% 500,000 500,000 Loan from Bank of Ozark Due March 24, 2021 at 4.50% plus 1 month LIBOR 24,008,924 50,157,305 Loan from Bank Direct Capital Finance Due November 1, 2020 at 5.5% 1,762,072 822,506 Loan from CMGT Lender 35 LLC Due May 24, 2021 at 12.26% — 18,660,737 Loan from 135-35 NORTHERN BLVD 1&2 LLC Due May 1, 2021 at 8.5% — 28,955,968 Total principal of other long-term debt 2,158,468,849 2,006,876,072 Less: current portion of other long-term debt (1,118,013,649) (970,185,445) Total other long-term debt 1,040,455,200 1,036,690,627
Schedule of Maturities	As of December 31, 2019, the contractual maturities of these debts are as follows: Year Amount US$ 2020 970,185,445 2021 989,429,149 2022 34,402,683 2023 12,858,795 Less: current portion of other long term debt (970,185,445) Total: Other long-term debt 1,036,690,627

Lease (Tables)

Lease (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019
Lease
Schedule of lease recorded on the consolidated balance sheets	December 31, 2019 US$ Lease Assets Finance lease ROU assets Property and equipment, net 22,285,997 Real estate properties held for lease, net 7,020,033 Total 29,306,030 Operating lease ROU assets 11,801,491 Lease Liabilities Current Current portion of finance lease 6,409,827 Current portion of operating lease 4,873,897 Total 11,283,724 Non-current Finance lease, net of current portion 3,839,456 Operating lease, net of current portion 6,348,249 Total 10,187,705
Schedule of components of lease expense	Year ended December 31, 2019 US$ Operating lease cost: Operating lease cost 6,480,093 Short-term lease cost 2,612,901 Finance lease cost: Amortization of ROU assets 2,465,268 Interest on the lease liabilities 1,019,758 Total lease cost 12,578,020
Schedule of supplemental cash flow information	Year ended December 31, 2019 US$ Operating cash flows for operating leases 6,275,565 Operating cash flows for finance leases 1,393,198 Financing cash flows for finance leases
Schedule of maturities of lease liabilities	December 31, 2019 Finance Leases Operating Leases US$ US$ Year ending December 31, 2020 7,511,008 6,470,913 Year ending December 31, 2021 4,059,224 4,443,336 Year ending December 31, 2022 — 1,007,535 Year ending December 31, 2023 — 294,239 Total lease payments 11,570,232 12,216,023 Less: imputed interest 1,320,949 993,877 Present value of lease liabilities 10,249,283 11,222,146
Schedule of weighted average remaining lease term and discount rate information	December 31, 2019 Weighted-average remaining lease term (years) Operating leases 2.32 Finance leases 1.63 Weighted-average discount rate Operating leases 4.35 % Finance leases 8.05 %

Customer deposits (Tables)

Customer deposits (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019
Customer deposits
Schedule of Customer deposits	December 31, December 31, 2018 2019 US$ US$ Advances for real estate properties 3,218,686,349 2,616,487,072 Add: increase in revenue recognized in excess of amounts received from customers 32,408,393 25,665,783 Less: recognized as progress billings (Note 5) (1,329,243,487) (1,536,054,208) Customer deposits (Note 2(h)) 1,921,851,255 1,106,098,647

Income taxes (Tables)

Income taxes (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019
Income taxes
Schedule of income/(loss) before income tax expenses	Income before income tax expenses consists of: Year ended December 31, 2017 2018 2019 US$ US$ US$ PRC 275,898,007 355,674,888 355,606,696 Non PRC (82,669,476) (105,275,621) (122,099,522) Total 193,228,531 250,399,267 233,507,174
Schedule of income tax expenses	Income tax expenses for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019 are summarized as follows: Year ended December 31, 2017 2018 2019 US$ US$ US$ Current: CIT tax expense 103,302,037 141,399,866 133,862,272 Land Appreciation Tax (“LAT”) expense 40,203,748 62,996,403 68,631,338 Deferred tax benefit (30,388,659) (59,949,022) (52,015,238) Income tax expense 113,117,126 144,447,247 150,478,372
Schedule of Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation	The Group’s income tax expense differs from the tax expense computed by applying the PRC statutory CIT rate of 25% for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, are as follows: Year ended December 31, 2017 2018 2019 US$ US$ US$ CIT at rate of 25% 48,307,133 62,599,817 58,376,794 Tax effect of non-deductible expenses 3,641,665 5,799,761 8,867,037 LAT expense 40,203,748 62,996,403 68,631,338 CIT benefit of LAT (10,050,937) (15,749,101) (17,157,834) Changes in valuation allowance 3,180,741 (491,075) 23,073,210 International rate differences 10,149,331 18,224,012 17,351,758 Dividend and interest withholding taxes 18,877,500 15,403,663 (3,816,800) Adjustment of estimated income tax accruals (954,552) (3,952,396) (4,285,329) Others (237,503) (383,837) (561,802) Income tax expense 113,117,126 144,447,247 150,478,372
Schedule of Reconciliation of Unrecognized Tax Benefits	The following table summarizes the activities related to the Group’s unrecognized tax benefits: 2017 2018 2019 US$ US$ US$ Balance at January 1 20,491,988 31,231,376 45,939,234 Additions for tax positions of current year 10,813,497 15,500,052 14,547,590 Reclassification from prior year tax payable — — 13,118,260 Movement in current year due to foreign exchange rate fluctuation 2,001 — — Reductions for tax positions of prior years (76,110) — — Reduction due to company liquidation — (792,194) — Balance at December 31 31,231,376 45,939,234 73,605,084
Schedule of deferred tax assets and liabilities	The tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to the Group’s deferred tax assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2018 and 2019 are as follows: December 31, December 31, 2018 2019 US$ US$ Deferred tax assets: Tax loss carried forward 42,185,810 50,163,293 Accruals and provisions 48,850,991 62,936,343 Capitalized expenses 26,796,716 50,288,336 Revenue recognition at a point in time less tax paid under deemed profit method 130,498,661 127,927,710 Revenue recognition of real estate lease income on a straight-line basis 14,269,520 17,164,019 Deemed interest expense 43,266,604 55,979,839 Valuation allowance (5,941,941) (28,022,499) Operating lease liability — 2,805,537 Others — 418,310 Total deferred tax assets 299,926,361 339,660,888 Deferred tax liabilities: Revenue recognition over time (77,968,759) (84,241,946) Real estate properties accelerated cost deduction (1,212,993) (1,193,345) Taxable temporary differences arising from asset acquisitions (307,747,731) (280,540,093) Dividend and interest withholding taxes (52,991,279) (49,174,479) Operating lease right-of-use assets — (2,950,373) Others (61,732) — Total deferred tax liabilities (439,982,494) (418,100,236)

Share-based compensation (Table

Share-based compensation (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Schedule of Assumptions Used to Estimate Fair Value of Stock Option Award Using Black-Scholes Valuation Model	Options Options Granted in Granted in 2015 2015 Under the Under the 2007 Plan 2015 Plan Average risk-free rate of return 1.82‑1.92 % 1.57‑1.92 % Expected term 6 Years 6 Years Volatility rate 46.3‑55.2 % 55.0‑55.9 % Dividend yield 5 % 5 %
2007 Plan [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Schedule of Stock Option Activity Under Stock Option and Incentive Plans	As of January 1, 2019, all options granted under 2007 plan were fully vested. The following table is a summary of the Company’s share option activity under the 2007 Plan (in US$, except options): Weighted Weighted Average Remaining Number of Exercise Contractual Aggregate Options Under the 2007 Plan Options Price Life (Years) Intrinsic Value Outstanding, January 1, 2019 1.21 (exercise price) 12,738 1.21 1.95 32,991 1.085 (exercise price) 100,000 1.085 2.50 271,500 1.64 (exercise price) 100,000 1.64 3.87 216,000 1.21 (exercise price) 39,400 1.21 5.50 102,046 1.81(exercise price) 68,000 1.81 6.85 135,320 Granted — — — — Exercised 1.085 (exercise price) 40,000 1.085 — 38,893 1.81 (exercise price) 68,000 1.81 — 32,116 Forfeited — — — — Outstanding and Exercisable, December 31, 2019 1.21 (exercise price) 12,738 1.21 8,662 1.085 (exercise price) 60,000 1.085 48,300 1.64 (exercise price) 100,000 1.64 25,000 1.21 (exercise price) 39,400 1.21 26,792
2015 Plan [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Schedule of Stock Option Activity Under Stock Option and Incentive Plans	As of January 1, 2019, all options granted under 2015 plan were fully vested, with no option exercised or forfeited during 2019. And there was no new grant during the year ended December 31, 2019. The following table is a summary of the Company's share option activity under the 2015 Plan (in US$, except options): Weighted Weighted Average Remaining Number of Exercise Contractual Aggregate Options Under the 2015 Plan Options Price Life (Years) Intrinsic Value Outstanding, January 1, 2019 1.71(exercise price) 2,796,734 1.71 6.50 5,845,173 Outstanding and Exercisable, December 31, 2019 1.71(exercise price) 2,796,734 1.71 5.50 5,789,239

Other payables and accrued li_2

Other payables and accrued liabilities (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019
Other payables and accrued liabilities
Schedule of Other payables and accrued liabilities	December 31, December 31, 2018 2019 US$ US$ Contract deposit 107,480,079 98,280,724 Accrued expenses 51,306,223 47,003,084 Debt extinguishment costs 13,761,966 11,665,069 Deed tax and maintenance fund withheld for customers 9,998,534 8,272,296 Bidding deposit 3,723,584 4,213,479 Welfare payable 1,893,635 1,480,963 Other tax payable 14,786,612 26,734,901 Accrued aircraft operating expense 1,415,369 1,654,945 Accrued interest expense 47,214,392 38,893,375 Purchase consideration payable for asset acquisitions and business combinations 75,565,148 66,868,333 Others 13,961,958 18,096,825 Total 341,107,500 323,163,994

Related party and employee tr_2

Related party and employee transactions (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019
Related party and employee transactions
Schedule of Related Party Transactions	(a) December 31, December 31, 2018 2019 US$ US$ Current: Starry Sky 8,052,075 — I-journey 16,366,841 — Xitou 14,494,710 — Xichuang 7,539,604 — Qingdao Huiju 61,392,033 84,455,456 Henan Hongguang Olympic Real Estate Co., Ltd. 51,340,375 84,031,006 Madison Development Limited 22,988,260 — Suzhou Wanzhuo’s non-controlling interest holders 27,201,258 — Taicang Pengchi’s non-controlling interest holders 5,630,819 — Xinzheng Meihang Network Technology Co., Ltd. — 22,578,925 Others 1,178,230 9,692,236 Total current amounts due from related party 216,184,205 200,757,623 Non current: Xinzheng Meihang Network Technology Co., Ltd. 26,122,186 — Madison Development Limited — 27,739,567 Suzhou Wanzhuo's non-controlling interest holders — 18,856,638 Taicang Pengchi's non-controlling interest holders — 24,624,693 Suzhou Yefang's non-controlling interest holders — 11,466,128 Total non-current amounts due from related party 26,122,186 82,687,026 Total 242,306,391 283,444,649 (b) Amounts due to related party December 31, December 31, 2018 2019 US$ US$ Current: Suzhou Wanzhuo’s non-controlling interest shareholders 23,447,245 15,997,603 Suzhou Yefang’s non-controlling interest holders 11,902,028 1,496,762 Xinzheng Meihang Network Technology Co., Ltd. — 27,133,055 Others 13,153,168 9,054,876 Total current amounts due to related party 48,502,441 53,682,296 Non current: Xinzheng Meihang Network Technology Co., Ltd. 31,241,768 — Total 79,744,209 53,682,296 (c) Amounts due from employees December 31, December 31, 2018 2019 US$ US$ Advances to employees 1,694,416 2,350,852

Earnings per share (Tables)

Earnings per share (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019
Earnings per share
Schedule of Basic and diluted net earning per share	Basic and diluted net earnings per share for each period presented are calculated as follows: December 31, 2017 2018 2019 US$ US$ US$ Numerator: Net income attributable to Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd. Shareholders - basic and diluted 63,627,551 73,034,549 68,344,527 Denominator: Weighted average number of shares outstanding-basic* 128,704,610 127,129,478 113,482,239 Stock options 1,877,785 1,728,058 618,657 Restricted stock units 1,023,474 283,294 - Weighted average number of shares outstanding-diluted 131,605,869 129,140,830 114,100,896 Basic earnings per share 0.49 0.57 0.60 Diluted earnings per share 0.48 0.57 0.60 * The restricted shares repurchased by the trustee that are unvested are excluded from the number of shares outstanding for purposes of computing basic earnings per share in accordance with ASC 260. However, these unvested restricted shares are factored into the computation of diluted earnings per share using the treasury stock method.

Segment reporting (Tables)

Segment reporting (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019
Segment reporting
Schedule of operating segment	Summary information by operating segment is as follows: December 31, 2017 Henan Shandong Jiangsu Sichuan Beijing Hainan Hunan Shanghai Tianjin Shaanxi United States Guangdong Others Consolidated US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ Net real estate sales 886,207,602 252,186,589 284,388,321 79,054,170 540,766 87,304,257 133,499,073 973,450 38,646,991 63,283,292 98,476,295 — - 1,924,560,806 Real estate lease income 3,567,372 183,530 - - - - 6,071 209,186 - 3,832,764 - 19,659 914,217 8,732,799 Real estate management services income 1,505,932 - - - - - - - - 356,429 - — 39,875,958 41,738,319 Other revenue 508,891 52,893 21,184 87,307 - 11,396 118,391 5,046 74 - 307,793 — 762,332 1,875,307 Total revenue 891,789,797 252,423,012 284,409,505 79,141,477 540,766 87,315,653 133,623,535 1,187,682 38,647,065 67,472,485 98,784,088 19,659 41,552,507 1,976,907,231 Cost of real estate sales (607,656,121) (204,691,234) (247,765,242) (71,332,282) (363,305) (55,291,475) (107,834,718) (664,093) (23,602,129) (46,516,108) (108,350,506) — - (1,474,067,213) Cost of real estate lease income (2,170,672) (348,420) (3,353,579) (158,879) - - (174,601) (332,094) - (4,420,100) - — (47,777) (11,006,122) Cost of real estate management services (935,942) - - - - - - - - - - — (30,710,506) (31,646,448) Other costs (227,081) (10,706) (127,375) - (51,424) (3,846) (95,235) - - - - (10,342) (33,226) (559,235) Total cost of revenue (610,989,816) (205,050,360) (251,246,196) (71,491,161) (414,729) (55,295,321) (108,104,554) (996,187) (23,602,129) (50,936,208) (108,350,506) (10,342) (30,791,509) (1,517,279,018) Gross profit 280,799,981 47,372,652 33,163,309 7,650,316 126,037 32,020,332 25,518,981 191,495 15,044,936 16,536,277 (9,566,418) 9,317 10,760,998 459,628,213 Operating expenses (64,061,347) (10,497,498) (16,659,076) (3,772,416) (44,507,378) (7,726,269) (10,099,854) (747,409) (6,001,987) (9,123,653) (10,597,926) (680,754) (28,092,891) (212,568,458) Operating income/(loss) 216,738,634 36,875,154 16,504,233 3,877,900 (44,381,341) 24,294,063 15,419,127 (555,914) 9,042,949 7,412,624 (20,164,344) (671,437) (17,331,893) 247,059,755 Interest income 11,355,876 338,069 218,937 100,988 516,950 26,443 320,666 268,325 271,527 69,336 - 264 3,371,705 16,859,086 Interest expense (18,393,523) (362,759) (1,829,665) - (5,056,962) - - (2,100,301) (1,214,368) - (3,570,310) — (33,625,552) (66,153,440) Net realized gain on short-term investments 3,110,564 - 7,395 - 9,077 - - - - - - — 4,746,951 7,873,987 Share of (loss)/gain in an equity investee (1,062,499) (974,405) (2,818) - - - - - - - - — 329,652 (1,710,070) Loss on extinguishment of debt - - - - - - - - - - - — (15,879,702) (15,879,702) Exchange gains (362,736) - - - - - - - - - - — 1,119,662 756,926 Unrealized income on short-term investments 151,003 - - - - - - - - - - — 1,944,976 2,095,979 Other income 2,326,004 - - - - - - - - - 6 — - 2,326,010 - Income/(loss) before income taxes 213,863,323 35,876,059 14,898,082 3,978,888 (48,912,276) 24,320,506 15,739,793 (2,387,890) 8,100,108 7,481,960 (23,734,648) (671,173) (55,324,201) 193,228,531 Income tax benefit/(expense) (77,985,230) (11,359,619) (6,913,466) (812,628) 4,065,308 (10,189,683) (2,560,610) 686,619 (1,713,343) (840,827) 8,694,642 145,513 (14,333,802) (113,117,126) Net income/(loss) 135,878,093 24,516,440 7,984,616 3,166,260 (44,846,968) 14,130,823 13,179,183 (1,701,271) 6,386,765 6,641,133 (15,040,006) (525,660) (69,658,003) 80,111,405 Depreciation and amortization 5,597,930 416,607 3,445,463 218,043 767,841 148,453 185,123 68,648 9,836 1,766,074 232,618 38 870,852 13,727,526 Capital expenditure 5,756,237 11,636 13,725 22,550 2,960,195 1,361 21,262 - 20,322 9,571 257,643 392,779 294,575 9,761,856 Real estate properties development completed 49,708,034 82,128,992 13,625,012 146,791,480 52,675,024 97,350,745 49,346,740 90,003,702 — 127,107,105 131,656,359 — — 840,393,193 Real estate properties under development 937,340,899 78,988,478 217,051,399 — 200,296,958 — 109,107,637 — 40,379,791 140,257,927 168,236,598 93,205,573 11,135,393 1,996,000,653 Real estate properties held for lease 53,783,548 5,633,936 38,824,172 23,503,438 — — 50,422,065 4,578,302 — 100,574,370 — — 613,482 277,933,313 Total long-lived assets 207,599,517 420,656,893 50,598,511 391,437,638 16,714,738 609,466 51,791,292 4,639,263 1,706,170 125,298,084 19,666,135 125,896 23,378,186 1,314,221,789 Total assets 2,715,305,431 693,368,606 459,080,321 584,350,518 296,118,475 108,984,575 266,196,168 103,055,884 98,249,020 440,219,180 354,473,170 93,723,704 171,309,218 6,384,434,270 December 31, 2018 Henan Shandong Jiangsu Sichuan Beijing Hainan Hunan Shanghai Tianjin Shaanxi United States Guangdong Hubei Liaoning Others Consolidated US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ Net real estate sales 1,002,960,937 291,763,807 330,352,688 80,701,160 12,314,328 169,606,837 97,162,300 — 86,165,279 58,795,214 8,815,926 — — 427,072 305,244 2,139,370,792 Real estate lease income 4,463,583 497,354 917,227 86,593 — — 111,408 641,119 — 2,064,129 — — — — 803,559 9,584,972 Real estate management services income 3,061,093 — — — — — — — — 2,464,039 — — — — 57,922,288 63,447,420 Other revenue 297,202 4,506 473,667 318,863 2,176,071 476,184 482,597 — 30 — 570,646 — — — 348,335 5,148,101 Total revenue 1,010,782,815 292,265,667 331,743,582 81,106,616 14,490,399 170,083,021 97,756,305 641,119 86,165,309 63,323,382 9,386,572 — — 427,072 59,379,426 2,217,551,285 Cost of real estate sales (701,238,639) (228,347,098) (214,621,791) (75,842,475) (9,355,460) (87,710,266) (100,986,641) (57,369) (56,487,052) (59,670,857) (9,357,970) — — (298,443) — (1,543,974,061) Cost of real estate lease income (2,245,710) (470,614) (2,336,287) (554,861) — — (1,475,782) (238,406) — (1,978,147) — — — — (48,809) (9,348,616) Real estate management services cost (2,733,062) — — — — — — — — (2,870,604) — — — — (39,016,117) (44,619,783) Other costs (388,790) (1,224,399) (94,807) (435,324) — (4,551) (517,028) — — — — — — — (1,465,624) (4,130,523) Total cost of revenue (706,606,201) (230,042,111) (217,052,885) (76,832,660) (9,355,460) (87,714,817) (102,979,451) (295,775) (56,487,052) (64,519,608) (9,357,970) — — (298,443) (40,530,550) (1,602,072,983) Gross profit 304,176,614 62,223,556 114,690,697 4,273,956 5,134,939 82,368,204 (5,223,146) 345,344 29,678,257 (1,196,226) 28,602 — — 128,629 18,848,876 615,478,302 Operating expenses (62,812,091) (12,610,671) (15,284,915) (4,275,577) (64,432,460) (12,088,762) (11,008,482) (163,680) (5,904,656) (5,834,584) (4,654,552) (1,185,184) (1,949,565) (1,485,827) (36,356,815) (240,047,821) Operating income/(loss) 241,364,523 49,612,885 99,405,782 (1,621) (59,297,521) 70,279,442 (16,231,628) 181,664 23,773,601 (7,030,810) (4,625,950) (1,185,184) (1,949,565) (1,357,198) (17,507,939) 375,430,481 Interest income 23,934,452 478,524 568,283 104,895 1,388,846 22,667 194,297 62,536 230,432 78,014 3,311 5,506 — 5,966 4,147,965 31,225,694 Interest expense (15,091,954) — (1,009,438) (2,259,789) (2,137,378) — — (1,689,514) — (915,585) (3,501,863) — — — (72,640,175) (99,245,696) Net realized loss on short-term investments 183,450 — — — — — — — — — — — — — (3,590,540) (3,407,090) Share of loss in an equity investee (1,342,875) (1,067,320) (949,748) (3,719,920) — — — — — — — (1,295,899) — — (998,689) (9,374,451) (Loss)/gain on extinguishment of debt (24,665,987) — — — — — — — — — — — — — 3,222,038 (21,443,949) Exchange (loss)/gain (13,029,174) — — — (1,544) — — — — — — — — 335,310 (12,982,246) (25,677,654) Unrealized income on short-term investments — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 1,150,200 1,150,200 Other income (3,773,556) (162,149) 391,338 4,585,338 (521,424) 32,867 27,078 (1,822) (948,161) (120,442) 2,093,750 — 1,180 — 137,735 1,741,732 Income/(loss) before income taxes 207,578,879 48,861,940 98,406,217 (1,291,097) (60,569,021) 70,334,976 (16,010,253) (1,447,136) 23,055,872 (7,988,823) (6,030,752) (2,475,577) (1,948,385) (1,015,922) (99,061,651) 250,399,267 Income tax benefit/(expense) (66,585,136) (24,338,485) (33,672,476) (1,312,549) 5,810,925 (33,888,754) 14,764,618 1,503,472 (8,088,479) 1,735,041 3,037,875 (392,906) (152,722) 689,435 (3,557,106) (144,447,247) Net income/(loss) 140,993,743 24,523,455 64,733,741 (2,603,646) (54,758,096) 36,446,222 (1,245,635) 56,336 14,967,393 (6,253,782) (2,992,877) (2,868,483) (2,101,107) (326,487) (102,618,757) 105,952,020 Depreciation and amortization 5,881,359 664,325 2,398,697 553,823 1,506,886 44,773 1,395,291 277,113 150,980 1,888,104 (95,404) 137,262 15,028 8,235 306,403 15,132,875 Capital expenditure 8,700,583 4,689,576 6,226 10,229 2,279,441 — 278 — 290,791 13,183 89,510 — 197,756 58,259 318,555 16,654,387 Real estate property development completed 119,978,648 46,110,853 38,293,044 88,492,260 42,003,855 31,716,745 7,340,408 82,320,988 — 48,352,943 127,749,947 — — — — 632,359,691 Real estate property under development 1,630,532,021 520,017,386 240,985,540 620,344,540 214,011,166 — 113,205,249 — 106,218,839 150,381,455 199,665,838 102,997,747 124,701,587 30,590,778 15,064,162 4,068,716,308 Real estate properties held for lease, net 72,389,385 7,929,336 39,824,983 36,086,237 — — 47,347,197 4,037,272 — 94,612,752 — — — — 537,055 302,764,217 Total long-lived assets 370,303,455 500,658,792 95,890,366 37,986,138 42,680,909 5,953,273 48,805,523 4,056,266 6,535,427 125,890,353 25,781,516 23,600,985 176,034 337,113 53,834,857 1,342,491,007 Total assets 3,326,001,406 902,384,756 740,208,056 839,829,759 340,188,589 39,269,241 274,708,013 95,034,595 185,400,019 330,029,859 384,883,423 134,196,645 127,532,829 34,993,328 279,052,154 8,033,712,672 December 31, 2019 Henan Shandong Shanghai Sichuan Beijing Hainan Hunan Shaanxi United States Guangdong Hubei Liaoning Property Management Others Consolidated US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ US$ Net real estate sales 1,382,533,759 275,120,959 279,731,401 85,189,227 126,540,125 43,820,016 157,938,663 6,917,948 750,000 9,738,197 — 18,621,886 — 129,387 2,387,031,568 Real estate lease income 6,630,994 321,819 2,920,280 728,016 657,451 — 135,279 3,301,027 893,982 — — — 483,944 55,979 16,128,771 Real estate management services income 7,578,862 — — — — — — 2,783,091 — — — — 57,126,216 — 67,488,169 Other revenue 151,102 700,044 823,150 1,063,557 3,269,965 — 583,737 — 296,091 — — — 1,187,948 3,908,710 11,984,304 Total revenue 1,396,894,717 276,142,822 283,474,831 86,980,800 130,467,541 43,820,016 158,657,679 13,002,066 1,940,073 9,738,197 — 18,621,886 58,798,108 4,094,076 2,482,632,812 Cost of real estate sales (1,082,472,232) (220,925,677) (201,704,497) (81,765,082) (92,849,397) (31,764,435) (110,346,111) (6,510,485) (1,444,563) (6,821,557) (23,397) (13,440,458) — (1,751,402) (1,851,819,293) Cost of real estate lease income (2,348,963) (561,264) (2,565,142) (799,359) — (1,693,085) (2,913,152) (1,348,218) — — — — (46,792) (12,757,251) Cost of real estate management services (4,716,112) — — — — — — (561,329) — — — — (35,611,790) — (40,889,231) Other costs (2,449,683) (1,267,950) — (3,672) (4,794,719) (2,192) (362,009) — — — — — (1,124,118) (6,853,073) (16,857,416) — Total cost of revenue (1,091,986,990) (222,754,891) (204,269,639) (82,568,113) (98,125,392) (31,766,627) (112,401,205) (2,792,781) (6,821,557) (23,397) (13,440,458) (36,735,908) (8,651,267) (1,922,323,191) Gross profit 304,907,727 53,387,931 79,205,192 4,412,687 32,342,149 12,053,389 46,256,474 3,017,100 (852,708) 2,916,640 (23,397) 5,181,428 22,062,200 (4,557,191) 560,309,621 Operating expenses (70,839,873) (14,770,303) (18,080,374) (8,011,273) (73,333,124) (2,514,263) (3,991,323) (9,414,601) (1,966,796) (3,429,583) (2,801,220) (7,076,960) (28,409,288) (250,447,619) — Operating income/(loss) 234,067,854 38,617,628 61,124,818 (3,598,586) (40,990,975) 9,539,126 42,265,151 949,844 (3,452,980) 2,380,208 14,985,240 (32,966,479) 309,862,002 Interest income 42,379,712 436,165 306,228 493,469 2,241,516 3,208 182,529 12,795 48,285 13,533 1,695 13,240 681,464 4,679,756 51,493,595 Interest expense (14,805,529) (3,061,587) (1,066,270) — (7,385,692) (11,507) — (138,107) (3,472,559) — — — — (83,834,109) (113,775,360)) Net realized gain on short-term investments 183,450 — — — — — — — — — — — — 2,891,564 3,075,014 Share of (loss)/gain in an equity investee (1,370,440) (922,281) (613,155) — — — — — — (2,903,841) — — (630,775) 1,024,021 (5,416,471) Loss on extinguishment of debt (8,044,499) — — — — — — — — — — — - (536,011) (8,580,510) Exchange gains/(loss) 12,524,863 — — — — — — — — — — — (236,736) (19,664,136) (7,376,009) Unrealized loss on short-term investments — — — — — — — — — — — — - (1,623,814) (1,623,814) Other income/(loss) 4,536,260 866 47,762 246,927 909,298 156,235 (17,844) (199,670) — (289,485) — 64,155 124,295 269,928 5,848,727 Income/(loss) before income taxes 269,471,671 35,070,791 59,799,383 (2,858,190) (45,225,853) 9,687,062 42,429,836 (3,116,520) (13,691,583) (2,229,949) (3,451,285) 2,457,603 14,923,488 (129,759,280) 233,507,174 Income tax (expense)/benefit (69,803,421) (23,020,472) (28,043,624) (2,864,732) (9,456,395) (4,643,587) (16,123,072) 2,210,548 2,921,151 (1,017,315) 704,284 (717,299) (241,601) (382,837) (150,478,372) Net income/(loss) 199,668,250 12,050,319 31,755,759 (5,722,922) (54,682,248) 5,043,475 26,306,764 (905,972) (2,747,001) 1,740,304 14,681,887 (130,142,117) 83,028,802 Depreciation and amortization 5,553,392 433,948 2,622,483 635,494 2,732,083 29,414 1,668,279 1,873,910 1,665,384 41,616 46,012 16,987 189,503 75,938 17,584,443 Capital expenditure 6,263,956 64,816 2,579 26,254 1,142,809 3,712 44,058 16,761 3,579,071 — 4,821 25,188 352,073 119,575 11,645,673 Real estate properties development completed 133,572,883 34,351,045 106,796,363 64,327,235 60,683,848 6,627,299 7,540,854 43,103,208 1,201,783 — — — — — 458,204,518 Real estate properties under development 886,160,682 359,079,121 123,381,923 619,020,458 266,984,229 — 6,433,260 162,947,850 230,860,737 372,170,620 141,707,492 58,153,297 — 27,488,080 3,254,387,749 Real estate properties held for lease 109,809,942 6,954,550 40,675,960 34,515,933 7,520,601 888,150 60,967,850 91,474,049 162,599,274 — — — — 462,599 515,868,908 Total long-lived assets 524,367,010 509,819,916 183,400,846 44,244,900 61,281,191 6,664,536 62,686,470 100,419,560 176,115,157 18,237,255 934,102 1,084,510 8,335,524 79,010,347 1,776,601,324 Total assets 2,882,024,764 573,869,426 752,136,052 897,210,854 470,434,500 27,393,755 107,134,983 338,107,052 439,770,834 414,319,137 148,165,478 73,223,300 106,315,123 191,559,175 7,421,664,433

Commitments and contingencies (

Commitments and contingencies (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019
Commitments and contingencies
Schedule of non-cancellable construction contracts for real estate development and land use rights purchases	As of December 31, 2019, the Group had outstanding commitments with respect to non-cancellable construction contracts for real estate development and land use rights purchases as follows: Amount US$ 2020 559,280,163 2021 662,777,841 2022 116,494,755 2023 28,682,333 2024 and thereafter 4,829,879 Total 1,372,064,971

Non-controlling interests (Tabl

Non-controlling interests (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019
Non-controlling interests
Schedule of non-controlling interests	As of December 31, 2018, the non-controlling interests consisted of the following: December 31, Ownership 2018 US$ Shaanxi Zhongmao Economy Development Co., Ltd. 34.02 % 3,264,319 Taicang Pengchi Real Estate Co., Limited. (Note 18(a)) 83.00 % (25,096,542) Suzhou Xinyuan Wanzhuo Real Estate Co., Ltd. (Note 18(a.b)) 80.00 % (27,912,339) Henan Renxin Real Estate Co., Ltd. 49.00 % — Suzhou Yefang Real Estate Co., Limited. (Note 18(a.b)) 79.99 % (11,652,185) Others (3,877,921) Total (65,274,668) As of December 31, 2019, the non-controlling interests consisted of the following: December 31, Ownership 2019 US$ Shaanxi Zhongmao Economy Development Co., Ltd. 34.02 % 6,285,895 Xinyuan Property Management Service (Cayman) Ltd. 32.50 % (28,398,921) Taicang Pengchi Real Estate Co., Limited. (Note 18(a)) 83.00 % (31,228,046) Suzhou Xinyuan Wanzhuo Real Estate Co., Ltd. (Note 18(a.b)) 80.00 % (34,280,307) Henan Renxin Real Estate Co., Ltd. 49.00 % — Suzhou Yefang Real Estate Co., Limited. (Note 18(a.b)) 79.99 % (11,463,297) Others (2,565,707) Total (101,650,383)

Condensed financial informati_2

Condensed financial information of the Company (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019
Condensed financial information of the Company
Schedule of Condensed Balance Sheet	Condensed Balance Sheets Year ended December 31 2018 2019 US$ US$ ASSETS Current assets Cash and cash equivalents 93,606,791 28,591,381 Other receivables 665,428 10,928 Other current assets 250,569 77,649 Due from subsidiaries 667,811,964 455,222,231 Due from related parties 348,076 — Total current assets 762,682,828 483,902,189 Investments in subsidiaries 1,142,335,163 1,338,730,125 TOTAL ASSETS 1,905,017,991 1,822,632,314 LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY Current liabilities Short-term bank loan — 19,900,000 PRC income tax payable 13,388 13,388 PRC other tax payable 902,190 902,190 Other payable and accrued liabilities 24,090,605 27,612,109 Current portion of long-term bank loan and other debt 397,039,358 423,131,157 Payroll and welfare payables 2,817,136 2,220,113 Total current liabilities 424,862,677 473,778,957 Long term bank loan 3,178,000 100,440,000 Other long-term debt 796,606,833 558,111,718 Total liabilities 1,224,647,510 1,132,330,675 Shareholders’ equity Common shares, $0.0001 par value: Authorized‑500,000,000 shares, issued and outstanding- 107,875,468 shares for 2019 (2018: 119,805,636 shares) 16,399 16,410 Treasury shares (87,639,088) (113,719,964) Additional paid-in capital 532,117,479 543,290,577 Retained earnings 235,875,691 260,714,616 Total shareholders’ equity 680,370,481 690,301,639 TOTAL LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY 1,905,017,991 1,822,632,314
Schedule of Condensed Statement of Comprehensive Income	Condensed Statements of Comprehensive Income Year ended December 31 2017 2018 2019 US$ US$ US$ General and administrative expenses (13,781,596) (9,877,059) (9,509,893) Operating loss (13,781,596) (9,877,059) (9,509,893) Interest expense (65,387,198) (105,990,420) (107,382,764) Interest income 3,200,520 1,221,465 1,682,189 Net (loss)/gain on debt extinguishment (15,879,702) 3,267,457 536,011 Gain on short-term investments — — 27,099 Other expenses/(income) 1,114,517 (11,135,488) (20,106,250) Equity in profit of subsidiaries, net 154,361,010 195,548,594 203,098,135 Income from operations before income taxes 63,627,551 73,034,549 68,344,527 Income taxes — — — Net income attributable to common shareholders 63,627,551 73,034,549 68,344,527 Other comprehensive income/(loss), net of tax of nil Foreign currency translation adjustments 63,908,624 (59,347,915) (20,044,827) Comprehensive income attributable to shareholders 127,536,175 13,686,634 48,299,700
Schedule of Condensed Statement of Cash Flows	Condensed Statements of Cash Flows Year ended December 31 2017 2018 2019 US$ US$ US$ Cash flows from operating activities: Net income 63,627,551 73,034,549 68,344,527 Adjustment to reconcile net income to net cash used in operating activities: Equity in profit of subsidiaries, net (154,361,010) (195,548,594) (203,098,135) Stock based compensation expense 4,266,373 3,152,908 3,782,307 Amortization of deferred charges 4,036,412 7,415,821 7,445,276 Loss on extinguishment of debt 15,879,702 (3,267,457) (536,011) Other receivables — (665,428) 654,500 Other current assets (2,214) (203,789) 172,920 Other payable and accrued liabilities 4,874,134 7,342,974 (291,915) Payroll and welfare payables 2,893,230 (590,356) (597,023) Amount due from related parties (561,872) 213,796 348,076 Net cash used in operating activities (59,347,694) (109,115,576) (123,775,478) Cash flows from financing activities: Changes in due from subsidiaries (326,904,897) 53,143,354 212,589,733 Proceeds from short-term bank loans 24,294,636 — 19,900,000 Repayments of long-term bank loans — (13,250,000) (110,311,908) Proceeds from long-term bank loans — 3,178,000 100,440,000 Proceeds from other long-term debts 603,179,617 200,000,000 300,000,000 Repayment of other long-term debts (201,002,731) — (413,300,000) Purchase of treasury shares (14,058,280) (19,846,720) (26,080,876) Dividends to shareholders (26,090,734) (25,739,147) (19,647,356) Payment of financing cost (26,952,084) (4,082,815) (2,075,789) Purchase of shares under RSU plan — (7,797,949) (2,920,216) Proceeds from exercise of stock options 6,111,912 1,390,666 166,480 Net cash provided by financing activities 38,577,439 186,995,389 58,760,068 Net (decrease)/increase in cash and cash equivalents (20,770,255) 77,879,813 (65,015,410) Cash and cash equivalents, at the beginning of the year 36,497,233 15,726,978 93,606,791 Cash and cash equivalents, at end of the period 15,726,978 93,606,791 28,591,381

Background information of bus_3

Background information of business and organization (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019HKD ($)		Dec. 31, 2019MYR (RM)		Dec. 31, 2019CNY (¥)		Dec. 31, 2019USD ($)
Xinyuan International Property Investment Co, Ltd [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	Oct. 6, 2011
Registered Capital | $							$ 500,000
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	100.00%		100.00%		100.00%		100.00%
Xinyuan International (HK) Property Investment Co, Ltd [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	Oct. 26, 2011
Registered Capital | $	$ 3,000,000
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	100.00%		100.00%		100.00%		100.00%
XIN Development Group International Inc [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	Nov. 10, 2011
Registered Capital | $							$ 0
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	100.00%		100.00%		100.00%		100.00%
Xinyuan Real Estate, Ltd [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	Jan. 27, 2006
Registered Capital | $							$ 50,000,000
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	100.00%		100.00%		100.00%		100.00%
XIN Development Management East, LLC [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	Aug. 28, 2012
Registered Capital | $							$ 1,000
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	100.00%		100.00%		100.00%		100.00%
XIN NY Holding, LLC [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	Aug. 29, 2012
Registered Capital | $							$ 1,000
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	100.00%		100.00%		100.00%		100.00%
421 Kent Development, LLC [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	Aug. 29, 2012
Registered Capital | $							$ 1,000
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	100.00%		100.00%		100.00%		100.00%
Xinyuan Sailing Co., Ltd [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	Jun. 21, 2013
Registered Capital | $	$ 3,000,000
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	100.00%		100.00%		100.00%		100.00%
AWAN Plasma Sdn Bhd [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	Apr. 16, 2007
Registered Capital | RM			RM 33,577,000
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	100.00%		100.00%		100.00%		100.00%
XIN Eco Marine Group Properties Sdn Bhd [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	Jul. 9, 2014
Registered Capital | RM			RM 33,217,000
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	100.00%		100.00%		100.00%		100.00%
Zhengzhou Jiasheng Real Estate Co, Ltd [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	Dec. 2, 2013
Registered Capital | $							$ 60,000,000
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	100.00%		100.00%		100.00%		100.00%
Xinyuan (China) Real Estate, Ltd ("Xinyuan China") [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	Apr. 10, 2006
Registered Capital | $							$ 307,000,000
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	100.00%		100.00%		100.00%		100.00%
Henan Xinyuan Real Estate Co, Ltd ("Henan Xinyuan") [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	May 19, 1997
Registered Capital					¥ 200,000,000
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	100.00%		100.00%		100.00%		100.00%
Qingdao Xinyuan Xiangrui Real Estate Co, Ltd [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	Feb. 9, 2006
Registered Capital					¥ 10,000,000
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	100.00%		100.00%		100.00%		100.00%
Shandong Xinyuan Real Estate Co, Ltd [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	Jun. 2, 2006
Registered Capital					¥ 300,000,000
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	100.00%		100.00%		100.00%		100.00%
Xinyuan Property Management Service(Cayman) Ltd [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	Dec. 13, 2018
Registered Capital | $	$ 50,000
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	67.50%		67.50%		67.50%		67.50%
Xinyuan Property Management Service(BVI) Ltd [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	Jan. 2, 2019
Registered Capital | $							$ 0
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	67.50%		67.50%		67.50%		67.50%
Xinyuan Property Management Service (HK) Limited [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	Jan. 8, 2019
Registered Capital | $	$ 1
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	67.50%		67.50%		67.50%		67.50%
Xinyuan Science and Technology Service Group Co,Ltd [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	Dec. 28, 1998
Registered Capital					¥ 50,000,000
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	67.50%		67.50%		67.50%		67.50%
Mingyuan Landscape Engineering Co, Ltd [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	Feb. 17, 2004
Registered Capital					¥ 50,000,000
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	100.00%		100.00%		100.00%		100.00%
Henan Xinyuan Wanzhuo Real Estate Co,Ltd [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	Dec. 29, 2011
Registered Capital					¥ 20,000,000
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	100.00%		100.00%		100.00%		100.00%
Suzhou Xinyuan Real Estate Development Co, Ltd [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	Nov. 24, 2006
Registered Capital					¥ 200,000,000
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	100.00%		100.00%		100.00%		100.00%
Anhui Xinyuan Real Estate Co, Ltd [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	Dec. 7, 2006
Registered Capital					¥ 50,000,000
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	100.00%		100.00%		100.00%		100.00%
Kunshan Xinyuan Real Estate Co, Ltd [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	Jan. 31, 2008
Registered Capital					¥ 200,000,000
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	100.00%		100.00%		100.00%		100.00%
Xinyuan Real Estate (Chengdu) Co, Ltd [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	Jun. 12, 2007
Registered Capital					¥ 220,000,000
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	100.00%		100.00%		100.00%		100.00%
Xuzhou Xinyuan Real Estate Co Ltd [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	Nov. 9, 2009
Registered Capital					¥ 200,000,000
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	100.00%		100.00%		100.00%		100.00%
Henan Xinyuan Jiye Real Estate Co Ltd [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	Nov. 15, 2009
Registered Capital					¥ 50,000,000
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	100.00%		100.00%		100.00%		100.00%
Beijing Xinyuan Wanzhong Real Estate Co, Ltd ("Beijing Wanzhong") [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	Mar. 4, 2008
Registered Capital					¥ 900,000,000
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	100.00%		100.00%		100.00%		100.00%
Xinyuan Renju (Beijing) Asset Management Co, Ltd [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	Jan. 16, 2009
Registered Capital					¥ 30,000,000
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	100.00%		100.00%		100.00%		100.00%
Beijing Xinyuan Priority Real Estate Consulting Co, Ltd [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	Mar. 8, 2012
Registered Capital					¥ 30,000,000
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	100.00%		100.00%		100.00%		100.00%
Henan Xinyuan Priority Commercial Management Co, Ltd [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	Aug. 10, 2012
Registered Capital					¥ 2,000,000
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	100.00%		100.00%		100.00%		100.00%
Suzhou Xinyuan Wanzhuo Real Estate Co., Ltd. ("Suzhou Wanzhuo") [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	Sep. 20, 2012
Registered Capital					¥ 200,000,000
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	20.00%		20.00%		20.00%		20.00%
Jiangsu Jiajing Real Estate Co,, Ltd [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	Mar. 28, 2005
Registered Capital					¥ 150,000,000
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	100.00%		100.00%		100.00%		100.00%
Xingyang Xinyuan Real Estate Co, Ltd [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	Jul. 25, 2013
Registered Capital					¥ 200,000,000
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	100.00%		100.00%		100.00%		100.00%
Zhengzhou Xinnan Real Estate Co, Ltd [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	Jan. 21, 2016
Registered Capital					¥ 50,000,000
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	100.00%		100.00%		100.00%		100.00%
Jinan Xinyuan Wanzhuo Real Estate Co, Ltd [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	Dec. 4, 2013
Registered Capital					¥ 300,000,000
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	100.00%		100.00%		100.00%		100.00%
Sanya Beida Science and Technology Park Industrial Development Co., Ltd. [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	Jan. 10, 2014
Registered Capital					¥ 200,000,000
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	100.00%		100.00%		100.00%		100.00%
Chengdu Xinyuan Wanzhuo Real Estate Co, Ltd [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	Feb. 21, 2014
Registered Capital					¥ 50,000,000
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	100.00%		100.00%		100.00%		100.00%
Tianjin Xinyuan Real Estate Co, Ltd [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	Sep. 17, 2014
Registered Capital					¥ 100,000,000
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	100.00%		100.00%		100.00%		100.00%
Xi'an Yinghuai Square Commerce Management Co, Ltd [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	Nov. 25, 2014
Registered Capital					¥ 3,000,000
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	100.00%		100.00%		100.00%		100.00%
Changsha Xinyuan Wanzhuo Real Estate Co, Ltd [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	Apr. 3, 2014
Registered Capital					¥ 100,000,000
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	100.00%		100.00%		100.00%		100.00%
Shanghai Junxin Real Estate Co, Ltd [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	Jan. 16, 2014
Registered Capital					¥ 5,000,000
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	100.00%		100.00%		100.00%		100.00%
Beijing Yinghuai Commerce And Trade Co Ltd [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	Jan. 5, 2015
Registered Capital					¥ 30,000,000
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	100.00%		100.00%		100.00%		100.00%
Beijing Xinhe Investment Development Co Ltd [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	May 5, 2015
Registered Capital					¥ 5,000,000
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	100.00%		100.00%		100.00%		100.00%
Henan Yinghuai Commerce and Trade Co, Ltd [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	Mar. 23, 2015
Registered Capital					¥ 10,000,000
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	100.00%		100.00%		100.00%		100.00%
Henan Xinyuan Guangsheng Real Estate Co Ltd [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	Jul. 27, 2015
Registered Capital					¥ 200,000,000
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	100.00%		100.00%		100.00%		100.00%
Shanghai Hexinli Property Management Center. (Limited partnership) [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	Jul. 28, 2015
Registered Capital					¥ 10,640,000
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	100.00%		100.00%		100.00%		100.00%
Shandong Xinyuan Renju Real Estate Co, Ltd [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	Nov. 19, 2011
Registered Capital					¥ 50,000,000
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	100.00%		100.00%		100.00%		100.00%
Shaanxi Zhongmao Economy Development Co Ltd [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	Jun. 22, 1998
Registered Capital					¥ 22,500,000
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	65.98%		65.98%		65.98%		65.98%
421 Kent Holding Co Ltd [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	May 2, 2014
Registered Capital | $							$ 1,000
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	100.00%		100.00%		100.00%		100.00%
Hudson 888 Owner LLC [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	Oct. 22, 2015
Registered Capital | $							$ 1,000
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	100.00%		100.00%		100.00%		100.00%
XIN Manhattan Holding LLC [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	Dec. 9, 2015
Registered Capital | $							$ 1,000
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	100.00%		100.00%		100.00%		100.00%
Hudson 888 Holding LLC [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	Dec. 9, 2015
Registered Capital | $							$ 1,000
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	100.00%		100.00%		100.00%		100.00%
Shenzhen Xinchuang Investment Consulting Co Ltd [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	Jan. 20, 2016
Registered Capital					¥ 10,000,000
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	100.00%		100.00%		100.00%		100.00%
Henan Xinyuan Quansheng Real Estate Co Ltd [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	Jan. 14, 2015
Registered Capital					¥ 40,000,000
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	100.00%		100.00%		100.00%		100.00%
Zhengzhou Shengdao Real Estate Co, Ltd [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	Oct. 14, 2013
Registered Capital					¥ 20,000,000
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	100.00%		100.00%		100.00%		100.00%
Henan Xinyuan Shunsheng Real Estate Co, Ltd [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	Jan. 13, 2016
Registered Capital					¥ 30,000,000
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	100.00%		100.00%		100.00%		100.00%
Hunan Erli Real Estate Co., Ltd. [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	Jan. 4, 2008
Registered Capital					¥ 50,000,000
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	100.00%		100.00%		100.00%		100.00%
XIN Queens Holding LLC [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	Jul. 6, 2016
Registered Capital | $							$ 1,000
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	100.00%		100.00%		100.00%		100.00%
Queens Theatre Holdco LLC [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	Jul. 6, 2016
Registered Capital | $							$ 1,000
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	100.00%		100.00%		100.00%		100.00%
Queens Theatre Owner LLC [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	Jul. 6, 2016
Registered Capital | $							$ 1,000
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	100.00%		100.00%		100.00%		100.00%
Zhuhai Xinyuan Real Estate Co Ltd [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	Dec. 31, 2018
Registered Capital					¥ 100,000,000
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	100.00%		100.00%		100.00%		100.00%
Xinyan Investment Management Co., Limited. [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	Apr. 8, 2016
Registered Capital					¥ 100,000,000
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	90.00%		90.00%		90.00%		90.00%
Hunan Xintian Real Estate Co., Ltd. [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	Sep. 28, 2009
Registered Capital					¥ 20,000,000
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	100.00%		100.00%		100.00%		100.00%
Zhengzhou Hangmei Technology Development Co., Ltd. [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	Nov. 25, 2014
Registered Capital					¥ 50,000,000
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	51.00%		51.00%		51.00%		51.00%
Zhengzhou Hangmei Zhengxing Technology Co., Ltd. Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	Mar. 28, 2016
Registered Capital					¥ 50,000,000
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	30.00%		30.00%		30.00%		30.00%
Xi'an Dingrun Real Estate Co., Ltd. ("Xi'an Dingrun") [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	Jun. 1, 2011
Registered Capital					¥ 20,000,000
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	100.00%		100.00%		100.00%		100.00%
Zhengzhou Kangshengboda Real Estate Co Ltd [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	Jul. 29, 2016
Registered Capital					¥ 50,000,000
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	100.00%		100.00%		100.00%		100.00%
Xinjiang Xinyuan Renju Equity Investment., Ltd. [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	Feb. 24, 2017
Registered Capital					¥ 10,000,000
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	100.00%		100.00%		100.00%		100.00%
Henan Renxin Real Estate Co., Ltd. ("Henan Renxin") [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	Jul. 11, 2008
Registered Capital					¥ 200,000,000
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	51.00%		51.00%		51.00%		51.00%
Xinchuang Technology Co., Ltd. ("Xinchuang Technology ") [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	May 2, 2017
Registered Capital					¥ 100,000,000
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	100.00%		100.00%		100.00%		100.00%
Hangzhou Huiyuan Investment Management Partnership Enterprise (Limited partnership) [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	May 23, 2017
Registered Capital					¥ 5,000,000
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	100.00%		100.00%		100.00%		100.00%
Guangdong Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd. [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	Oct. 18, 2017
Registered Capital					¥ 100,000,000
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	100.00%		100.00%		100.00%		100.00%
Taicang Pengchi Real Estate Co., Limited. ("Taicang Pengchi") [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	Jun. 16, 2017
Registered Capital					¥ 200,000,000
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	17.00%		17.00%		17.00%		17.00%
Khorgos XinYan Enterprise Management Consulting Co., Ltd. [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	Dec. 4, 2017
Registered Capital					¥ 5,000,000
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	100.00%		100.00%		100.00%		100.00%
Hunan Huaiwei Business Management Co., Ltd.(1) [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	Sep. 13, 2017
Registered Capital					¥ 2,000,000
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	51.00%		51.00%		51.00%		51.00%
Jinan Xinyuan Quansheng Real Estate Co., Ltd. [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	May 25, 2018
Registered Capital					¥ 50,000,000
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	100.00%		100.00%		100.00%		100.00%
Xi'an Jinbian Shunsheng Real Estate Co., Ltd. (2) [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	Dec. 6, 2017
Registered Capital					¥ 20,000,000
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	70.00%		70.00%		70.00%		70.00%
Suzhou Yuxi Real Estate Co., Limited. ("Suzhou Yuxi") (2) [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	Mar. 5, 2018
Registered Capital					¥ 100,000,000
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	20.00%		20.00%		20.00%		20.00%
Xinchuang Sailing (Dalian) Healthy Technology Industrial Investment Co., Ltd. [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	Jun. 5, 2018
Registered Capital					¥ 600,000,000
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	100.00%		100.00%		100.00%		100.00%
Dalian Xinyi Renju Real Estate Co., Ltd. [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	Jun. 26, 2018
Registered Capital					¥ 100,000,000
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	100.00%		100.00%		100.00%		100.00%
Jiangxi Xinkai Renju Management Consulting Service., Ltd. [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	Aug. 28, 2018
Registered Capital					¥ 10,000,000
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	100.00%		100.00%		100.00%		100.00%
Beijing Xinyuan Huicheng Technology Development Co., Ltd. [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	Jan. 26, 2018
Registered Capital					¥ 100,000,000
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	100.00%		100.00%		100.00%		100.00%
Suzhou Yefang Real Estate Co., Limited. ("Suzhou Yefang") [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	Apr. 14, 2017	[1]
Registered Capital					¥ 100,000,000	[1]
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	20.00%	[1]	20.00%	[1]	20.00%	[1]	20.00%	[1]
Chengdu Xinyuan Renju Enterprise Management Co., Ltd. ("Chengdu Renju") [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	Oct. 26, 2017
Registered Capital					¥ 50,000,000
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	100.00%		100.00%		100.00%		100.00%
Chengdu Guohongteng Real Estate Co., Ltd. [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	Jul. 16, 2010
Registered Capital					¥ 1,673,179,200
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	100.00%		100.00%		100.00%		100.00%
Qingdao Keda Real Estate Co., Ltd. ("Qingdao Keda") [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	Sep. 20, 2010	[2]
Registered Capital					¥ 50,000,000	[2]
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	100.00%	[2]	100.00%	[2]	100.00%	[2]	100.00%	[2]
Wuhan Yinghexin Real Estate Co., Ltd. ("Wuhan Yinghexin") [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	Jan. 15, 2014
Registered Capital					¥ 100,000,000
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	100.00%		100.00%		100.00%		100.00%
Henan Xinyuan Property Management Co., Ltd. [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	Dec. 1, 2016
Registered Capital					¥ 10,000,000
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	100.00%		100.00%		100.00%		100.00%
Wuhu Xinyansuifeng NO.1 Investment Center (Limited partnership) [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	Nov. 22, 2017
Registered Capital					¥ 1,501,000,000
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	100.00%		100.00%		100.00%		100.00%
Zhuhai Prince Real Estate Co., Ltd. [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	Sep. 13, 1990
Registered Capital					¥ 307,000,000
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	100.00%		100.00%		100.00%		100.00%
Jinan Renju Building Material Co., Ltd.
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	Jan. 2, 2019
Registered Capital					¥ 50,000,000
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	100.00%		100.00%		100.00%		100.00%
Dalian Xinyi Yaju Real Estate Co., Ltd.
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	Jan. 16, 2019
Registered Capital					¥ 100,000,000
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	100.00%		100.00%		100.00%		100.00%
Guangdong Xinchuang Kechuang Zhigu Development Co., Ltd.
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Capital					¥ 100,000,000
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	100.00%		100.00%		100.00%		100.00%
Jiangxi Xinyuan Heju Enterprise Management Consulting Service Co., Ltd.
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	Apr. 2, 2019
Registered Capital					¥ 10,000,000
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	100.00%		100.00%		100.00%		100.00%
Beijing I-Journey Science and Technology Development Co., Ltd. (I-Journey) (3) [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	Oct. 20, 2015
Registered Capital					¥ 40,000,000
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	93.00%		93.00%		93.00%		93.00%
BeijingRuizhuo Xichuang Technology Development Co., Ltd.("Xichuang") (3) [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	Jul. 16, 2015
Registered Capital					¥ 30,000,000
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	93.00%		93.00%		93.00%		93.00%
Beijing Ruizhuo Xitou Development Co., Ltd. ("Xitou")(3)
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	Jul. 16, 2015
Registered Capital					¥ 30,000,000
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	85.00%		85.00%		85.00%		85.00%
Beijing Future Xinzhihui Technology Development Center (Limited Partnership) ("Xinzhihui")(3) [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	Dec. 16, 2016
Registered Capital					¥ 30,000,000
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	90.67%		90.67%		90.67%		90.67%
Beijing Future Xinhujin Technology Development Center (Limited Partnership) ("Xinhujin") (3) [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	Dec. 30, 2016
Registered Capital					¥ 20,000,000
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	89.50%		89.50%		89.50%		89.50%
Beijing Future Xinruifeng Technology Development Center (Limited Partnership) (Xinruifeng) (3) [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	Feb. 23, 2017
Registered Capital					¥ 20,000,000
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	77.50%		77.50%		77.50%		77.50%
Beijing Ruihao Rongtong Real Estate Co., Ltd. ("Ruihao Rongtong") [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	Jun. 15, 2006
Registered Capital					¥ 250,000,000
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	100.00%		100.00%		100.00%		100.00%
Beijing Yuzhouyun Technology Development Center (Limited partnership) ("Yuzhouyun") (Note 2(a)) [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments
Registered Place and Date of Incorporation	Mar. 2, 2018
Registered Capital					¥ 18,388,300
Percentage of Equity Attributable to the Group	51.00%		51.00%		51.00%		51.00%
[1]	Liquidated on June 10, 2019.
[2]	Acquired on

Summary of significant accoun_4

Summary of significant accounting policies - Additional Information (Details) ¥ in Millions	1 Months Ended				12 Months Ended
	May 23, 2017CNY (¥)	May 23, 2017USD ($)	Sep. 18, 2016CNY (¥)	Sep. 18, 2016USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2019USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018USD ($)item	Dec. 31, 2017USD ($)	Jun. 21, 2019	Mar. 02, 2018	Feb. 28, 2017	Jun. 28, 2016	Mar. 01, 2016	May 06, 2015CNY (¥)	May 06, 2015USD ($)
Summary of significant accounting policies
Current assets					$ 5,645,063,109	$ 6,691,221,665
TOTAL ASSETS					7,421,664,433	8,033,712,672	$ 6,384,434,270
Current liabilities					4,484,571,512	5,069,868,783
Total liabilities					6,629,712,411	7,288,067,523
Revenue					2,482,632,812	2,217,551,285	1,976,907,231
costs of revenue					(1,922,323,191)	(1,602,072,983)	(1,517,279,018)
Net loss					68,344,527	73,034,549	63,627,551
Net cash (used in) /provided by operating activities					272,256,758	(22,901,923)	139,712,972
Net cash used in investing activities					(43,030,099)	34,562,924	(827,168,769)
Net cash provided by/(used in) financing activities					(278,472,789)	(189,581,282)	$ 1,154,478,621
Amounts due to subsidiaries of the Group					53,682,296	48,502,441
Senior Management Members [Member]
Summary of significant accounting policies
Percentage of Share of Profit or Loss									49.00%
Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd. and Subsidiaries [Member]
Summary of significant accounting policies
Percentage of Share of Profit or Loss									51.00%
Beijing Yuzhouyun Technology Development Center [Member]
Summary of significant accounting policies
Current assets					2,214,155	5,775,479
Non-current assets					4,244,195	3,557,562
TOTAL ASSETS					6,458,350	9,333,041
Current liabilities					13,967,333	11,808,683
Non-current liabilities					0	0
Total liabilities					13,967,333	11,808,683
Revenue					2,558,430	591,628
Revenue					12,555,974	7,991,038
costs of revenue					(3,682,899)	(1,559,129)
Net loss					(1,796,997)	(1,929,266)
Net cash (used in) /provided by operating activities					368,379	519,050
Net cash used in investing activities					(1,885)	(255,509)
Net cash provided by/(used in) financing activities					(52,503)	0
Collateral Pledged [Member]
Summary of significant accounting policies
Land use right securing long-term debt					798,910,332	1,046,360,853
Consolidation, Eliminations [Member]
Summary of significant accounting policies
Amounts due to subsidiaries of the Group						145,728,000
Consolidation, Eliminations [Member] | Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd. and Subsidiaries [Member]
Summary of significant accounting policies
Revenue					9,997,544	7,399,000
Consolidation, Eliminations [Member] | Beijing Yuzhouyun Technology Development Center [Member]
Summary of significant accounting policies
Amounts due to subsidiaries of the Group					$ 10,867,898	9,169,167
VIEs and VIEs without recourse to the primary beneficiary
Summary of significant accounting policies
Current assets						174,366,164
Non-current assets						247,753
TOTAL ASSETS						174,613,917
Current liabilities						151,609,433
Non-current liabilities						0
Total liabilities						151,609,433
Revenue						0
costs of revenue						0
Net loss						(4,786,363)
Net cash (used in) /provided by operating activities						(8,804,491)
Net cash used in investing activities						0
Net cash provided by/(used in) financing activities						$ 8,949,715
Beijing Ruihao Rongtong Real Estate Co., Ltd. ("Ruihao Rongtong") [Member]
Summary of significant accounting policies
Paid-up Capital													¥ 250	$ 37,600,000
Percentage of Equity Directly Attributable to the Group						65.00%	65.00%
Number of projects under construction | item						1
Percentage of non-controlling equity interest that will be repurchased by the entity						35.00%
Revenue						$ 0
Beijing Ruihao Rongtong Real Estate Co., Ltd. ("Ruihao Rongtong") [Member] | Ping An trust Co., Ltd. ("Ping'an trust") [Member]
Summary of significant accounting policies
Noncontrolling owners interest (percentage)	35.00%	35.00%	10.00%	10.00%		35.00%		35.00%		35.00%	5.00%	20.00%
Amount of loan in aggregate to the Group	¥ 1,610	$ 246,800,000	¥ 862.5	$ 124,300,000
Beijing Ruihao Rongtong Real Estate Co., Ltd. ("Ruihao Rongtong") [Member] | Collateral Pledged [Member]
Summary of significant accounting policies
Land use right securing long-term debt						$ 166,327,833

Summary of significant accoun_5

Summary of significant accounting policies (Details) - USD ($)

Apr. 26, 2019

Apr. 16, 2019

Apr. 15, 2019

Mar. 19, 2018

Dec. 01, 2017

Nov. 22, 2017

Aug. 30, 2016

Nov. 22, 2017

Feb. 28, 2017

Dec. 31, 2019

Dec. 31, 2018

Dec. 31, 2017

May 20, 2019

Jan. 01, 2019

Aug. 14, 2018

Mar. 21, 2017

Dec. 28, 2015

Jul. 12, 2013

Cash and cash equivalents:

Cash and cash equivalents

$ 662,606,063

$ 674,141,554

$ 894,551,480

Restricted cash

270,714,930

338,633,911

Restricted Cash and Cash Equivalents, Noncurrent

112,998,481

0

Asset Impairment Charges

0

0

$ 0

Amounts included in the customer deposits balance at the beginning of the year

1,188,040,187

Allowance for Doubtful Accounts Receivable

1,456,243

1,539,894

Allowance for doubtful other receivable

8,313,052

10,594,423

Allowance for suppliers

$ 0

$ 0

Notes payable and other payables

Estimated useful lives of the real estate properties held for lease

20-60 years

Retirement benefits

Employer match of eligible compensation of employees, percent of average salary

40.00%

45.00%

45.00%

Retirement benefits expense

$ 20,420,474

$ 18,422,330

$ 17,101,606

Required repatriation

10.00%

Minimum percentage of Statutory Surplus Reserve

50.00%

Advertising and promotion expenses

$ 62,341,805

56,575,316

$ 53,932,462

Recognized ROU assets

11,801,491

$ 0

Total lease liabilities (including current and non-current) for operating lease

$ 11,222,146

Share Repurchase Program

Treasury shares, shares

52,850,536

41,135,198

Treasury stock, value

$ 113,719,964

$ 87,639,088

Selling and Marketing Expense [Member]

Cash and cash equivalents:

Capitalized Contract Cost, Amortization

$ 14,900,000

6,200,000

Minimum [Member]

Retirement benefits

Required percentage of Statutory Reserve prior to distributions

25.00%

LAT Progressive Rate

30.00%

Warranty term

2 months

Contract cost withholding term

2 years

Maximum [Member]

Retirement benefits

LAT Progressive Rate

60.00%

Warranty term

3 years

Percentage of contract cost withheld

5.00%

Contract cost withholding term

5 years

Share Repurchase Program

Stock repurchase program authorized amount

$ 50,000,000

$ 50,000,000

$ 40,000,000

$ 40,000,000

$ 60,000,000

ASU 2016-02

Retirement benefits

Recognized ROU assets

$ 11,800,000

$ 15,000,000

Total lease liabilities (including current and non-current) for operating lease

11,200,000

$ 14,400,000

Operating Lease, Liability, Current

$ 4,900,000

August 2019 Senior Notes due on August 30, 2019 at 8.125% [Member]

Senior Secured Notes

Debt issuance date

Aug. 30, 2016

Aug. 30, 2016

Debt instrument, aggregate principal amount

$ 300,000,000

Maturity date

Aug. 30, 2019

Bears interest

8.125%

8.125%

February 2021 Senior notes due on February 28, 2021 at 7.75% [Member]

Notes payable and other payables

Debt term

4 years

Senior Secured Notes

Debt issuance date

Feb. 28, 2017

Feb. 28, 2017

Debt instrument, aggregate principal amount

$ 300,000,000

Maturity date

Feb. 28, 2021

Bears interest

7.75%

7.75%

November 2020 Senior Secured notes due on November 22, 2020 at 8.875% [Member]

Notes payable and other payables

Debt term

3 years

Senior Secured Notes

Debt issuance date

Dec. 1, 2017

Nov. 22, 2017

Nov. 22, 2017

Dec. 1, 2017

Debt instrument, aggregate principal amount

$ 100,000,000

$ 200,000,000

$ 200,000,000

Maturity date

Nov. 22, 2020

Nov. 22, 2020

Bears interest

8.875%

8.875%

March 2020 Senior Secured Notes due on March 12, 2020 at 9.875% [Member]

Notes payable and other payables

Debt term

2 years

Senior Secured Notes

Debt issuance date

Mar. 19, 2018

Debt instrument, aggregate principal amount

$ 200,000,000

Maturity date

Mar. 19, 2018

Mar. 19, 2020

Bears interest

9.875%

9.875%

October 2021 Senior Secured Notes due on October 15, 2021 at 1420 [Member]

Notes payable and other payables

Debt term

2 years 6 months

2 years 6 months

Senior Secured Notes

Debt issuance date

Apr. 26, 2019

Apr. 15, 2019

Debt instrument, aggregate principal amount

$ 100,000,000

$ 200,000,000

Maturity date

Oct. 15, 2021

Oct. 15, 2021

Oct. 15, 2021

Oct. 16, 2021

Bears interest

14.20%

Short-term bank acceptance notes [Member]

Notes payable and other payables

Notes payable

$ 271,096,538

49,652,091

Short-term bank acceptance notes [Member] | Maximum [Member]

Notes payable and other payables

Debt term

6 months

Withdrawal Restrictions [Member]

Cash and cash equivalents:

Restricted cash

$ 32,420,073

43,748,940

Restricted Cash and Cash Equivalents, Noncurrent

112,998,481

0

Restricted Cash Related to Short Term Loans [Member]

Cash and cash equivalents:

Restricted cash

20,691,781

0

Restricted Cash Related to Long Term Loans [Member]

Cash and cash equivalents:

Restricted cash

$ 3,153,579

$ 129,492,074

Summary of significant accoun_6

Summary of significant accounting policies - Revenue is recognized and disaggregated (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Summary of significant accounting policies
Revenue from Contract with Customer	$ 2,466,504,041	$ 2,207,966,313
Lease Income	16,128,771	9,584,972	$ 8,732,799
Total revenue	2,482,632,812	2,217,551,285	1,976,907,231
Real Estate Sales [Member]
Summary of significant accounting policies
Revenue from Contract with Customer	2,387,031,568	2,139,370,792	1,924,560,806
Real estate management services income [Member]
Summary of significant accounting policies
Revenue from Contract with Customer	67,488,169	63,447,420	41,738,319
Other revenue [Member]
Summary of significant accounting policies
Revenue from Contract with Customer	11,984,304	5,148,101	1,875,307
Real estate lease income [Member]
Summary of significant accounting policies
Lease Income	$ 16,128,771	$ 9,584,972	$ 8,732,799

Summary of significant accoun_7

Summary of significant accounting policies - Contract balance (Details) - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Summary of significant accounting policies
Contract assets	$ 23,093,235	$ 21,779,221
Customer deposits (note 14)	$ 1,106,098,647	$ 1,921,851,255

Summary of significant accoun_8

Summary of significant accounting policies - Impact of adoption of ASC 606 (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Jan. 01, 2018	Dec. 31, 2016
Real estate properties development completed	$ 458,204,518	$ 632,359,691	$ 840,393,193
Real estate properties under development	3,254,387,749	4,068,716,308	1,996,000,653
Other current assets	772,303	520,391
Other non-current assets	80,405,182	137,062,313
Total equity	791,952,022	745,645,149	1,057,013,126		$ 916,152,178
Consolidated statement of comprehensive income
Revenue	2,466,504,041	2,207,966,313
costs of revenue	(1,922,323,191)	(1,602,072,983)	(1,517,279,018)
Selling and distribution expenses	(86,760,620)	(83,591,651)	(75,723,717)
General and administrative expenses	(163,686,999)	(156,456,170)	(136,844,741)
Income taxes	150,478,372	144,447,247	113,117,126
Net income/(loss)	$ 83,028,802	105,952,020	$ 80,111,405
Accounting Standards Update 2014-09 [Member]
Real estate properties development completed				$ 35,100,000
Real estate properties under development				1,176,100,000
Other current assets				61,200,000
Contract assets				15,600,000
Other non-current assets				68,200,000
Customer deposits				1,602,000,000
Other current liabilities				17,700,000
Total non-current liabilities				35,300,000
Total equity				$ 315,200,000
Consolidated statement of comprehensive income
Revenue		320,610,288
costs of revenue		(102,615,934)
Selling and distribution expenses		7,214,309
General and administrative expenses		(650,301)
Income taxes		(50,559,274)
Net income/(loss)		173,999,088
Calculated under Revenue Guidance in Effect before Topic 606 [Member]
Consolidated statement of comprehensive income
Revenue		1,896,940,997
costs of revenue		(1,499,457,049)
Selling and distribution expenses		(90,805,960)
General and administrative expenses		(155,805,869)
Income taxes		(93,887,973)
Net income/(loss)		(68,047,068)
Calculated Under Revenue Guidance In Effect After Topic 606 [Member]
Consolidated statement of comprehensive income
Revenue		2,217,551,285
costs of revenue		(1,602,072,983)
Selling and distribution expenses		(83,591,651)
General and administrative expenses		(156,456,170)
Income taxes		(144,447,247)
Net income/(loss)		$ 105,952,020

Summary of significant accoun_9

Summary of significant accounting policies - Estimated Useful Life (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019
Corporate aircraft [Member]
Summary of significant accounting policies
Property, Plant and Equipment, Useful Life	15 years
Vehicles [Member]
Summary of significant accounting policies
Property, Plant and Equipment, Useful Life	5 years
Furniture and Fixtures [Member]
Summary of significant accounting policies
Property, Plant and Equipment, Useful Life	5 years
Office buildings [Member] | Minimum [Member]
Summary of significant accounting policies
Property, Plant and Equipment, Useful Life	20 years
Office buildings [Member] | Maximum [Member]
Summary of significant accounting policies
Property, Plant and Equipment, Useful Life	60 years

Summary of significant accou_10

Summary of significant accounting policies - Interest Expense (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Summary of significant accounting policies
Amortization of issuance cost related to long-term debt	$ 8,132,103	$ 8,624,334	$ 4,384,801
Interest expense of finance leases	973,842	1,385,292	1,705,739
Interest on borrowings	308,747,957	271,831,465	197,410,532
Total interest costs	317,853,902	281,841,091	203,501,072
Total interest costs capitalized	(204,078,542)	(182,595,395)	(137,347,632)
Interest expense, net	$ 113,775,360	$ 99,245,696	$ 66,153,440

Summary of significant accou_11

Summary of significant accounting policies - Effect of change in estimate (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Summary of significant accounting policies
Gross profit	$ 560,309,621	$ 615,478,302	$ 459,628,213
Net income	$ 68,344,527	$ 73,034,549	$ 63,627,551
Basic	$ 0.60	$ 0.57	$ 0.49
Diluted	$ 0.60	$ 0.57	$ 0.48
Contracts Accounted for under Percentage of Completion [Member] | Certain Real Estate Development Projects [Member]
Summary of significant accounting policies
Gross profit	$ (59,100,000)	$ 34,500,000	$ (11,100,000)
Net income	$ (44,300,000)	$ 25,900,000	$ (8,300,000)
Basic	$ (0.39)	$ 0.20	$ (0.06)
Diluted	$ (0.39)	$ 0.20	$ (0.06)

Short-term investments (Details

Short-term investments (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Trading securities:
Fair Value	$ 5,595,625	$ 8,442,063
Cost	7,219,439	7,291,863
Unrealized gain (loss) in profit	(1,623,814)	1,150,200
Net realized gain on short-term investments	3,075,014	(3,407,090)	$ 7,873,987
Level 3
Trading securities:
Fair Value, Equity securities without readily determinable fair value	3,519,182
Cost, Equity securities without readily determinable fair value	3,519,182
Equity Securities without Readily Determinable Fair Value, Carrying Value	0
REITs [Member] | Level 1
Trading securities:
Fair Value		8,442,063
Cost		7,291,863
Unrealized gain (loss) in profit		$ 1,150,200
Equity securities [Member] | Level 1
Trading securities:
Fair Value	2,076,443
Cost	3,700,257
Unrealized gain (loss) in profit	$ (1,623,814)

Other receivables (Details)

Other receivables (Details) - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Other receivables
Other receivables	$ 287,300,176	$ 166,632,745
Real estate properties held for lease, net
Other receivables
Other receivables	287,300,176
Henan Derun Real Estate Co Ltd [Member]
Other receivables
Other receivables	124,436,299	13,500,000
Zhengzhou Jiahe Real Estate Co., Ltd [Member]
Other receivables
Other receivables	67,429,462	$ 60,700,000
Zhangjiakou Xingyuan City Construction Development Co. Ltd
Other receivables
Other receivables	19,696,568
Huzhou Xinhong Jingcheng Construction And Development Co Ltd [Member]
Other receivables
Other receivables	16,369,944
Due from contractors
Other receivables
Other receivables	24,444,823
Others
Other receivables
Other receivables	$ 34,923,080

Other receivables - Additional

Other receivables - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($)	1 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Other receivables
Other receivables		$ 287,300,176	$ 166,632,745
Real estate properties held for lease, net
Other receivables
Other receivables		$ 287,300,176
Henan Derun Real Estate Co Ltd [Member]
Other receivables
Prepayment amount included in other non-current assets			$ 95,600,000
Business Acquisition, Percentage of Voting Interests Acquired			10.00%
Receivable with Imputed Interest, Effective Yield (Interest Rate)		18.00%
Other receivables		$ 124,436,299	$ 13,500,000
Percentage of Ownership Interest Used to Settle Receivables Through Transfer of Certain Parcels of Land Properties	80.00%
Settlement of Bank Loans to Release the Land Pledged in Bank	$ 77,100,000
Zhengzhou Jiahe Real Estate Co., Ltd [Member]
Other receivables
Other receivables		$ 67,429,462	$ 60,700,000
Percentage of Equity Interest Secured for Use of Land Properties to Settle the Balance Due to Group		100.00%
Zhengzhou Jiahe Real Estate Co., Ltd [Member] | Minimum [Member]
Other receivables
Receivable with Imputed Interest, Effective Yield (Interest Rate)		15.00%
Zhengzhou Jiahe Real Estate Co., Ltd [Member] | Maximum [Member]
Other receivables
Receivable with Imputed Interest, Effective Yield (Interest Rate)		18.00%

Real estate properties develo_3

Real estate properties development completed and under development (Details) - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Real Estate Properties [Line Items]
Real estate properties development completed	$ 458,204,518	$ 632,359,691	$ 840,393,193
Under development	4,489,083,638	5,049,788,864
Profit recognized	301,358,319	348,170,931
Less: progress billings (Note 13)	(1,536,054,208)	(1,329,243,487)
Total real estate properties under development	3,254,387,749	4,068,716,308	$ 1,996,000,653
Total real estate properties development completed and under development	3,712,592,267	4,701,075,999
Collateral Pledged [Member]
Real Estate Properties [Line Items]
Land use rights net	798,910,332	1,046,360,853
Land use rights [Member]
Real Estate Properties [Line Items]
Total real estate properties development completed and under development	2,179,888,833	2,733,197,585
Zhengzhou Century East A [Member]
Real Estate Properties [Line Items]
Real estate properties development completed	3,913,910	4,000,881
Suzhou International City Garden [Member]
Real Estate Properties [Line Items]
Real estate properties development completed	1,579,238	1,460,187
Jinan Xinyuan Splendid [Member]
Real Estate Properties [Line Items]
Real estate properties development completed	5,175,618	4,952,551
Zhengzhou Xin City [Member]
Real Estate Properties [Line Items]
Real estate properties development completed	11,094,087	14,946,209
Beijing Xindo Park [Member]
Real Estate Properties [Line Items]
Real estate properties development completed	41,462,271	42,003,855
Suzhou Lake Royal Palace [Member]
Real Estate Properties [Line Items]
Real estate properties development completed	4,966,527	4,880,245
Xingyang Splendid I [Member]
Real Estate Properties [Line Items]
Real estate properties development completed	3,201,168	16,616,861
Zhengzhou Thriving Family [Member]
Real Estate Properties [Line Items]
Real estate properties development completed	11,397,709	14,908,355
Shanghai Yipin Royal Palace [Member]
Real Estate Properties [Line Items]
Real estate properties development completed	80,709,011	82,320,988
New York Oosten [Member]
Real Estate Properties [Line Items]
Real estate properties development completed	1,201,783	127,749,947
Chengdu Thriving Family [Member]
Real Estate Properties [Line Items]
Real estate properties development completed	64,327,235	88,492,260
Sanya Yazhou Bay No.1 [Member]
Real Estate Properties [Line Items]
Real estate properties development completed	6,627,299	31,716,745
Xi'an Metropolitan [Member]
Real Estate Properties [Line Items]
Real estate properties development completed	43,103,208	48,352,943
Kunshan Royal Palace [Member]
Real Estate Properties [Line Items]
Real estate properties development completed	5,742,133	8,279,289
Jinan Xin Central [Member]
Real Estate Properties [Line Items]
Real estate properties development completed	29,175,427	41,158,302
Changsha Xinyuan Splendid [Member]
Real Estate Properties [Line Items]
Real estate properties development completed	7,540,854	7,340,408
Zhengzhou Fancy City II (South) [Member]
Real Estate Properties [Line Items]
Real estate properties development completed	1,263,824	151,224
Kunshan Xindo Park [Member]
Real Estate Properties [Line Items]
Real estate properties development completed	8,251,834	23,673,323
Zhengzhou Xindo Park [Member]
Real Estate Properties [Line Items]
Real estate properties development completed	8,301,650	13,794,988
Zhengzhou Fancy City I [Member]
Real Estate Properties [Line Items]
Real estate properties development completed	17,254,407	19,329,493
Henan Xin Central I [Member]
Real Estate Properties [Line Items]
Real estate properties development completed	14,913,267	36,230,637
Xuzhou Colorful City
Real Estate Properties [Line Items]
Real estate properties development completed	5,547,620	0
Under development		49,972,999
Henan Xin Central II [Member]
Real Estate Properties [Line Items]
Real estate properties development completed	9,884,003	0
Under development		99,196,076
Xingyang Splendid Phase II
Real Estate Properties [Line Items]
Real estate properties development completed	15,283,105	0
Xingyang Splendid Phase III
Real Estate Properties [Line Items]
Real estate properties development completed	2,563,122	0
Xingyang Splendid II [Member]
Real Estate Properties [Line Items]
Under development		44,074,338
Xingyang Splendid III [Member]
Real Estate Properties [Line Items]
Under development		62,771,683
Xingyang Splendid IV [Member]
Real Estate Properties [Line Items]
Under development	46,472,092	11,743,049
Jinan Royal Palace [Member]
Real Estate Properties [Line Items]
Under development	223,967,341	328,737,914
Tianjin Spring Royal Palace I [Member]
Real Estate Properties [Line Items]
Real estate properties development completed	19,221,577	0
Under development		101,091,391
Zhengzhou Fancy City II(North) [Member]
Real Estate Properties [Line Items]
Under development	95,360,634	77,295,404
Zhengzhou International New City I [Member]
Real Estate Properties [Line Items]
Real estate properties development completed	17,458,454	0
Under development		339,890,348
Zhengzhou International New City II [Member]
Real Estate Properties [Line Items]
Real estate properties development completed	17,044,177	0
Under development		171,711,098
Tongzhou Xinyuan Royal Palace [Member]
Real Estate Properties [Line Items]
Under development	234,987,743	214,011,166
Changsha Mulian Royal Palace [Member]
Real Estate Properties [Line Items]
Under development		108,637,317
XIN Eco Marine Group Properties Sdn Bhd [Member]
Real Estate Properties [Line Items]
Under development	27,488,080	15,064,162
Hudson Garden project [Member]
Real Estate Properties [Line Items]
Under development	123,555,996	106,844,124
Flushing Project [Member]
Real Estate Properties [Line Items]
Under development	107,304,741	92,821,714
Changsha Furong Thriving Family [Member]
Real Estate Properties [Line Items]
Under development	15,540,229	39,054,048
Zhengzhou International New City III A [Member]
Real Estate Properties [Line Items]
Under development	110,507,107	86,999,855
Zhuhai Xin World [Member]
Real Estate Properties [Line Items]
Under development	153,864,698	102,997,747
Xinyuan Chang'an Royal Palace [Member]
Real Estate Properties [Line Items]
Under development	157,044,224	144,771,923
Kunshan Xinyu Jiayuan [Member]
Real Estate Properties [Line Items]
Under development	146,779,965	159,974,516
Zhengzhou International New City Pending Staging [Member]
Real Estate Properties [Line Items]
Under development	376,230,958	238,835,232
Zhengzhou Hangmei International Wisdom City I [Member]
Real Estate Properties [Line Items]
Under development	75,943,506	91,069,505
Xinyuan Golden Water View City [Member]
Real Estate Properties [Line Items]
Under development	438,686,015	428,430,649
Suzhou Galaxy Bay [Member]
Real Estate Properties [Line Items]
Under development	62,557,317	51,739,509
Xi'an Metropolitan II [Member]
Real Estate Properties [Line Items]
Under development	5,903,626	5,609,532
Zhengzhou International New City III B [Member]
Real Estate Properties [Line Items]
Under development	19,164,288	94,547,682
Zhengzhou International New City III C [Member]
Real Estate Properties [Line Items]
Under development	88,758,649	99,240,244
Zhengzhou International New City III D [Member]
Real Estate Properties [Line Items]
Under development	8,416,916	42,706,005
Tianjin Spring Royal Palace II [Member]
Real Estate Properties [Line Items]
Under development	62,093,526	70,891,230
Zhengzhou Fancy City III [Member]
Real Estate Properties [Line Items]
Under development	79,922,540	89,529,453
Jinan Royal Spring Bay [Member]
Real Estate Properties [Line Items]
Under development	135,015,228	119,400,947
Suzhou Gusu Shade I (Suzhou New Project) [Member]
Real Estate Properties [Line Items]
Under development	45,267,243	39,163,694
Wuhan Canglong Royal Palace (Wuhan New Project) [Member]
Real Estate Properties [Line Items]
Under development	141,707,492	124,701,587
Dalian International Health Technology Town I [Member]
Real Estate Properties [Line Items]
Under development	85,174,478	33,796,959
Qingdao Royal Dragon Bay [Member]
Real Estate Properties [Line Items]
Under development	212,457,554	246,387,446
Chengdu Xinyuan City [Member]
Real Estate Properties [Line Items]
Under development	723,555,656	688,987,085
Zhengzhou International New City IV [Member]
Real Estate Properties [Line Items]
Under development	220,859,532	176,269,525
Xingyang Splendid V [Member]
Real Estate Properties [Line Items]
Under development	31,136,007	45,984,974
Xingyang Splendid Building 46 [Member]
Real Estate Properties [Line Items]
Under development	7,997,771	4,836,734
Foshan Xinchuang AI International Science and Technology Innovation Valley [Member]
Real Estate Properties [Line Items]
Under development	$ 225,362,486	$ 0

Real estate properties held f_3

Real estate properties held for lease, net - Properties Held for Lease (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Property Subject to or Available for Operating Lease [Line Items]
Total costs	$ 554,227,073	$ 332,986,149
Accumulated depreciation	(38,358,165)	(30,221,932)
Real estate properties held for lease, net	515,868,908	302,764,217	$ 277,933,313
Property, Plant and Equipment, Gross	74,322,407	66,178,207
Depreciation expense	$ 8,625,765	7,963,627	$ 7,280,421
Minimum [Member]
Property Subject to or Available for Operating Lease [Line Items]
Remaining lease periods	25 days
Maximum [Member]
Property Subject to or Available for Operating Lease [Line Items]
Remaining lease periods	20 years
Collateral Pledged [Member]
Property Subject to or Available for Operating Lease [Line Items]
Real estate properties held for lease, net	$ 206,516,986	175,429,630
Equipment Leased to Other Party [Member]
Property Subject to or Available for Operating Lease [Line Items]
Property, Plant and Equipment, Gross	7,149,114	7,266,822
Elementary schools [Member]
Property Subject to or Available for Operating Lease [Line Items]
Total costs	3,057,371	3,107,711
Basement parking [Member]
Property Subject to or Available for Operating Lease [Line Items]
Total costs	14,694,085	9,633,568
Kindergartens [Member]
Property Subject to or Available for Operating Lease [Line Items]
Total costs	10,049,512	10,194,286
Parking facilities [Member]
Property Subject to or Available for Operating Lease [Line Items]
Total costs	100,036,672	55,941,369
Clubhouses [Member]
Property Subject to or Available for Operating Lease [Line Items]
Total costs	8,574,329	7,789,415
Shopping mall [Member]
Property Subject to or Available for Operating Lease [Line Items]
Total costs	290,610,416	243,346,989
Residential Properties [Member]
Property Subject to or Available for Operating Lease [Line Items]
Total costs	124,280,030
Other [Member]
Property Subject to or Available for Operating Lease [Line Items]
Total costs	$ 2,924,658	$ 2,972,811

Real estate properties held f_4

Real estate properties held for lease, net - Minimum Future Rental Income (Details)	Dec. 31, 2019USD ($)
Real estate properties held for lease, net
2020	$ 15,986,263
2021	15,587,876
2022	14,786,872
2023	13,728,432
2024 and thereafter	107,158,511
Total	$ 167,247,954

Property and equipment, net (De

Property and equipment, net (Details)	Sep. 15, 2021payment	Dec. 31, 2019USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2017USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2021USD ($)	Oct. 23, 2012
Property and equipment, net
Total		$ 74,322,407	$ 66,178,207
Accumulated depreciation		(31,318,028)	(28,063,724)	$ (23,994,047)
Property and equipment, net		43,004,379	38,114,483
Depreciation expense		5,904,454	4,908,299	5,350,256
Corporate aircraft [Member]
Property and equipment, net
Amortization expense related to the corporate aircraft capital lease		2,336,187	2,582,340	2,613,008
Accumulated amortization expense related to the corporate aircraft capital lease		14,601,171	13,238,949	$ 11,375,747
Finance lease right-of-use asset -Corporate aircraft
Property and equipment, net
Total		36,887,168	37,494,502
Vehicles [Member]
Property and equipment, net
Total		5,069,515	5,109,037
Furniture and Fixtures [Member]
Property and equipment, net
Total		10,523,537	12,580,384
Office buildings [Member]
Property and equipment, net
Total		21,842,187	10,994,284
Equipment Leased to Other Party [Member]
Property and equipment, net
Total		7,149,114	$ 7,266,822
Assets Held under Capital Leases [Member]
Property and equipment, net
Lessee, Finance Lease, Term of Contract						8 years
Number of quarterly lease payments | payment	32
Quarterly lease payments, amount					$ 1,426,000
Deposit used as full and final payment		$ 6,700,000

Long-term investment (Details)

Long-term investment (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Jul. 31, 2019	Mar. 21, 2018	Sep. 04, 2017	Apr. 19, 2017
Long Term Investment [Line Items]
Total	$ 613,619,925	$ 564,340,219
Share of loss of equity investees	5,416,471	9,374,451	$ 1,710,070
Equity Method Investment Difference Between Aggregate Investment And Proportionate Share Of Net Assets	0	0
Wuhu Penghong Investment Center (Limited Partnership) [Member]
Long Term Investment [Line Items]
Equity method investees, Initial Cost	30,608,185	30,608,185				$ 30,600,000
Equity method investees	18,333,122	23,613,358
Partner One [Member] | Wuhu Penghong Investment Center (Limited Partnership) [Member]
Long Term Investment [Line Items]
Equity method investees, Initial Cost						91,800,000
Partner Two [Member] | Wuhu Penghong Investment Center (Limited Partnership) [Member]
Long Term Investment [Line Items]
Equity method investees, Initial Cost						$ 3,100,000
Beijing Huiju [Member]
Long Term Investment [Line Items]
Cash frozen	98,700,000
Zhengzhou Lianhe Real Estate Co., Ltd. [Member]
Long Term Investment [Line Items]
Nonmarketable equity securities, Initial Cost	241,648	241,648
Nonmarketable equity securities	286,689	291,409
Zhengzhou Taike Real Estate Co., Ltd. [Member]
Long Term Investment [Line Items]
Nonmarketable equity securities, Initial Cost	738,073	738,073
Nonmarketable equity securities	716,723	728,523
Madison Development Limited
Long Term Investment [Line Items]
Equity method investees, Initial Cost	19,095,969	19,095,969			$ 19,100,000
Equity method investees	16,294,996	16,743,122
Equity Method Investment, Ownership Percentage					50.00%
Qingdao Huiju Zhihui City Industrial Development Co., Ltd.
Long Term Investment [Line Items]
Equity method investees, Initial Cost	523,459,957	505,162,873					$ 505,200,000
Equity method investees	$ 488,227,667	$ 478,778,879
Equity Method Investment, Ownership Percentage		49.00%
Qingdao Huiju Zhihui City Industrial Development Co., Ltd. | Maximum [Member]
Long Term Investment [Line Items]
Equity Method Investment, Ownership Percentage							70.00%
Qingdao Huiju Zhihui City Industrial Development Co., Ltd. | Beijing Huiju [Member]
Long Term Investment [Line Items]
Transfer of remaining ownership percentage, as required by the legal action (as a percent)	21.00%
Refund of unauthorized transfer of cash, as required by the legal action	$ 98,700,000
Suzhou Rongjingchen Real Estate Co., Ltd
Long Term Investment [Line Items]
Equity method investees, Initial Cost	42,041,464			$ 42,000,000
Equity method investees	41,452,466
Equity Method Investment, Ownership Percentage				24.00%
Other [Member]
Long Term Investment [Line Items]
Equity method investees, Initial Cost	69,160,051	$ 59,289,036
Equity method investees	$ 48,308,262	$ 44,184,928

Long-term investment - Major eq

Long-term investment - Major equity method investees (Details) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019USD ($)
Equity Method Investment, Summarized Financial Information [Abstract]
Current assets	$ 1,413,713
Noncurrent assets	411,764
Current liabilities	499,078
Non-current liabilities	460,617
Non-controlling interest	5,778
Gross revenue	68,353
Gross profit	14,976
Loss from continuing operations	(5,928)
Net loss	(10,691)
Net loss attributable to the Company	$ (11,614)

Acquisition of subsidiaries - F

Acquisition of subsidiaries - Fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed on Acquisition Date (Details) - USD ($)		Nov. 30, 2019	Sep. 06, 2018	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Total consideration:
Remeasurement Gain				$ 0	$ 4,384,563	$ 0
Total Consideration		$ 48,761,943
Fair value of net identifiable assets acquired:
Cash and cash equivalents		827,011
Real estate properties under development				$ 3,254,387,749	$ 4,068,716,308	$ 1,996,000,653
Current liabilities		$ (2,010,290)
Wuhu Penghua Tenth Investment Center (Limited Partnership) [Member]
Total consideration:
Carrying amount of previously held equity interests			$ 202,354,932
Remeasurement Gain			4,384,563
Fair value of previously held equity interests	[1]		206,739,495
Less: Goodwill			534,697
Total Consideration			206,204,798
Fair value of net identifiable assets acquired:
Cash and cash equivalents			11,761,992
Real estate properties under development			538,393,230
Current assets			7,471,403
Current liabilities			(57,705,079)
Deferred tax liabilities			(534,697)
Long-term bank loan			(293,182,051)
Net assets acquired			$ 206,204,798
[1]	The business combination was achieved without the transfer of consideration. The difference between the fair value of previously held equity interest and the fair value of net identifiable assets acquired was recognized as goodwill. As the Wuhu Group were private companies, the fair value of the Group’s previously held equity interest is estimated based on asset-based approach using significant unobservable inputs that market participants would consider, which mainly include estimated revenue and estimated cost for the construction project.

Acquisition of subsidiaries - 2

Acquisition of subsidiaries - 2019 Acquisition Activity (Details) - USD ($)	Nov. 30, 2019	Nov. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2019
Business Combination, Consideration Transferred	$ 48,761,943
Goodwill	24,711,613	$ 24,711,613
Xitou [Member]
Business Combination, Consideration Transferred		16,486,299
Goodwill	6,624,594	6,624,594
Goodwill, tax deductible amount			$ 0
Xichuang
Business Combination, Consideration Transferred		11,212,797
Goodwill	5,159,916	5,159,916
Goodwill, tax deductible amount			0
I-Journey [Member]
Business Combination, Consideration Transferred		21,062,847
Goodwill	$ 12,927,103	$ 12,927,103
Goodwill, tax deductible amount			$ 0

Acquisition of subsidiaries -_2

Acquisition of subsidiaries - Fair value of assets and liabiliities (Details)	Nov. 30, 2019USD ($)
Cash and cash equivalents acquired	$ 827,011
Other current assets	1,118,618
Deferred tax assets	2,887,353
Other non-current assets	87,226
Goodwill	24,711,613
Current liabilities	(2,010,290)
Deferred tax liabilities	(2,887,353)
Non-controlling interest	(168,788)
Total Consideration	48,761,943
Technology [Member]
Intangible assets	21,573,348
Trademarks [Member]
Intangible assets	$ 2,623,205
Minimum [Member]
Acquired Finite-lived Intangible Assets, Weighted Average Useful Life	6 years
Maximum [Member]
Acquired Finite-lived Intangible Assets, Weighted Average Useful Life	10 years
Xinruifeng subgroup
Cash and cash equivalents acquired	$ 472,974
Other current assets	262,373
Deferred tax assets	1,057,527
Other non-current assets	29,935
Goodwill	6,624,594
Current liabilities	(269,349)
Deferred tax liabilities	(1,057,527)
Non-controlling interest	(80,631)
Total Consideration	16,486,299
Xinruifeng subgroup | Technology [Member]
Intangible assets	9,446,403
Xinhujin subgroup
Cash and cash equivalents acquired	276,511
Other current assets	164,373
Deferred tax assets	1,170,995
Other non-current assets	14,176
Goodwill	5,159,916
Current liabilities	(241,318)
Deferred tax liabilities	(1,170,995)
Non-controlling interest	(37,986)
Total Consideration	11,212,797
Xinhujin subgroup | Technology [Member]
Intangible assets	5,877,125
Xinzhihui subgroup
Cash and cash equivalents acquired	77,526
Other current assets	691,872
Deferred tax assets	658,831
Other non-current assets	43,115
Goodwill	12,927,103
Current liabilities	(1,499,623)
Deferred tax liabilities	(658,831)
Non-controlling interest	(50,171)
Total Consideration	21,062,847
Xinzhihui subgroup | Technology [Member]
Intangible assets	6,249,820
Xinzhihui subgroup | Trademarks [Member]
Intangible assets	$ 2,623,205

Acquisition of subsidiaries - A

Acquisition of subsidiaries - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($)	Sep. 06, 2018	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Nov. 30, 2019
Remeasurement Gain			$ 0	$ 4,384,563	$ 0
Goodwill						$ 24,711,613
Revenue			2,466,504,041	2,207,966,313
Net income			68,344,527	$ 73,034,549	$ 63,627,551
Wuhu Penghua Tenth Investment Center (Limited Partnership) [Member]
Payments to Acquire Additional Interest in Subsidiaries	$ 146,600,000
Remeasurement Gain	4,384,563
Goodwill	$ 534,697
Business Acquisition, Goodwill, Expected Tax Deductible Amount			$ 0
Wuhu Penghua and Chengdu Renju and Chengdu Guohongteng [Member]
Revenue		$ 30,248,316
Net income		$ 6,710,751

Short-term bank loans and oth_3

Short-term bank loans and other debt - Short-term bank loans and other debt (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Short-term bank loans and other debt
Short-term bank loans and other debt	$ 73,419,108	$ 43,711,388
Loan from The Bank of East Asia [Member] | Loan from The Bank of East Asia, Due January 2, 2020, at 1.10% plus 1 month LIBOR [Member]
Short-term bank loans and other debt
Short-term bank loans and other debt	$ 19,900,000	0
Maturity date	Jan. 2, 2020
Stated spread over variable rate	1.10%
Debt Instrument, Description of Variable Rate Basis	1 month LIBOR
Loan from Henan Zhongyuan Microfinance Co., Ltd. [Member] | Loan from Henan Zhongyuan Microfinance Co., Ltd., Due July 26, 2019, at 11.60% per annum [Member]
Short-term bank loans and other debt
Short-term bank loans and other debt		7,285,231
Maturity date	Jul. 26, 2019
Stated rate	11.60%
Loan from Zhongyuan Aviation Leasing Co.,Ltd. [Member] | Loan from Zhongyuan Aviation Leasing Co.,Ltd., Due December 20, 2020, at 10.00% per annum [Member]
Short-term bank loans and other debt
Short-term bank loans and other debt	$ 11,467,562	0
Maturity date	Dec. 20, 2020
Stated rate	10.00%
Loan from Hua Xia Bank Co., Ltd. | Loan from Hua Xia Bank Co., Ltd. Due May 30, 2020, at 6.5250% per annum
Short-term bank loans and other debt
Short-term bank loans and other debt	$ 8,600,671	0
Maturity date	May 30, 2020
Stated rate	6.525%
Loan from Zhongyuan Commercial Factoring [Member] | Loan from Zhongyuan Commercial Factoring Co., Ltd.Due January 30, 2020, at 10.00% per annum [Member]
Short-term bank loans and other debt
Short-term bank loans and other debt	$ 28,668,902
Maturity date	Jan. 30, 2020
Stated rate	10.00%
Loan from Shandong Rongyue Finance Leasing Co., Ltd. | Loan from Shandong Rongyue Finance Leasing Co., Ltd. Due December 24, 2020, at 5.00% per annum
Short-term bank loans and other debt
Short-term bank loans and other debt	$ 4,300,335	0
Maturity date	Dec. 24, 2020
Stated rate	5.00%
Loan from Kunlun Trust Co., Ltd. [Member] | Loan from Kunlun Trust Co., Ltd., Due June 28, 2019, at 10.50% per annum [Member]
Short-term bank loans and other debt
Short-term bank loans and other debt		$ 36,426,157
Maturity date	Jun. 28, 2019
Stated rate	10.50%
Loan From Tianjin Finance Exchange Centre.[Member] | Loan From Tianjin Finance Exchange Centre at 9.00% [Member]
Short-term bank loans and other debt
Short-term bank loans and other debt	$ 189,215
Stated rate	9.00%
Loan From Tianjin Finance Exchange Centre.[Member] | Loan From Tianjin Finance Exchange Centre at 8.50% [Member]
Short-term bank loans and other debt
Short-term bank loans and other debt	$ 51,604
Stated rate	8.50%
Loan From Tianjin Finance Exchange Centre.[Member] | Loan From Tianjin Finance Exchange Centre at 8.00% [Member]
Short-term bank loans and other debt
Short-term bank loans and other debt	$ 240,819
Stated rate	8.00%

Short-term bank loans and oth_4

Short-term bank loans and other debt - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Short-term bank loans and other debt
Real estate properties development completed	$ 458,204,518	$ 632,359,691	$ 840,393,193
Real estate properties held for lease	515,868,908	302,764,217	$ 277,933,313
Restricted cash	$ 270,714,930	$ 338,633,911
Weighted average interest rate on short-term bank loans and other debts	8.33%	10.68%
Collateral Pledged [Member]
Short-term bank loans and other debt
Real estate properties held for lease	$ 206,516,986	$ 175,429,630
Short-term Debt [Member] | Collateral Pledged [Member]
Short-term bank loans and other debt
Real estate properties development completed	10,168,195	0
Real estate properties held for lease	14,899,171	0
Restricted cash	$ 20,691,781	$ 0

Long-term bank loans (Details)

Long-term bank loans (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total	$ 1,134,834,710	$ 1,249,943,747
Less: current portion of long-term bank loans	(448,770,014)	(529,904,807)
Total long-term bank loans	686,064,696	720,038,940
Restricted cash	270,714,930	338,633,911
Real estate properties held for lease	515,868,908	302,764,217	$ 277,933,313
Real estate properties under development	3,254,387,749	4,068,716,308	1,996,000,653
Real estate properties development completed	458,204,518	632,359,691	$ 840,393,193
Collateral Pledged [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Land use rights	798,910,332	1,046,360,853
Real estate properties held for lease	$ 206,516,986	$ 175,429,630
Long Term Bank Loan [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Loans payable, weighted average interest rate	6.94%	7.16%
Long Term Bank Loan [Member] | Collateral Pledged [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Land use rights	$ 382,772,544	$ 462,352,750
Restricted cash	116,152,060	0
Real estate properties held for lease	144,272,409	123,781,349
Real estate properties under development	78,726,065	30,727,630
Real estate properties development completed	$ 457,032	0
Minimum [Member] | Long Term Bank Loan [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt Instrument Prime Rate Range	100.00%
Maximum [Member] | Long Term Bank Loan [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt Instrument Prime Rate Range	206.00%
Loan from ICBC [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total	$ 178,891,086	286,746,707
Loan from ICBC [Member] | Loan from ICBC, Due December 26, 2021, at 6.175 per annum [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total	$ 66,890,284	116,560,788
Maturity date	Dec. 26, 2021
Stated rate	6.175%
Loan from ICBC [Member] | Loan from ICBC, Due December 22, 2021, at 6.175% per annum [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total	$ 33,448,009	58,284,765
Maturity date	Dec. 22, 2021
Stated rate	6.175%
Loan from ICBC [Member] | Loan from ICBC, Due December 30, 2021, at 6.60% per annum [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total	$ 30,770,333	53,619,303
Maturity date	Dec. 30, 2021
Stated rate	6.60%
Loan from ICBC [Member] | Loan from ICBC, Due December 22, 2021, at 9.80% per annum [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total	$ 33,448,009	58,281,851
Maturity date	Dec. 22, 2021
Stated rate	9.80%
Loan from ICBC [Member] | Loan from ICBC, Due July 23, 2022, at 4.75% per annum [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total	$ 14,334,451	0
Maturity date	Jul. 23, 2022
Stated rate	4.75%
Loan from China Guangfa Bank [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total	$ 18,048,508	10,490,733
Loan from China Guangfa Bank [Member] | Loan from China Guangfa Bank, Due July 17, 2021, at 6.175% per annum [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total	$ 18,048,508	0
Maturity date	Jul. 17, 2021
Stated rate	6.175%
Loan from China Guangfa Bank [Member] | Loan from China Guangfa Bank, Due October 20, 2019, at 6.4125% per annum [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total		10,490,733
Maturity date	Oct. 20, 2019
Stated rate	6.4125%
Loan from Bank of China [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total	$ 57,624,495	97,622,100
Loan from Bank of China [Member] | Loan from Bank of China, Due March 30, 2020, at 6.65% per annum [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total	$ 7,167,226	33,512,064
Maturity date	Mar. 30, 2020
Stated rate	6.65%
Loan from Bank of China [Member] | Loan from Bank of China, Due October 31, 2021 at 4.75% per annum [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total	$ 50,457,269	64,110,036
Maturity date	Oct. 31, 2021
Stated rate	4.75%
Loan from Bank of Beijing [Member] | Loan from Bank of Beijing, Due February 14, 2020 at 4.75% per annum [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total	$ 32,372,065	42,810,934
Maturity date	Feb. 14, 2020
Stated rate	4.75%
Loan from The Bank of East Asia [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total	$ 103,618,000	113,489,907
Loan from The Bank of East Asia [Member] | Loan from The Bank of East Asia, Due September 27, 2019, at 1.10% plus 3 month LIBOR [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total		24,294,636
Maturity date	Sep. 27, 2019
Debt Instrument, Basis Spread on Variable Rate	1.10%
Loan from The Bank of East Asia [Member] | Loan from The Bank of East Asia, Due June 1, 2019, at 1.10% plus 1 month LIBOR [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total		9,675,654
Maturity date	Jun. 1, 2019
Debt Instrument, Basis Spread on Variable Rate	1.10%
Loan from The Bank of East Asia [Member] | Loan from The Bank of East Asia, Due September 19, 2019, at 1.10% plus 1 month LIBOR [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total		2,220,000
Maturity date	Sep. 19, 2019
Debt Instrument, Basis Spread on Variable Rate	1.10%
Loan from The Bank of East Asia [Member] | Loan from The Bank of East Asia, Due January 09, 2020, at 1.10% plus 1 month LIBOR [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total	$ 3,178,000	3,178,000
Maturity date	Jan. 9, 2020
Debt Instrument, Basis Spread on Variable Rate	1.10%
Loan from The Bank of East Asia [Member] | Loan from The Bank of East Asia, Due June 02, 2019, at 1.10% plus 1 month LIBOR [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total		34,421,617
Maturity date	Jun. 2, 2019
Debt Instrument, Basis Spread on Variable Rate	1.10%
Loan from The Bank of East Asia [Member] | Loan from The Bank of East Asia, Due August 15, 2019, at 1.10% plus 1 month LIBOR [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total		20,000,000
Maturity date	Aug. 15, 2019
Debt Instrument, Basis Spread on Variable Rate	1.10%
Loan from The Bank of East Asia [Member] | Loan from The Bank of East Asia, Due August 30, 2019, at 1.10% plus 1 month LIBOR [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total		9,700,000
Maturity date	Aug. 30, 2019
Debt Instrument, Basis Spread on Variable Rate	1.10%
Loan from The Bank of East Asia [Member] | Loan from The Bank of East Asia, Due June 5, 2019, at 1.10% plus 1 month LIBOR [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total		10,000,000
Maturity date	Jun. 5, 2019
Debt Instrument, Basis Spread on Variable Rate	1.10%
Loan from The Bank of East Asia [Member] | Loan from The Bank of East Asia Due June 4, 2021, at 1.10% plus 1 month LIBOR [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total	$ 22,500,000	0
Maturity date	Jun. 4, 2021
Debt Instrument, Basis Spread on Variable Rate	1.10%
Loan from The Bank of East Asia [Member] | Loan from The Bank of East Asia Due June 6, 2021, at 1.10% plus 1 month LIBOR [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total	$ 30,000,000	0
Maturity date	Jun. 6, 2021
Debt Instrument, Basis Spread on Variable Rate	1.10%
Loan from The Bank of East Asia [Member] | Loan from The Bank of East Asia, Due August 20, 2021, at 1.10% plus 1 month LIBOR [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total	$ 19,170,000	0
Maturity date	Aug. 20, 2021
Debt Instrument, Basis Spread on Variable Rate	1.10%
Loan from The Bank of East Asia [Member] | Loan from The Bank of East Asia, Due September 27, 2021, at 1.10% plus 1 month LIBOR [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total	$ 9,100,000	0
Maturity date	Sep. 27, 2021
Debt Instrument, Basis Spread on Variable Rate	1.10%
Loan from The Bank of East Asia [Member] | Loan from The Bank of East Asia, Due October 20, 2021, at 1.10% plus 1 month LIBOR [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total	$ 2,100,000	0
Debt Instrument, Basis Spread on Variable Rate	1.10%
Loan from The Bank of East Asia [Member] | Loan from The Bank of East Asia, Due October 27, 2021, at 1.10% plus 1 month LIBOR [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total	$ 17,570,000	0
Maturity date	Oct. 27, 2021
Debt Instrument, Basis Spread on Variable Rate	1.10%
Loan from Ping An Bank Co., Ltd [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total	$ 129,569,106	130,988,460
Loan from Ping An Bank Co., Ltd [Member] | Loan from Ping An Bank Co., Ltd Due May 31, 2021, at 6.8875% Per annum [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total	$ 80,272,928	116,417,997
Maturity date	May 31, 2021
Stated rate	6.8875%
Loan from Ping An Bank Co., Ltd [Member] | Loan from Ping An Bank Co., Ltd Due May 27, 2021, at 7.3625% Per Annum [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total	$ 9,890,771	14,570,463
Maturity date	May 27, 2021
Stated rate	7.3625%
Loan from Ping An Bank Co., Ltd [Member] | Loan from Ping An Bank Co., Ltd, Due March 27, 2022, at 6.9825% per annum [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total	$ 39,405,407	0
Maturity date	Mar. 27, 2022
Stated rate	6.9825%
Loan from China Construction Bank [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total	$ 73,105,703	110,734,060
Loan from China Construction Bank [Member] | Loan from China Construction Bank, Due July 02, 2021, at 6.65% Per Annum [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total		56,824,805
Maturity date	Jul. 2, 2021
Stated rate	6.65%
Loan from China Construction Bank [Member] | Loan from China Construction Bank, Due April 04, 2021, at 6.175% Per Annum [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total		36,424,700
Maturity date	Apr. 4, 2021
Stated rate	6.175%
Loan from China Construction Bank [Member] | Loan from China Construction Bank, Due August 1, 2021, at 4.35% per annum [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total	$ 44,723,488	0
Maturity date	Aug. 1, 2021
Stated rate	4.35%
Loan from China Construction Bank [Member] | Loan from China Construction Bank, Due August 1, 2021, at 4.75% per annum, One [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total	$ 11,180,872	0
Maturity date	Aug. 1, 2021
Stated rate	4.75%
Loan from China Construction Bank [Member] | Loan from China Construction Bank, Due August 1, 2021, at 4.75% per annum Two [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total	$ 17,201,343	17,484,555
Maturity date	Aug. 1, 2021
Stated rate	4.75%
Loan from Bank of Minsheng [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total	$ 345,890,312	354,193,379
Loan from Bank of Minsheng [Member] | Loan from Bank of Minsheng, Due March 30, 2023, at 8.8825% Per Annum [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total	$ 286,402,339	291,394,685
Maturity date	Mar. 30, 2023
Stated rate	8.8825%
Loan from Bank of Minsheng [Member] | Loan from Bank of Minsheng, Due June 14, 2031, at 8.50% Per Annum [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total	$ 59,487,973	62,798,694
Maturity date	Jun. 14, 2031
Stated rate	8.50%
Loan from Bank of Hengfeng [Member] | Loan from Bank of Hengfeng, Due September 20, 2021, at 8.0009% Per Annum [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total	$ 65,150,082	73,580,837
Maturity date	Sep. 20, 2021
Stated rate	8.0009%
Loan From Zheshang Bank Co., Ltd [Member] | Loan from Zheshang Bank Co., Ltd, Due September 21, 2021, at 7.60% per annum [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total	$ 17,344,686	29,286,630
Maturity date	Sep. 21, 2021
Stated rate	7.60%
Loan from Bank of Communications Co., Ltd [Member] | Loan from Bank of Communications Co., Ltd, Due March 18, 2022, at 7.600% per annum [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total	$ 37,104,728	0
Maturity date	Mar. 18, 2022
Stated rate	7.60%
Loan from Bank of Zhengzhou Co., Ltd [Member] | Loan from Bank of Zhengzhou Co., Ltd, Due September 26, 2021, at 7.000075% per annum [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total	$ 64,505,031	0
Maturity date	Sep. 26, 2021
Stated rate	7.00008%
Loan from Bank of Huaxia Co., Ltd [Member] | Loan from Bank of Huaxia Co., Ltd, Due December 27, 2021, at 5.08% per annum [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total	$ 11,610,908	$ 0
Maturity date	Dec. 27, 2021
Stated rate	5.08%

Long-term bank loans - Maturiti

Long-term bank loans - Maturities of Long-term Debt (Details) - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Less: current portion of long-term bank loans	$ (448,770,014)	$ (529,904,807)
Total long-term bank loans	686,064,696	$ 720,038,940
Long Term Bank Loan [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
2020	448,770,014
2021	599,627,953
2022	37,269,574
2023	4,156,992
2024 and thereafter	$ 45,010,177

Other long-term debt - Other Lo

Other long-term debt - Other Long Term Debt (Details) - USD ($)	Apr. 26, 2019	Apr. 16, 2019	Apr. 15, 2019	Mar. 19, 2018	Dec. 01, 2017	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Feb. 28, 2017	Aug. 30, 2016
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total principal of other long-term debt						$ 2,006,876,072	$ 2,158,468,849
Less: current portion of other long term debt						(970,185,445)	(1,118,013,649)
Total other long-term debt						1,036,690,627	1,040,455,200
Real estate properties under development						3,254,387,749	4,068,716,308	$ 1,996,000,653
Real estate properties held for lease						515,868,908	302,764,217	277,933,313
Real estate properties development completed						458,204,518	632,359,691	$ 840,393,193
Collateral Pledged [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Land use rights						798,910,332	1,046,360,853
Real estate properties held for lease						206,516,986	175,429,630
Other Long-Term Debt [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Less: current portion of other long term debt						(970,185,445)
Total other long-term debt						1,036,690,627
Other Long-Term Debt [Member] | Collateral Pledged [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Land use rights						416,137,788	584,008,103
Real estate properties under development						1,445,969	963,588
Real estate properties held for lease						47,345,406	51,648,281
Real estate properties development completed						50,301,375	36,801,393
November 2020 Senior Secured notes due on November 22, 2020 at 8.875% [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total principal of other long-term debt						$ 296,897,742	295,673,796
Maturity date					Nov. 22, 2020	Nov. 22, 2020
Stated rate					8.875%	8.875%
August 2019 Senior Notes due on August 30, 2019 at 8.125% [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total principal of other long-term debt							286,741,749
Maturity date						Aug. 30, 2019
Stated rate						8.125%				8.125%
February 2021 Senior notes due on February 28, 2021 at 7.75% [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total principal of other long-term debt						$ 261,941,119	270,624,821
Maturity date						Feb. 28, 2021
Stated rate						7.75%			7.75%
March 2020 Senior Secured Notes due on March 12, 2020 at 9.875% [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total principal of other long-term debt						$ 123,055,415	197,226,325
Maturity date				Mar. 19, 2018		Mar. 19, 2020
Stated rate				9.875%		9.875%
October 2021 Senior Secured Notes due on October 15, 2021 at 1420 [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total principal of other long-term debt						$ 295,968,740
Maturity date	Oct. 15, 2021	Oct. 15, 2021	Oct. 15, 2021			Oct. 16, 2021
Stated rate						14.20%
Corporate Bonds Due On December 28, 2020 at 8.20% [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total principal of other long-term debt						$ 1,962,386	58,275,179
Maturity date						Dec. 28, 2020
Stated rate						8.20%
Corporate bonds due on January 27, 2021 at 7.47% [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total principal of other long-term debt						$ 8,213,641	43,709,787
Maturity date						Jan. 27, 2021
Stated rate						7.47%
Corporate bonds due on March 14, 2021 at 7.09% [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total principal of other long-term debt						$ 7,551,597	72,849,705
Maturity date						Mar. 14, 2021
Stated rate						7.09%
Corporate bonds due on August 15, 2019 at 8.20% [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total principal of other long-term debt							63,404,057
Maturity date						Aug. 15, 2019
Stated rate						8.20%
Corporate bonds due on April 7, 2020 at 8.20% [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total principal of other long-term debt							89,655,359
Maturity date						Apr. 7, 2020
Stated rate						8.20%
Corporate bonds due on September 21, 2020 at 8.50% [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total principal of other long-term debt						$ 21,947,434	28,998,553
Maturity date						Sep. 21, 2020
Stated rate						8.50%
Corporate bonds due on April 1, 2024 at 8.40%
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total principal of other long-term debt						$ 58,887,016
Maturity date						Apr. 1, 2024
Stated rate						8.40%
Corporate bonds due on January 4, 2022 at 8.50% [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total principal of other long-term debt						$ 650,673
Maturity date						Jan. 4, 2022
Stated rate						8.50%
Collateralized loan due on May 22, 2020 at 10.3192% [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total principal of other long-term debt						$ 43,003,354	189,416,016
Maturity date						May 22, 2020
Stated rate						10.3192%
Loan From Ping An Trust Co., Ltd, Due November 30, 2019 At 10.3192% [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total principal of other long-term debt							130,813,615
Maturity date						Nov. 30, 2019
Stated rate						10.3192%
Loan from Ping An Trust Co., Ltd, Due May 23, 2019 At 10.3192% [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total principal of other long-term debt							189,780,277
Maturity date						May 23, 2019
Stated rate						10.3192%
Loan from Ping An Trust Co., Ltd, Due November 23, 2020 At 11.20% [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total principal of other long-term debt						$ 200,682,320
Maturity date						Nov. 23, 2020
Stated rate						11.20%
Loan from Ping An Trust Co., Ltd, Due May 22, 2021 At 15.00% [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total principal of other long-term debt						$ 42,989,020
Maturity date						May 22, 2021
Stated rate						15.00%
Loan from Ping An Trust Co., Ltd, Due May 29, 2021 At 11.50% [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total principal of other long-term debt						$ 85,863,364
Maturity date						May 29, 2021
Stated rate						11.50%
Loan from Ping An Trust Co., Ltd, Due April 26, 2021 At 11.50% [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total principal of other long-term debt						$ 24,248,158
Maturity date						Apr. 26, 2021
Stated rate						11.50%
Loan from Wanxiang Trust Co., Ltd, Due April 30, 2021 at 12.00%
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total principal of other long-term debt						$ 28,668,903
Maturity date						Apr. 30, 2021
Stated rate						12.00%
Loan from Wanxiang Trust Co., Ltd, Due January 4, 2020 at 12.00%
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total principal of other long-term debt						$ 12,929,675
Maturity date						Jan. 4, 2020
Stated rate						12.00%
Loan from Wanxiang Trust Co., Ltd, Due July 18, 2020 at 12.00%
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total principal of other long-term debt						$ 21,501,677
Maturity date						Jul. 18, 2020
Stated rate						12.00%
Loan from China huarong asset management Co., Ltd, Due November 27, 2020 at 11.50%
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total principal of other long-term debt						$ 10,894,183	11,656,370
Maturity date						Nov. 27, 2020
Stated rate						11.50%
Loan from China huarong asset management Co., Ltd, Due October 30, 2020 at 11.50%
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total principal of other long-term debt						$ 28,095,525	40,951,099
Maturity date						Oct. 30, 2020
Stated rate						11.50%
Loan from China huarong asset management Co., Ltd, Due November 8, 2021 at 12.00%
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total principal of other long-term debt						$ 30,145,351
Maturity date						Nov. 8, 2021
Stated rate						12.00%
Collateralized loan due on October 30, 2019 at 9.30% [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total principal of other long-term debt							2,360,415
Maturity date						Oct. 30, 2019
Stated rate						9.30%
Collateralized loan due on November 2, 2019 at 9.30% [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total principal of other long-term debt							26,780,511
Maturity date						Nov. 2, 2019
Stated rate						9.30%
Collateralized loan due on March 17, 2020 at 7.62% [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total principal of other long-term debt						$ 21,501,677	21,855,694
Maturity date						Mar. 17, 2020
Stated rate						7.62%
Collateralized loan due on December 4, 2020 at 12.00% [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total principal of other long-term debt							1,427,905
Maturity date						Dec. 4, 2020
Stated rate						12.00%
Collateralized loan due on November 9, 2020 at 9.405% [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total principal of other long-term debt						$ 42,286,632	50,996,620
Maturity date						Nov. 9, 2020
Stated rate						9.405%
Loan from Chang 'an international trust Co., Ltd, Due December 10, 2023 at 9.00% [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total principal of other long-term debt						$ 172,013,417
Maturity date						Dec. 10, 2023
Stated rate						9.00%
Loan from Henan zhongyuan small loan Co., Ltd, Due July 23, 2021 at 11.60% {Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total principal of other long-term debt						$ 6,880,537
Maturity date						Jul. 23, 2021
Stated rate						11.60%
Kent EB-5 LLC loan due on January 23, 2020 at 5.95% [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total principal of other long-term debt						$ 9,500,000	9,500,000
Maturity date						Jan. 23, 2020
Stated rate						5.95%
Kent EB-5 LLC loan due on April 30, 2020 at 5.95% [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total principal of other long-term debt						$ 5,000,000	5,000,000
Maturity date						Apr. 30, 2020
Stated rate						5.95%
Kent EB-5 LLC loan due on June 25, 2020 at 5.95% [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total principal of other long-term debt						$ 5,000,000	5,000,000
Maturity date						Jun. 25, 2020
Stated rate						5.95%
Kent EB-5 LLC loan due on August 4, 2020 at 5.95% [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total principal of other long-term debt						$ 5,000,000	5,000,000
Maturity date						Aug. 4, 2020
Stated rate						5.95%
Kent EB-5 LLC loan due on August 20, 2020 at 5.95% [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total principal of other long-term debt						$ 5,000,000	5,000,000
Maturity date						Aug. 20, 2020
Stated rate						5.95%
Kent EB-5 LLC loan due on October 1, 2020 at 5.95% [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total principal of other long-term debt						$ 10,000,000	10,000,000
Maturity date						Oct. 1, 2020
Stated rate						5.95%
Kent EB-5 LLC loan due on November 23, 2020 at 5.95% [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total principal of other long-term debt						$ 10,000,000	10,000,000
Maturity date						Nov. 23, 2020
Stated rate						5.95%
Kent EB-5 LLC loan due on March 15, 2021 at 5.95% [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total principal of other long-term debt						$ 9,500,000	9,500,000
Maturity date						Mar. 15, 2021
Stated rate						5.95%
Kent EB-5 LLC loan due on September 12, 2021 at 5.95% [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total principal of other long-term debt						$ 500,000	500,000
Maturity date						Sep. 12, 2021
Stated rate						5.95%
Ozarks loan due on March 24, 2021 at 4.50% plus 1 month LIBOR [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total principal of other long-term debt						$ 50,157,305	24,008,924
Maturity date						Mar. 24, 2021
Debt Instrument, Description of Variable Rate Basis						1 month LIBOR
Debt Instrument, Basis Spread on Variable Rate						4.50%
Loan from Bank Direct Capital Finance, Due November 1, 2020 at 5.5% [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total principal of other long-term debt						$ 822,506	$ 1,762,072
Maturity date						Nov. 1, 2020
Stated rate						5.50%
Loan from CMGT Lender 35 LLC, Due May 24, 2021 at 12.26%
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total principal of other long-term debt						$ 18,660,737
Maturity date						May 24, 2021
Stated rate						12.26%
Loan from 135-35 NORTHERN BLVD 1&2 LLC, Due May 1, 2021 at 8.5% [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Total principal of other long-term debt						$ 28,955,968
Maturity date						May 1, 2021
Stated rate						8.50%

Other long-term debt - Maturiti

Other long-term debt - Maturities of Long-term Debt (Details) - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Less: current portion of other long term debt	$ (970,185,445)	$ (1,118,013,649)
Total other long-term debt	1,036,690,627	$ 1,040,455,200
Other Long-Term Debt [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
2020	970,185,445
2021	989,429,149
2022	34,402,683
2023	12,858,795
Less: current portion of other long term debt	(970,185,445)
Total other long-term debt	$ 1,036,690,627

Other long-term debt - Addition

Other long-term debt - Additional Informations (Details) ¥ in Millions

Sep. 23, 2019USD ($)

Jun. 21, 2019USD ($)

Apr. 26, 2019USD ($)

Apr. 16, 2019

Apr. 15, 2019USD ($)

Apr. 07, 2019USD ($)

Apr. 01, 2019CNY (¥)

Mar. 14, 2019USD ($)

Jan. 04, 2019CNY (¥)

Dec. 21, 2018USD ($)

Nov. 30, 2018USD ($)

Sep. 21, 2018USD ($)

Sep. 20, 2018CNY (¥)

Aug. 20, 2018USD ($)

Aug. 03, 2018USD ($)

Mar. 19, 2018USD ($)

Dec. 01, 2017USD ($)

Nov. 22, 2017USD ($)

Apr. 07, 2017CNY (¥)

Aug. 30, 2016USD ($)

Aug. 15, 2016CNY (¥)

Mar. 14, 2016CNY (¥)

Jan. 27, 2016CNY (¥)

Dec. 28, 2015CNY (¥)

Nov. 22, 2017USD ($)

Feb. 28, 2017USD ($)

Nov. 12, 2019USD ($)

Jun. 21, 2019USD ($)

Dec. 31, 2018USD ($)

Jun. 21, 2019USD ($)

Dec. 31, 2019USD ($)

Dec. 31, 2018USD ($)

Dec. 31, 2017USD ($)

Nov. 12, 2019CNY (¥)

Nov. 12, 2019USD ($)

Sep. 23, 2019CNY (¥)

Sep. 23, 2019USD ($)

Aug. 15, 2019CNY (¥)

Aug. 15, 2019USD ($)

Aug. 14, 2019CNY (¥)

Aug. 14, 2019USD ($)

Aug. 12, 2019CNY (¥)

Aug. 12, 2019USD ($)

Jun. 21, 2019CNY (¥)

Jun. 21, 2019USD ($)

Apr. 07, 2019CNY (¥)

Apr. 07, 2019USD ($)

Apr. 01, 2019USD ($)

Mar. 26, 2019

Jan. 04, 2019USD ($)

Jan. 01, 2019USD ($)

Dec. 28, 2018

Dec. 21, 2018CNY (¥)

Dec. 21, 2018USD ($)

Nov. 30, 2018CNY (¥)

Nov. 30, 2018USD ($)

Sep. 21, 2018CNY (¥)

Sep. 21, 2018USD ($)

Sep. 20, 2018USD ($)

Aug. 20, 2018CNY (¥)

Aug. 20, 2018USD ($)

Aug. 03, 2018CNY (¥)

Aug. 03, 2018USD ($)

Aug. 15, 2017

Apr. 07, 2017USD ($)

Aug. 15, 2016USD ($)

Mar. 14, 2016USD ($)

Jan. 27, 2016USD ($)

Dec. 28, 2015USD ($)

Debt Instrument [Line Items]

Net (loss)/gain on debt extinguishment

$ (8,580,510)

$ (21,443,949)

$ (15,879,702)

First Tranche Bonds [Member]

Debt Instrument [Line Items]

Stated rate

8.20%

Debt Instrument Redemption Price

$ 175

$ 6,509,574

Net (loss)/gain on debt extinguishment

$ 6,518,487

$ 1,484

Debt Instrument Redemption Amount

¥ 400

57,000,000

¥ 600

87,000,000

Unamortized Debt Issuance Expense

$ 1,659

$ 8,913

First Tranche Bonds [Member] | Previously Reported [Member]

Debt Instrument [Line Items]

Stated rate

7.50%

Second Tranche Bonds [Member]

Debt Instrument [Line Items]

Debt Instrument Redemption Price

$ 128,426

$ 4,773,284

Net (loss)/gain on debt extinguishment

$ 127,864

$ 4,775,500

Debt Instrument Redemption Amount

¥ 90

13,000,000

¥ 400

58,000,000

Unamortized Debt Issuance Expense

$ 562

$ 2,216

Third Tranche Bonds [Member]

Debt Instrument [Line Items]

Debt Instrument Redemption Price

$ 740,934

Net (loss)/gain on debt extinguishment

$ 743,034

Debt Instrument Redemption Amount

¥ 497.9

71,000,000

Unamortized Debt Issuance Expense

$ 2,100

New Tranche [Member]

Debt Instrument [Line Items]

Stated rate

8.20%

Debt Instrument Redemption Price

$ 5,710,866

Net (loss)/gain on debt extinguishment

$ (5,989,710)

Debt Instrument Redemption Amount

¥ 450

$ 64,000,000

¥ 1,050

153,000,000

Unamortized Debt Issuance Expense

$ 278,844

Two thousand seventeenTranche [Member]

Debt Instrument [Line Items]

Debt Instrument Redemption Price

$ 1,535,132

$ 3,494,557

Net (loss)/gain on debt extinguishment

$ (1,535,132)

$ (3,782,353)

Debt Instrument Redemption Amount

¥ 630

$ 90,000,000

¥ 500

73,000,000

Unamortized Debt Issuance Expense

$ 287,796

Two Thousand Eighteen Tranche [Member]

Debt Instrument [Line Items]

Debt Instrument Redemption Price

$ 3,291,086

Net (loss)/gain on debt extinguishment

$ 20,958

$ (3,599,937)

Debt Instrument Redemption Amount

¥ 76

$ 11,000,000

¥ 400

58,000,000

Unamortized Debt Issuance Expense

$ 20,958

$ 308,851

2019 Tranche [Member]

Debt Instrument [Line Items]

Debt Instrument Redemption Price

$ 1,428,945

Net (loss)/gain on debt extinguishment

$ (1,894,262)

Debt Instrument Redemption Amount

¥ 591

85,000,000

Unamortized Debt Issuance Expense

465,317

Two Thousand Nineteen First Tranche

Debt Instrument [Line Items]

Debt Instrument Redemption Price

3,494,668

Net (loss)/gain on debt extinguishment

$ (3,977,493)

Debt Instrument Redemption Amount

¥ 637

91,000,000

Unamortized Debt Issuance Expense

$ 482,825

November 2020 Senior Secured notes due on November 22, 2020 at 8.875% [Member]

Debt Instrument [Line Items]

Debt issuance date

Dec. 1, 2017

Nov. 22, 2017

Nov. 22, 2017

Dec. 1, 2017

Debt instrument, aggregate principal amount

$ 100,000,000

$ 200,000,000

$ 200,000,000

Maturity date

Nov. 22, 2020

Nov. 22, 2020

Stated rate

8.875%

8.875%

Debt Instrument, Term

3 years

Effective interest rate

9.95%

Net (loss)/gain on debt extinguishment

$ 38,136

Minimum Percentage of Common Shares Owned By Subject To Certain Qualifications And Exceptions And Satisfaction

10.00%

Debt Instrument, Frequency of Periodic Payment

semi-annually

Debt Instrument Redemption Amount

$ 900,000

Unamortized Debt Issuance Expense

9,064

Debt instruments redemption difference between repurchase price and principal amount

$ 47,200

November 2020 Senior Secured notes due on November 22, 2020 at 8.875% [Member] | Maximum [Member]

Debt Instrument [Line Items]

Fixed charge coverage ratio

2

November 2020 Senior Secured notes due on November 22, 2020 at 8.875% [Member] | Minimum [Member]

Debt Instrument [Line Items]

Fixed charge coverage ratio

1

November 2020 Senior Secured notes due on November 22, 2020 at 8.875% [Member] | Debt Instrument, Redemption, Period One [Member]

Debt Instrument [Line Items]

Redemption price

100.00%

Redemption terms

At any time prior to November 22, 2020, the Company may at its option redeem the November 2020 Senior Secured Notes, in whole but not in part, at a redemption price equal to 100.0% of the principal amount of the November 2020 Senior Secured Notes plus the Applicable Premium as of, and accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to (but not including) the redemption date. "Applicable Premium" means with respect to any November 2020 Senior Secured Note at any redemption date, the greater of (i) 1.00% of the principal amount of such November 2020 Senior Secured Note and (ii) the excess of (A) the present value at such redemption date of the principal amount of such November 2020 Senior Secured Note, plus all required remaining scheduled interest payments due on such November 2020 Senior Secured Note through the maturity date of the November 2020 Senior Secured Notes (but excluding accrued and unpaid interest to the redemption date), computed using a discount rate equal to the Adjusted Treasury Rate (as defined in the November 2020 Indenture) plus 100 basis points, over (B) the principal amount of such November 2020 Senior Secured Note on such redemption date.

Debt Instrument, Description of Variable Rate Basis

the Adjusted Treasury Rate (as defined in the November 2020 Indenture)

Debt Instrument, Basis Spread on Variable Rate

100.00%

November 2020 Senior Secured notes due on November 22, 2020 at 8.875% [Member] | Debt Instrument, Redemption, Period Two [Member]

Debt Instrument [Line Items]

Redemption price

108.875%

Redemption terms

At any time prior to November 22, 2020, the Company may redeem up to 35% of the aggregate principal amount of the November 2020 Senior Secured Notes with the net cash proceeds of one or more sales of our common shares in certain equity offerings, within a specified period after the equity offering, at a redemption price of 108.875% of the principal amount of the November 2020 Senior Secured Notes, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to (but not including) the redemption date, provided that at least 65% of the aggregate principal amount of the November 2020 Senior Secured Notes issued on November 22, 2017 remain outstanding after each such redemption.

November 2020 Senior Secured notes due on November 22, 2020 at 8.875% [Member] | Debt Instrument, Redemption, Period Two [Member] | Maximum [Member]

Debt Instrument [Line Items]

Percentage of principal redeemable

35.00%

November 2020 Senior Secured notes due on November 22, 2020 at 8.875% [Member] | Debt Instrument, Redemption, Period Two [Member] | Minimum [Member]

Debt Instrument [Line Items]

Debt Instrument Carrying Amount Percentage

65.00%

Corporate Bonds Due On December 28, 2020 at 8.20% [Member]

Debt Instrument [Line Items]

Maturity date

Dec. 28, 2020

Stated rate

8.20%

Corporate Bonds Due On December 28, 2020 at 8.20% [Member] | First Tranche Bonds [Member]

Debt Instrument [Line Items]

Debt issuance date

Dec. 28, 2015

Debt instrument, aggregate principal amount

¥ 1,000

$ 154,000,000

Maturity date

Dec. 28, 2020

Stated rate

7.50%

7.50%

Corporate bonds due on January 27, 2021 at 7.47% [Member]

Debt Instrument [Line Items]

Maturity date

Jan. 27, 2021

Stated rate

7.47%

Corporate bonds due on January 27, 2021 at 7.47% [Member] | Second Tranche Bonds [Member]

Debt Instrument [Line Items]

Debt issuance date

Jan. 27, 2016

Debt instrument, aggregate principal amount

¥ 700

$ 107,000,000

Maturity date

Jan. 27, 2021

Stated rate

7.47%

7.47%

Corporate Bonds Due on August 15 2019 at 7.5% [Member] | New Tranche [Member]

Debt Instrument [Line Items]

Debt issuance date

Aug. 15, 2016

Debt instrument, aggregate principal amount

¥ 1,500

$ 216,000,000

Maturity date

Aug. 15, 2019

Stated rate

7.50%

7.50%

7.50%

February 2021 Senior notes due on February 28, 2021 at 7.75% [Member]

Debt Instrument [Line Items]

Debt issuance date

Feb. 28, 2017

Feb. 28, 2017

Debt instrument, aggregate principal amount

$ 300,000,000

Maturity date

Feb. 28, 2021

Stated rate

7.75%

7.75%

Debt Instrument, Term

4 years

Effective interest rate

8.68%

Net (loss)/gain on debt extinguishment

$ 2,642,710

$ 1,126,617

Minimum Percentage of Common Shares Owned By Subject To Certain Qualifications And Exceptions And Satisfaction

10.00%

Debt Instrument, Frequency of Periodic Payment

semi-annually

Debt Instrument Redemption Amount

25,400,000

$ 10,600,000

25,400,000

Unamortized Debt Issuance Expense

400,425

119,639

400,425

Debt instruments redemption difference between repurchase price and principal amount

3,043,135

$ 1,246,256

February 2021 Senior notes due on February 28, 2021 at 7.75% [Member] | Maximum [Member]

Debt Instrument [Line Items]

Fixed charge coverage ratio

2

February 2021 Senior notes due on February 28, 2021 at 7.75% [Member] | Minimum [Member]

Debt Instrument [Line Items]

Fixed charge coverage ratio

1

February 2021 Senior notes due on February 28, 2021 at 7.75% [Member] | Debt Instrument, Redemption, Period One [Member]

Debt Instrument [Line Items]

Redemption price

1.00%

Percentage of principal redeemable

100.00%

Redemption terms

At any time prior to February 28, 2021, the Company may at its option redeem the February 2021 Senior Secured Notes, in whole but not in part, at a redemption price equal to 100.0% of the principal amount of the February 2021 Senior Secured Notes plus the Applicable Premium as of, and accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to (but not including) the redemption date. "Applicable Premium" means with respect to any February 2021 Senior Secured Note at any redemption date, the greater of (i) 1.00% of the principal amount of such February 2021 Senior Secured Note and (ii) the excess of (A) the present value at such redemption date of the principal amount of such February 2021 Senior Secured Note, plus all required remaining scheduled interest payments due on such February 2021 Senior Secured Note through the maturity date of the February 2021 Senior Secured Notes (but excluding accrued and unpaid interest to the redemption date), computed using a discount rate equal to the Adjusted Treasury Rate (as defined in the February 2021 Indenture) plus 100 basis points, over (B) the principal amount of such February 2021 Senior Secured Note on such redemption date.

Debt Instrument, Basis Spread on Variable Rate

100.00%

February 2021 Senior notes due on February 28, 2021 at 7.75% [Member] | Debt Instrument, Redemption, Period One [Member] | Applicable Premium [Member]

Debt Instrument [Line Items]

Redemption price

1.00%

February 2021 Senior notes due on February 28, 2021 at 7.75% [Member] | Debt Instrument, Redemption, Period Two [Member]

Debt Instrument [Line Items]

Redemption terms

At any time prior to February 28, 2021, the Company may redeem up to 35% of the aggregate principal amount of the February 2021 Senior Secured Notes with the net cash proceeds of one or more sales of our common shares in certain equity offerings, within a specified period after the equity offering, at a redemption price of 107.75% of the principal amount of the February 2021 Senior Secured Notes, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to (but not including) the redemption date, provided that at least 65% of the aggregate principal amount of the February 2021 Senior Secured Notes issued on February 28, 2017 remain outstanding after each such redemption.

February 2021 Senior notes due on February 28, 2021 at 7.75% [Member] | Debt Instrument, Redemption, Period Two [Member] | Maximum [Member]

Debt Instrument [Line Items]

Percentage of principal redeemable

35.00%

February 2021 Senior notes due on February 28, 2021 at 7.75% [Member] | Debt Instrument, Redemption, Period Two [Member] | Minimum [Member]

Debt Instrument [Line Items]

Redemption price

107.75%

Debt Instrument Carrying Amount Percentage

65.00%

August 2019 Senior Notes due on August 30, 2019 at 8.125% [Member]

Debt Instrument [Line Items]

Debt issuance date

Aug. 30, 2016

Aug. 30, 2016

Debt instrument, aggregate principal amount

$ 300,000,000

Maturity date

Aug. 30, 2019

Stated rate

8.125%

8.125%

Effective interest rate

9.06%

Net (loss)/gain on debt extinguishment

511,919

$ (1,111,583)

Minimum Percentage of Common Shares Owned By Subject To Certain Qualifications And Exceptions And Satisfaction

10.00%

Debt Instrument, Frequency of Periodic Payment

semi-annually

Debt Instrument Redemption Amount

11,900,000

11,900,000

$ 288,100,000

Unamortized Debt Issuance Expense

65,530

$ 986,418

$ 65,530

Debt instruments redemption difference between repurchase price and principal amount

$ 577,449

$ 125,165

August 2019 Senior Notes due on August 30, 2019 at 8.125% [Member] | Maximum [Member]

Debt Instrument [Line Items]

Fixed charge coverage ratio

2.50

August 2019 Senior Notes due on August 30, 2019 at 8.125% [Member] | Minimum [Member]

Debt Instrument [Line Items]

Fixed charge coverage ratio

1

August 2019 Senior Notes due on August 30, 2019 at 8.125% [Member] | Debt Instrument, Redemption, Period One [Member]

Debt Instrument [Line Items]

Redemption price

100.00%

Redemption terms

At any time prior to August 30, 2019, the Company may at its option redeem the August 2019 Senior Secured Notes, in whole but not in part, at a redemption price equal to 100.0% of the principal amount of the August 2019 Senior Secured Notes plus the Applicable Premium as of, and accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to (but not including) the redemption date. "Applicable Premium" means with respect to any August 2019 Senior Secured Note at any redemption date, the greater of (i) 1.00% of the principal amount of such August 2019 Senior Secured Note and (ii) the excess of (A) the present value at such redemption date of the principal amount of such August 2019 Senior Secured Note, plus all required remaining scheduled interest payments due on such August 2019 Senior Secured Note through the maturity date of the August 2019 Senior Secured Notes (but excluding accrued and unpaid interest to the redemption date), computed using a discount rate equal to the Adjusted Treasury Rate (as defined in the August 2019 Indenture) plus 100 basis points, over (B) the principal amount of such August 2019 Senior Secured Note on such redemption date.

Debt Instrument, Description of Variable Rate Basis

the Adjusted Treasury Rate (as defined in the August 2019 Indenture)

Debt Instrument, Basis Spread on Variable Rate

100.00%

August 2019 Senior Notes due on August 30, 2019 at 8.125% [Member] | Debt Instrument, Redemption, Period One [Member] | Applicable Premium [Member]

Debt Instrument [Line Items]

Redemption price

1.00%

August 2019 Senior Notes due on August 30, 2019 at 8.125% [Member] | Debt Instrument, Redemption, Period Two [Member]

Debt Instrument [Line Items]

Redemption price

108.125%

Redemption terms

At any time prior to August 30, 2019, the Company may redeem up to 35% of the aggregate principal amount of the August 2019 Senior Secured Notes with the net cash proceeds of one or more sales of our common shares in certain equity offerings, within a specified period after the equity offering, at a redemption price of 108.125% of the principal amount of the August 2019 Senior Secured Notes, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to (but not including) the redemption date, provided that at least 65% of the aggregate principal amount of the August 2019 Senior Secured Notes issued on August 30, 2016 remain outstanding after each such redemption.

August 2019 Senior Notes due on August 30, 2019 at 8.125% [Member] | Debt Instrument, Redemption, Period Two [Member] | Maximum [Member]

Debt Instrument [Line Items]

Percentage of principal redeemable

35.00%

August 2019 Senior Notes due on August 30, 2019 at 8.125% [Member] | Debt Instrument, Redemption, Period Two [Member] | Minimum [Member]

Debt Instrument [Line Items]

Debt Instrument Carrying Amount Percentage

65.00%

Corporate bonds due on March 14, 2021 at 7.09% [Member]

Debt Instrument [Line Items]

Maturity date

Mar. 14, 2021

Stated rate

7.09%

Corporate bonds due on March 14, 2021 at 7.09% [Member] | Third Tranche Bonds [Member]

Debt Instrument [Line Items]

Debt issuance date

Mar. 14, 2016

Debt instrument, aggregate principal amount

¥ 500

$ 77,000,000

Maturity date

Mar. 14, 2021

Stated rate

7.09%

7.09%

Corporate bonds due on September 21, 2020 at 8.50% [Member]

Debt Instrument [Line Items]

Maturity date

Sep. 21, 2020

Stated rate

8.50%

Corporate bonds due on September 21, 2020 at 8.50% [Member] | Two Thousand Eighteen Tranche [Member]

Debt Instrument [Line Items]

Debt issuance date

Sep. 20, 2018

Debt instrument, aggregate principal amount

¥ 600

$ 87,000,000

Maturity date

Sep. 21, 2020

Stated rate

8.50%

8.50%

Corporate Bonds Due in April 7, 2020 at 8.2% [Member] | Two thousand seventeenTranche [Member]

Debt Instrument [Line Items]

Debt issuance date

Apr. 7, 2017

Debt instrument, aggregate principal amount

¥ 1,130

$ 173,000,000

Maturity date

Apr. 7, 2018

Stated rate

8.20%

8.20%

March 2020 Senior Secured Notes due on March 12, 2020 at 9.875% [Member]

Debt Instrument [Line Items]

Debt issuance date

Mar. 19, 2018

Debt instrument, aggregate principal amount

$ 200,000,000

Maturity date

Mar. 19, 2018

Mar. 19, 2020

Stated rate

9.875%

9.875%

Debt Instrument, Term

2 years

Effective interest rate

11.34%

11.34%

Net (loss)/gain on debt extinguishment

$ (563,941)

Minimum Percentage of Common Shares Owned By Subject To Certain Qualifications And Exceptions And Satisfaction

10.00%

Debt Instrument Redemption Amount

$ 75,700,000

Unamortized Debt Issuance Expense

$ 563,941

March 2020 Senior Secured Notes due on March 12, 2020 at 9.875% [Member] | Maximum [Member]

Debt Instrument [Line Items]

Fixed charge coverage ratio

2

March 2020 Senior Secured Notes due on March 12, 2020 at 9.875% [Member] | Minimum [Member]

Debt Instrument [Line Items]

Fixed charge coverage ratio

1

March 2020 Senior Secured Notes due on March 12, 2020 at 9.875% [Member] | Debt Instrument, Redemption, Period One [Member]

Debt Instrument [Line Items]

Redemption price

100.00%

Redemption terms

At any time prior to March 19, 2020, the Company may at its option redeem the March 2020 Senior Secured Notes, in whole but not in part, at a redemption price equal to 100.0% of the principal amount of the March 2020 Senior Secured Notes plus the Applicable Premium as of, and accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to (but not including) the redemption date. "Applicable Premium" means with respect to any March 2020 Senior Secured Note at any redemption date, the greater of (i) 1.00% of the principal amount of such March 2020 Senior Secured Note and (ii) the excess of (A) the present value at such redemption date of the principal amount of such March 2020 Senior Secured Note, plus all required remaining scheduled interest payments due on such March 2020 Senior Secured Note through the maturity date of the March 2020 Senior Secured Notes (but excluding accrued and unpaid interest to the redemption date), computed using a discount rate equal to the Adjusted Treasury Rate (as defined in the March 2020 Indenture) plus 100 basis points, over (B) the principal amount of such March 2020 Senior Secured Note on such redemption date.

Debt Instrument, Description of Variable Rate Basis

the Adjusted Treasury Rate (as defined in the March 2020 Indenture)

Debt Instrument, Basis Spread on Variable Rate

100.00%

March 2020 Senior Secured Notes due on March 12, 2020 at 9.875% [Member] | Debt Instrument, Redemption, Period One [Member] | Applicable Premium [Member]

Debt Instrument [Line Items]

Redemption price

1.00%

March 2020 Senior Secured Notes due on March 12, 2020 at 9.875% [Member] | Debt Instrument, Redemption, Period Two [Member]

Debt Instrument [Line Items]

Redemption price

109.875%

Redemption terms

At any time prior to March 19, 2020, the Company may redeem up to 35% of the aggregate principal amount of the March 2020 Senior Secured Notes with the net cash proceeds of one or more sales of our common shares in certain equity offerings, within a specified period after the equity offering, at a redemption price of 109.875% of the principal amount of the March 2020 Senior Secured Notes, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to (but not including) the redemption date, provided that at least 65% of the aggregate principal amount of the March 2020 Senior Secured Notes issued on March 19, 2018 remain outstanding after each such redemption

March 2020 Senior Secured Notes due on March 12, 2020 at 9.875% [Member] | Debt Instrument, Redemption, Period Two [Member] | Maximum [Member]

Debt Instrument [Line Items]

Percentage of principal redeemable

35.00%

March 2020 Senior Secured Notes due on March 12, 2020 at 9.875% [Member] | Debt Instrument, Redemption, Period Two [Member] | Minimum [Member]

Debt Instrument [Line Items]

Debt Instrument Carrying Amount Percentage

65.00%

October 2021 Senior Secured Notes due on October 15, 2021 at 1420 [Member]

Debt Instrument [Line Items]

Debt issuance date

Apr. 26, 2019

Apr. 15, 2019

Debt instrument, aggregate principal amount

$ 100,000,000

$ 200,000,000

Maturity date

Oct. 15, 2021

Oct. 15, 2021

Oct. 15, 2021

Oct. 16, 2021

Stated rate

14.20%

Debt Instrument, Term

2 years 6 months

2 years 6 months

Redemption price

101.00%

Net (loss)/gain on debt extinguishment

$ (25,240)

Debt Instrument, Frequency of Periodic Payment

semi-annually

semi-annually

Debt Instrument Redemption Amount

2,500,000

Unamortized Debt Issuance Expense

77,740

Debt instruments redemption difference between repurchase price and principal amount

$ 52,500

October 2021 Senior Secured Notes due on October 15, 2021 at 1420 [Member] | Maximum [Member]

Debt Instrument [Line Items]

Fixed charge coverage ratio

2

October 2021 Senior Secured Notes due on October 15, 2021 at 1420 [Member] | Minimum [Member]

Debt Instrument [Line Items]

Fixed charge coverage ratio

1

October 2021 Senior Secured Notes due on October 15, 2021 at 1420 [Member] | Debt Instrument, Redemption, Period One [Member]

Debt Instrument [Line Items]

Redemption price

100.00%

Redemption terms

At any time prior to October 15, 2021, the Company may at its option redeem the October 2021 Notes, in whole but not in part, at a redemption price equal to 100.0% of the principal amount of the October 2021 Notes plus the Applicable Premium as of, and accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to (but not including) the redemption date. "Applicable Premium" means with respect to any October 2021 Note at any redemption date, the greater of (i) 1.00% of the principal amount of such Note and (ii) the excess of (A) the present value at such redemption date of the principal amount of such Note, plus all required remaining scheduled interest payments due on such Note through the maturity date of the October 2021 Notes (but excluding accrued and unpaid interest to the redemption date), computed using a discount rate equal to the Adjusted Treasury Rate (as defined in the Indenture) plus 100 basis points, over (B) the principal amount of such Note on such redemption date.

Debt Instrument, Description of Variable Rate Basis

the Adjusted Treasury Rate (as defined in the Indenture)

Debt Instrument, Basis Spread on Variable Rate

100.00%

October 2021 Senior Secured Notes due on October 15, 2021 at 1420 [Member] | Debt Instrument, Redemption, Period One [Member] | Applicable Premium [Member]

Debt Instrument [Line Items]

Redemption price

1.00%

October 2021 Senior Secured Notes due on October 15, 2021 at 1420 [Member] | Debt Instrument, Redemption, Period Two [Member]

Debt Instrument [Line Items]

Redemption price

114.20%

Redemption terms

At any time prior to October 15, 2021, the Company may redeem up to 35% of the aggregate principal amount of the October 2021 Notes with the net cash proceeds of one or more sales of the Company's common shares in certain equity offerings, within a specified period after the equity offering, at a redemption price of 114.2% the principal amount of the October 2021 Notes, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to (but not including) the redemption date, provided that at least 65% of the aggregate principal amount of the October 2021 Notes issued on April 15, 2019 remain outstanding after each such redemption and any such redemption takes place within 60 days after the closing of the related equity offering.

October 2021 Senior Secured Notes due on October 15, 2021 at 1420 [Member] | Debt Instrument, Redemption, Period Two [Member] | Maximum [Member]

Debt Instrument [Line Items]

Percentage of principal redeemable

35.00%

October 2021 Senior Secured Notes due on October 15, 2021 at 1420 [Member] | Debt Instrument, Redemption, Period Two [Member] | Minimum [Member]

Debt Instrument [Line Items]

Debt Instrument Carrying Amount Percentage

65.00%

October 2021 Notes [Member]

Debt Instrument [Line Items]

Debt instrument, aggregate principal amount

$ 300,000,000

$ 300,000,000

Stated rate

14.20%

Corporate Bonds Due in January 4, 2022 at 8.5% | 2019 Tranche [Member]

Debt Instrument [Line Items]

Debt issuance date

Jan. 4, 2019

Debt instrument, aggregate principal amount

¥ 600

$ 87,000,000

Maturity date

Jan. 4, 2022

Stated rate

8.50%

8.50%

Corporate Bonds Due in April 1, 2024 at 8.4% | Two Thousand Nineteen First Tranche

Debt Instrument [Line Items]

Debt issuance date

Apr. 1, 2019

Debt instrument, aggregate principal amount

¥ 980

$ 146,000,000

Maturity date

Apr. 1, 2024

Stated rate

8.40%

8.40%

Lease (Details)

Lease (Details) - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Lease Assets
Finance lease ROU assets	$ 29,306,030
Operating lease ROU assets	11,801,491	$ 0
Current
Total	11,283,724	6,562,425
Non-current
Total	10,187,705	$ 10,014,791
Finance lease and operating lease, current
Current
Current portion of finance lease	6,409,827
Current portion of operating lease	4,873,897
Total	11,283,724
Finance lease and operating lease, non-current
Non-current
Finance lease, net of current portion	3,839,456
Operatng lease, net of current portion	6,348,249
Total	10,187,705
Property and equipment, net
Lease Assets
Finance lease ROU assets	22,285,997
Real estate properties held for lease, net
Lease Assets
Finance lease ROU assets	$ 7,020,033

Lease - lease expense (Details)

Lease - lease expense (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Operating lease cost:
Operating lease cost	$ 6,480,093
Short-term lease cost	2,612,901
Finance lease cost:
Amortization of ROU assets	2,465,268
Interest on the lease liabilities	1,019,758
Total lease cost	12,578,020
Operating lease expenses		$ 9,614,639	$ 5,132,393
Supplemental cash flow information related to leases
Operating cash flows for operating leases	6,275,565
Operating cash flows for finance leases	1,393,198
Financing cash flows for finance leases	$ 6,135,547	$ 7,521,441	$ 4,196,345

Lease - Maturities of lease lia

Lease - Maturities of lease liabilities (Details)	Dec. 31, 2019USD ($)
Finance lease
Year ending December 31, 2020	$ 7,511,008
Year ending December 31, 2021	4,059,224
Year ending December 31, 2022	0
Year ending December 31, 2023	0
Total lease payments	11,570,232
Less imputed interest	1,320,949
Present value of lease liabilities	10,249,283
Operating leases
Year ending December 31, 2020	6,470,913
Year ending December 31, 2021	4,443,336
Year ending December 31, 2022	1,007,535
Year ending December 31, 2023	294,239
Total lease payments	12,216,023
Less imputed interest	993,877
Present value of lease liabilities	$ 11,222,146

Lease - Weighted-average remain

Lease - Weighted-average remaining lease term (Details)	Dec. 31, 2019
Lease
Operating leases, weighted-average remaining lease term (Years)	2 years 3 months 26 days
Finance leases, weighted-average remaining lease term (Years)	1 year 7 months 17 days
Operating leases, weighted-average discount rate	4.35%
Finance leases, weighted-average discount rate	8.05%

Lease - Additional information

Lease - Additional information (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019
Maximum [Member]
Lease
Remaining lease terms	2 years

Customer deposits (Details)

Customer deposits (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Customer Deposits [Line Items]
Advances for real estate properties	$ 2,616,487,072	$ 3,218,686,349
Add: increase in revenue recognized in excess of amounts received from customers	25,665,783	32,408,393
Less: recognized as progress billings (Note 5)	(1,536,054,208)	(1,329,243,487)
Customer deposits (Note 2(h))	$ 1,106,098,647	$ 1,921,851,255
Minimum [Member]
Customer Deposits [Line Items]
Customer deposits backed by mortgage loans, percentage	40.00%
Maximum [Member]
Customer Deposits [Line Items]
Customer deposits backed by mortgage loans, percentage	80.00%

Income taxes - Income Before Ta

Income taxes - Income Before Taxes (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended			36 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2019
Income taxes [Line Items]
CIT tax rate	25.00%			25.00%
PRC	$ 355,606,696	$ 355,674,888	$ 275,898,007
Non PRC	(122,099,522)	(105,275,621)	(82,669,476)
Income/(loss) before income taxes	$ 233,507,174	250,399,267	193,228,531
PRC subsidiaries [Member]
Income taxes [Line Items]
Withholding tax rate on dividend distributed by domestic enterprise to foreign tax resident investors (as a percent)	10.00%
HK subsidiaries [Member]
Income taxes [Line Items]
CIT tax rate	16.50%
US subsidiaries [Member]
Income taxes [Line Items]
CIT tax rate	33.00%
Withholding tax rate on dividend distributed by domestic enterprise to foreign tax resident investors (as a percent)	30.00%
Income/(loss) before income taxes	$ (13,691,583)	$ (6,030,752)	$ (23,734,648)

Income taxes - Income Tax Expen

Income taxes - Income Tax Expense (Detail) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Current:
CIT tax expense	$ 133,862,272	$ 141,399,866	$ 103,302,037
Land Appreciation Tax ("LAT") expense	68,631,338	62,996,403	40,203,748
Deferred tax benefit	(52,015,238)	(59,949,022)	(30,388,659)
Income tax expense	$ 150,478,372	$ 144,447,247	$ 113,117,126

Income taxes - CIT Reconciliati

Income taxes - CIT Reconciliation (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Income taxes
CIT at rate of 25%	$ 58,376,794	$ 62,599,817	$ 48,307,133
Tax effect of non-deductible expenses	8,867,037	5,799,761	3,641,665
LAT expense	68,631,338	62,996,403	40,203,748
CIT benefit of LAT	(17,157,834)	(15,749,101)	(10,050,937)
Changes in valuation allowance	23,073,210	(491,075)	3,180,741
International rate differences	17,351,758	18,224,012	10,149,331
Dividend and interest withholding taxes	(3,816,800)	15,403,663	18,877,500
Adjustment of estimated income tax accruals	(4,285,329)	(3,952,396)	(954,552)
Others	(561,802)	(383,837)	(237,503)
Income tax expense	$ 150,478,372	$ 144,447,247	$ 113,117,126

Income taxes - Unrecognized tax

Income taxes - Unrecognized tax benefit and LAT (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Unrecognized tax benefit
Balance at January 1	$ 45,939,234	$ 31,231,376	$ 20,491,988
Additions for tax positions of current year	14,547,590	15,500,052	10,813,497
Reclassification from prior year tax payable	13,118,260	0	0
Movement in current year due to foreign exchange rate fluctuation		0	2,001
Reductions for tax positions of prior years		0	(76,110)
Reduction due to company liquidation		(792,194)	0
Balance at December 31	73,605,084	45,939,234	31,231,376
Unrecognized Tax Benefits, Interest on Income Taxes Expense	12,713,235
Unrecognized tax benefits, Late payment interests	1,834,355
Unrecognized tax benefits, investment loss deduction claim	12,793,498
Unrecognized tax benefits, Late payment interests from prior period	$ 324,762
Unrecognized tax benefits		$ 12,793,498	$ 0
Minimum [Member]
Unrecognized tax benefit
LAT Progressive Rate	30.00%
Maximum [Member]
Unrecognized tax benefit
LAT Progressive Rate	60.00%

Income taxes - Deferred Tax Ass

Income taxes - Deferred Tax Assets And Liabilities (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Deferred tax assets:
Tax loss carried forward	$ 50,163,293	$ 42,185,810
Accruals and provisions	62,936,343	48,850,991
Capitalized expenses	50,288,336	26,796,716
Revenue recognition at a point in time less tax paid under deemed profit method	127,927,710	130,498,661
Revenue recognition of real estate lease income on a straight-line basis	17,164,019	14,269,520
Deemed interest expense	55,979,839	43,266,604
Valuation allowance	(28,022,499)	(5,941,941)
Operating lease liability	2,805,537	0
Others	418,310	0
Total deferred tax assets	339,660,888	299,926,361
Deferred tax liabilities:
Revenue recognition over time	(84,241,946)	(77,968,759)
Real estate properties accelerated cost deduction	(1,193,345)	(1,212,993)
Taxable temporary differences arising from asset acquisitions	(280,540,093)	(307,747,731)
Dividend and interest withholding taxes	(49,174,479)	(52,991,279)
Operating lease right-of-use assets	(2,950,373)	0
Others		(61,732)
Total deferred tax liabilities	(418,100,236)	(439,982,494)
Undistributed earnings from subsidiaries	491,700,000	374,400,000
Accrued deferred income tax liabilities	49,200,000	37,400,000
Remaining undistributed earnings	283,700,000	227,200,000
Unrecognized deferred tax liabilities	28,400,000	22,700,000
Consolidation, Eliminations [Member] | U.S. [Member]
Deferred tax liabilities:
Net operating loss carry forwards	10,300,000	1,500,000
Consolidation, Eliminations [Member] | PRC [Member]
Deferred tax liabilities:
Net operating loss carry forwards	$ 173,400,000	$ 159,900,000
Operating loss carryforwards expiration period	20 years
Consolidation, Eliminations [Member] | PRC [Member] | Maximum [Member]
Deferred tax liabilities:
Operating loss carryforwards expiration period	10 years
Consolidation, Eliminations [Member] | PRC [Member] | Minimum [Member]
Deferred tax liabilities:
Operating loss carryforwards expiration period	1 year

Share-based compensation (Detai

Share-based compensation (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019USD ($)item	Dec. 31, 2018USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2017USD ($)
Share-based compensation
Number of share based compensation plans | item	3
Compensation cost	$ 5,621,588	$ 3,382,628	$ 4,894,478
Tax benefit recognized upon the recognition of compensation cost	$ 0

Share-based compensation - Equi

Share-based compensation - Equity Incentive Plan, 2007 Long Term Incentive Plan, 2015 Long Term Incentive Plan and 2014 Restricted Stock Unit Plan (Details)

Aug. 30, 2019USD ($)shares

Jul. 29, 2015USD ($)employee$ / sharesshares

Jul. 01, 2015USD ($)employee$ / sharesshares

Apr. 10, 2015USD ($)shares

May 23, 2014USD ($)shares

Jul. 30, 2018USD ($)shares

Jul. 27, 2017USD ($)shares

Apr. 18, 2016USD ($)shares

Nov. 30, 2007$ / sharesshares

Dec. 31, 2019USD ($)$ / sharesshares

Dec. 31, 2018USD ($)$ / sharesshares

Dec. 31, 2017USD ($)$ / shares

Jun. 30, 2015shares

Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]

Value of shares repurchased | $

$ 2,920,216

$ 3,937,057

$ 3,485,952

2007 Plan [Member]

Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]

Options granted | shares

0

0

2007 Plan [Member] | Service Condition Shares [Member]

Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]

Vesting period for plan

36 months

2007 Plan [Member] | Minimum [Member] | Service Condition Shares [Member]

Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]

Exercise price of options granted | $ / shares

$ 1.085

Weighted-average fair value of options granted | $ / shares

$ 0.36

2007 Plan [Member] | Maximum [Member]

Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]

Total number of shares authorized | shares

10,000,000

2007 Plan [Member] | Maximum [Member] | Service Condition Shares [Member]

Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]

Exercise price of options granted | $ / shares

$ 1.81

Weighted-average fair value of options granted | $ / shares

$ 0.61

2014 RSU Plan [member] | Restricted Stock Units (RSUs) [Member]

Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]

Value of shares repurchased | $

$ 2,912,539

$ 3,259,998

$ 7,042,725

$ 3,976,660

$ 3,485,952

$ 4,003,999

Shares repurchased | shares

1,438,076

2,076,964

4,234,884

1,732,466

0

1,614,220

1,356,584

Vesting period for plan

3 years

3 years

3 years

3 years

3 years

3 years

Weighted average grant-date fair value of restricted shares granted | $ / shares

$ 2.12

$ 2.21

$ 2.68

2014 RSU Plan [member] | Maximum [Member] | Restricted Stock Units (RSUs) [Member]

Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]

Total number of shares authorized | shares

10,000,000

2015 Plan [Member]

Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]

Options granted | shares

0

0

2015 Plan [Member] | Service Condition Shares [Member]

Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]

Options granted | shares

81,600

6,574,600

Option granted, number of employees | employee

1

22

Exercise price of options granted | $ / shares

$ 1.71

$ 1.71

Weighted-average fair value of options granted | $ / shares

$ 0.42

$ 0.48

Total expected compensation cost, net of expected forfeitures | $

$ 34,294

$ 3,165,867

Vesting period for plan

33 months

34 months

Stock options granted, expiration date

Jul. 29, 2025

Jul. 1, 2025

2015 Plan [Member] | Maximum [Member]

Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]

Total number of shares authorized | shares

20,000,000

Share-based compensation - Assu

Share-based compensation - Assumptions (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2015
2007 Plan [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Expected term	6 years
Dividend yield	5.00%
2007 Plan [Member] | Minimum [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Average risk-free rate of return	1.82%
Volatility rate	46.30%
2007 Plan [Member] | Maximum [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Average risk-free rate of return	1.92%
Volatility rate	55.20%
2015 Plan [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Expected term	6 years
Dividend yield	5.00%
2015 Plan [Member] | Minimum [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Average risk-free rate of return	1.57%
Volatility rate	55.00%
2015 Plan [Member] | Maximum [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Average risk-free rate of return	1.92%
Volatility rate	55.90%

Share-based compensation - Shar

Share-based compensation - Share Option Activity 2007 Plan and 2015 Long Term Incentive Plan (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019CNY (¥)shares	Dec. 31, 2019USD ($)$ / sharesshares	Dec. 31, 2018USD ($)shares	Dec. 31, 2017USD ($)
Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Recognized share-based compensation expense	¥ 12,298,534	$ 1,762,927	$ 0	$ 0
2007 Plan [Member]
Number of Options
Granted | shares	0	0	0
Forfeited | shares	0	0
Weighted Average Exercise Price
Granted | $ / shares		$ 0
Forfeited | $ / shares		$ 0
Weighted Remaining Contractual Life (Years)
Granted	0 years	0 years
Forfeited	0 years	0 years
Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Granted		$ 0
Forfeited		0
Total fair value of options vested		$ 0	$ 33,919	40,703
Common stock, closing share price | $ / shares		$ 1.89
Employee Service Share-based Compensation, Nonvested Awards, Compensation Cost Not yet Recognized		$ 0
2007 Plan [Member] | 1.21 (exercise price) [Member]
Number of Options
Outstanding | shares		12,738
Outstanding and Exercisable, December 31, 2019 | shares		12,738
Weighted Average Exercise Price
Outstanding | $ / shares		$ 1.21
Outstanding and Exercisable, December 31, 2019 | $ / shares		$ 1.21
Weighted Remaining Contractual Life (Years)
Outstanding	1 year 11 months 12 days	1 year 11 months 12 days
Outstanding and Exercisable, December 31, 2019	11 months 12 days	11 months 12 days
Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding		$ 32,991
Outstanding and Exercisable, December 31, 2019		$ 8,662
2007 Plan [Member] | 1.085 (exercise price) [Member]
Number of Options
Outstanding | shares		100,000
Exercised | shares	40,000	40,000
Outstanding and Exercisable, December 31, 2019 | shares		60,000
Weighted Average Exercise Price
Outstanding | $ / shares		$ 1.085
Exercised | $ / shares		1.085
Outstanding and Exercisable, December 31, 2019 | $ / shares		$ 1.085
Weighted Remaining Contractual Life (Years)
Outstanding	2 years 6 months	2 years 6 months
Exercised	0 years	0 years
Outstanding and Exercisable, December 31, 2019	1 year 6 months	1 year 6 months
Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding		$ 271,500
Exercised		38,893
Outstanding and Exercisable, December 31, 2019		$ 48,300
2007 Plan [Member] | 1.64 (exercise price) [Member]
Number of Options
Outstanding | shares		100,000
Outstanding and Exercisable, December 31, 2019 | shares		100,000
Weighted Average Exercise Price
Outstanding | $ / shares		$ 1.64
Outstanding and Exercisable, December 31, 2019 | $ / shares		$ 1.64
Weighted Remaining Contractual Life (Years)
Outstanding	3 years 10 months 13 days	3 years 10 months 13 days
Outstanding and Exercisable, December 31, 2019	2 years 10 months 13 days	2 years 10 months 13 days
Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding		$ 216,000
Outstanding and Exercisable, December 31, 2019		$ 25,000
2007 Plan [Member] | 1.21 (exercise price) [Member]
Number of Options
Outstanding | shares		39,400
Outstanding and Exercisable, December 31, 2019 | shares		39,400
Weighted Average Exercise Price
Outstanding | $ / shares		$ 1.21
Outstanding and Exercisable, December 31, 2019 | $ / shares		$ 1.21
Weighted Remaining Contractual Life (Years)
Outstanding	5 years 6 months	5 years 6 months
Outstanding and Exercisable, December 31, 2019	4 years 6 months	4 years 6 months
Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding		$ 102,046
Outstanding and Exercisable, December 31, 2019		$ 26,792
2007 Plan [Member] | 1.81 (exercise price) [Member]
Number of Options
Outstanding | shares		68,000
Exercised | shares	68,000	68,000
Weighted Average Exercise Price
Outstanding | $ / shares		$ 1.81
Exercised | $ / shares		$ 1.81
Weighted Remaining Contractual Life (Years)
Outstanding	6 years 10 months 6 days	6 years 10 months 6 days
Exercised	0 years	0 years
Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding		$ 135,320
Exercised		$ 32,116
2015 Plan [Member]
Number of Options
Granted | shares	0	0	0
Exercised | shares	0	0
Forfeited | shares	0	0
Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Total fair value of options vested		$ 0	$ 228,534	$ 769,798
Common stock, closing share price | $ / shares		$ 1.89
Employee Service Share-based Compensation, Nonvested Awards, Compensation Cost Not yet Recognized		$ 0
2015 Plan [Member] | 1.71 (exercise price) [Member]
Number of Options
Outstanding | shares		2,796,734
Outstanding and Exercisable, December 31, 2019 | shares		2,796,734
Weighted Average Exercise Price
Outstanding | $ / shares		$ 1.71
Outstanding and Exercisable, December 31, 2019 | $ / shares		$ 1.71
Weighted Remaining Contractual Life (Years)
Outstanding	6 years 6 months	6 years 6 months
Outstanding and Exercisable, December 31, 2019	5 years 6 months	5 years 6 months
Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding		$ 5,845,173
Outstanding and Exercisable, December 31, 2019		$ 5,789,239

Share-based compensation - Othe

Share-based compensation - Other awards (Details)	Sep. 28, 2019shares	Jun. 14, 2019CNY (¥)shares	Jun. 14, 2019USD ($)shares	Jan. 31, 2019CNY (¥)shares	Jan. 31, 2019USD ($)shares	Nov. 30, 2019item¥ / sharesshares	Nov. 30, 2019item$ / sharesshares	Oct. 31, 2019shares	Aug. 31, 2019shares	Dec. 31, 2019CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2019USD ($)	Jun. 14, 2019USD ($)
Mr. Zhang Lizhou [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Consideration recognized as liability										¥ 5,600,000	$ 802,729
Restricted Stock [Member] | Mr. Zhang Lizhou [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Awards transferred back (in shares)		18,750	18,750
Consideration refunded for shares transferred back		¥ 2,800,000	$ 401,365
Percentage of share capital granted as restricted shares transferred to group (as a percent)		5.00%	5.00%
Xinchuang Technology Co., Ltd. ("Xinchuang Technology ") [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Shares reserved for issuance under employee stock option plan (in shares)	150,000,000
Shares reserved for issuance under the employee stock option plan (as a percent)	30.00%
Options granted						100,000,000	100,000,000	3,500,000
Exercise price of share options granted (in dollars per share) | (per share)						¥ 1	$ 0.14
Number of tranches | item						5	5
Xinchuang Technology Co., Ltd. ("Xinchuang Technology ") [Member] | Share-based Payment Arrangement, Tranche One [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Vesting percentage (as a percent)						5.00%	5.00%
Xinchuang Technology Co., Ltd. ("Xinchuang Technology ") [Member] | Share-based Payment Arrangement, Tranche Three [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Vesting percentage (as a percent)						5.00%	5.00%
Xinchuang Technology Co., Ltd. ("Xinchuang Technology ") [Member] | Share-based Payment Arrangement, Tranche Two [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Vesting percentage (as a percent)						5.00%	5.00%
Xinchuang Technology Co., Ltd. ("Xinchuang Technology ") [Member] | Share-based Payment Arrangement, Tranche Five [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Vesting percentage (as a percent)						80.00%	80.00%
Xinyuan Property Management Service(Cayman) Ltd [Member] | Restricted Stock [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Total awards granted				56,250	56,250
Restricted shares granted (in shares)									56,250,000
Percentage of share capital granted as restricted shares (as a percent)				15.00%	15.00%
Aggregate consideration				¥ 8,400,000	$ 1,204,094
Aggregate fair value of the restricted shares granted at the grant date		¥ 34,400,000										$ 4,931,051
Xinyuan Property Management Service(Cayman) Ltd [Member] | Restricted Stock [Member] | Share-based Payment Arrangement, Tranche One [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Vesting percentage (as a percent)		2.00%	2.00%
Xinyuan Property Management Service(Cayman) Ltd [Member] | Restricted Stock [Member] | Share-based Payment Arrangement, Tranche Three [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Vesting percentage (as a percent)		80.00%	80.00%
Xinyuan Property Management Service(Cayman) Ltd [Member] | Restricted Stock [Member] | Share-based Payment Arrangement, Tranche Two [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Vesting percentage (as a percent)		18.00%	18.00%

Other payables and accrued li_3

Other payables and accrued liabilities (Details) - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Other payables and accrued liabilities
Contract deposit	$ 98,280,724	$ 107,480,079
Accrued expenses	47,003,084	51,306,223
Debt extinguishment costs	11,665,069	13,761,966
Deed tax and maintenance fund withheld for customers	8,272,296	9,998,534
Bidding deposit	4,213,479	3,723,584
Welfare payable	1,480,963	1,893,635
Other tax payable	26,734,901	14,786,612
Accrued aircraft operating expense	1,654,945	1,415,369
Accrued interest expense	38,893,375	47,214,392
Purchase consideration payable for asset acquisitions and business combinations	66,868,333	75,565,148
Others	18,096,825	13,961,958
Total	$ 323,163,994	$ 341,107,500

Related party and employee tr_3

Related party and employee transactions (Details) - USD ($)	Jun. 06, 2018	Dec. 01, 2017	Sep. 12, 2017	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Mar. 21, 2018	Jun. 24, 2017	Apr. 19, 2017
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Due to Related Parties, Current				$ 53,682,296	$ 48,502,441
Due to Related Parties, Noncurrent					31,241,768
Due to Related Parties				53,682,296	79,744,209
Amounts due from related parties				200,757,623	216,184,205
Due from Related Parties				283,444,649	242,306,391
Interest Payable, Current				38,893,375	47,214,392
Due from Related Parties, Noncurrent				82,687,026	26,122,186
Advances to employees				2,350,852	1,694,416
Gain (Loss) on Investments					59,970
Payments to Acquire Businesses, Gross				604,914	8,720,772
Director [Member]
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Director's remuneration amount				$ 7,036,954	7,056,388	$ 10,634,720
Maximum [Member]
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Percentage Of Ownership Sold				5.54%
Starry Sky
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Amounts due from related parties					$ 8,052,075
Loans receivable interest rate					0.00%
Working Capital Funds Advanced To Related Parties Current					$ 7,903,416
Starry Sky | Loans Receivable [Member]
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Accrued interest, current					$ 148,659
Loans receivable interest rate					10.00%
Working Capital Funds Advanced To Related Parties Current					$ 1,100,070
I-journey
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Amounts due from related parties					16,366,841
Xitou
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Amounts due from related parties					14,494,710
Loans receivable interest rate				0.00%
Xichuang
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Amounts due from related parties					7,539,604
Qingdao Huiju Zhihui City Industrial Development Co., Ltd.
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Amounts due from related parties				$ 84,455,456	$ 61,392,033
Equity Method Investment, Ownership Percentage					49.00%
Qingdao Huiju Zhihui City Industrial Development Co., Ltd. | Maximum [Member]
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Equity Method Investment, Ownership Percentage									70.00%
Henan Hongguang Olympic Real Estate Co Ltd [Member]
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Amounts due from related parties				84,031,006	$ 51,340,375
Madison Development Limited
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Amounts due from related parties					22,988,260
Due from Related Parties, Noncurrent				27,739,567	0
Equity Method Investment, Ownership Percentage							50.00%
Advance for Operational Needs Related Parties				21,055,073
Madison Development Limited | Loans Receivable [Member]
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Accrued interest, current				$ 6,684,494
Loans receivable interest rate				15.00%
Suzhou Wanzhuo's non-controlling interest holders
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Due to Related Parties, Current				$ 15,997,603	23,447,245
Amounts due from related parties					27,201,258
Due from Related Parties, Noncurrent				18,856,638	0
Taicang Pengchi's non-controlling interest holders
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Business Acquisition, Percentage of Voting Interests Acquired		100.00%
Proceeds from Sales of Business, Affiliate and Productive Assets		$ 28,836,311
Xinzheng Meihang Network Technology Co., Ltd. [Member]
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Due to Related Parties, Current				27,133,055	0
Due to Related Parties, Noncurrent					31,241,768
Amounts due from related parties				$ 22,578,925	0
Due from Related Parties, Noncurrent					26,122,186
Xinzheng Meihang Network Technology Co., Ltd. [Member] | Unsecured Debt [Member]
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Debt term				3 years
Xinzheng Meihang Network Technology Co., Ltd. [Member] | Loans Receivable [Member]
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Due from Related Parties				$ 22,578,925	22,944,780
Loans receivable interest rate				11.50%
Suzhou Yefangs noncontrolling interest holders [Member]
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Due to Related Parties, Current				$ 1,496,762	11,902,028
Due from Related Parties, Noncurrent				$ 11,466,128	0
Beijing Aijieli Technology Development Co Ltd Beijing Ruizhuo Xitou Technology Development Co Ltd And Beijing Ruizhuo Xichuang Technology Development Co Ltd [Member]
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Working Capital Funds Advanced To Related Parties Current					36,699,899
Beijing Aijieli Technology Development Co Ltd Beijing Ruizhuo Xitou Technology Development Co Ltd And Beijing Ruizhuo Xichuang Technology Development Co Ltd [Member] | Loans Receivable [Member]
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Accrued interest, current					1,701,256
Working Capital Funds Advanced To Related Parties Current					$ 18,410,797
Beijing Aijieli Technology Development Co Ltd Beijing Ruizhuo Xitou Technology Development Co Ltd And Beijing Ruizhuo Xichuang Technology Development Co Ltd [Member] | Loans Receivable [Member] | Minimum [Member]
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Loans receivable interest rate					10.00%
Beijing Aijieli Technology Development Co Ltd Beijing Ruizhuo Xitou Technology Development Co Ltd And Beijing Ruizhuo Xichuang Technology Development Co Ltd [Member] | Loans Receivable [Member] | Maximum [Member]
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Loans receivable interest rate					12.00%
Zhengzhou Hangmei Technology Development Co., Ltd. [Member] | Unsecured Debt [Member]
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Bears interest				10.00%	10.00%
Payable face amount				$ 27,133,055	$ 27,579,790
Interest Payable				0	3,661,978
Taicang Pengchis noncontrolling interest holders [Member]
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Amounts due from related parties					5,630,819
Due from Related Parties, Noncurrent				24,624,693	0
Xin Future Yihao Private Equity Funds [Member]
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Other Long-term Investments								$ 2,142,573
Suzhou Yefang [Member]
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Business Acquisition, Percentage of Voting Interests Acquired	100.00%
Payments to Acquire Businesses, Gross	$ 15,615,240
Suzhou Yefang [Member] | Loans Payable [Member]
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Interest Payable, Current				1,496,762
Suzhou Wanzhuos [Member]
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Percentage Of Ownership Sold			80.00%
Proceeds from Sales of Business, Affiliate and Productive Assets			$ 23,687,327
Suzhou Wanzhuos [Member] | Loans Payable [Member]
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Working capital funds, noncurrent					18,929,073
Working Capital Funds Advanced To Related Parties Current				11,397,546
Interest Payable, Current				3,131,821	$ 3,913,866
Suzhou Wanzhuos [Member] | Loans Payable [Member] | Shareholder Service [Member]
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Working Capital Funds Advanced To Related Parties Current				$ 1,468,236
Suzhou Wanzhuos [Member] | Minimum [Member] | Loans Payable [Member]
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Bears interest				4.25%	4.25%
Suzhou Wanzhuos [Member] | Maximum [Member] | Loans Payable [Member]
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Bears interest				4.75%	4.75%
Suzhou Wanzhuos [Member] | Loans Receivable [Member]
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Loans receivable interest rate				4.75%
Others [Member]
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Due to Related Parties, Current				$ 9,054,876	$ 13,153,168
Amounts due from related parties				$ 9,692,236	$ 1,178,230

Related party and employee tr_4

Related party and employee transactions - Additional Informations (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019USD ($)item	Dec. 31, 2018USD ($)item
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Due from related parties	$ 283,444,649	$ 242,306,391
Maximum [Member]
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Percentage Of Ownership Transferred	5.54%
Xinzheng Meihang Network Technology Co., Ltd. [Member] | Loans Receivable [Member]
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Due from related parties	$ 22,578,925	22,944,780
Related party debt term	3 years
Interest received	$ 5,716,045
Accrued interest	0	$ 3,177,406
Zhengzhou Hangmei Technology Development Co., Ltd. [Member]
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Interest repaid	6,315,967
Beijing Aijieli Technology Development Co Ltd Beijing Ruizhuo Xitou Technology Development Co Ltd And Beijing Ruizhuo Xichuang Technology Development Co Ltd [Member]
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Extinguishment of pre-existing receivable	48,761,943
Suzhou Yefang [Member]
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Working Capital Funds Advanced From Related Parties Noncurrent	11,466,128
Suzhou Wanzhuo's non-controlling interest holders | Loans Receivable [Member]
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Working Capital Funds Advanced From Related Parties Noncurrent	$ 18,856,638
Key Management Personnel [Member] | Eight real estate project companies sold
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Number of real estate project companies sold | item	8	8
Key Management Personnel [Member] | Eight real estate project companies sold | Maximum [Member]
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Percentage Of Ownership Transferred	5.59%	5.54%
Key Management Personnel [Member] | Eight real estate project companies sold | Minimum [Member]
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Percentage Of Ownership Transferred	0.57%	0.50%
Key Management Personnel [Member] | One real estate project companies sold
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Total consideration	$ 1,300,135
Percentage Of Ownership Transferred	6.03%
Non-Controlling Shareholders [Member] | Beijing Aijieli Technology Development Co Ltd Beijing Ruizhuo Xitou Technology Development Co Ltd And Beijing Ruizhuo Xichuang Technology Development Co Ltd [Member]
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Extinguishment of pre-existing receivable	$ 168,430

Equity (Details)

Equity (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Common stock, shares authorized	500,000,000	500,000,000
Common stock, par value per share	$ 0.0001	$ 0.0001
Treasury share repurchases	$ 26,080,876	$ 19,846,720	$ 14,058,280
Dividends per share	$ 0.05
Distribution of dividends to common shareholders	$ 23,460,775
Treasury Stock [Member]
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Treasury share repurchases, shares	11,715,338
Treasury share repurchases	$ 26,080,876	$ 19,846,720	$ 14,058,280

Earnings per share (Details)

Earnings per share (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Numerator:
Net income attributable to Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd. Shareholders - basic and diluted	$ 68,344,527	$ 73,034,549	$ 63,627,551
Denominator:
Weighted average number of shares outstanding, basic	113,482,239	127,129,478	128,704,610
Weighted average number of shares outstanding-diluted	114,100,896	129,140,830	131,605,869
Basic earnings per share	$ 0.60	$ 0.57	$ 0.49
Diluted earnings per share	$ 0.60	$ 0.57	$ 0.48
Employee Stock Option [Member]
Denominator:
Incremental Common Shares Attributable to Dilutive Effect of Share-based Payment Arrangements	618,657	1,728,058	1,877,785
Anti-dilutive shares	0	0	180,000
Restricted Stock [Member]
Denominator:
Incremental Common Shares Attributable to Dilutive Effect of Share-based Payment Arrangements		283,294	1,023,474
Anti-dilutive shares	876,400	1,019,128	0

Segment reporting (Details)

Segment reporting (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Segment Reporting Information
Revenue	$ 2,466,504,041	$ 2,207,966,313
Lease Income	16,128,771	9,584,972	$ 8,732,799
Total revenue	2,482,632,812	2,217,551,285	1,976,907,231
Total cost of revenue	(1,922,323,191)	(1,602,072,983)	(1,517,279,018)
Gross profit	560,309,621	615,478,302	459,628,213
Operating expenses	(250,447,619)	(240,047,821)	(212,568,458)
Operating income	309,862,002	375,430,481	247,059,755
Interest income	51,493,595	31,225,694	16,859,086
Interest expense	(113,775,360)	(99,245,696)	(66,153,440)
Net realized gain on short-term investments	3,075,014	(3,407,090)	7,873,987
Share of loss in equity investee	(5,416,471)	(9,374,451)	(1,710,070)
Loss on extinguishment of debt	(8,580,510)	(21,443,949)	(15,879,702)
Exchange gains	(7,376,009)	(25,677,654)	756,926
Unrealized income on short-term investments	(1,623,814)	1,150,200	2,095,979
Other income	5,848,727	1,741,732	2,326,010
Income/(loss) before income taxes	233,507,174	250,399,267	193,228,531
Income tax benefit/(expense)	(150,478,372)	(144,447,247)	(113,117,126)
Net income	83,028,802	105,952,020	80,111,405
Depreciation and amortization	17,584,443	15,132,875	13,727,526
Capital expenditure	11,645,673	16,654,387	9,761,856
Real estate properties development completed	458,204,518	632,359,691	840,393,193
Real estate properties under development	3,254,387,749	4,068,716,308	1,996,000,653
Real estate properties held for lease	515,868,908	302,764,217	277,933,313
Total long-lived assets	1,776,601,324	1,342,491,007	1,314,221,789
Total assets	7,421,664,433	8,033,712,672	6,384,434,270
Real Estate Sales [Member]
Segment Reporting Information
Revenue	2,387,031,568	2,139,370,792	1,924,560,806
Total cost of revenue	(1,851,819,293)	(1,543,974,061)	(1,474,067,213)
Real estate lease income [Member]
Segment Reporting Information
Lease Income	16,128,771	9,584,972	8,732,799
Total cost of revenue	(12,757,251)	(9,348,616)	(11,006,122)
Real estate management services income [Member]
Segment Reporting Information
Revenue	67,488,169	63,447,420	41,738,319
Total cost of revenue	(40,889,231)	(44,619,783)	(31,646,448)
Other revenue [Member]
Segment Reporting Information
Revenue	11,984,304	5,148,101	1,875,307
Total cost of revenue	(16,857,416)	(4,130,523)	(559,235)
Henan [Member]
Segment Reporting Information
Lease Income	6,630,994	4,463,583	3,567,372
Total revenue	1,396,894,717	1,010,782,815	891,789,797
Total cost of revenue	(1,091,986,990)	(706,606,201)	(610,989,816)
Gross profit	304,907,727	304,176,614	280,799,981
Operating expenses	(70,839,873)	(62,812,091)	(64,061,347)
Operating income	234,067,854	241,364,523	216,738,634
Interest income	42,379,712	23,934,452	11,355,876
Interest expense	(14,805,529)	(15,091,954)	(18,393,523)
Net realized gain on short-term investments	183,450	183,450	3,110,564
Share of loss in equity investee	(1,370,440)	(1,342,875)	(1,062,499)
Loss on extinguishment of debt	(8,044,499)	(24,665,987)	0
Exchange gains	12,524,863	(13,029,174)	(362,736)
Unrealized income on short-term investments		0	151,003
Other income	4,536,260	(3,773,556)	2,326,004
Income/(loss) before income taxes	269,471,671	207,578,879	213,863,323
Income tax benefit/(expense)	(69,803,421)	(66,585,136)	(77,985,230)
Net income	199,668,250	140,993,743	135,878,093
Depreciation and amortization	5,553,392	5,881,359	5,597,930
Capital expenditure	6,263,956	8,700,583	5,756,237
Real estate properties development completed	133,572,883	119,978,648	49,708,034
Real estate properties under development	886,160,682	1,630,532,021	937,340,899
Real estate properties held for lease	109,809,942	72,389,385	53,783,548
Total long-lived assets	524,367,010	370,303,455	207,599,517
Total assets	2,882,024,764	3,326,001,406	2,715,305,431
Henan [Member] | Real Estate Sales [Member]
Segment Reporting Information
Revenue	1,382,533,759	1,002,960,937	886,207,602
Total cost of revenue	(1,082,472,232)	(701,238,639)	(607,656,121)
Henan [Member] | Real estate lease income [Member]
Segment Reporting Information
Total cost of revenue	(2,348,963)	(2,245,710)	(2,170,672)
Henan [Member] | Real estate management services income [Member]
Segment Reporting Information
Revenue	7,578,862	3,061,093	1,505,932
Total cost of revenue	(4,716,112)	(2,733,062)	(935,942)
Henan [Member] | Other revenue [Member]
Segment Reporting Information
Revenue	151,102	297,202	508,891
Total cost of revenue	(2,449,683)	(388,790)	(227,081)
Shandong [Member]
Segment Reporting Information
Lease Income	321,819	497,354	183,530
Total revenue	276,142,822	292,265,667	252,423,012
Total cost of revenue	(222,754,891)	(230,042,111)	(205,050,360)
Gross profit	53,387,931	62,223,556	47,372,652
Operating expenses	(14,770,303)	(12,610,671)	(10,497,498)
Operating income	38,617,628	49,612,885	36,875,154
Interest income	436,165	478,524	338,069
Interest expense	(3,061,587)	0	(362,759)
Net realized gain on short-term investments		0	0
Share of loss in equity investee	(922,281)	(1,067,320)	(974,405)
Loss on extinguishment of debt		0	0
Exchange gains		0	0
Unrealized income on short-term investments		0	0
Other income	866	(162,149)	0
Income/(loss) before income taxes	35,070,791	48,861,940	35,876,059
Income tax benefit/(expense)	(23,020,472)	(24,338,485)	(11,359,619)
Net income	12,050,319	24,523,455	24,516,440
Depreciation and amortization	433,948	664,325	416,607
Capital expenditure	64,816	4,689,576	11,636
Real estate properties development completed	34,351,045	46,110,853	82,128,992
Real estate properties under development	359,079,121	520,017,386	78,988,478
Real estate properties held for lease	6,954,550	7,929,336	5,633,936
Total long-lived assets	509,819,916	500,658,792	420,656,893
Total assets	573,869,426	902,384,756	693,368,606
Shandong [Member] | Real Estate Sales [Member]
Segment Reporting Information
Revenue	275,120,959	291,763,807	252,186,589
Total cost of revenue	(220,925,677)	(228,347,098)	(204,691,234)
Shandong [Member] | Real estate lease income [Member]
Segment Reporting Information
Total cost of revenue	(561,264)	(470,614)	(348,420)
Shandong [Member] | Real estate management services income [Member]
Segment Reporting Information
Revenue		0	0
Total cost of revenue		0	0
Shandong [Member] | Other revenue [Member]
Segment Reporting Information
Revenue	700,044	4,506	52,893
Total cost of revenue	(1,267,950)	(1,224,399)	(10,706)
Jiangsu [Member]
Segment Reporting Information
Lease Income		917,227	0
Total revenue		331,743,582	284,409,505
Total cost of revenue		(217,052,885)	(251,246,196)
Gross profit		114,690,697	33,163,309
Operating expenses		(15,284,915)	(16,659,076)
Operating income		99,405,782	16,504,233
Interest income		568,283	218,937
Interest expense		(1,009,438)	(1,829,665)
Net realized gain on short-term investments		0	7,395
Share of loss in equity investee		(949,748)	(2,818)
Loss on extinguishment of debt		0	0
Exchange gains		0	0
Unrealized income on short-term investments		0	0
Other income		391,338	0
Income/(loss) before income taxes		98,406,217	14,898,082
Income tax benefit/(expense)		(33,672,476)	(6,913,466)
Net income		64,733,741	7,984,616
Depreciation and amortization		2,398,697	3,445,463
Capital expenditure		6,226	13,725
Real estate properties development completed		38,293,044	13,625,012
Real estate properties under development		240,985,540	217,051,399
Real estate properties held for lease		39,824,983	38,824,172
Total long-lived assets		95,890,366	50,598,511
Total assets		740,208,056	459,080,321
Jiangsu [Member] | Real Estate Sales [Member]
Segment Reporting Information
Revenue		330,352,688	284,388,321
Total cost of revenue		(214,621,791)	(247,765,242)
Jiangsu [Member] | Real estate lease income [Member]
Segment Reporting Information
Total cost of revenue		(2,336,287)	(3,353,579)
Jiangsu [Member] | Real estate management services income [Member]
Segment Reporting Information
Revenue		0	0
Total cost of revenue		0	0
Jiangsu [Member] | Other revenue [Member]
Segment Reporting Information
Revenue		473,667	21,184
Total cost of revenue		(94,807)	(127,375)
Sichuan [Member]
Segment Reporting Information
Lease Income	728,016	86,593	0
Total revenue	86,980,800	81,106,616	79,141,477
Total cost of revenue	(82,568,113)	(76,832,660)	(71,491,161)
Gross profit	4,412,687	4,273,956	7,650,316
Operating expenses	(8,011,273)	(4,275,577)	(3,772,416)
Operating income	(3,598,586)	(1,621)	3,877,900
Interest income	493,469	104,895	100,988
Interest expense		(2,259,789)	0
Net realized gain on short-term investments		0	0
Share of loss in equity investee		(3,719,920)	0
Loss on extinguishment of debt		0	0
Exchange gains		0	0
Unrealized income on short-term investments		0	0
Other income	246,927	4,585,338	0
Income/(loss) before income taxes	(2,858,190)	(1,291,097)	3,978,888
Income tax benefit/(expense)	(2,864,732)	(1,312,549)	(812,628)
Net income	(5,722,922)	(2,603,646)	3,166,260
Depreciation and amortization	635,494	553,823	218,043
Capital expenditure	26,254	10,229	22,550
Real estate properties development completed	64,327,235	88,492,260	146,791,480
Real estate properties under development	619,020,458	620,344,540	0
Real estate properties held for lease	34,515,933	36,086,237	23,503,438
Total long-lived assets	44,244,900	37,986,138	391,437,638
Total assets	897,210,854	839,829,759	584,350,518
Sichuan [Member] | Real Estate Sales [Member]
Segment Reporting Information
Revenue	85,189,227	80,701,160	79,054,170
Total cost of revenue	(81,765,082)	(75,842,475)	(71,332,282)
Sichuan [Member] | Real estate lease income [Member]
Segment Reporting Information
Total cost of revenue	(799,359)	(554,861)	(158,879)
Sichuan [Member] | Real estate management services income [Member]
Segment Reporting Information
Revenue		0	0
Total cost of revenue		0	0
Sichuan [Member] | Other revenue [Member]
Segment Reporting Information
Revenue	1,063,557	318,863	87,307
Total cost of revenue	(3,672)	(435,324)	0
Beijing [Member]
Segment Reporting Information
Lease Income	657,451	0	0
Total revenue	130,467,541	14,490,399	540,766
Total cost of revenue	(98,125,392)	(9,355,460)	(414,729)
Gross profit	32,342,149	5,134,939	126,037
Operating expenses	(73,333,124)	(64,432,460)	(44,507,378)
Operating income	(40,990,975)	(59,297,521)	(44,381,341)
Interest income	2,241,516	1,388,846	516,950
Interest expense	(7,385,692)	(2,137,378)	(5,056,962)
Net realized gain on short-term investments		0	9,077
Share of loss in equity investee		0	0
Loss on extinguishment of debt		0	0
Exchange gains		(1,544)	0
Unrealized income on short-term investments		0	0
Other income	909,298	(521,424)	0
Income/(loss) before income taxes	(45,225,853)	(60,569,021)	(48,912,276)
Income tax benefit/(expense)	(9,456,395)	5,810,925	4,065,308
Net income	(54,682,248)	(54,758,096)	(44,846,968)
Depreciation and amortization	2,732,083	1,506,886	767,841
Capital expenditure	1,142,809	2,279,441	2,960,195
Real estate properties development completed	60,683,848	42,003,855	52,675,024
Real estate properties under development	266,984,229	214,011,166	200,296,958
Real estate properties held for lease	7,520,601	0	0
Total long-lived assets	61,281,191	42,680,909	16,714,738
Total assets	470,434,500	340,188,589	296,118,475
Beijing [Member] | Real Estate Sales [Member]
Segment Reporting Information
Revenue	126,540,125	12,314,328	540,766
Total cost of revenue	(92,849,397)	(9,355,460)	(363,305)
Beijing [Member] | Real estate lease income [Member]
Segment Reporting Information
Total cost of revenue	(481,276)	0	0
Beijing [Member] | Real estate management services income [Member]
Segment Reporting Information
Revenue		0	0
Total cost of revenue		0	0
Beijing [Member] | Other revenue [Member]
Segment Reporting Information
Revenue	3,269,965	2,176,071	0
Total cost of revenue	(4,794,719)	0	(51,424)
Hainan [Member]
Segment Reporting Information
Lease Income		0	0
Total revenue	43,820,016	170,083,021	87,315,653
Total cost of revenue	(31,766,627)	(87,714,817)	(55,295,321)
Gross profit	12,053,389	82,368,204	32,020,332
Operating expenses	(2,514,263)	(12,088,762)	(7,726,269)
Operating income	9,539,126	70,279,442	24,294,063
Interest income	3,208	22,667	26,443
Interest expense	(11,507)	0	0
Net realized gain on short-term investments		0	0
Share of loss in equity investee		0	0
Loss on extinguishment of debt		0	0
Exchange gains		0	0
Unrealized income on short-term investments		0	0
Other income	156,235	32,867	0
Income/(loss) before income taxes	9,687,062	70,334,976	24,320,506
Income tax benefit/(expense)	(4,643,587)	(33,888,754)	(10,189,683)
Net income	5,043,475	36,446,222	14,130,823
Depreciation and amortization	29,414	44,773	148,453
Capital expenditure	3,712	0	1,361
Real estate properties development completed	6,627,299	31,716,745	97,350,745
Real estate properties under development		0	0
Real estate properties held for lease	888,150	0	0
Total long-lived assets	6,664,536	5,953,273	609,466
Total assets	27,393,755	39,269,241	108,984,575
Hainan [Member] | Real Estate Sales [Member]
Segment Reporting Information
Revenue	43,820,016	169,606,837	87,304,257
Total cost of revenue	(31,764,435)	(87,710,266)	(55,291,475)
Hainan [Member] | Real estate lease income [Member]
Segment Reporting Information
Total cost of revenue		0	0
Hainan [Member] | Real estate management services income [Member]
Segment Reporting Information
Revenue		0	0
Total cost of revenue		0	0
Hainan [Member] | Other revenue [Member]
Segment Reporting Information
Revenue		476,184	11,396
Total cost of revenue	(2,192)	(4,551)	(3,846)
Hunan [Member]
Segment Reporting Information
Lease Income	135,279	111,408	6,071
Total revenue	158,657,679	97,756,305	133,623,535
Total cost of revenue	(112,401,205)	(102,979,451)	(108,104,554)
Gross profit	46,256,474	(5,223,146)	25,518,981
Operating expenses	(3,991,323)	(11,008,482)	(10,099,854)
Operating income	42,265,151	(16,231,628)	15,419,127
Interest income	182,529	194,297	320,666
Interest expense		0	0
Net realized gain on short-term investments		0	0
Share of loss in equity investee		0	0
Loss on extinguishment of debt		0	0
Exchange gains		0	0
Unrealized income on short-term investments		0	0
Other income	(17,844)	27,078	0
Income/(loss) before income taxes	42,429,836	(16,010,253)	15,739,793
Income tax benefit/(expense)	(16,123,072)	14,764,618	(2,560,610)
Net income	26,306,764	(1,245,635)	13,179,183
Depreciation and amortization	1,668,279	1,395,291	185,123
Capital expenditure	44,058	278	21,262
Real estate properties development completed	7,540,854	7,340,408	49,346,740
Real estate properties under development	6,433,260	113,205,249	109,107,637
Real estate properties held for lease	60,967,850	47,347,197	50,422,065
Total long-lived assets	62,686,470	48,805,523	51,791,292
Total assets	107,134,983	274,708,013	266,196,168
Hunan [Member] | Real Estate Sales [Member]
Segment Reporting Information
Revenue	157,938,663	97,162,300	133,499,073
Total cost of revenue	(110,346,111)	(100,986,641)	(107,834,718)
Hunan [Member] | Real estate lease income [Member]
Segment Reporting Information
Total cost of revenue	(1,693,085)	(1,475,782)	(174,601)
Hunan [Member] | Real estate management services income [Member]
Segment Reporting Information
Revenue		0	0
Total cost of revenue		0	0
Hunan [Member] | Other revenue [Member]
Segment Reporting Information
Revenue	583,737	482,597	118,391
Total cost of revenue	(362,009)	(517,028)	(95,235)
Shanghai [Member]
Segment Reporting Information
Lease Income	2,920,280	641,119	209,186
Total revenue	283,474,831	641,119	1,187,682
Total cost of revenue	(204,269,639)	(295,775)	(996,187)
Gross profit	79,205,192	345,344	191,495
Operating expenses	(18,080,374)	(163,680)	(747,409)
Operating income	61,124,818	181,664	(555,914)
Interest income	306,228	62,536	268,325
Interest expense	(1,066,270)	(1,689,514)	(2,100,301)
Net realized gain on short-term investments		0	0
Share of loss in equity investee	(613,155)	0	0
Loss on extinguishment of debt		0	0
Exchange gains		0	0
Unrealized income on short-term investments		0	0
Other income	47,762	(1,822)	0
Income/(loss) before income taxes	59,799,383	(1,447,136)	(2,387,890)
Income tax benefit/(expense)	(28,043,624)	1,503,472	686,619
Net income	31,755,759	56,336	(1,701,271)
Depreciation and amortization	2,622,483	277,113	68,648
Capital expenditure	2,579	0	0
Real estate properties development completed	106,796,363	82,320,988	90,003,702
Real estate properties under development	123,381,923	0	0
Real estate properties held for lease	40,675,960	4,037,272	4,578,302
Total long-lived assets	183,400,846	4,056,266	4,639,263
Total assets	752,136,052	95,034,595	103,055,884
Shanghai [Member] | Real Estate Sales [Member]
Segment Reporting Information
Revenue	279,731,401	0	973,450
Total cost of revenue	(201,704,497)	(57,369)	(664,093)
Shanghai [Member] | Real estate lease income [Member]
Segment Reporting Information
Total cost of revenue	(2,565,142)	(238,406)	(332,094)
Shanghai [Member] | Real estate management services income [Member]
Segment Reporting Information
Revenue		0	0
Total cost of revenue		0	0
Shanghai [Member] | Other revenue [Member]
Segment Reporting Information
Revenue	823,150	0	5,046
Total cost of revenue		0	0
Tianjin [Member]
Segment Reporting Information
Lease Income		0	0
Total revenue		86,165,309	38,647,065
Total cost of revenue		(56,487,052)	(23,602,129)
Gross profit		29,678,257	15,044,936
Operating expenses		(5,904,656)	(6,001,987)
Operating income		23,773,601	9,042,949
Interest income		230,432	271,527
Interest expense		0	(1,214,368)
Net realized gain on short-term investments		0	0
Share of loss in equity investee		0	0
Loss on extinguishment of debt		0	0
Exchange gains		0	0
Unrealized income on short-term investments		0	0
Other income		(948,161)	0
Income/(loss) before income taxes		23,055,872	8,100,108
Income tax benefit/(expense)		(8,088,479)	(1,713,343)
Net income		14,967,393	6,386,765
Depreciation and amortization		150,980	9,836
Capital expenditure		290,791	20,322
Real estate properties development completed		0	0
Real estate properties under development		106,218,839	40,379,791
Real estate properties held for lease		0	0
Total long-lived assets		6,535,427	1,706,170
Total assets		185,400,019	98,249,020
Tianjin [Member] | Real Estate Sales [Member]
Segment Reporting Information
Revenue		86,165,279	38,646,991
Total cost of revenue		(56,487,052)	(23,602,129)
Tianjin [Member] | Real estate lease income [Member]
Segment Reporting Information
Total cost of revenue		0	0
Tianjin [Member] | Real estate management services income [Member]
Segment Reporting Information
Revenue		0	0
Total cost of revenue		0	0
Tianjin [Member] | Other revenue [Member]
Segment Reporting Information
Revenue		30	74
Total cost of revenue		0	0
Shaanxi [Member]
Segment Reporting Information
Lease Income	3,301,027	2,064,129	3,832,764
Total revenue	13,002,066	63,323,382	67,472,485
Total cost of revenue	(9,984,966)	(64,519,608)	(50,936,208)
Gross profit	3,017,100	(1,196,226)	16,536,277
Operating expenses	(5,808,638)	(5,834,584)	(9,123,653)
Operating income	(2,791,538)	(7,030,810)	7,412,624
Interest income	12,795	78,014	69,336
Interest expense	(138,107)	(915,585)	0
Net realized gain on short-term investments		0	0
Share of loss in equity investee		0	0
Loss on extinguishment of debt		0	0
Exchange gains		0	0
Unrealized income on short-term investments		0	0
Other income	(199,670)	(120,442)	0
Income/(loss) before income taxes	(3,116,520)	(7,988,823)	7,481,960
Income tax benefit/(expense)	2,210,548	1,735,041	(840,827)
Net income	(905,972)	(6,253,782)	6,641,133
Depreciation and amortization	1,873,910	1,888,104	1,766,074
Capital expenditure	16,761	13,183	9,571
Real estate properties development completed	43,103,208	48,352,943	127,107,105
Real estate properties under development	162,947,850	150,381,455	140,257,927
Real estate properties held for lease	91,474,049	94,612,752	100,574,370
Total long-lived assets	100,419,560	125,890,353	125,298,084
Total assets	338,107,052	330,029,859	440,219,180
Shaanxi [Member] | Real Estate Sales [Member]
Segment Reporting Information
Revenue	6,917,948	58,795,214	63,283,292
Total cost of revenue	(6,510,485)	(59,670,857)	(46,516,108)
Shaanxi [Member] | Real estate lease income [Member]
Segment Reporting Information
Total cost of revenue	(2,913,152)	(1,978,147)	(4,420,100)
Shaanxi [Member] | Real estate management services income [Member]
Segment Reporting Information
Revenue	2,783,091	2,464,039	356,429
Total cost of revenue	(561,329)	(2,870,604)	0
Shaanxi [Member] | Other revenue [Member]
Segment Reporting Information
Revenue		0	0
Total cost of revenue		0	0
US subsidiaries [Member]
Segment Reporting Information
Lease Income	893,982	0	0
Total revenue	1,940,073	9,386,572	98,784,088
Total cost of revenue	(2,792,781)	(9,357,970)	(108,350,506)
Gross profit	(852,708)	28,602	(9,566,418)
Operating expenses	(9,414,601)	(4,654,552)	(10,597,926)
Operating income	(10,267,309)	(4,625,950)	(20,164,344)
Interest income	48,285	3,311	0
Interest expense	(3,472,559)	(3,501,863)	(3,570,310)
Net realized gain on short-term investments		0	0
Share of loss in equity investee		0	0
Loss on extinguishment of debt		0	0
Exchange gains		0	0
Unrealized income on short-term investments		0	0
Other income		2,093,750	6
Income/(loss) before income taxes	(13,691,583)	(6,030,752)	(23,734,648)
Income tax benefit/(expense)	2,921,151	3,037,875	8,694,642
Net income	(10,770,432)	(2,992,877)	(15,040,006)
Depreciation and amortization	1,665,384		232,618
Depreciation and amortization		(95,404)
Capital expenditure	3,579,071	89,510	257,643
Real estate properties development completed	1,201,783	127,749,947	131,656,359
Real estate properties under development	230,860,737	199,665,838	168,236,598
Real estate properties held for lease	162,599,274	0	0
Total long-lived assets	176,115,157	25,781,516	19,666,135
Total assets	439,770,834	384,883,423	354,473,170
US subsidiaries [Member] | Real Estate Sales [Member]
Segment Reporting Information
Revenue	750,000	8,815,926	98,476,295
Total cost of revenue	(1,444,563)	(9,357,970)	(108,350,506)
US subsidiaries [Member] | Real estate lease income [Member]
Segment Reporting Information
Total cost of revenue	(1,348,218)	0	0
US subsidiaries [Member] | Real estate management services income [Member]
Segment Reporting Information
Revenue		0	0
Total cost of revenue		0	0
US subsidiaries [Member] | Other revenue [Member]
Segment Reporting Information
Revenue	296,091	570,646	307,793
Total cost of revenue		0	0
Guangdong [Member]
Segment Reporting Information
Lease Income		0	19,659
Total revenue	9,738,197	0	19,659
Total cost of revenue	(6,821,557)	0	(10,342)
Gross profit	2,916,640	0	9,317
Operating expenses	(1,966,796)	(1,185,184)	(680,754)
Operating income	949,844	(1,185,184)	(671,437)
Interest income	13,533	5,506	264
Interest expense		0
Net realized gain on short-term investments		0
Share of loss in equity investee	(2,903,841)	(1,295,899)
Loss on extinguishment of debt		0
Exchange gains		0
Unrealized income on short-term investments		0
Other income	(289,485)	0
Income/(loss) before income taxes	(2,229,949)	(2,475,577)	(671,173)
Income tax benefit/(expense)	(1,017,315)	(392,906)	145,513
Net income	(3,247,264)	(2,868,483)	(525,660)
Depreciation and amortization	41,616	137,262	38
Capital expenditure		0	392,779
Real estate properties development completed		0
Real estate properties under development	372,170,620	102,997,747	93,205,573
Real estate properties held for lease		0
Total long-lived assets	18,237,255	23,600,985	125,896
Total assets	414,319,137	134,196,645	93,723,704
Guangdong [Member] | Real Estate Sales [Member]
Segment Reporting Information
Revenue	9,738,197	0
Total cost of revenue	(6,821,557)	0
Guangdong [Member] | Real estate lease income [Member]
Segment Reporting Information
Total cost of revenue		0
Guangdong [Member] | Real estate management services income [Member]
Segment Reporting Information
Revenue		0
Total cost of revenue		0
Guangdong [Member] | Other revenue [Member]
Segment Reporting Information
Revenue		0
Total cost of revenue		0	(10,342)
Hubei [Member]
Segment Reporting Information
Total cost of revenue	(23,397)
Gross profit	(23,397)
Operating expenses	(3,429,583)	(1,949,565)
Operating income	(3,452,980)	(1,949,565)
Interest income	1,695
Other income		1,180
Income/(loss) before income taxes	(3,451,285)	(1,948,385)
Income tax benefit/(expense)	704,284	(152,722)
Net income	(2,747,001)	(2,101,107)
Depreciation and amortization	46,012	15,028
Capital expenditure	4,821	197,756
Real estate properties under development	141,707,492	124,701,587
Total long-lived assets	934,102	176,034
Total assets	148,165,478	127,532,829
Hubei [Member] | Real Estate Sales [Member]
Segment Reporting Information
Total cost of revenue	(23,397)
Liaoning [Member]
Segment Reporting Information
Total revenue	18,621,886	427,072
Total cost of revenue	(13,440,458)	(298,443)
Gross profit	5,181,428	128,629
Operating expenses	(2,801,220)	(1,485,827)
Operating income	2,380,208	(1,357,198)
Interest income	13,240	5,966
Exchange gains		335,310
Other income	64,155
Income/(loss) before income taxes	2,457,603	(1,015,922)
Income tax benefit/(expense)	(717,299)	689,435
Net income	1,740,304	(326,487)
Depreciation and amortization	16,987	8,235
Capital expenditure	25,188	58,259
Real estate properties under development	58,153,297	30,590,778
Total long-lived assets	1,084,510	337,113
Total assets	73,223,300	34,993,328
Liaoning [Member] | Real Estate Sales [Member]
Segment Reporting Information
Revenue	18,621,886	427,072
Total cost of revenue	(13,440,458)	(298,443)
Property Management [Member]
Segment Reporting Information
Lease Income	483,944
Total revenue	58,798,108
Total cost of revenue	(36,735,908)
Gross profit	22,062,200
Operating expenses	(7,076,960)
Operating income	14,985,240
Interest income	681,464
Share of loss in equity investee	(630,775)
Exchange gains	(236,736)
Other income	124,295
Income/(loss) before income taxes	14,923,488
Income tax benefit/(expense)	(241,601)
Net income	14,681,887
Depreciation and amortization	189,503
Capital expenditure	352,073
Total long-lived assets	8,335,524
Total assets	106,315,123
Property Management [Member] | Real estate management services income [Member]
Segment Reporting Information
Revenue	57,126,216
Total cost of revenue	(35,611,790)
Property Management [Member] | Other revenue [Member]
Segment Reporting Information
Revenue	1,187,948
Total cost of revenue	(1,124,118)
Others [Member]
Segment Reporting Information
Lease Income	55,979	803,559	914,217
Total revenue	4,094,076	59,379,426	41,552,507
Total cost of revenue	(8,651,267)	(40,530,550)	(30,791,509)
Gross profit	(4,557,191)	18,848,876	10,760,998
Operating expenses	(28,409,288)	(36,356,815)	(28,092,891)
Operating income	(32,966,479)	(17,507,939)	(17,331,893)
Interest income	4,679,756	4,147,965	3,371,705
Interest expense	(83,834,109)	(72,640,175)	(33,625,552)
Net realized gain on short-term investments	2,891,564	(3,590,540)	4,746,951
Share of loss in equity investee	1,024,021	(998,689)	329,652
Loss on extinguishment of debt	(536,011)	3,222,038	(15,879,702)
Exchange gains	(19,664,136)	(12,982,246)	1,119,662
Unrealized income on short-term investments	(1,623,814)	1,150,200	1,944,976
Other income	269,928	137,735	0
Income/(loss) before income taxes	(129,759,280)	(99,061,651)	(55,324,201)
Income tax benefit/(expense)	(382,837)	(3,557,106)	(14,333,802)
Net income	(130,142,117)	(102,618,757)	(69,658,003)
Depreciation and amortization	75,938	306,403	870,852
Capital expenditure	119,575	318,555	294,575
Real estate properties development completed		0	0
Real estate properties under development	27,488,080	15,064,162	11,135,393
Real estate properties held for lease	462,599	537,055	613,482
Total long-lived assets	79,010,347	53,834,857	23,378,186
Total assets	191,559,175	279,052,154	171,309,218
Others [Member] | Real Estate Sales [Member]
Segment Reporting Information
Revenue	129,387	305,244	0
Total cost of revenue	(1,751,402)	0	0
Others [Member] | Real estate lease income [Member]
Segment Reporting Information
Total cost of revenue	(46,792)	(48,809)	(47,777)
Others [Member] | Real estate management services income [Member]
Segment Reporting Information
Revenue		57,922,288	39,875,958
Total cost of revenue		(39,016,117)	(30,710,506)
Others [Member] | Other revenue [Member]
Segment Reporting Information
Revenue	3,908,710	348,335	762,332
Total cost of revenue	$ (6,853,073)	$ (1,465,624)	$ (33,226)

Segment reporting - Additional

Segment reporting - Additional Information (Details) - customer	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Segment reporting
Number of customer accounts	0	0	0

Commitments and contingencies_2

Commitments and contingencies (Details) - USD ($)	1 Months Ended			12 Months Ended
	May 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2016	May 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Other commitments
2020				$ 559,280,163
2021				662,777,841
2022				116,494,755
2023				28,682,333
2024 and thereafter				4,829,879
Total				1,372,064,971
Mechanic's Liens [Member]
Other commitments
Loss Contingency, Damages Sought, Value		$ 8,000,000
421 Kent Development, LLC [Member]
Other commitments
Loss Contingency, Damages Sought, Value		$ 22,000,000
Financial Guarantee [Member]
Other commitments
Aggregate amount of guarantee				$ 2,617,194,854	$ 1,988,632,540
Real Estate Ownership Period				six to twelve months
Payments to satisfy guarantee obligations				$ 1,782,038	1,659,652	$ 788,644
Provisions for Guarantee				0
Guarantor Obligations, Maximum Exposure, Undiscounted				$ 202,115,765	$ 280,189,999
Beijing Huiju and Qingdao Huiju's joint and several liability
Other commitments
Loss Contingency, Damages Sought, Value	$ 230,900,000
Legal Fees	$ 1,167,369
XIN Development Management East, LLC [Member] | Wanks Adams Slavin Associates LLP [Member]
Other commitments
Gain Contingency, Unrecorded Amount			$ 8,000,000
Loss Contingency, Damages Sought, Value			2,000,000
XIN Development Management East, LLC [Member] | Wanks Adams Slavin Associates LLP [Member] | Minimum [Member]
Other commitments
Gain Contingency, Unrecorded Amount			$ 10,000,000

Concentration of risk (Details)

Concentration of risk (Details)	12 Months Ended			173 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019USD ($)contract	Dec. 31, 2018USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2017USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2019USD ($)
Concentration of risk
Exchange rate appreciation				15.70%
Credit Concentration Risk Receivables	$ 0	$ 0		$ 0
Number of Sales Contracts of Apartments | contract	280
Number Of Customer Or Supplier Accounted For More Than 10 Percentage Of Revenue Or Project Expenditures	0	0	0

Non-controlling interests (Deta

Non-controlling interests (Details) - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Noncontrolling Interest [Line Items]
Non-controlling interests	$ (101,650,383)	$ (65,274,668)
Shaanxi Zhongmao Economy Development Co Ltd [Member]
Noncontrolling Interest [Line Items]
Noncontrolling owners interest (percentage)	34.02%	34.02%
Non-controlling interests	$ 6,285,895	$ 3,264,319
Xinyuan Property Management Service Ltd Member
Noncontrolling Interest [Line Items]
Noncontrolling owners interest (percentage)	32.50%
Non-controlling interests	$ (28,398,921)
Taicang Pengchi Real Estate Co., Limited. [Member]
Noncontrolling Interest [Line Items]
Noncontrolling owners interest (percentage)	83.00%	83.00%
Non-controlling interests	$ (31,228,046)	$ (25,096,542)
Suzhou Xinyuan Wanzhuo Real Estate Co., Ltd. [Member]
Noncontrolling Interest [Line Items]
Noncontrolling owners interest (percentage)	80.00%	80.00%
Non-controlling interests	$ (34,280,307)	$ (27,912,339)
Henan Renxin Real Estate Co., Ltd. ("Henan Renxin") [Member]
Noncontrolling Interest [Line Items]
Noncontrolling owners interest (percentage)	49.00%	49.00%
Suzhou Yefang Real Estate Co., Limited. ("Suzhou Yefang") [Member]
Noncontrolling Interest [Line Items]
Noncontrolling owners interest (percentage)	79.99%	79.99%
Non-controlling interests	$ (11,463,297)	$ (11,652,185)
Other Companies [Member]
Noncontrolling Interest [Line Items]
Non-controlling interests	$ (2,565,707)	$ (3,877,921)

Condensed financial informati_3

Condensed financial information of the Company - Condensed Balance Sheet (Details) - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Current assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 662,606,063	$ 674,141,554	$ 894,551,480
Other receivables	287,300,176	166,632,745
Other current assets	772,303	520,391
Due from related parties	200,757,623	216,184,205
Total current assets	5,645,063,109	6,691,221,665
TOTAL ASSETS	7,421,664,433	8,033,712,672	6,384,434,270
Current liabilities
Short-term bank loan	73,419,108	43,711,388
PRC other tax payable	26,734,901	14,786,612
Other payable and accrued liabilities	323,163,994	341,107,500
Current portion of long-term bank loans and other debt	1,418,955,459	1,647,918,456
Payroll and welfare payables	24,223,625	33,752,390
Total current liabilities	4,484,571,512	5,069,868,783
Long term bank loan	686,064,696	720,038,940
Other long-term debt	1,036,690,627	1,040,455,200
Total liabilities	6,629,712,411	7,288,067,523
Shareholders' equity
Authorized500,000,000 shares, issued and outstanding- 107,875,468 shares for 2019 (2018: 119,805,636 shares)	16,410	16,399
Treasury shares	(113,719,964)	(87,639,088)
Additional paid-in capital	543,290,577	532,117,479
Retained earnings	135,873,163	99,502,126
Total Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd. shareholders' equity	690,301,639	680,370,481
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY	$ 7,421,664,433	$ 8,033,712,672
Common Stock:
Common stock, par value per share	$ 0.0001	$ 0.0001
Common stock, shares authorized	500,000,000	500,000,000
Common stock, shares issued	107,875,468	119,805,636
Common stock, shares outstanding	107,875,468	119,805,636
Parent Company [Member]
Current assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 28,591,381	$ 93,606,791	$ 15,726,978	$ 36,497,233
Other receivables	10,928	665,428
Other current assets	77,649	250,569
Due from subsidiaries	455,222,231	667,811,964
Due from related parties		348,076
Total current assets	483,902,189	762,682,828
Investments in subsidiaries	1,338,730,125	1,142,335,163
TOTAL ASSETS	1,822,632,314	1,905,017,991
Current liabilities
Short-term bank loan	19,900,000	0
PRC income tax payable	13,388	13,388
PRC other tax payable	902,190	902,190
Other payable and accrued liabilities	27,612,109	24,090,605
Current portion of long-term bank loans and other debt	423,131,157	397,039,358
Payroll and welfare payables	2,220,113	2,817,136
Total current liabilities	473,778,957	424,862,677
Long term bank loan	100,440,000	3,178,000
Other long-term debt	558,111,718	796,606,833
Total liabilities	1,132,330,675	1,224,647,510
Shareholders' equity
Authorized500,000,000 shares, issued and outstanding- 107,875,468 shares for 2019 (2018: 119,805,636 shares)	16,410	16,399
Treasury shares	(113,719,964)	(87,639,088)
Additional paid-in capital	543,290,577	532,117,479
Retained earnings	260,714,616	235,875,691
Total Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd. shareholders' equity	690,301,639	680,370,481
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY	$ 1,822,632,314	$ 1,905,017,991
Common Stock:
Common stock, par value per share	$ 0.0001	$ 0.0001

Condensed financial informati_4

Condensed financial information of the Company - Condensed Statements of Comprehensive Income (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Condensed Financial Statements, Captions [Line Items]
General and administrative expenses	$ (163,686,999)	$ (156,456,170)	$ (136,844,741)
Operating loss	309,862,002	375,430,481	247,059,755
Interest expense	(113,775,360)	(99,245,696)	(66,153,440)
Interest income	51,493,595	31,225,694	16,859,086
Net (loss)/gain on debt extinguishment	(8,580,510)	(21,443,949)	(15,879,702)
Gain on short-term investments	1,451,200	(2,256,890)	9,969,966
Other expenses/(income)	5,848,727	1,741,732	2,326,010
Income/(loss) before income taxes	233,507,174	250,399,267	193,228,531
Income taxes	(150,478,372)	(144,447,247)	(113,117,126)
Net income attributable to Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd. shareholders	68,344,527	73,034,549	63,627,551
Other comprehensive income/(loss), net of tax of nil
Comprehensive income attributable to shareholders	48,299,700	13,686,634	127,536,175
Parent Company [Member]
Condensed Financial Statements, Captions [Line Items]
General and administrative expenses	(9,509,893)	(9,877,059)	(13,781,596)
Operating loss	(9,509,893)	(9,877,059)	(13,781,596)
Interest expense	(107,382,764)	(105,990,420)	(65,387,198)
Interest income	1,682,189	1,221,465	3,200,520
Net (loss)/gain on debt extinguishment	536,011	3,267,457	(15,879,702)
Gain on short-term investments	27,099
Other expenses/(income)	(20,106,250)	(11,135,488)	1,114,517
Equity in profit of subsidiaries, net	203,098,135	195,548,594	154,361,010
Income/(loss) before income taxes	68,344,527	73,034,549	63,627,551
Income taxes	0	0	0
Net income attributable to Xinyuan Real Estate Co., Ltd. shareholders	68,344,527	73,034,549	63,627,551
Other comprehensive income/(loss), net of tax of nil
Foreign currency translation adjustments	(20,044,827)	(59,347,915)	63,908,624
Comprehensive income attributable to shareholders	$ 48,299,700	$ 13,686,634	$ 127,536,175

Condensed financial informati_5

Condensed financial information of the Company - Condensed Statements of Cash Flows (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income	$ 83,028,802	$ 105,952,020	$ 80,111,405
Adjustment to reconcile net income to net cash used in operating activities:
Stock based compensation expense	5,621,588	3,382,628	4,894,478
Amortization of deferred charges	7,725,283	12,182,821	6,049,202
Loss on extinguishment of debt	8,580,510	21,443,949	15,879,702
Other receivables	(81,286,710)	(118,383,454)	(47,195,272)
Other current assets	(606,623)	4,174,280	(2,783,559)
Other payable and accrued liabilities	(18,090,325)	(73,276,156)	91,455,504
Payroll and welfare payables	(9,363,632)	7,097,694	6,408,972
Net cash (used in) /provided by operating activities	272,256,758	(22,901,923)	139,712,972
Cash flows from financing activities:
Changes in due from subsidiaries	(25,024,684)	(79,846,860)	82,725,874
Proceeds from short-term bank loans	84,837,579	310,137,935	256,681,062
Repayment of long-term bank loans	(9,156,553)	(65,519,223)	(14,780,892)
Proceeds from long-term bank loans	255,750,791	337,961,266	10,659,297
Proceeds from other long-term debts	1,170,084,599	339,551,378	788,220,956
Repayment of other long-term debts	(233,164,117)	(218,895,920)	(236,322,138)
Purchase of treasury shares	(26,080,876)	(19,846,720)	(14,058,280)
Dividends to shareholders	(19,647,356)	(25,739,147)	(26,090,734)
Payment of financing cost	(4,304,339)	(16,574,059)	(36,254,595)
Proceeds from exercise of stock options	166,480	1,390,666	6,111,912
Net cash provided by/(used in) financing activities	(278,472,789)	(189,581,282)	1,154,478,621
Cash and cash equivalents, at the beginning of the year	674,141,554	894,551,480
Cash and cash equivalents, at end of the period	662,606,063	674,141,554	894,551,480
Parent Company [Member]
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income	68,344,527	73,034,549	63,627,551
Adjustment to reconcile net income to net cash used in operating activities:
Equity in profit of subsidiaries, net	(203,098,135)	(195,548,594)	(154,361,010)
Stock based compensation expense	3,782,307	3,152,908	4,266,373
Amortization of deferred charges	7,445,276	7,415,821	4,036,412
Loss on extinguishment of debt	(536,011)	(3,267,457)	15,879,702
Other receivables	654,500	(665,428)	0
Other current assets	172,920	(203,789)	(2,214)
Other payable and accrued liabilities	(291,915)	7,342,974	4,874,134
Payroll and welfare payables	(597,023)	(590,356)	2,893,230
Amount due from related parties	348,076	213,796	(561,872)
Net cash (used in) /provided by operating activities	(123,775,478)	(109,115,576)	(59,347,694)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Changes in due from subsidiaries	212,589,733	53,143,354	(326,904,897)
Proceeds from short-term bank loans	19,900,000		24,294,636
Repayment of long-term bank loans	(110,311,908)	(13,250,000)
Proceeds from long-term bank loans	100,440,000	3,178,000
Proceeds from other long-term debts	300,000,000	200,000,000	603,179,617
Repayment of other long-term debts	(413,300,000)		(201,002,731)
Purchase of treasury shares	(26,080,876)	(19,846,720)	(14,058,280)
Dividends to shareholders	(19,647,356)	(25,739,147)	(26,090,734)
Payment of financing cost	(2,075,789)	(4,082,815)	(26,952,084)
Purchase of shares under RSU plan	(2,920,216)	(7,797,949)
Proceeds from exercise of stock options	166,480	1,390,666	6,111,912
Net cash provided by/(used in) financing activities	58,760,068	186,995,389	38,577,439
Net (decrease)/increase in cash and cash equivalents	(65,015,410)	77,879,813	(20,770,255)
Cash and cash equivalents, at the beginning of the year	93,606,791	15,726,978	36,497,233
Cash and cash equivalents, at end of the period	$ 28,591,381	$ 93,606,791	$ 15,726,978

Condensed financial informati_6

Condensed financial information of the Company - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Condensed Financial Statements, Captions [Line Items]
Due from subsidiary	$ 338,566,142	$ 551,155,875
Parent Company [Member] | XIN Development Group International Inc [Member]
Condensed Financial Statements, Captions [Line Items]
Due from subsidiary	116,656,089	116,656,089
Loan facility, maximum borrowing amount	$ 50,000,000
Stated spread over variable rate	17.50%
Accrued interest	$ 67,554,210	67,554,210
Subsidiaries [Member]
Condensed Financial Statements, Captions [Line Items]
Amounts restricted including paid-in capital and statutory reserves	$ 879,070,803	$ 777,376,696