| Investments | INVESTMENTS The following table details fixed maturity available-for-sale securities, by major investment category, at December 31, 2019 and 2018 : Cost or Adjusted/Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value December 31, 2019 U.S. government and agency securities $ 120,260 $ 749 $ 193 $ 120,816 Foreign government 3,975 97 1 4,071 States, municipalities and political subdivisions 131,203 2,611 63 133,751 Public utilities 24,660 700 26 25,334 Corporate securities 281,892 7,123 143 288,872 Mortgage-backed securities 248,206 4,174 477 251,903 Asset-backed securities 56,487 683 41 57,129 Redeemable preferred stocks 2,915 72 2 2,985 Total fixed maturities $ 869,598 $ 16,209 $ 946 $ 884,861 December 31, 2018 U.S. government and agency securities $ 100,240 $ 50 $ 1,315 $ 98,975 Foreign government 3,993 5 16 3,982 States, municipalities and political subdivisions 145,415 354 1,301 144,468 Public utilities 24,560 11 681 23,890 Corporate securities 307,875 272 6,159 301,988 Mortgage-backed securities 227,004 333 3,483 223,854 Asset-backed securities 64,071 105 139 64,037 Redeemable preferred stocks 1,287 3 139 1,151 Total fixed maturities $ 874,445 $ 1,133 $ 13,233 $ 862,345 Equity securities are summarized as follows at: December 31, 2019 December 31, 2018 Estimated Fair Value Percent of Total Estimated Fair Value Percent of Total Mutual funds $ 65,453 56.1 % $ 50,016 61.8 % Public utilities 3,663 3.1 1,759 2.2 Other common stocks 44,492 38.2 27,198 33.6 Nonredeemable preferred stocks 3,002 2.6 2,005 2.4 Total equity securities $ 116,610 100.0 % $ 80,978 100.0 % When we sell investments, we calculate the gain or loss realized on the sale by comparing the sales price (fair value) to the cost or adjusted/amortized cost of the security sold. We determine the cost or adjusted/amortized cost of the security sold using the specific-identification method. The following table details our realized gains (losses) by major investment category for the years ended December 31, 2019 , 2018 , and 2017 : 2019 2018 2017 Gains (Losses) Fair Value at Sale Gains (Losses) Fair Value at Sale Gains (Losses) Fair Value at Sale Fixed maturities $ 1,678 $ 209,302 $ 373 $ 41,776 $ 268 $ 35,248 Equity securities 94 814 2,828 6,073 847 2,209 Short-term investments — 3,863 — — — — Total realized gains 1,772 213,979 3,201 47,849 1,115 37,457 Fixed maturities (324 ) 43,573 (1,376 ) 135,944 (890 ) 53,194 Equity securities (219 ) 1,387 (170 ) 995 (158 ) 1,749 Short-term investments (1 ) 1,035 — — — — Total realized losses (544 ) 45,995 (1,546 ) 136,939 (1,048 ) 54,943 Net realized investment gains $ 1,228 $ 259,974 $ 1,655 $ 184,788 $ 67 $ 92,400 The table below summarizes our fixed maturities at December 31, 2019 by contractual maturity periods. Actual results may differ as issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations, with or without penalties, prior to the contractual maturities of those obligations. December 31, 2019 Cost or Amortized Cost Percent of Total Fair Value Percent of Total Due in one year or less $ 96,690 11.1 % $ 96,898 11.0 % Due after one year through five years 282,855 32.5 % 287,086 32.4 % Due after five years through ten years 179,718 20.7 % 185,908 21.0 % Due after ten years 5,642 0.6 % 5,937 0.7 % Asset and mortgage-backed securities 304,693 35.1 % 309,032 34.9 % Total $ 869,598 100.0 % $ 884,861 100.0 % The following table summarizes our net investment income by major investment category: Year Ended December 31, 2019 2018 2017 Fixed maturities $ 23,267 $ 22,043 $ 14,942 Equity securities 2,474 2,206 1,277 Cash and cash equivalents 4,118 1,953 626 Other investments 1,253 942 937 Other assets 117 57 30 Investment income 31,229 27,201 17,812 Investment expenses (1,084 ) (1,031 ) (686 ) Net investment income $ 30,145 $ 26,170 $ 17,126 Portfolio monitoring We have a comprehensive portfolio monitoring process to identify and evaluate each fixed-income security whose carrying value may be other-than-temporarily impaired. For each fixed-income security in an unrealized loss position, we determine if the loss is temporary or other-than-temporary. If our management decides to sell the security or determines that it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell the security before recovery of the cost or amortized cost basis for reasons such as liquidity needs, contractual or regulatory requirements, then the security's decline in fair value is considered other-than-temporary and is recorded in earnings. If we have not made the decision to sell the fixed-income security and it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell the fixed-income security before recovery of its amortized cost basis, we evaluate whether we expect the security to receive cash flows sufficient to recover the entire cost or amortized cost basis of the security. We calculate the estimated recovery value by discounting the best estimate of future cash flows at the security's original or current effective rate, as appropriate, and compare this to the cost or amortized cost of the security. If we do not expect to receive cash flows sufficient to recover the entire cost or amortized cost basis of the fixed-income security, the credit loss component of the impairment is recorded in earnings, with the remaining amount of the unrealized loss related to other factors recognized in other comprehensive income (loss). Our portfolio monitoring process includes a quarterly review of all fixed-income securities to identify instances where the fair value of a security compared to its cost or amortized cost is below established thresholds. The process also includes the monitoring of other impairment indicators such as ratings, ratings downgrades and payment defaults. The securities identified, in addition to other securities for which we may have a concern, are evaluated for potential other-than-temporary impairment using information relevant to the collectability or recovery of the security that is reasonably available. Inherent in our evaluation of other-than-temporary impairment for these fixed-income securities are assumptions and estimates about the financial condition and future earnings potential of the issue or issuer. Some of the factors that may be considered in evaluating whether a decline in fair value is other-than-temporary are: (1) the financial condition, near-term and long-term prospects of the issue or issuer, including relevant industry specific market conditions and trends, geographic location and implications of rating agency actions and offering prices; (2) the specific reasons that a security is in an unrealized loss position, including overall market conditions which could affect liquidity; and (3) the length of time and extent to which the fair value has been less than amortized cost or cost. The following table presents an aging of our unrealized investment losses by investment class: Less Than Twelve Months Twelve Months or More Number of Securities (1) Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value Number of Securities (1) Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value December 31, 2019 U.S. government and agency securities 37 $ 89 $ 26,372 39 $ 104 $ 31,364 Foreign governments — — — 2 1 600 States, municipalities and political subdivisions 31 61 14,508 2 2 1,262 Public utilities 9 25 4,626 2 1 250 Corporate securities 42 124 22,435 27 19 9,605 Mortgage-backed securities 89 322 59,101 50 155 12,738 Asset backed securities 15 34 8,447 5 7 1,259 Redeemable preferred stocks — — — 1 2 97 Total fixed maturities 223 $ 655 $ 135,489 128 $ 291 $ 57,175 December 31, 2018 U.S. government and agency securities 45 $ 111 $ 28,464 55 $ 1,204 $ 61,264 Foreign governments 5 16 2,978 — — — States, municipalities and political subdivisions 49 272 38,469 91 1,029 68,115 Public utilities 30 374 13,685 19 307 7,805 Corporate securities 351 3,149 144,769 208 3,010 117,351 Mortgage-backed securities 87 1,303 88,754 135 2,180 70,510 Asset-backed securities 67 136 41,871 7 3 1,372 Redeemable preferred stocks 8 62 711 2 77 8,377 Total fixed maturities 642 $ 5,423 $ 359,701 517 $ 7,810 $ 334,794 (1) This amount represents the actual number of discrete securities, not the number of shares or units of those securities. The numbers are not presented in thousands. During our quarterly evaluations of our securities for impairment, we determined that none of our investments in fixed-income securities that reflected an unrealized loss position were other-than-temporarily impaired. The issuers of our debt securities continue to make interest payments on a timely basis. We do not intend to sell nor is it likely that we would be required to sell the debt securities before we recover our amortized cost basis. Due to the adoption of ASU 2016-01 as of January 1, 2018, equity securities are reported at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in the valuation of equity investments and are no longer included in impairment write-downs, change in intent write-downs and sales. During the years ended December 31, 2019 , 2018 , and 2017 we recorded no other-than-temporary impairment charges. Fair value measurement Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The hierarchy for inputs used in determining fair value maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs by requiring that observable inputs be used when available. Assets and liabilities recorded on our Consolidated Balance Sheets at fair value are categorized in the fair value hierarchy based on the observability of inputs to the valuation techniques as follows: Level 1: Assets and liabilities whose values are based on unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in an active market that we can access. Level 2: Assets and liabilities whose values are based on the following: (a) Quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets; (b) Quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active; or (c) Valuation models whose inputs are observable, directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the asset or liability. Level 3: Assets and liabilities whose values are based on prices or valuation techniques that require inputs that are both unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement. Unobservable inputs reflect our estimates of the assumptions that market participants would use in valuing the assets and liabilities. We estimate the fair value of our investments using the closing prices on the last business day of the reporting period, obtained from active markets such as the NYSE, Nasdaq and NYSE American. For securities for which quoted prices in active markets are unavailable, we use a third-party pricing service that utilizes quoted prices in active markets for similar instruments, benchmark interest rates, broker quotes and other relevant inputs to estimate the fair value of those securities for which quoted prices are unavailable. Our estimates of fair value reflect the interest rate environment that existed as of the close of business on December 31, 2019 and 2018 . Changes in interest rates subsequent to December 31, 2019 may affect the fair value of our investments. The fair value of our fixed maturities is initially calculated by a third-party pricing service. Valuation service providers typically obtain data about market transactions and other key valuation model inputs from multiple sources and, through the use of proprietary models, produce valuation information in the form of a single fair value for individual fixed income and other securities for which a fair value has been requested. The inputs used by the valuation service providers include, but are not limited to, market prices from recently completed transactions and transactions of comparable securities, interest rate yield curves, credit spreads, liquidity spreads, currency rates and other information, as applicable. Credit and liquidity spreads are typically implied from completed transactions and transactions of comparable securities. Valuation service providers also use proprietary discounted cash flow models that are widely accepted in the financial services industry and similar to those used by other market participants to value the same financial information. The valuation models take into account, among other things, market observable information as of the measurement date, as described above, as well as the specific attributes of the security being valued, including its term, interest rate, credit rating, industry sector and, where applicable, collateral quality and other issue or issuer specific information. Executing valuation models effectively requires seasoned professional judgment and experience. Any change in the estimated fair value of our fixed-income securities would impact the amount of unrealized gain or loss we have recorded, which could change the amount we have recorded for our investments and other comprehensive income (loss) on our Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2019 . The following table presents the fair value of our financial instruments measured on a recurring basis by level at December 31, 2019 and 2018 : Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 December 31, 2019 U.S. government and agency securities $ 120,816 $ — $ 120,816 $ — Foreign government 4,071 — 4,071 — States, municipalities and political subdivisions 133,751 — 133,751 — Public utilities 25,334 — 25,334 — Corporate securities 288,872 — 288,872 — Mortgage-backed securities 251,903 — 251,903 — Asset-backed securities 57,129 — 57,129 — Redeemable preferred stocks 2,985 747 2,238 — Total fixed maturities 884,861 747 884,114 — Mutual funds 65,453 65,453 — — Public utilities 3,663 3,663 — — Other common stocks 44,492 44,492 — — Non-redeemable preferred stocks 3,002 3,002 — — Total equity securities 116,610 116,610 — — Other long-term investments (1) 499 300 199 — Total investments $ 1,001,970 $ 117,657 $ 884,313 $ — December 31, 2018 U.S. government and agency securities $ 98,975 $ — $ 98,975 $ — Foreign government 3,982 — 3,982 — States, municipalities and political subdivisions 144,468 — 144,468 — Public utilities 23,890 — 23,890 — Corporate securities 301,988 — 301,988 — Mortgage-backed securities 223,854 — 223,854 — Asset-backed securities 64,037 — 64,037 — Redeemable preferred stocks 1,151 790 361 — Total fixed maturities 862,345 790 861,555 — Mutual Funds 50,016 47,223 2,793 — Public utilities 1,759 1,759 — — Other common stocks 27,198 27,198 — — Non-redeemable preferred stocks 2,005 2,005 — — Total equity securities 80,978 78,185 2,793 — Other long-term investments (1) 300 300 — — Total investments $ 943,623 $ 79,275 $ 864,348 $ — (1) Other long-term investments included in the fair value hierarchy exclude these other limited partnership interests that are measured at estimated fair value using the net asset value per share (or its equivalent) practical expedient. Certain financial assets and financial liabilities are measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis; this is, the instruments are not measured at fair value on an ongoing basis but are subject to fair value adjustments in certain circumstances (for example, when there is evidence of impairment). There were no financial instruments measured on a non-recurring basis at December 31, 2019 and 2018. The carrying amounts for the following financial instrument categories approximate their fair values at December 31, 2019 and 2018 , because of their short-term nature: cash and cash equivalents, accrued investment income, premiums receivable, reinsurance recoverable, reinsurance payable, other assets, and other liabilities. The carrying amount of the notes payable to the Florida State Board of Administration, the Branch Banking & Trust Corporation (BB&T) and our senior notes approximate fair value as the interest rates and terms are variable. We are responsible for the determination of fair value and the supporting assumptions and methodologies. We have implemented a system of processes and controls designed to provide assurance that our assets and liabilities are appropriately valued. For fair values received from third parties, our processes are designed to provide assurance that the valuation methodologies and inputs are appropriate and consistently applied, the assumptions are reasonable and consistent with the objective of determining fair value, and the fair values are accurately recorded. At the end of each quarter, we determine whether we need to transfer the fair values of any securities between levels of the fair value hierarchy and, if so, we report the transfer as of the end of the quarter. During 2019 , we transferred no investments between levels. For our investments in U.S. government securities that do not have prices in active markets, agency securities, state and municipal governments, and corporate bonds, we obtain the fair values from our investment custodians, which use a third-party valuation service. The valuation service calculates prices for our investments in the aforementioned security types on a month-end basis by using several matrix-pricing methodologies that incorporate inputs from various sources. The model the valuation service uses to price U.S. government securities and securities of states and municipalities incorporates inputs from active market makers and inter-dealer brokers. To price corporate bonds and agency securities, the valuation service calculates non-call yield spreads on all issuers, uses option-adjusted yield spreads to account for any early redemption features, and adds final spreads to the U.S. Treasury curve at 3 p.m. (ET) as of quarter end. Since the inputs the valuation service uses in its calculations are not quoted prices in active markets, but are observable inputs, they represent Level 2 inputs. Other investments We acquired investments in limited partnerships, recorded in the other investments line of our Consolidated Balance Sheets and these investments are currently being accounted for at fair value utilizing a net asset value per share equivalent methodology. The information presented in the table below is as of December 31, 2019 and 2018: Book Value Unrealized Gain Unrealized Loss Fair Value December 31, 2019 Limited partnership investments (1) $ 7,568 $ 2,236 $ 51 $ 9,753 Certificates of deposit 300 — — 300 Short-term investments 199 — — 199 Total other investments $ 8,067 $ 2,236 $ 51 $ 10,252 December 31, 2018 Limited partnership investments (1) $ 7,988 $ 225 $ — $ 8,213 Certificates of deposit 300 — — 300 Total other investments $ 8,288 $ 225 $ — $ 8,513 (1) Distributions will be generated from investment gains, from operating income, from underlying investments of the funds, and from liquidation of the underlying assets of the funds. We estimate that the underlying assets of the funds will be liquidated over the next two to ten years. Restricted Cash We are required to maintain assets on deposit with various regulatory authorities to support our insurance operations. The cash on deposit with state regulators is available to settle insurance liabilities. We also use trust funds in certain reinsurance transactions. The following table presents the components of restricted assets: December 31, 2019 2018 Trust funds $ 70,668 $ 70,208 Cash on deposit (regulatory deposits) 920 1,233 Total restricted cash $ 71,588 $ 71,441 |
