Significant Accounting Policies (Policies) | 3 Months Ended |
Mar. 31, 2016 |
Accounting Policies [Abstract] | |
Basis of Presentation | We have prepared the accompanying consolidated financial statements pursuant to the rules and regulations of the SEC for interim financial reporting. These consolidated financial statements are unaudited and, in our opinion, include all adjustments, consisting of normal recurring adjustments and accruals necessary for a fair presentation of our balance sheets, operating results, and cash flows for the periods presented. Operating results for the periods presented are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for full 2016 fiscal year. Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States, or GAAP, have been omitted in accordance with the rules and regulations of the SEC. These consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes in Item 8 of Part II, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data,” of our 2015 Annual Report on Form 10-K. Prior year presentation of cash flows includes a re-classification to conform with the current year presentation of purchased interest on marketable securities. |
Principles of Consolidation | The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiary, Acucela Japan KK, which was organized under the laws of Japan on December 11, 2015. Through the period ended March 31, 2016 , Acucela Japan KK has not commenced operations. We eliminate all intercompany balances and transactions in consolidation. |
Use of Estimates | The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from these estimates. |
Segments | We operate in one segment, pharmaceutical product development. All of our significant assets are located in the United States. During the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015 , all revenue was generated in the United States. |
Cash and Cash Equivalents | We consider investments in highly liquid instruments purchased with an original maturity at purchase of three months or less to be cash equivalents. The amounts are recorded at cost, which approximates fair value. Our cash equivalents consist of cash and money market funds. |
Investments | We have classified our entire investment portfolio, which consists of corporate debt securities, commercial paper and certificates of deposit, as available-for-sale. Available-for-sale securities are stated at fair value as of each balance sheet date based on market quotes, and unrealized gains and losses are reflected as a net amount under the caption of accumulated other comprehensive loss. Premiums or discounts arising at acquisition are amortized into earnings. We periodically evaluate whether declines in fair values of our investments below their cost are other-than-temporary. This evaluation consists of several qualitative and quantitative factors regarding the severity and duration of the unrealized loss, as well as whether it is more likely than not that we will hold the investment until recovery of its amortized cost basis. Realized gains and losses are calculated using the specific identification method. Realized gains and losses and declines in value judged to be other-than-temporary are recorded within the statements of income under the caption other income (expense). We consider an investment with a maturity greater than 12 months from the balance sheet date as long-term and with a maturity less than 12 months from the balance sheet date as short-term. |
Concentration of Credit Risk | Our accounts receivable, as of March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, consist of amounts due from our collaborations with Otsuka. There was no allowance for doubtful accounts for the periods presented, as we believe all outstanding amounts will be paid based on our contractual arrangements with Otsuka and history of successful collections thereunder and collateral is not required. Revenue recognized for the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015 consist of amounts derived from our collaboration agreements with Otsuka. |
Fair Value | We measure and report at fair value our cash equivalents and investment securities. Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability, an exit price, in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Valuation techniques used to measure fair value maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. The carrying amounts reflected in the balance sheets for accounts receivable and accounts payable approximate fair value due to their short-term nature. |
Stock-Based Compensation | Stock-based compensation cost is estimated at the grant date based on the award’s fair value and is recognized on a straight line basis as expense, less estimated forfeitures, over the requisite service period, which is generally the vesting period. The fair value of stock options under our equity-based incentive plans, or the Equity Plans, are calculated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. This model requires us to make assumptions to determine expected risk-free interest rates, stock price volatility, dividend yield, and weighted-average option term. We recognize stock-based compensation expense over the period from the date of grant to the date when the award is no longer contingent on either the employee providing additional services to the Company or the market price of the Company’s common stock reaching a certain level, for a specified minimum period of time (the vesting period). Any unexercised options expire in ten years. We estimate the fair value of each grant as a single award and amortize that value on a straight-line basis into compensation expense over the option’s vesting period. The fair value of restricted stock units and restricted stock awards is equal to the market price of Acucela's stock on the date of grant. We amortize that value on a straight line basis into compensation expense, over the restricted share’s vesting period. |
Research and Development Costs | Research and development costs include salaries paid to clinical development staff and scientists, fees paid to external service providers and to contract research organizations to conduct research and development activities. Costs may also include laboratory supplies, license fees, consulting, travel, fees paid to third parties involved in research and development activities, and an allocated portion of certain general and administrative costs. These research and development costs are expensed as incurred. Non-refundable advance payments for goods or services with characteristics that will be used or rendered for future research and development activities, pursuant to an executor contractual arrangement, are deferred and capitalized, assuming the straight-line method. Capitalized research and development activities are evaluated each reporting period, to assess recoverability of the asset. |
Income Taxes | We recognize deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have already been recognized in the financial statements or tax returns. Excess tax benefits associated with stock option exercises and other equity awards are credited to shareholders' equity. Deferred tax liabilities and assets are based on the difference between financial statement carrying amounts and the tax basis of assets and liabilities, operating loss, and tax credit carryforwards and are measured using enacted tax rates expected to be in effect in the years the differences or carryforwards are anticipated to be recovered or settled. A valuation allowance is established when we believe that it is more likely than not that benefits of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. |
Recent Accounting Pronouncements | In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers: Topic 606 (ASU 2014-09), to supersede nearly all existing revenue recognition guidance under GAAP. The core principle of ASU 2014-09 is to recognize revenues when promised goods or services are transferred to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration that is expected to be received for those goods or services. ASU 2014-09 defines a five step process to achieve this core principle and, in doing so, it is possible more judgment and estimates may be required within the revenue recognition process than required under existing GAAP, including identifying performance obligations in the contract, estimating the amount of variable consideration to include in the transaction price and allocating the transaction price to each separate performance obligation. Adoption of ASU 2014-09 was initially required for fiscal and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016 using either of two methods: (i) retrospective to each prior reporting period presented with the option to elect certain practical expedients as defined within ASU 2014-09; or (ii) retrospective with the cumulative effect of initially applying ASU 2014-09 recognized at the date of initial application and providing certain additional disclosures as defined per ASU 2014-09. In August 2015, FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2015-14, Revenue from Contracts with Customers - Deferral of the Effective Date: Topic 606 (ASU 2015-14) that deferred the effective date of ASU 2014-09 by one year. Application of the new revenue standard is permitted for fiscal and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016 and required for fiscal and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017. We are currently evaluating the potential impact of the pending adoption of ASU 2014-09 on our consolidated financial statements. In November 2015, FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2015-17, Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes: Topic 740 (ASU 2015-17). Current GAAP requires the deferred taxes for each jurisdiction to be presented as a net current asset or liability and net noncurrent asset or liability. This requires a jurisdiction-by-jurisdiction analysis based on the classification of the assets and liabilities to which the underlying temporary differences relate, or, in the case of loss or credit carryforwards, based on the period in which the attribute is expected to be realized. Any valuation allowance is then required to be allocated on a pro rata basis, by jurisdiction, between current and noncurrent deferred tax assets. The new guidance requires that all deferred tax assets and liabilities, along with any related valuation allowance, be classified as noncurrent on the balance sheet. As a result, each jurisdiction will now only have one net noncurrent deferred tax asset or liability. The guidance does not change the existing requirement that only permits offsetting within a jurisdiction. Adoption of ASU 2015-17 is required for fiscal reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016, including interim reporting periods within those fiscal years, and either prospective or retrospective application is permitted. Early adoption of ASU 2015-17 is permitted. At the time of adoption, all of our deferred tax assets and liabilities, along with any related valuation allowance, will be classified as noncurrent on its Consolidated Balance Sheet. We do not plan to early adopt ASU 2015-17. In February 2016, FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-02, Leases: Topic 842 (ASU 2016-02). The new guidance is intended to increase transparency and comparability for organizations by recognizing lease assets and liabilities on the balance sheet and requiring additional financial disclosure on leasing arrangements. This amendment is primarily designed to address lessee accounting for operating leases and require lessees to account for all leases as assets and liabilities on the balance sheet. Adoption of ASU 2016-02 is required for fiscal reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018 including interim reporting periods within those fiscal years. We are currently evaluating the potential impact of the pending adoption of ASU 2016-02 on our consolidated financial statements. In March 2016, FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-09, Compensation - Stock Compensation: Topic 718 (ASU 2016-09): Improvements to Employee Share Based Accounting. The new guidance is intended to simplify the accounting for share based payment award transactions. The amendments in the update include the following aspects for share based accounting: accounting for income taxes, classification of excess tax benefits on the statement of cash flows, forfeitures, minimum statutory tax withholding requirements, and classification of employee taxes paid on the statement of cash flows when an employer withholds shares for tax withholding purposes. Adoption of ASU 2016-09 is required for fiscal reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016 including interim reporting periods within those fiscal years. We are currently evaluating the potential impact of the pending adoption of ASU 2016-09 on our consolidated financial statements. Other than noted above, we do not expect the adoption of recently issued accounting pronouncements to have a significant impact on our results of operations, financial position or cash flow. |