Zymeworks (ZYME) 10-Q 2018 Q3 Quarterly report

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM10-Q

(Mark One)

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2018

or

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from                    to                    

Commission file number:001-38068

ZYMEWORKS INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

British Columbia, Canada	47-2569713
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)

Suite 540—1385 West 8^th Avenue

Vancouver, BC V6H 3V9

(Address of principal executive offices, including zip code)

(604)678-1388

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

N/A

(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  ☒    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of RegulationS-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).    Yes  ☒    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, anon-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☒	Smaller reporting company	☒
		Emerging growth company	☒

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.  ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule12b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934).    Yes  ☐    No  ☒

The number of outstanding common shares of the registrant, no par value per share, as of November 5, 2018 was 31,966,770

ZYMEWORKS INC.

QUARTERLY REPORT ON FORM10-Q

For the Quarter Ended September 30, 2018

Table of Contents

		Page
PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1.	Financial Statements		7
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations		39
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk		52
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures		52
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings		53
Item 1A.	Risk Factors		53
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds		90
Item 3.	Defaults upon Senior Securities		90
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures		90
Item 5.	Other Information		90
Item 6.	Exhibits		91

2

CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Quarterly Report on Form10-Q includes “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the U.S Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 and “forward-looking information” within the meaning of Canadian securities laws, or collectively, forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements include statements that may relate to our plans, objectives, goals, strategies, future events, future revenue or performance, capital expenditures, financing needs and other information that is not historical information. Many of these statements appear, in particular, under the headings “Risk Factors,” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations”. Forward-looking statements can often be identified by the use of terminology such as “subject to”, “believe,” “anticipate,” “plan,” “expect,” “intend,” “estimate,” “project,” “may,” “will,” “should,” “would,” “could,” “can,” the negatives thereof, variations thereon and similar expressions, or by discussions of strategy. In addition, any statements or information that refer to expectations, beliefs, plans, projections, objectives, performance or other characterizations of future events or circumstances, including any underlying assumptions, are forward-looking. In particular, these forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to:

• the size of our addressable markets and our ability to commercialize product candidates;

• the achievement of advances in and expansion of our therapeutic platforms and antibody engineering expertise;

• the likelihood of product candidate development and clinical trial progression, initiation or success; and

• our ability to predict and manage government regulation.

All forward-looking statements, including, without limitation, our examination of historical operating trends, are based upon our current expectations and various assumptions. Certain assumptions made in preparing the forward-looking statements include:

• our ability to manage our growth effectively;

• the absence of material adverse changes in our industry or the global economy;

• trends in our industry and markets;

• our ability to maintain good business relationships with our strategic partners;

• our ability to comply with current and future regulatory standards;

• our ability to protect our intellectual property rights;

• our continued compliance with third-party license terms and thenon-infringement of third-party intellectual property rights;

• our ability to manage and integrate acquisitions;

• our ability to retain key personnel; and

• our ability to raise sufficient debt or equity financing to support our continued growth.

We believe there is a reasonable basis for our expectations and beliefs, but they are inherently uncertain. We may not realize our expectations, and our beliefs may not prove correct. Actual results could differ materially from those described or implied by such forward-looking statements. The following uncertainties and factors, among others (including those set forth under “Risk Factors”), could affect future performance and cause actual results to differ materially from those matters expressed in or implied by forward-looking statements:

• our ability to obtain regulatory approval for our product candidates without significant delays;

• the predictive value of our current or planned clinical trials;

• delays with respect to the development and commercialization of our product candidates, which may cause increased costs or delay receipt of product revenue;

• our ability to enroll subjects in clinical trials and thereby complete trials on a timely basis;

• the design or our execution of clinical trials may not support regulatory approval;

• our discretion to discontinue or reprioritize the development of any of our product candidates;

• the potential for our product candidates to have undesirable side effects;

• our ability to face significant competition;

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• no regulatory agency has made a determination that any of our product candidates are safe or effective for use by the general public or for any indication;

• the competitive threat of biosimilar products;

• the likelihood of broad market acceptance of our product candidates;

• our ability to obtain Orphan Drug Designation or exclusivity for some or all of our product candidates;

• our ability to commercialize products outside of the United States;

• the outcome of reimbursement decisions by third-party payors relating to our products;

• our expectations with respect to the market opportunities for any product that we or our strategic partners develop;

• our ability to pursue product candidates that may be profitable or have a high likelihood of success;

• our ability to use and expand our therapeutic platforms to build a pipeline of product candidates;

• our ability to meet the requirements of ongoing regulatory review;

• the threat of product liability lawsuits against us or any of our strategic partners;

• changes in product candidate manufacturing or formulation that may result in additional costs or delay;

• the potential disruption of our business and dilution of our shareholdings associated with acquisitions and joint ventures;

• our ability to maintain existing and future strategic partnerships;

• our ability to realize the anticipated benefits of our strategic partnerships;

• our ability to secure future strategic partners;

• the potential for foreign governments to impose strict price controls;

• the risk of security breaches or data loss, which could compromise sensitive business or health information;

• current and future legislation that may increase the difficulty and cost of commercializing our product candidates;

• economic, political, regulatory and other risks associated with international operations;

• our exposure to legal and reputational penalties as a result of any of our current and future relationships with various third parties;

• our exposure to potential securities class action litigation;

• our ability to comply with export control and import laws and regulations;

• our history of significant losses since inception;

• our ability to generate revenue from product sales and achieve profitability;

• our requirement for substantial additional funding;

• the potential dilution to our shareholders associated with future financings;

• unstable market and economic conditions

• currency fluctuations and changes in foreign currency exchange rates;

• restrictions on our ability to seek financing, which may be imposed by future debt;

• our intention to rely on third-party manufacturers to produce our clinical product candidate supplies;

• our reliance on third parties to oversee clinical trials of our product candidates and, in some cases, maintain regulatory files for those product candidates;

• our reliance on the performance of independent clinical investigators and contract research organizations (CRO);

• our reliance on third parties for various operational and administrative aspects of our business including our reliance on third parties’ cloud-based software platforms;

4

• our ability to operate without infringing the patents and other proprietary rights of third parties;

• our ability to obtain and enforce patent protection for our product candidates and related technology;

• our patents could be found invalid or unenforceable if challenged;

• our intellectual property rights may not necessarily provide us with competitive advantages;

• we may become involved in expensive and time-consuming patent lawsuits;

• we may be unable to protect the confidentiality of our proprietary information;

• the risk that the duration of our patents will not adequately protect our competitive position;

• our ability to obtain protection under the Hatch-Waxman Amendments and similar foreign legislation;

• our ability to comply with procedural and administrative requirements relating to our patents;

• the risk of claims challenging the inventorship of our patents and other intellectual property;

• our intellectual property rights for some of our product candidates are dependent on the abilities of third parties to assert and defend such rights;

• patent reform legislation and court decisions can diminish the value of patents in general, thereby impairing our ability to protect our products;

• we may not be able to protect our intellectual property rights throughout the world;

• we will require U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) approval for any proposed product candidate names and any failure or delay associated with such approval may adversely affect our business;

• the risk of employee misconduct including noncompliance with regulatory standards and insider trading;

• our ability to market our products in a manner that does not violate the law and subject us to civil or criminal penalties;

• if we do not comply with laws regulating the protection of the environment and health and human safety, our business could be adversely affected;

• if securities or industry analysts do not publish research or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our share price and trading volume could decline;

• our ability to retain key executives and attract and retain qualified personnel;

• our ability to manage organizational growth; and

• additional costs and expenses related to the change from foreign private issuer to U.S. domestic issuer status and our decision to voluntarily comply with certain U.S. domestic issuer reporting obligations before we are required to do so.

Consequently, forward-looking statements should be regarded solely as our current plans, estimates and beliefs. You should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements. We cannot guarantee future results, events, levels of activity, performance or achievements. We do not undertake and specifically decline any obligation to update, republish or revise forward-looking statements to reflect future events or circumstances or to reflect the occurrences of unanticipated events, except as required by law.

We own or have rights to trademarks, service marks or trade names that we use in connection with the operation of our business. In addition, our names, logos and website names and addresses are our service marks or trademarks. Azymetric, Zymeworks, ZymeCAD and the phrase “Building Better Biologics” are our registered trademarks. Additionally, AlbuCORE, EFECT and ZymeLink are subject to our pending trademark applications. The other trademarks, trade names and service marks appearing in this Quarterly Report on Form10-Q are the property of their respective owners. Solely for convenience, the trademarks, service marks, tradenames and copyrights referred to in this Quarterly Report on Form10-Q are listed without the^©,^® and TM symbols, but we will assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, our rights or the rights of the applicable licensors to these trademarks, service marks and tradenames.

We express all amounts in this Quarterly Report on Form10-Q in U.S. dollars, except where otherwise indicated. References to “$” and “US$” are to U.S. dollars and references to “C$” are to Canadian dollars.

5

Except as otherwise indicated, references in this Quarterly Report on Form10-Q to “Zymeworks,” “the Company,” “we,” “us” and “our” refer to Zymeworks Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries.

6

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements

Zymeworks Inc.

Index to Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)

As of and for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018

	Page
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets		8
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Loss and Comprehensive Loss		9
Condensed Consolidated Statement of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity		10
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows		11
Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements		12

7

ZYMEWORKS INC.

Consolidated Balance Sheets

(Expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars except share data)

	September 30, 2018			December 31, 2017
	(unaudited)
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	28,375		$	35,946
Short-term investments (note 4)		121,626			51,851
SR&ED receivables		1,002			2,092
Accounts receivables		253			238
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		2,543			2,208
Total current assets		153,799			92,335
Acquiredin-process research and development (note 5)		18,396			18,396
Goodwill (note 5)		12,016			12,016
Long-term prepaid assets		1,162			1,215
Property and equipment, net		6,385			7,178
Intangible assets, net		2,260			748
Deferred tax assets		241			67
Deferred financing fees		181			—
Total assets	$	194,440		$	131,955
Liabilities and shareholders’ equity
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities (note 6)	$	10,477		$	9,053
Warrant liabilities (note 7b)		—			1,348
Fair value of liability classified options (note 2c)		13,208			3,945
Other current liabilities (note 6)		277			315
Total current liabilities		23,962			14,661
Other long term liabilities (note 6)		808			866
Total liabilities		24,770			15,527
Shareholders’ equity:
Common shares, no par value; unlimited authorized shares at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively; 31,962,680 and 25,444,006 shares issued and outstanding at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively (note 8a)	$	319,890			222,991
Additionalpaid-in capital		10,984			8,812
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		(6,659	)		(6,659	)
Accumulated deficit		(154,545	)		(108,716	)
Total shareholders’ equity		169,670			116,428
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	$	194,440		$	131,955
Research collaboration and licensing agreements (note 9)
Commitments and contingencies (note 10) Subsequent events (note 11)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements

8

ZYMEWORKS INC.

Consolidated Statements of Loss and Comprehensive Loss

(Expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars except share and per share data)

(unaudited)

	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine months Ended September 30,
	2018			2017			2018			2017
Revenue
Research and developmental collaborations (note 9)	$	2,054		$	119		$	24,094		$	1,691
Operating expenses:
Research and development		14,142			11,525			42,595			28,872
Government grants and credits		—			—			—			(218	)
		14,142			11,525			42,595			28,654
General and administrative		7,447			5,291			23,161			13,835
Impairment on acquired IPR&D (note 5)		—			—			—			1,536
Total operating expenses		21,589			16,816			65,756			44,025
Loss from operations		(19,535	)		(16,697	)		(41,662	)		(42,334	)
Other (expense) income
Interest and other expense		(166	)		(2	)		(166	)		(408	)
Change in fair value of warrant liabilities (note 7b)		—			187			(3,565	)		2,320
Accretion on long-term debt		—			—			—			(248	)
Interest and other income		1,131			210			1,648			588
Foreign exchange (loss) gain		(79	)		107			(205	)		232
Loss on debt extinguishment (note 7a)		—			—			—			(3,114	)
Change in contingent consideration (note 10)		(53	)		—			(53	)		—
Total other income (expense), net		833			502			(2,341	)		(630	)
Loss before income taxes		(18,702	)		(16,195	)		(44,003	)		(42,964	)
Income tax (expense) recovery		(168	)		(35	)		(2,000	)		(197	)
Deferred income tax (expense) recovery		119			(15	)		174			22
Net loss and comprehensive loss	$	(18,751	)	$	(16,245	)	$	(45,829	)	$	(43,139	)
Net loss per common share (note 2d):
Basic		(0.59	)		(0.64	)		(1.63	)		(2.20	)
Diluted		(0.59	)		(0.65	)		(1.63	)		(2.32	)
Weighted-average common shares outstanding (note 2d):
Basic		31,959,206			25,339,272			28,119,872			19,857,449
Diluted		31,959,206			25,349,210			28,119,872			19,969,002

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements

9

ZYMEWORKS INC.

Consolidated Statement of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity

(Expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars except share data)

(unaudited)

	Common shares							Accumulated
					Accumulated deficit			other comprehensive income (loss)			Additional paid-in capital			Total shareholders’ equity
	Shares		Amount
Balance at December 31, 2017		25,444,006	$	222,991	$	(108,716	)	$	(6,659	)	$	8,812		$	116,428
Issuance of common shares on exercise of options (note 8e)		79,824		982		—			—			(299	)		683
Issuance of common shares through employee share purchase plan (note 8f)		22,489		252		—			—			—			252
Share-based compensation		—		—		—			—			2,471			2,471
Issuance of common shares on exercise of warrants (note 7b)		206,361		4,913		—			—			—			4,913
Issuance of common shares in connection with public offering, net of offering costs of $7,056 (note 1)		6,210,000		90,752		—			—			—			90,752
Net loss		—		—		(45,829	)		—			—			(45,829	)
Balance at September 30, 2018		31,962,680	$	319,890	$	(154,545	)	$	(6,659	)	$	10,984		$	169,670

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements

10

ZYMEWORKS INC.

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(Expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars)

(unaudited)

	Nine months Ended September 30,
	2018			2017
Cash flows from operating activities:
Loss for the period	$	(45,829	)	$	(43,139	)
Items not involving cash:
Depreciation of property and equipment		1,400			1,213
Amortization of intangible assets		1,094			781
Accretion on long-term debt		—			248
Loss on extinguishment of debt		—			3,114
Share-based compensation (note 8e)		11,943			2,971
Deferred income tax (recovery) expense		(174	)		(22	)
Impairment on acquired IPR&D		—			1,536
Change in fair value of warrant liabilities (note 7b)		3,565			(2,320	)
Change in fair value of contingent consideration (note 10)		53			—
Unrealized foreign exchange loss (gain)		254			(181	)
Changes innon-cash operating working capital:
Accounts receivable		(15	)		2,467
SR&ED and IRAP receivables		1,088			2
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		(280	)		(1,222	)
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities		1,018			(4,101	)
Income taxes payable		(45	)		(143	)
Net cash used in operating activities		(25,928	)		(38,796	)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from initial public offering, net of issuance costs (note 1)		—			56,104
Proceeds from subsequent public offering, net of issuance costs (note 1)		90,752			—
Issuance of common shares on exercise of options (note 8e)		581			525
Issuance of common shares on exercise of warrants (note 7b)		—			1,018
Issuance of common shares through employee share purchase plan (note 8f)		252			—
Repayment of debt (note 7a)		—			(7,814	)
Capital lease payments		(8	)		(7	)
Net cash from financing activities		91,577			49,826
Cash flows from investing activities:
Short-term investments		(69,881	)		(12,647	)
Acquisition of property and equipment		(544	)		(1,633	)
Acquisition of intangible assets		(2,607	)		(1,082	)
Net cash used in investing activities		(73,032	)		(15,362	)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents		(188	)		227
Net change in cash and cash equivalents		(7,571	)		(4,105	)
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period		35,946			16,437
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period	$	28,375		$	12,332
Supplemental disclosure ofnon-cash investing and finance items:
Share issue costs and deferred financing fees in accounts payable and accrued liabilities		153			—
Acquisition of fixed assets in accounts payable and accrued liabilities		63			409
Cashless exercise of warrants		4,913			—

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements

11

ZYMEWORKS INC.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

(unaudited)

1. Nature of Operations

Zymeworks Inc. (the “Company” or “Zymeworks”) was incorporated on September 8, 2003 under the laws of the Canada Business Corporations Act. On October 22, 2003, the Company was registered as an extra-provincial company under the Company Act (British Columbia). On May 2, 2017, the Company continued under the Business Corporations Act (British Columbia). Zymeworks is a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company dedicated to the discovery, development and commercialization of next-generation multifunctional biotherapeutics.

Since its inception, the Company has devoted substantially all of its resources to research and development activities, including developing its therapeutic platforms, identifying and developing potential product candidates and undertaking preclinical studies and clinical trials. The Company supports these activities through general and administrative support, as well as by raising capital, conducting business planning and protecting its intellectual property.

Share Consolidation

On April 13, 2017, the Company effected a 1 for 2.3866 share consolidation (reverse share split) of the Company’s issued and outstanding common shares and redeemable convertible preferred shares. Accordingly, (i) every 2.3866 common shares were combined into one common share, (ii) every 2.3866 redeemable convertible preferred shares were combined into one redeemable convertible preferred share, (iii) the number of common shares into which each outstanding option and warrant to purchase common shares and the number of preferred shares into which each outstanding warrant to purchase preferred shares is exercisable were proportionately decreased on a 1 for 2.3866 basis, and (iv) the exercise price for each such outstanding option and warrant to purchase common shares or preferred shares were proportionately increased on a 1 for 2.3866 basis. All of the share numbers, share prices, and exercise prices in these financial statements have been adjusted, on a retroactive basis, to reflect this 1 for 2.3866 reverse share split.

Initial Public Offering

On April 27, 2017, the Company’s registration statement on FormF-1 (FileNo. 333-217100) relating to its initial public offering (“IPO”) of its common shares was declared effective by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) and a final base PREP prospectus was filed with the securities commissions or similar securities regulatory authorities in each of the provinces and territories of Canada. A supplemented PREP prospectus containing pricing information and other important information relating to the common shares was also filed with the securities commissions or similar securities regulatory authorities in each of the provinces and territories of Canada. The Company’s common shares began trading on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) and Toronto Stock Exchange (“TSX”) on April 28, 2017. The public offering price of the shares sold in the IPO was $13.00 per share. The IPO closed on May 3, 2017, pursuant to which the Company sold 4,894,467 shares of common shares including the sale of 394,467 shares of common shares to the underwriters upon their partial exercise of their over-allotment option to purchase additional shares on May 31, 2017. The Company received net proceeds of approximately $54.2 million, after underwriting discounts, commissions and offering expenses. Immediately prior to the consummation of the IPO, all outstanding shares of redeemable convertible preferred stock were converted into 7,098,194 common shares (note 8c) and the Redeemable Convertible Class A Preferred Shares Warrants were converted into common share warrants to purchase up to 398,076 common shares of the Company at an exercise price of $8.67 per share (note 7a).

Subsequent Public Offering

On May 24, 2018, the Company’s U.S. shelf registration statement on FormF-10 (FileNo. 333-224623) was declared effective by the SEC and a final base shelf prospectus was filed with the securities commissions or similar securities regulatory authorities in each of the provinces and territories of Canada. The U.S. shelf registration statement and Canadian base shelf prospectus allow Zymeworks to issue securities with a total aggregate offering price of up to $250 million pursuant to prospectus supplements.

On June 6, 2018, the Company filed with the SEC, as well as with the securities commissions or similar securities regulatory authorities in each of the provinces and territories of Canada, a preliminary prospectus supplement to complete an underwritten public offering of $85.0 million of its common shares plus an over-allotment option for the underwriters to purchase up to an additional $12.8 million of its common shares (the “Offering”). On June 7, 2018, the Company filed a final prospectus supplement relating to the Offering with the SEC, as well as with the securities commissions or similar securities regulatory authorities in each of the provinces and territories of Canada, setting forth an offering price of $15.75 per share.

12

The Offering closed on June 11, 2018 pursuant to which the Company sold 6,210,000 shares of common shares including the sale of 810,000 shares of common shares to the underwriters upon their full exercise of their over-allotment option. The Company received net proceeds of approximately $90.8 million, after underwriting discounts, commissions and offering expenses.

2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

a. Basis of Presentation

The accompanying interim condensed consolidated financial statements of the Company have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the SEC for interim financial information. Accordingly, these financial statements do not include all the information and footnotes required for complete financial statements and should be read in conjunction with the audited financial statements and notes for the year ended December 31, 2017.

These unaudited interim financial statements reflect all adjustments, consisting solely of normal recurring adjustments, which, in the opinion of management, are necessary for a fair presentation of results for the interim periods presented. The results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 are not necessarily indicative of results that can be expected for a full year. These unaudited interim financial statements follow the same significant accounting policies as those described in the notes to the audited financial statements of the Company for the year ended December 31, 2017, except for the new accounting guidance adopted during the period (note 3).

All amounts expressed in the consolidated financial statements of the Company and the accompanying notes thereto are expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except for per share data and where otherwise indicated. References to “$” are to U.S. dollars and references to “C$” are to Canadian dollars.

b. Use of Estimates

The preparation of the financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP requires the Company to make estimates and judgments in certain circumstances that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. In preparing these consolidated financial statements, management has made its best estimates and judgments of certain amounts included in the financial statements, giving due consideration to materiality. On an ongoing basis, the Company evaluates its estimates, including those related to revenue recognition, Scientific Research and Experimental Development (“SR&ED”) Program and Industrial Research Assistance Program (“IRAP”), share-based compensation, warrants, accrual of expenses, preclinical study accruals, valuation allowance for deferred taxes, other contingencies and valuation of assets acquired in a business combination. Management bases its estimates on historical experience or on various other assumptions that it believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results could differ from these estimates.

c. Financial instruments

Fair value of financial instruments

The Company measures certain financial instruments and other items at fair value.

To determine the fair value, the Company uses the fair value hierarchy for inputs used in measuring fair value that maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs by requiring that the most observable inputs be used when available. Observable inputs are inputs market participants would use to value an asset or liability and are developed based on market data obtained from independent sources. Unobservable inputs are inputs based on assumptions about the factors market participants would use to value an asset or liability. The three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value are as follows:

• Level 1 inputs are quoted market prices for identical instruments available in active markets.

• Level 2 inputs are inputs other than Level 1 prices, such as prices for a similar asset or liability that are observable either directly or indirectly. If the asset or liability has a contractual term, the input must be observable for substantially the full term. An example includes quoted market prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets.

• Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs for the asset or liability and will reflect management’s assumptions about market assumptions that would be used to price the asset or liability.

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Assets and liabilities are classified based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurements. Changes in the observability of valuation inputs may result in a reclassification of levels for certain securities within the fair value hierarchy.

The Company’s financial instruments consist of cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments, amounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued liabilities, warrants, capital lease obligations, liability classified options and other long-term liabilities.

The carrying values of cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments, amounts receivable and accounts payable and accrued liabilities approximate their fair values due to the immediate or short-term maturity of these financial instruments. Based on the borrowing rates available to the Company for debt with similar terms and consideration of default and credit risk using Level 2 inputs, the carrying value of the Company’s capital lease obligations as of September 30, 2018 approximates its fair value. As quoted prices for the warrants and liability classified stock options are not readily available, the Company has used a Black-Scholes pricing model to estimate fair value, which utilizes level 3 inputs as defined above. Other long-term liabilities for contingent consideration related to business acquisitions are recorded at fair value on the acquisition date and adjusted quarterly to fair value. Changes in the fair value of contingent consideration liabilities can result from changes in anticipated milestone payments and changes in assumed discount periods and rates. These inputs are unobservable in the market and therefore categorized as level 3 inputs as defined above.

The following tables present information about the Company’s liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis, and indicates the fair value hierarchy of the valuation techniques used to determine such fair value:

	September 30, 2018		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Liabilities
Liability classified stock options	$	13,208	$	—	$	—	$	13,208
Warrant liabilities		—		—		—		—
Liability for contingent consideration (note 10)		523		—		—		523
Total	$	13,731	$	—	$	—	$	13,731
	December 31, 2017		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Liabilities
Liability classified stock options	$	3,945	$	—	$	—	$	3,945
Warrant liabilities		1,348		—		—		1,348
Liability for contingent consideration (note 10)		470						470
Total	$	5,763	$	—	$	—	$	5,763

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The following table presents the changes in fair value of the Company’s warrant liabilities:

	Liability at beginning of the period		Increase (decrease) in  fair value of warrants		Exercise of warrants			Liability at end of the period
Three months ended September 30, 2018	$	—	$	—	$	—		$	—
Nine months ended September 30, 2018	$	1,348	$	3,565	$	(4,913	)	$	—

The following table presents the changes in fair value of the liability classified stock options:

	Liability at beginning of the period		Increase (decrease) in  fair value of liability classified stock options		Exercise of options			Unrealized foreign currency loss (gain)			Liability at end of the period
Three months ended September 30, 2018	$	11,265	$	1,791	$	(26	)	$	178		$	13,208
Nine months ended September 30, 2018	$	3,945	$	9,403	$	(102	)	$	(38	)	$	13,208

The change in fair value of liability classified stock options for the period is presented within research and development expenses and general and administrative expenses.

d. Net loss per share

The Company follows thetwo-class method when computing net loss per common share as the Company issued redeemable convertible Class A preferred shares in January 2016 that meet the definition of participating securities. Thetwo-class method determines net loss per share for each class of common and participating securities according to dividends declared or accumulated and participation rights in undistributed earnings. Thetwo-class method requires income available to common shareholders for the year to be allocated between common and participating securities based upon their respective rights to receive dividends as if all income for the period had been distributed. The Company’s redeemable convertible Class A preferred shares werenon-cumulative, contractually entitle the holders of such shares to participate in dividends, but do not contractually require the holders of such shares to participate in losses of the Company. Accordingly, in periods in which the Company reports a net loss or a net loss attributable to common shareholders resulting from preferred share dividends, net losses are not allocated to participating securities. The Company reported a net loss attributable to common shareholders for all periods presented. The redeemable convertible Class A preferred shares were converted into common share in conjunction with the Company’s IPO.

Basic net loss per share attributable to common shareholders is computed by dividing the net loss attributable to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the year. Diluted net loss per share attributable to common shareholders is computed by adjusting net loss attributable to common shareholders to reallocate undistributed earnings based on the potential impact of dilutive securities, including outstanding redeemable convertible Class A preferred shares, stock options and warrants. Diluted net loss per share attributable to common shareholders is computed by dividing the diluted net loss attributable to common shareholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the year, including potential dilutive common shares assuming the dilutive effect of outstanding instruments. Theif-converted method is used to determine the dilutive effect of the Company’s redeemable convertible Class A preferred shares. The treasury stock method is used to determine the dilutive effect of the Company’s stock option grants and warrants. ASC 260 “Earnings Per Share” requires an adjustment to the numerator for any income or loss related to ASC 815 liability classified warrants and stock options, if dilutive, if they are presumed to be share settled. The redeemable convertible Class A preferred shares and stock options outstanding were all excluded from the calculation of diluted loss per share because their inclusion would have been anti-dilutive.

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	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine months Ended September 30,
	2018			2017			2018			2017
Numerator:
Net loss attributable to common shareholders:	$	(18,751	)	$	(16,245	)	$	(45,829	)	$	(43,139	)
Deemed dividend due to beneficial conversion feature	$	—		$	—		$	—		$	(520	)
Basic	$	(18,751	)	$	(16,245	)	$	(45,829	)	$	(43,659	)
Adjustment for change in fair value of ASC 815 liability classified stock options and warrant		—			(222	)		—			(2,627	)
Diluted	$	(18,751	)	$	(16,467	)	$	(45,829	)	$	(46,286	)
Denominator:
Weighted-average common shares outstanding:
Basic		31,959,206			25,339,272			28,119,872			19,857,449
Adjustment for dilutive effect of liability classified stock options and warrants		—			9,938			—			111,553
Diluted		31,959,206			25,349,210			28,119,872			19,969,002
Net loss per common share—basic	$	(0.59	)	$	(0.64	)	$	(1.63	)	$	(2.20	)
Net loss per common share—diluted	$	(0.59	)	$	(0.65	)	$	(1.63	)	$	(2.32	)

3. Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Initial adoption of new accounting pronouncements

In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, issued ASU2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606). The standard, as subsequently amended, is intended to clarify the principles for recognizing revenue for U.S. GAAP by creating a new Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers and it supersedes the revenue recognition requirements in ASC 605, Revenue Recognition, and supersedes some cost guidance included in Subtopic605-35, Revenue Recognition — Construction-Type and Production-Type Contracts. This standard applies to all contracts with customers, except for contracts that are within the scope of other standards, such as leases, insurance, collaboration arrangements and financial instruments. Under Topic 606, an entity recognizes revenue when its customer obtains control of promised goods or services, in an amount that reflects the consideration which the entity expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. To determine revenue recognition for arrangements subject to the scope of Topic 606, the entity performs the following five steps: (i) identify the contract(s) with a customer; (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (iii) determine the transaction price; (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation. The Company only applies the five-step model to contracts when it is probable that the entity will collect the consideration it is entitled to in exchange for the goods or services it transfers to the customer. At contract inception, once the contract is determined to be within the scope of Topic 606, the Company assesses the goods or services promised within each contract and identifies performance obligations that are distinct. The Company then recognizes as revenue the amount of the transaction price that is allocated to each performance obligation when (or as) the performance obligation is satisfied. For a complete discussion of accounting for license, collaboration and other revenues, see note 9, “Research, Collaboration and Licensing Agreements”.

The Company adopted the new standard effective January 1, 2018, as required, using the modified retrospective approach. The adoption of ASU2014-09 did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial position, results of operations, equity or cash flows as of the adoption date or for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018.

Recent accounting pronouncements not yet adopted

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) and subsequent amendments to the initial guidance: ASU2017-13, ASU2018-10 and ASU2018-11 (collectively, Topic 842). Topic 842 requires the recognition of lease assets and lease liabilities by lessees for those leases classified as operating leases under previous U.S. GAAP. The new guidance retains a distinction between finance leases and operating leases, with cash payments from operating leases classified within operating activities in the statement of cash flows. It also requires lessees to recognize all leases, including operating leases, with a term greater than 12 months on the balance sheet, for the obligations created by those leases and an offsetting right of use asset. The accounting for lessors will remain largely unchanged from the existing accounting standards. Topic 842 will be effective for fiscal years and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2018. The Company is currently evaluating the new guidance to determine the impact it will have on its consolidated financial statements.

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In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU2017-04, Intangibles — Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment. ASU2017-04 simplifies the subsequent measurement of goodwill by eliminating Step 2 from the goodwill impairment test, which required an entity to determine the fair value of its assets and liabilities at the impairment testing date. ASU2017-04 is effective for public companies’ annual periods, including interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted. The adoption of this standard is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In May 2017, the FASB issued ASU2017-09, Compensation — Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Scope of Modification Accounting. ASU2017-09 provides clarification on when modification accounting should be used for changes to the terms or conditions of a share-based payment award. This ASU does not change the accounting for modifications but clarifies that modification accounting guidance should only be applied if there is a change to the value, vesting conditions, or award classification and would not be required if the changes are considerednon-substantive. The new guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018. The Company is currently assessing the impact that adopting this new accounting standard will have on its consolidated financial statements.

In July 2017, the FASB issued ASU2017-11, Earnings Per Share (Topic 260); Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity (Topic 480); Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): (Part I) Accounting for Certain Financial Instruments with Down Round Features, (Part II) Replacement of the Indefinite Deferral for Mandatorily Redeemable Financial Instruments of Certain Nonpublic Entities and Certain Mandatorily RedeemableNon-controlling Interests with a Scope Exception. The ASU was issued to address the complexity associated with applying U.S. GAAP for certain financial instruments with characteristics of liabilities and equity. The ASU, among other things, eliminates the need to consider the effects of down round features when analyzing convertible debt, warrants and other financing instruments. As a result, a freestanding equity-linked financial instrument (or embedded conversion option) no longer would be accounted for as a derivative liability at fair value as a result of the existence of a down round feature. The amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, and should be applied retrospectively. Early adoption is permitted, including adoption in an interim period. The Company is currently assessing the impact that adopting this new accounting standard will have on its consolidated financial statements.

In August 2017, the FASB issued ASU2017-12, Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities, the objective of which is to improve the financial reporting accounting principles. For public business entities, the amendments in this update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted in any period after issuance. For cash flow and net investment hedges existing at the date of adoption, an entity should apply a cumulative-effect adjustment related to eliminating the separate measurement of ineffectiveness to accumulated other comprehensive income with a corresponding adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings as of the beginning of the fiscal year that an entity adopts the amendments in this update. The amended presentation and disclosure guidance is required only prospectively. The Company is currently assessing the impact the adoption of the standard will have on its consolidated financial statements.

In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU2018-02, Income Statement — Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (ASU2018-02), which allows companies to reclassify stranded tax effects resulting from the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, from accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings. The guidance is effective in the first quarter of fiscal year, 2020, and earlier adoption is permitted. The adoption of this standard is not expected to have a significant effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In June 2018, the FASB issued ASU2018-07, Compensation — Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Nonemployee Share- Based Payment Accounting. The amendments in this ASU expand the scope of Topic 718 to include share-based payment transactions for acquiring goods and services from nonemployees. This new guidance is effective for the Company in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within that fiscal year. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently assessing the impact the adoption of the standard will have on its consolidated financial statements.

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In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework — Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement. The amendments in this ASU eliminate, add and modify certain disclosure requirements for fair value measurements as part of its disclosure framework project. The standard is effective for the Company in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within that fiscal year. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently assessing the impact the adoption of the standard will have on its consolidated financial statements.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU2018-15, Intangibles-Goodwill and Other —Internal-Use Software (Subtopic350-40). This ASU addresses customer’s accounting for implementation costs incurred in a cloud computing arrangement that is a service contract and also adds certain disclosure requirements related to implementation costs incurred forinternal-use software and cloud computing arrangements. The amendment aligns the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract with the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred to develop or obtaininternal-use software (and hosting arrangements that include aninternal-use software license). This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within that fiscal year. Early adoption is permitted. The amendments in this ASU can be applied either retrospectively or prospectively to all implementation costs incurred after the date of adoption. The Company is evaluating the effect of adopting this new accounting guidance, but does not expect adoption will have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

The Company has reviewed other recent accounting pronouncements and concluded that they are either not applicable to the business, or that no material effect is expected on the consolidated financial statements as a result of future adoption.

4. Short-Term Investments

Short-term investments consist of guaranteed investment certificates (“GICs”) and term deposits held at financial institutions in accordance with the Company’s treasury policy. These GICs and term deposits bear interest rates of2%-3% per annum with a maturity up to 12 months. The Company may redeem GIC investments 30 days after deposit without penalty.

5. Acquisition of Kairos

Description of the Transaction

On March 18, 2016, the Company completed the acquisition of all remaining issued and outstanding shares of Kairos Therapeutics Inc. (“Kairos”), for $24,778 (C$32,257). This consideration was comprised of $23,043 (C$30,000) in common shares of the Company, and $1,733 (C$2,257) in cash, pursuant to a net working capital adjustment determined at closing. Prior to this acquisition the Company had a 19.99% equity interest in Kairos. The Company recognized IPR&D and Goodwill as part of the purchase price allocation.

Impairment Evaluation for Intangible Assets and Goodwill

All IPR&D acquired in the Kairos business combination is classified as indefinite-lived and is not currently being amortized. IPR&D becomes definite-lived upon the completion of the associated research and development efforts, and will be amortized from that time over an estimated useful life based on respective patent terms. The Company evaluates the recoverable amount of intangible assets on an annual basis and performs an annual evaluation of goodwill as of December 31 each year, unless there is an event or change in the business that could indicate impairment, in which case earlier testing is performed.

For the year ended December 31, 2016, the Company recorded an impairment charge of $768 for the discontinuance of theCo-Development program with Oxford BioTherapeutics (“OBTCo-Development”). Furthermore, for the three months ended March 31, 2017, the Company recorded an impairment charge of $1,536 related to the fair value of IPR&D recognized in relation to the Research Collaboration Agreement with OBT (“OBT Technology Swap Agreement”) as the Company chose not to advance the associated research and development projects within the research term which expired on February 11, 2017.

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The Company concluded that there were no impairment indicators related to IPR&D for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018. The following table summarizes the carrying value of IPR&D, net of impairment:

	Acquired IPR&D		Impairment			Net
Balance at December 31, 2016		20,700		(768	)		19,932
Change during the year		—		(1,536	)		(1,536	)
Balance at December 31, 2017		20,700		(2,304	)		18,396
Change during the period		—		—			—
Balance at September 31, 2018		20,700		(2,304	)		18,396

The Company performed its annual impairment test for goodwill as of December 31, 2017. As part of the evaluation of the recoverability of goodwill, the Company identified only one reporting unit to which the total carrying amount of goodwill has been assigned. As at December 31, 2017, the Company performed a qualitative assessment for impairment of goodwill, considering factors including industry and market conditions, macro-economic conditions, and the excess of market capitalization over the carrying value of the net assets at December 31, 2017, and concluded that it was not more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit was less than its carrying value. Consequently, the step 1 quantitative test was not required.

6. Liabilities

Accounts payable and accrued liabilities consisted of the following:

	September 30, 2018		December 31, 2017
Trade payables	$	1,221	$	1,664
Accrued research expenses		6,361		4,708
Employee compensation and vacation accruals		2,055		1,981
Accrued legal and professional fees		644		308
Payable to CDRD Ventures Inc. (“CVI”) for Kairos SR&ED receivable		—		165
Other		196		227
Total	$	10,477	$	9,053

Other current liabilities consisted of the following:

	September 30, 2018		December 31, 2017
Current portion of lease inducements	$	148		147
Current portion of capital lease liability		16		10
Current income tax liability		113	$	158
Total	$	277	$	315

Other long-term liabilities consisted of the following:

	September 30, 2018		December 31, 2017
Liability for contingent consideration (note 10)	$	523	$	470
Lease inducements		239		344
Capital lease liability		46		52
Total	$	808	$	866

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7. Warrant liabilities and long-term debt

a. Perceptive Debt

Description of transaction:

On June 2, 2016, the Company entered into a Credit Agreement (the “Perceptive Debt”) with Perceptive Credit Opportunities Fund L.P. and PCOF Phoenix II Fund L.P. (collectively, the “Perceptive”). The total credit facility was for $15.0 million consisting of Tranche A and Tranche B term loans for $7.5 million each. The Tranche A term loan was made available to the Company on June 2, 2016, with total net proceeds received of $6,953, after deducting commissions, legal and other administrative costs. The interest rate on the Tranche A term loan was LIBOR plus an applicable margin of 10% per annum with LIBOR to be a minimum of 1% with monthly interest payments. $225 monthly principal payments were originally scheduled to commence on June 2, 2018, with the remaining outstanding principal balance to be paid on June 2, 2020. Under the Credit Agreement, the Company had the option to settle the loan earlier, subject to certain early payment premiums. On June 6, 2017, the Company exercised its option to repay the total outstanding debt ahead of the maturity date.

On June 2, 2016, pursuant to the terms of the Perceptive Debt, the Company also issued Warrant Certificates which entitled Perceptive Credit Opportunities Fund, L.P. to purchase up to 295,009 Redeemable Convertible Class A Preferred Shares of the Company at an exercise price of $11.69 per share, with an expiry term of five years (the “Perceptive Warrants”). These warrants were classified as liabilities and were recorded at their estimated fair value as they contained a down-round provision and because the shares underlying the warrants could have obligated the Company to transfer assets to the holders at a future date under certain circumstances, such as a deemed liquidation event. Changes in fair value are recorded in the consolidated statements of loss and comprehensive loss.

The warrants were initially recorded at their fair value at issuance of $3,266 and the residual balance of the original principal, $4,234, has been recorded as long-term debt. The long-term debt was being accreted to its face value of $7,500 over the four-year term of the Perceptive Debt. On August 3, 2016, the Warrant Certificates were assigned to Perceptive Credit Holdings, LP, an affiliate of Perceptive.

Immediately prior to the consummation of the IPO, in conjunction with the conversion of the Company’s Redeemable Convertible Class A Preferred Shares into common shares (note 8c), the Redeemable Convertible Class A Preferred Share Warrants were converted on a1.349367-for-1 basis into common share warrants to purchase up to 398,076 common shares of the Company at an exercise price of $8.67 per share. These common share warrants were classified as liabilities as they contained a down-round provision and because of the understanding that in compliance with applicable securities laws, the warrants required the issuance of registered securities upon exercise and did not sufficiently preclude an implied right to net cash settlement.

Early Repayment of the Perceptive Debt:

On June 6, 2017 (the “Repayment Date”), the Company exercised its option to repay the total outstanding debt ahead of the maturity date, pursuant to the terms of the Credit Agreement. On the Repayment Date, the Company paid $7,814 which consisted of the $7,500 outstanding principal balance, a $300 early repayment premium as well as $14 in legal fees. At the time of repayment, all liabilities and obligations of the Company and Perceptive terminated automatically. The repayment did not affect Perceptive’s rights, in connection with the Perceptive Warrants which remained outstanding until exercised.

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From January 1, 2017 to June 6, 2017, the Company recorded $360 in interest expense, $248 in accretion expense and $35 in amortization of debt issue costs.

	Nine months ended September 30, 2017
Long term debt at January 1, 2017	$	4,810
Less: unamortized debt issue costs at January 1, 2017		(393	)
Long term debt at January 1, 2017, net of deferred charges		4,417
Accretion during the period up to the Repayment Date		248
Amortization of debt issue costs during the period up to the Repayment Date		35
Carrying value of long term debt on the Repayment Date, net of deferred charges		4,700
Repayment, including repayment premium and expenses		(7,814	)
Loss on debt extinguishment	$	(3,114	)

b. Warrant liabilities

Warrant liabilities from Perceptive warrants (note 7a) were $nil and $1,348 as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively.

On May 10, 2018, Perceptive exercised a portion of its warrants to purchase 178,076 common shares of the Company on a cashless basis, resulting in a net issuance of 79,481 common shares to Perceptive.

On June 4, 2018, Perceptive exercised the remaining warrants to purchase 220,000 common shares of the Company on a cashless basis, resulting in a net issuance of 126,880 common shares to Perceptive.

The fair value of the Perceptive warrants increased $3,565 during the period from January 1, 2018 leading up to the exercise of these warrants.

As of September 30, 2017, the estimated fair value of the Perceptive warrants was determined using the Black-Scholes option pricing model with the following assumptions:

Dividend yield	0	%
Expected volatility	67.07	%
Risk-free interest rate	1.72	%
Expected term	5.91 years

8. Redeemable Convertible Class A Preferred Shares, and Shareholders’ Equity

The number of shares and per share amounts are presented in actual amounts.

a. Authorized

On May 2, 2017, the Company’s new Articles of Incorporation were issued under which the Company has an unlimited number of voting Common Shares and Preferred Shares without par value.

Under the Company’s former Articles of Incorporation dated December 21, 2015, the Company had 6,413,265 authorized Redeemable Convertible Class A Preferred Shares.

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b. Redeemable Convertible Class A Preferred Shares

The rights and preferences of the Redeemable Convertible Class A Preferred Shares were as follows:

The Class A preferred shares accrued dividends at 8% per annumnon-cumulative, payable only as, when and if, declared by the Board of Directors of the Company (the “Board”). In addition, holders of the Class A preferred shares would have been entitled to receive, when and as declared by the Board, dividends in an amount equal to any dividend per common share declared by the Board on the common shares multiplied by the number of common shares that would be issued in exchange for the Class A preferred shares upon conversion.

Optional conversion: Each Class A preferred share was convertible at any time at the option of the holders into common shares, which is determined by dividing the Class A original issue price of $11.69 per share by the Class A conversion price in effect at the time of the conversion.

Mandatory conversion: Upon either a) the closing of the sale of common shares to the public at a price of at least 1.4 times the Class A original issue price of $11.69 per share in a firm-commitment underwritten public offering resulting in at least $50 million of gross proceeds, or b) the date and time, or the occurrence of an event, specified by vote or written consent of the holders of at least a majority of the then outstanding Class A Preferred Share, all outstanding Class A preferred shares would have been automatically converted into common shares at the effective conversion rate. However, in the event the common share public issuance price is less than 1.5 times the Class A original issue price of $11.69 per share, then immediately prior to, and contingent upon such conversion, the Class A conversion price would be automatically adjusted to equal the lesser of (a) the quotient obtained by dividing the per share price in such public offering by 1.5 and (b) the Class A conversion price in effect as of immediately prior to such public offering.

Upon the liquidation, dissolution, reorganization orwinding-up of the Company, holders of Class A preferred shares were entitled to receive, before any distribution or payment on the common shares, an amount equal to the greater of:

(i)	(a)	if such event occurred prior to January 7, 2017, 1.25 times the Class A original issue price of $11.69 per share,
	(b)	if such event occurred after January 7, 2017, 1.5 times the Class A original issue price of $11.69 per share,

under both cases plus any dividends declared but unpaid

(ii) amount per share payable had all Class A preferred shares been converted into common shares in accordance with the conversion mechanism.

The preferences over common shareholders would have ceased to exist upon conversion of preferred shares into common shares.

Each preferred shareholder was entitled to the number of votes that such shareholder would be entitled to if such preferred shares were converted to common shares.

The Company assessed the issued Class A preferred shares for any beneficial conversion features or embedded derivatives, including the conversion option, that would require bifurcation from the applicable series of preferred shares and receive separate accounting treatment. On the date of the issuance of preferred shares, the fair value of the common shares into which the Class A preferred shares were convertible was less than the effective conversion price of such shares and, as such, there was no intrinsic value of the conversion option on the commitment date. There was a contingent beneficial conversion feature that would have become applicable if an initial public offering was completed at an issue price in excess of the conversion price within one year of the date the preferred shares were issued.

Prior to the IPO, the Company classified its preferred shares outside of permanent equity as the redemption of such shares was not solely under the control of the Company.

c. Conversion of Redeemable Convertible Class A Preferred Shares to Common Shares

Immediately prior to the consummation of the IPO, all outstanding Redeemable Convertible Class A Preferred Shares were converted into 7,098,194 common shares on a1-for-1.349367 basis. No Redeemable Convertible Class A Preferred Shares were outstanding as of December 31, 2017.

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The IPO was completed at $13.00 per share issued which resulted in an adjustment to the conversion price and a beneficial conversion feature related to the Class A preferred shares as the fair value of the common shares at the commitment date exceeded the effective conversion price at the IPO date. This beneficial conversion feature of $520 was recorded as an increase to additionalpaid-in capital and the resulting deemed dividend was reflected as an increase in accumulated deficit.

d. Preferred Shares

As of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, no preferred shares were issued or outstanding, respectively.

The rights and preferences of the unissued Preferred Shares are as follows:

Holders of Preferred Shares will be entitled to preference with respect to payment of dividends over the Common Shares and any other shares ranking junior to the Preferred Shares with respect to payment of dividends.

In the event of the liquidation, dissolution orwinding-up of the Company, whether voluntary or involuntary, or any other distribution of the assets of the Company among its shareholders for the purpose of winding up its affairs, the holders of the Preferred Shares will be entitled to preference over the Common Shares and any other shares ranking junior to the Preferred Shares with respect to the repayment of capital paid up on and the payment of unpaid dividends accrued on the Preferred Shares.

The Preferred Shares may also be given such other preferences over the Common Shares and any other shares ranking junior to the Preferred Shares as may be fixed by directors’ resolution as to the respective series authorized to be issued.

e. Stock-Based Compensation

Original Stock Option Plan:

On July 14, 2006, the shareholders approved an employee stock option plan (the “Original Plan”). The Original Plan provides for the granting of options to directors, officers, employees and consultants. Options to purchase common shares may be granted at an exercise price of each option equal to the last private issuance of common shares immediately preceding the date of the grant. The total number of options outstanding is not to exceed 20% of the issued common shares of the Company.

Options granted under the Original Plan are exercisable at various dates over theirten-year life. New common shares are issued when options are exercised.

For options issued to employees, the shares available for issuance under the Original Plan vest over 4 years. Shares available for issuance under the Original Plan issued to directors vest over 3 years, and shares available for issuance under the Original Plan issued to consultants and members of the Scientific Advisory Board vest immediately upon issuance.

The exercise prices of the Company’s stock options are denominated in Canadian dollars. The U.S. dollar amounts have been translated using the period end rate or the average rate for the period, as applicable, and have been provided for information purposes.

New Stock Option Plan:

On April 10, 2017, the Company’s shareholders approved a new stock option plan, which became effective immediately prior to the consummation of the IPO. This plan allowed for the grant of options to directors, officers, employees and consultants in U.S. or Canadian dollars, and also permitted the Company to grant incentive stock options (“ISOs”), within the meaning of Section 422 of the Code, to its employees. On June 7, 2018, the Company’s shareholders approved an amendment and restatement of this plan (this plan, as amended and restated, the “New Plan”), which includes an article that allows the Company to grant restricted shares, restricted share units (“RSU”) and other share-based awards, in addition to options. All restricted share, RSU or other share-based award terms and conditions will be specified in future grant agreements. To date, no restricted shares, RSUs or other share-based awards have been granted.

The maximum number of common shares reserved for issuance under the New Plan is 5,686,097, which includes 3,686,097 shares issuable upon exercise of options outstanding as of March 31, 2018. Beginning in 2019 and ending in 2028, this maximum number may be increased on the first day of each calendar year by up to 4.0% of the number of outstanding shares on the last day of the immediately preceding calendar year. ISOs may be granted with respect to a maximum fixed amount equal to 20% of the shares reserved for issuance under the New Plan as of June 7, 2018.

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All options granted under the New Plan will have an exercise price determined and approved by the Board on the date of the grant, which shall not be less than the market price of the common shares at such time. For the purposes of the New Plan, the market price of a common share shall be the closing sale price of a share on the grant date reported by the stock exchange with the greatest trading volume or, if such day is not a trading day, the closing sale price reported for the immediately preceding trading day. The Company may convert a market price denominated in Canadian currency into United States currency and vice versa and such converted amount shall be the market price.

An option shall be exercisable during a period established by the Board which shall commence on the date of the grant and shall terminate not later than ten years after the date of the granting of the option. The New Plan provides that the exercise period shall automatically be extended if the date on which it is scheduled to terminate shall fall during ablack-out period. In such cases, the extended exercise period shall terminate on the tenth business day after the last day of theblack-out period, provided that the exercise period shall in no case be extended beyond the tenth anniversary of the date the option was granted. All options shall vest in accordance with the terms of their grant agreements.

The following table summarizes the Company’s stock options granted in Canadian dollars under the Original Plan and the New Plan:

	Number of Options			Weighted- Average Exercise Price (C$)		Weighted- Average Exercise Price ($)		Weighted- Average Contractual Term (years)		Aggregate intrinsic value (C$)		Aggregate intrinsic value ($)
Outstanding, December 31, 2017		2,263,712			14.24		11.35		7.53		1,455		1,160
Granted		285,025			16.43		12.76
Expired		(5,395	)		13.60		10.56
Exercised		(79,824	)		8.80		6.83
Forfeited		(39,577	)		18.58		14.43
Outstanding, September 30, 2018		2,423,941			14.58		11.27		7.26		15,035		11,614

The following table summarizes the Company’s stock options granted in U.S. dollars under the New Plan:

	Number of Options			Weighted- Average Exercise Price ($)		Weighted- Average Contractual Term (years)		Aggregate intrinsic value ($)
Outstanding, December 31, 2017		636,595			9.70		9.46		15
Granted		753,783			12.79
Expired		—			—
Exercised		—			—
Forfeited		(7,600	)		9.85
Outstanding, September 30, 2018		1,382,778			11.34		9.16		6,088

The Company received cash proceeds of $581 (C$750) from stock options exercised.

The stock options expire at various dates from February 5, 2019 to August 14, 2028.

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The estimated fair value of options granted to officers, directors, employees and consultants is amortized over the vesting period. Stock-based compensation expense for equity classified instruments, as well as the financial statement impact of the periodic revaluation of liability classified equity instruments (note 2c), is recorded in research and development expenses, general and administration expenses and finance expense (income) as follows:

	Three Months Ended September 30,					Nine months Ended September 30,
	2018		2017			2018		2017
Research and development expenses:
Stock-based compensation for equity classified instruments	$	691	$	684		$	1,724	$	730
Change in fair value of liability classified equity instruments		496		(507	)		1,966		419
	$	1,187	$	177		$	3,690	$	1,149
General and administrative expenses:
Stock-based compensation for equity classified instruments	$	1,093	$	889		$	2,758	$	1,785
Change in fair value of liability classified equity instruments		1,304		578			5,342		345
	$	2,397	$	1,467		$	8,100	$	2,130
Finance expense (income):
Stock-based compensation for equity classified instruments	$	—	$	1		$	1	$	—
Change in fair value of liability classified equity instruments		39		(35	)		152		(308	)
	$	39	$	(34	)	$	153	$	(308	)

The estimated fair value of stock options granted in Canadian dollars under the Original Plan and the New Plan was determined using the Black-Scholes option pricing model with the following weighted-average assumptions:

	Nine months Ended September 30,
	2018			2017
Dividend yield		0	%		0	%
Expected volatility		66.0	%		66.4	%
Risk-free interest rate		2.17	%		1.47	%
Expected average life of options		5.91 years			6.61 years

The estimated fair value of stock options granted in U.S. dollars under the New Plan was determined using the Black-Scholes option pricing model with the following weighted-average assumptions:

	Nine months Ended September 30,
	2018			2017
Dividend yield		0	%		0	%
Expected volatility		66.0	%		65.9	%
Risk-free interest rate		2.64	%		1.84	%
Expected average life of options		5.87 years			5.89 years

Expected Volatility — Volatility is a measure of the amount by which a financial variable such as a share price has fluctuated (historical volatility) or is expected to fluctuate (expected volatility) during a period. As the Company does not yet have sufficient history of its own volatility, the Company has identified several public entities of similar complexity and stage of development and calculates historical volatility using the volatility of these companies.

Risk-Free Interest Rate — This rate is from the Government of Canada and U.S. Federal Reserve marketable bonds for the month prior to each option grant during the year, having a term that most closely resembles the expected life of the option.

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Expected Term — This is the period of time that the options granted are expected to remain unexercised. Options granted have a maximum term of ten years. The Company estimates the expected life of the option term to be six years. The Company uses the simplified method to calculate the average expected term, which represents the average of the vesting period and the contractual term.

Share Fair Value — Options granted after the Company’s IPO, are issued at the fair market value of the Company’s stock at the date the grant is approved by the Board. Before the IPO, the Company granted stock options at exercise prices not less than the fair value of its common shares as determined by the Board, with input from management. Management estimated the fair value of its common shares based on a number of objective and subjective factors, including the most recently available valuation of common shares prepared by independent valuation specialists, external market considerations affecting the biotechnology industry and the historic prices at which the Company sold common shares.

The weighted-average Black-Scholes option pricing assumptions for liability classified stock options are as follows:

	September 30, 2018			September 30, 2017
Dividend yield		0	%		0	%
Expected volatility		66.5	%		66.5	%
Risk-free interest rate		1.55	%		1.55	%
Expected average option term		5.89 years			5.89 years
Number of liability classified stock options outstanding		1,441,163			1,525,286

At September 30, 2018, the unamortized compensation expense related to unvested options was $8,624 (C$11,163). The remaining unamortized compensation expense as of September 30, 2018 will be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.0 years.

f. Employee Stock Purchase Plan:

On April 10, 2017, the employee stock purchase plan, (“ESPP”), was approved by the shareholders of the Company and became effective immediately prior to the consummation of the IPO. On June 7, 2018, certain amendments to the ESPP were approved by shareholders. Prior to these amendments, the ESPP allowed eligible employees to acquire common shares at a discounted purchase price of 85% of the market value of the Company’s common shares on the purchase date. The ESPP, as amended, allows eligible employees to acquire common shares at a discounted purchase price of the lesser of (i) 85% of the market price of a common share on the first day of the applicable purchase period and (ii) 85% of the market price of a common share on the purchase date. The ESPP qualifies as an “employee stock purchase plan” within the meaning of Section 423 of the Code for employees who are United States taxpayers.

The ESPP is implemented through a series of offerings under which eligible employees are granted rights to purchase the Company’s common shares at the end of specified purchase periods at a discounted purchase price. The Company currently holds offerings consisting of a singlesix-month purchase period commencing on January 1 and July 1 of each calendar year, with a single purchase date at the end of the purchase period on June 30 and December 31 of each calendar year. The firstsix-month purchase period commenced on July 1, 2017.

Eligible employees are able to contribute up to 15% of their gross base earnings for purchases under the ESPP through regular payroll deductions. Purchases of shares under the ESPP are limited for each employee at $25 worth of the Company’s common shares (determined using the lesser of (i) the market price of a common share on the first day of the applicable purchase period and (ii) the market price of a common share on the purchase date) for each year such purchase right is outstanding.

Common shares purchased under the ESPP will be issued from treasury at a purchase price equal to 85% of the applicable market price of a common share, all in accordance with applicable laws and the terms and conditions of the ESPP. For the purposes of the ESPP, the market price of a common share is defined as the closing sale price of a share on such date reported by the stock exchange with the greatest trading volume or, if such day is not a trading day, the closing sale price reported for the immediately preceding trading day.

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The number of common shares reserved for issuance under the ESPP shall not exceed 272,350 common shares, plus the number of common shares that are automatically added on January 1st of each year, commencing on (and including) January 1, 2018 and ending on (and including) January 1, 2027, in an amount equal to the lesser of (i) 1% of the total number of common shares issued and outstanding on December 31st of the preceding calendar year, and (ii) 419,000 common shares. As this plan is considered compensatory, a charge of $68 has been recorded to research and development expense and general and administrative expense accounts for the difference between the fair market value and the discounted price. As of September 30, 2018, total amount contributed by the ESPP participants is $113.

9. Research, Collaboration and Licensing Agreements

The Company has entered into a number of collaboration and licensing agreements which are under the scope of ASC 606, under which it licensed its therapeutic platforms to its strategic partners. The terms of these arrangements typically include one or more of the following types of payments to the Company:

• non-refundable, upfront license and platform technology access fees;

• research, development and regulatory milestone payments;

• commercial milestone payments; and

• royalties on net sales of licensed products.

In determining the appropriate amount of revenue to be recognized as it fulfills its obligations under each of its agreements, the Company performs the following steps: (i) identification of the promised deliverables in the contract; (ii) determination of whether the promised deliverables are performance obligations including whether they are distinct; (iii) measurement of the transaction price, including the constraint on variable consideration; (iv) allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations based on the stand-alone selling prices; and (v) recognition of revenue when (or as) the Company satisfies each performance obligation. As part of the accounting for these arrangements, the Company must develop assumptions that require judgment to determine the stand-alone selling price for each performance obligation identified in the contract, which may include forecasted revenues, development timelines, reimbursement rates for personnel costs, discount rates and probabilities of technical and regulatory success.

Licenses of intellectual property including platform technology access: If the license to the Company’s intellectual property is determined to be distinct from the other performance obligations identified in the arrangement, the Company recognizes revenues fromnon-refundable, upfront fees allocated to the license when the license is transferred to the licensee and the licensee is able to use and benefit from the license. For licenses where licenses are not distinct from other promises, the Company utilizes judgment to assess the nature of the combined performance obligation to determine whether the combined performance obligation is satisfied over time or at a point in time and, if over time, the appropriate method of measuring progress for purposes of recognizing revenue fromnon-refundable, upfront fees. The Company evaluates the measure of progress each reporting period and, if necessary, adjusts the measure of performance and related revenue recognition.

Milestone payments: At the inception of each arrangement that includes research, development or regulatory milestone payments, the Company evaluates whether the milestones are considered probable of being reached and estimates the amount to be included in the transaction price using the most likely amount method. If it is probable that a significant revenue reversal would not occur, the associated milestone value is included in the transaction price. Milestone payments that are not within the control of the Company or the licensee, such as regulatory approvals, are not considered probable of being achieved until those approvals are received. The transaction price is then allocated to each performance obligation on a relative stand-alone selling price basis, for which the Company recognizes revenue as or when the performance obligations under the contract are satisfied. At the end of each subsequent reporting period, the Companyre-evaluates the probability of achievement of such development milestones and any related constraint, and if necessary, adjusts its estimate of the overall transaction price. Any such adjustments are recorded on a cumulativecatch-up basis, which would affect license, collaboration and other revenues and earnings in the period of adjustment. The process of successfully achieving the criteria for the milestone payments is highly uncertain. Consequently, there is a significant risk that the Company may not earn all of the milestone payments from each of its strategic partners.

Research and development milestones in the Company’s collaboration agreements may include some, but not necessarily all, of the following types of events:

• completion of preclinical research and development work leading to selection of product candidates;

• initiation of Phase 1, Phase 2 and Phase 3 clinical trials; and

• achievement of certain other technical, scientific or development criteria.

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Regulatory milestone payments may include the following types of events:

• filing of regulatory applications for marketing approval in the United States, Europe or Japan, including Investigational New Drug (“IND”) applications and Biologics License Application (“BLA”); and

• marketing approval in major markets, such as the United States, Europe or Japan.

Royalties and commercial milestones: For arrangements that include sales-based royalties, including commercial milestone payments based onpre-specified level of sales, the Company recognizes revenue at the later of (i) when the related sales occur, or (ii) when the performance obligation to which some or all of the royalty has been allocated has been satisfied (or partially satisfied). Achievement of these royalties and commercial milestones may solely depend upon performance of the licensee. Since inception to date, the Company has not recognized any royalty revenue or commercial milestone from any of itsout-licensing arrangements.

Research support payments: Payments by the licensees in exchange for research activities performed by the Company on behalf of the licensee are recognized upon performance of such activities at rates consistent with prevailing market rates.

If the expectation at contract inception is such that the period between payment by the licensee and the completion of related performance obligations will be one year or less, the Company assumes that the contract does not have a significant financing component.

Strategic Partnership Revenue

The following table presents summarized revenue recognized from the Company’s strategic partnerships.

	Three Months Ended September  30,				Nine months Ended September 30,
	2018		2017		2018		2017
Merck:
Research support payments	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	1
Lilly:
Research support payments		—		—		—		15
Milestone revenue		2,000		—		2,000		—
Daiichi Sankyo:
Research support payments		—		119		—		665
Milestone revenue		—		—		—		1,000
Upfront technology access fee		—		—		18,000		—
Celgene:
Option exercise fee		—		—		4,000		—
Other		54		—		94		10
	$	2,054	$	119	$	24,094	$	1,691

As at January 1, 2018 and September 30, 2018, contract assets and contract liabilities from research, collaboration and licensing agreements were $nil.

Research and License Agreement with Merck Sharp & Dohme Research Ltd. (“Merck”)

On August 22, 2011, the Company entered into a Research and License Agreement with Merck providing Merck a worldwide license to develop and commercialize novel bispecific antibodies generated through use of the Company’s Azymetric platform toward certain exclusive therapeutic targets. Both companies will collaborate to advance the therapeutic platforms, with Merck working to progress the bispecific therapeutic antibody candidates through clinical development and commercialization. No joint development activities to advance the therapeutic platforms have occurred since inception and Merck no longer has a right to such joint activities. In 2013, Merck was also provided with a limited,non-exclusive license to EFECT, to be used together with the Azymetric platform for developing products.

On December 3, 2014, the Company and Merck jointly amended the agreement, including amending certain terms and exclusivities contained therein. Under the terms of the amended agreement, the Company receives funding for certain internal and external research costs incurred in the project. Additionally, the amendment removed a $2.0 million research milestone from the total milestones the Company would be eligible to receive over the life of the agreement. The new research funding terms were priced at market rate, and the Company concluded that the original agreement was not materially modified. Accordingly, the amendments did not impact the determination of units of accounting or the allocation of the arrangement consideration.

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Upon the execution of the agreement, the Company received aone-time,non-refundable upfront payment of $1.25 million. Over the life of the agreement, the Company is eligible to receive payments up to $190.75 million, comprised of the $1.25 million upfront payment, $3.5 million for research phase successes, up to $6.0 million for completion ofIND-enabling studies, up to $66.0 million for development milestones and up to $114.0 million for commercial milestones. In addition, the Company is eligible to receive tiered royalty payments on sales of products. Merck will have exclusive worldwide commercialization rights to products derived from the agreement. The events and conditions resulting in payments for research, development and commercial milestones solely depend on Merck’s performance.

The Company assessed this arrangement in accordance with ASC 606 and concluded that the contract counterparty, Merck, is a customer. The Company identified the following promised goods and services at the inception of the Merck agreement: (1) the research license, (2) the commercial license, (3) the transfer of the Company’s platform technology (Azymetric) (4) research services and technical assistance in connection with the transfer of platform technology to Merck, and (5) research activities to be performed on behalf of Merck. The Company concluded that the licenses and platform technologies together are distinct. Accordingly, the deliverables (1) through (4) were considered as a single performance obligation and the upfront payment of $1.25 million has been allocated to this performance obligation. The upfront payment was recorded as deferred revenue and recognized into revenue on a straight-line basis from October 1, 2011 through June 30, 2012, the period over which the Company performed the procedures for transferring the Company’sknow-how and technology and related technical assistance during the transfer process. The research activities to be performed on behalf of Merck after the transfer of the technology are also determined to have stand-alone value as Merck or another third party could provide these services without the Company’s assistance. The revenue from this deliverable is recognized upon performance of such activities at rates consistent with prevailing market rates.

In order to evaluate the appropriate transaction price, the Company determined that the upfront amount constituted the entirety of the consideration to be included in the transaction price and to be allocated to the performance obligations based on the Company’s best estimate of their relative stand-alone selling prices. The Company estimated the best estimate of selling price of the licenses and technology platform based on comparable license and collaboration arrangements. The best estimate of selling price for the other deliverables was estimated using internal estimates of cost to perform the specific services plus a normal profit margin for providing the services.

At execution, the transaction price included only the $1.25 million upfront consideration received. None of the research and development milestones has been included in the transaction price, as all milestone amounts were fully constrained. As part of its evaluation of the constraint, the Company considered numerous factors, including that receipt of the milestones is outside the control of the Company and contingent upon success in future clinical trials and the licensee’s efforts. Any consideration related to sales-based milestones (including royalties) will be recognized when the related sales occur as they were determined to relate predominantly to the license granted to Merck and therefore have also been excluded from the transaction price. The Company willre-evaluate the transaction price in each reporting period and as uncertain events are resolved or other changes in circumstances occur.

The consideration otherwise allocable to delivered units is limited to the amount that is not contingent on the delivery of additional items or fulfillment of other performance conditions. Consequently, the arrangement consideration related to the research activities to be performed on behalf of Merck after the transfer of the technology was excluded from the allocation arrangement consideration because the consideration and performance are contingent upon Merck requesting performance of the services and these services are priced at an estimated fair value.

The agreement contains customary termination rights for Merck and the Company including the right for Merck to terminate the agreement in its sole discretion with advance notice to the Company. The agreement will terminate on the later of: (a) the expiry of the last patent covering a Merck licensed product excluding methods of making the product; or (b) the expiry of the royalty payment obligations by Merck. During the research term, the agreement will terminate if the antibodies do not achieve all the research milestones or if Merck elects to not further develop the antibodies after the research term.

The Company received and recordednon-refundable milestone payments from Merck in the amounts of $2.0 million and $1.5 million on September 20, 2012 and April 22, 2013, respectively. These milestone payments were received upon the achievement of certain development activities during the course of the research program and were recorded as revenue upon achievement of the milestone as the Company had no remaining performance obligations under the arrangement. No additional milestone payments or royalties have been received to date.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, the Company recorded $nil in research support payments from Merck, under the terms of the amended agreement.

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Licensing and Collaboration Agreement with Eli Lilly and Company (“Lilly”)

On December 17, 2013, the Company entered into a Licensing and Collaboration Agreement with Lilly to develop novel bispecific antibody therapeutics using the Company’s proprietary Azymetric platform. The Company will apply its Azymetric platform in combination with Lilly’s proprietary targets to create novel bispecific antibodies which Lilly will have the right to develop and commercialize worldwide.

Upon the execution of the agreement, the Company received aone-time,non-refundable upfront payment of $1.0 million. Over the life of the agreement, the Company will receive funding for internal and external research costs incurred on behalf of Lilly on the project, and is eligible to receive potential milestone payments for each product, comprised of $1.0 million for research phase success, $2.0 million for IND submission, $8.0 million for development milestones and up to $40.0 million for commercial milestones. In addition, the Company is eligible to receive tiered royalty payments on the sale of products. Lilly will have exclusive worldwide commercialization rights to products derived from the collaboration. The Company determined that other than the research milestone, the events and conditions resulting in payments for development and commercial milestones solely depend on Lilly’s performance.

The Company assessed this arrangement in accordance with ASC 606 and concluded that the contract counterparty, Lilly, is a customer. The Company identified the following promised goods and services at the inception of the Lilly agreement: (1) the research license, (2) the commercial license, (3) the transfer of the Company’s platform technology (Azymetric), (4) the research services and technical assistance to be provided by the Company in connection with the transfer of intellectual property to Lilly, and (5) research activities to be performed on behalf of Lilly. The Company concluded that the licenses and platform technology together are distinct. Accordingly, the deliverables (1) through (4) were considered as a single performance obligation and the upfront payment of $1.0 million has been allocated to this performance obligation. The payment was recorded as deferred revenue and recognized into revenue on a straight-line basis from December 31, 2013 to June 30, 2014, the period over which the Company performed the procedures for transferring the Company’sknow-how and technology and related technical assistance during the transfer process. The research activities to be performed on behalf of Lilly after the transfer of the technology are also determined to be distinct as Lilly or another third party could provide these services without the Company’s assistance. The revenue from this deliverable is recognized upon performance of such activities at rates consistent with prevailing market rates.

In order to evaluate the appropriate transaction price, the Company determined that the upfront amount constituted the entirety of the consideration to be included in the transaction price and to be allocated to the performance obligations based on the Company’s best estimate of their relative stand-alone selling prices. The Company estimated the best estimate of selling price of the licenses and technology platform based on comparable license and collaboration arrangements. The best estimate of selling price for the other deliverables was estimated using internal estimates of cost to perform the specific services plus a normal profit margin for providing the services.

At execution, the transaction price included only the $1.0 million upfront consideration received. None of the research and development milestones has been included in the transaction price, as all milestone amounts were fully constrained. As part of its evaluation of the constraint, the Company considered numerous factors, including that receipt of the milestones is outside the control of the Company and contingent upon success in future clinical trials and the licensee’s efforts. Any consideration related to sales-based milestones (including royalties) will be recognized when the related sales occur as they were determined to relate predominantly to the license granted to Lilly and therefore have also been excluded from the transaction price. The Company willre-evaluate the transaction price in each reporting period and as uncertain events are resolved or other changes in circumstances occur.

The consideration otherwise allocable to delivered units is limited to the amount that is not contingent on the delivery of additional items or fulfillment of other performance conditions. Consequently, the arrangement consideration related to the research activities to be performed on behalf of Lilly after the transfer of the technology was excluded from the allocation arrangement consideration because the consideration and performance are contingent upon Lilly requesting performance of the services and these services are priced at an estimated fair value.

The agreement contains customary termination rights for Lilly and the Company including the right for Lilly to terminate the agreement in its sole discretion with advance notice to us. The agreement will terminate on aproduct-by-product andcountry-by-country basis upon the later of the product being no longer covered by certain patents related to the Lilly licensed product, or 10 years after the first commercial sale of the Lilly licensed product in such a country.

On December 11, 2015, the Company recordednon-refundable substantive research milestone revenue from Lilly in the amount of $1.0 million upon the achievement of certain research activities during the course of the research program. Subsequently, on August 31, 2018, the Company recorded anon-refundable fee of $2.0 million which was received upon Lilly’s filing of IND application to the FDA for a bispecific antibody enabled by the Azymetric platform.

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During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, the Company recorded $nil in research support revenue from Lilly.

Licensing and Collaboration Agreement with Lilly

On October 22, 2014, the Company entered into a second Licensing and Collaboration Agreement with Lilly to develop novel bispecific antibody therapeutics using the Company’s proprietary Azymetric platform. This agreement did not alter or amend the initial agreement entered into on December 17, 2013. Under the terms of this agreement, the Company will apply its Azymetric platform in combination with Lilly’s proprietary targets to create novel bispecific antibodies which Lilly will develop and commercialize. In 2017 Lilly nominated a bispecific antibody from this agreement for preclinical development and discontinued the research of two other bispecific antibodies due to strategic portfolio realignment in those particular disease areas. Each of the two agreements with Lilly were negotiated independently and the deliverables covered by the respective contracts are unrelated to one another as they cover different product candidates. Accordingly, the second Licensing and Collaboration Agreement with Lilly has been accounted for as a new arrangement.

The Company is eligible to receive potential milestone payments totaling up to $125.0 million, comprised of up to $2.0 million for research success milestone, up to $8.0 million for IND submission milestones, up to $20.0 million for development milestones and up to $95.0 million for commercial milestones. In addition, the Company is eligible to receive tiered royalty payments on the sale of products. Lilly will have exclusive worldwide commercialization rights to products derived from the collaboration. No license, research, development and commercial milestones or royalty payments have been received to date. The Company determined that other than the research milestone, the events and conditions resulting in payments for development and commercial milestones solely depend on Lilly’s performance.

The Company assessed this arrangement in accordance with ASC 606 and concluded that the contract counterparty, Lilly, is a customer. At execution, there was no upfront fee received. None of the research and development milestones has been included in the transaction price, as all milestone amounts were fully constrained. As part of its evaluation of the constraint, the Company considered numerous factors, including that receipt of the milestones is outside the control of the Company and contingent upon success in future clinical trials and the licensee’s efforts. Any consideration related to sales-based milestones (including royalties) will be recognized when the related sales occur as they were determined to relate predominantly to the license granted to Lilly and therefore have also been excluded from the transaction price. The Company willre-evaluate the transaction price in each reporting period and as uncertain events are resolved or other changes in circumstances occur.

The agreement contains customary termination rights for Lilly and the Company with advance notice to the Company, in addition to (i) both Lilly and the Company have certain rights to terminate on a program by program basis due to scientific failure, (ii) Lilly can terminate the agreement on a target pair by target pair basis in its sole discretion after the payment of the initial license fee for such a target pair, (iii) Lilly can terminate the agreement or specific target pairs due to an incurable material breach by the Company, and under specific conditions, Lilly shall have certain rights to continue the research, development and commercialization of products with their license payment, milestone and royalty obligations reduced by 50% and (iv) Lilly shall have the right to terminate the agreement or specific target pairs in the event of the Company undergoing a change of control, while retaining certain rights. If the affected research programs have not completed specific research stages, Lilly’s obligations to the license payments, milestones and royalties shall be reduced in a tiered fashion ranging from25-75%.

On December 1, 2016, the Company recorded anon-refundable fee of $2.0 million which was received upon achievement of a critical success criteria point milestone under the research plan.

No other research, development or commercial milestone payments or royalties have been received to date.

Licensing and Collaboration Agreement with Celgene Corporation & Celgene Alpine Investment Co. LLC (“Celgene”)

On December 23, 2014, the Company entered into an agreement with Celgene to develop novel bispecific antibody therapeutics using the Company’s proprietary Azymetric platform. The Company will apply its Azymetric platform in combination with Celgene’s proprietary targets to create novel bispecific antibodies for which Celgene has an option to develop and commercialize a certain number of products (“Commercial License Option”).

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Upon the execution of the Agreement, the Company received aone-time,non-refundable payment of $8.0 million. Over the life of the agreement, the Company is eligible to receive potential milestone payments totaling up to $164.0 million per each therapeutic candidate, comprised of a payment of $7.5 million upon Celgene exercising a Commercial License Option, up to $101.5 million for development milestones and up to $55.0 million for commercial milestones. In addition, the Company is eligible to receive tiered royalties calculated upon the global net sales of the resulting products. Celgene will have exclusive worldwide commercialization rights to products derived from the agreement if Celgene elects to exercise a Commercial License Option for each product. The Company determined that, the events and conditions resulting in payments for research, development and commercial milestones solely depend on Celgene’s performance.

The Company assessed this arrangement in accordance with ASC 606 and concluded that the contract counterparty, Celgene, is a customer. The Company identified the following promised goods and services at the inception of the Celgene agreement: (1) thenon-exclusive research license, (2) the transfer of the Company’s platform technology (Azymetric) and relevantknow-how, and (3) technical assistance if required by Celgene in connection with the transfer of technology. The Company concluded that the license and platform technology together are distinct. Accordingly, all the deliverables are considered a single performance obligation and the upfront payment of $8.0 million has been allocated to this performance obligation. The upfront payment was recognized as revenue ratably over thesix-month period ended June 30, 2015, the period during which the Company transferred its technicalknow-how and technology to Celgene.

In order to evaluate the appropriate transaction price, the Company determined that the upfront amount constituted the entirety of the consideration to be included in the transaction price and to be allocated to the performance obligations based on the Company’s best estimate of their relative stand-alone selling prices. The Company estimated the best estimate of selling price of the licenses and technology platform based on comparable license and collaboration arrangements.

At execution, the transaction price included only the $8.0 million upfront consideration received. None of the research and development milestones has been included in the transaction price, as all milestone amounts were fully constrained. As part of its evaluation of the constraint, the Company considered numerous factors, including that receipt of the milestones is outside the control of the Company and contingent upon success in future clinical trials and the licensee’s efforts. Any consideration related to sales-based milestones (including royalties) will be recognized when the related sales occur as they were determined to relate predominantly to the license granted to Celgene and therefore have also been excluded from the transaction price. The Company willre-evaluate the transaction price in each reporting period and as uncertain events are resolved or other changes in circumstances occur. The Company concluded that, at the inception of the agreement, Celgene’s option to obtain a Commercial License did not represent a deliverable because it is a substantive option and does not contain a significant or incremental discount.

The agreement contains customary termination rights for Celgene and the Company including the right of Celgene to terminate the agreement in its entirety or on aproduct-by-product basis in its sole discretion with advance notice to the Company. The agreement will terminate on aproduct-by-product andcountry-by-country basis upon the later of the expiration of the last-expiring patent related to the Celgene licensed product, or 10 years after the first commercial sale of the Celgene licensed product in such a country. If Celgene does not exercise its option for the commercial license, the agreement will terminate on aproduct-by-product basis for which the option was not exercised.

On April 22, 2018, Celgene exercised its right to increase the number of potential products it can develop and commercialize from eight to ten and extended the research program term by 24 months until April 2020, for which the Company received an expansion fee of $4.0 million and is eligible to receive up to $164.0 million per additional product in development and commercial milestones plus royalties on worldwide sales in accordance with the terms of the licensing and collaboration agreement. The research period extension commenced on April 22, 2018.

No development or commercial milestone payments or royalties have been received to date.

Collaboration and License Agreement with GlaxoSmithKline Intellectual Property Development Ltd. (“GSK”)

On December 1, 2015, the Company entered into a Collaboration and License Agreement with GSK for the research, development, and commercialization of novelFc-engineered monoclonal and bispecific antibody therapeutics, which have been optimized for specific therapeutic effects. The Company and GSK will collaborate to further develop the Company’s Effector Function Enhancement and Control Technology (EFECT) platform through the design, engineering, and testing of novel engineered Fc domains tailored to induce specific antibody-mediated immune responses.

At the conclusion of the research collaboration, both GSK and the Company will have the right to develop and commercialize monoclonal and bispecific antibody candidates that incorporate the Company’s optimized immune-modulating Fc domains.

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Under the terms of the agreement, GSK will have the right to develop a minimum of four products across multiple disease areas, and the Company will be eligible to receive research, development, and commercial milestones of up to $110.0 million for each product. In addition, the Company is eligible to receive tiered sales royalties. Under the terms of the agreement, each party is liable for their own internal and external research costs incurred in the project. Furthermore, the Company will have the right to develop up to four products with the intellectual property arising from the collaboration without any royalty or milestone payment to GSK. The Company determined that, the events and conditions resulting in payments for research, development and commercial milestones solely depend on GSK’s performance.

The Company assessed this arrangement in accordance with ASC 606 and concluded that the contract counterparty, GSK, is a customer. At execution, there was no upfront fee received. None of the research and development milestones has been included in the transaction price, as all milestone amounts were fully constrained. As part of its evaluation of the constraint, the Company considered numerous factors, including that receipt of the milestones is outside the control of the Company and contingent upon success in future clinical trials and the licensee’s efforts. Any consideration related to sales-based milestones (including royalties) will be recognized when the related sales occur as they were determined to relate predominantly to the license granted to GSK and therefore have also been excluded from the transaction price. The Company willre-evaluate the transaction price in each reporting period and as uncertain events are resolved or other changes in circumstances occur.

The agreement contains customary termination rights for GSK and the Company including the right for GSK to terminate the agreement in its sole discretion with advance notice to us, after the research period has advanced beyond a specified stage, and allowing the parties to terminate the agreement by mutual agreement during the research period. If GSK elects not to advance any product into research and development, the agreement will terminate at the end of the research period. If GSK elects to advance one or more products incorporating intellectual property generated under the research period for further research and development, the agreement will terminate on aproduct-by-product andcountry-by-country basis upon the latter of the product being no longer covered by a patent related to the GSK licensed product, or 10 years after the first commercial sale of the GSK licensed product in such a country.

No development or commercial milestone payments or royalties have been received to date.

Platform Technology Transfer and License Agreement with GSK

On April 21, 2016, the Company entered into a Platform Technology Transfer and License Agreement with GSK for the research, development, and commercialization of novel bispecific antibodies enabled using the Company’s Azymetric platform. Each of the two agreements with GSK were negotiated independently and the deliverables covered by the respective contracts utilize different therapeutic platforms and are unrelated to one another. Accordingly, the Platform Technology and License Agreement with GSK has been accounted for as a new arrangement.

Upon execution of the agreement, the Company received a technology access fee of $6.0 million on May 3, 2016. The Company is also eligible to receive up to $30.0 million in research milestone payments; up to $152.0 million in development milestone payments; and up to $720.0 million in commercial sales milestone payments. In addition, the Company is entitled to receive tiered royalties on potential sales. The Company determined that, the events and conditions resulting in payments for research, development and commercial milestones solely depend on GSK’s performance.

The Company assessed this arrangement in accordance with ASC 606 and concluded that the contract counterparty, GSK, is a customer. The Company identified the following promised goods and services at the inception of the GSK agreement: (1) thenon-exclusive research license, (2) commercial license (3) transfer of the Company’s platform technology (Azymetric) and relevantknow-how, (4) technical assistance if required by GSK in connection with the transfer of technology, and (5) the obligation to provide future technology improvement and updates, when and if available. The Company concluded that the licenses and platform technologies together are distinct. Accordingly, deliverables (1) through (4) were considered as a single performance obligation and the technology access fee of $6.0 million has been allocated to this performance obligation and has been recognized as revenue upon completion of the transfer of the Company’s technology and technicalknow-how to GSK.

In order to evaluate the appropriate transaction price, the Company determined that the upfront amount constituted the entirety of the consideration to be included in the transaction price and to be allocated to the performance obligations based on the Company’s best estimate of their relative stand-alone selling prices. The Company estimated the best estimate of selling price of the licenses and technology platform based on comparable license and collaboration arrangements. The Company concluded that the best estimate of selling price for the obligation to deliver future technology improvements and updates was a nominal amount, as the Company has no intention of performing and has made no commitment to perform or provide additional update work on the applicable technology platform. Accordingly, no arrangement consideration was allocated to this deliverable.

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At execution, the transaction price included only the $6.0 million upfront consideration received. None of the research and development milestones has been included in the transaction price, as all milestone amounts were fully constrained. As part of its evaluation of the constraint, the Company considered numerous factors, including that receipt of the milestones is outside the control of the Company and contingent upon success in future clinical trials and the licensee’s efforts. Any consideration related to sales-based milestones (including royalties) will be recognized when the related sales occur as they were determined to relate predominantly to the license granted to GSK and therefore have also been excluded from the transaction price. The Company willre-evaluate the transaction price in each reporting period and as uncertain events are resolved or other changes in circumstances occur.

The agreement contains customary termination rights for GSK and the Company including the right for GSK to terminate the agreement in its sole discretion with advance notice to the Company. Termination provisions allow for GSK to terminate the agreement or specific antibody sequence pairs due to an incurable material breach by the Company, and under specific conditions, GSK shall have certain rights to continue the research, development, and commercialization of products with their license payment, milestone, and royalty obligations reduced by 50%.

No research, development or commercial milestone payments or royalties have been received to date.

Collaboration and Cross License Agreement with Daiichi Sankyo, Co., Ltd. (“Daiichi Sankyo”)

On September 26, 2016, the Company entered into a Collaboration and Cross License Agreement with Daiichi Sankyo for the research, development, and commercialization of novel bispecific antibodies enabled using the Company’s Azymetric and EFECT platforms. Additionally, the Company will license immuno-oncology antibodies from Daiichi Sankyo, with the right to research, develop and commercialize multiple products globally in exchange for royalties on product sales. Under the agreement, Daiichi Sankyo will have the option to develop and commercialize a single bispecific immuno-oncology therapeutic.

Upon execution of the agreement, the Company received a technology access fee of $2.0 million. The Company is also eligible to receive up to $66.9 million in research and development milestone payments and commercial license option; and up to $80.0 million in commercial sales milestone payments. In addition, the Company is eligible to receive tiered royalties on potential product sales. The Company determined that other than a research milestone for $1.0 million, the events and conditions resulting in payments for research, development and commercial milestones solely depend on Daiichi Sankyo’s performance.

The Company assessed this arrangement in accordance with ASC 606 and concluded that the contract counterparty, Daiichi Sankyo, is a customer. The Company identified the following promised goods and services at the inception of the Daiichi Sankyo agreement: (1) the research license, (2) the transfer of the Company’s platform technologies (Azymetric and EFECT) and relevantknow-how, and (3) research activities to be performed on behalf of Daiichi Sankyo. The Company concluded that the licenses and platform technologies together are distinct and the licenses are functional intellectual property because the Company’s platform technologies are not expected to substantively change during the licensing period. Accordingly, the deliverables (1) and (2) were considered as a single performance obligation and the technology access fee of $2.0 million was allocated to this performance obligation and was recognized as revenue at a point in time upon delivery of the licenses and transfer of the relevant technology. The research activities to be performed on behalf of Daiichi Sankyo after the transfer of the technology are also determined to be distinct as Daiichi Sankyo or another third party could provide these services without the Company’s assistance. The revenue to be received from Daiichi Sankyo from delivery of these services is recognized upon performance of such activities at rates consistent with prevailing market rates. The Company concluded that, at the inception of the agreement, Daiichi Sankyo’s option to obtain a Commercial License did not represent a deliverable because it is a substantive option and did not contain a significant or incremental discount.

In order to evaluate the appropriate transaction price, the Company determined that the upfront amount constituted the entirety of the consideration to be included in the transaction price and to be allocated to the performance obligations based on the Company’s best estimate of their relative stand-alone selling prices. The Company estimated the best estimate of selling price of the licenses and technology platform based on comparable license and collaboration arrangements. The best estimate of selling price for the other deliverables was estimated using internal estimates of cost to perform the specific services plus a normal profit margin for providing the services.

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At execution, the transaction price included only the $2.0 million upfront consideration received. None of the research and development milestones has been included in the transaction price, as all milestone amounts were fully constrained. As part of its evaluation of the constraint, the Company considered numerous factors, including that receipt of the milestones is outside the control of the Company and contingent upon success in future clinical trials and the licensee’s efforts. Any consideration related to sales-based milestones (including royalties) will be recognized when the related sales occur as they were determined to relate predominantly to the license granted to Daiichi Sankyo and therefore have also been excluded from the transaction price. The Company willre-evaluate the transaction price in each reporting period and as uncertain events are resolved or other changes in circumstances occur.

The consideration otherwise allocable to delivered units is limited to the amount that is not contingent on the delivery of additional items or fulfillment of other performance conditions. Consequently, the arrangement consideration related to the research activities to be performed on behalf of Daiichi Sankyo after the transfer of the technology was excluded from the allocation arrangement consideration because the consideration and performance are contingent upon Daiichi Sankyo requesting performance of the services and these services are priced at an estimated fair value.

The agreement contains customary termination rights for Daiichi Sankyo and the Company including the right for Daiichi Sankyo to terminate the rights to the Company’s therapeutic platforms in its sole discretion with advance notice to the Company and for the Company to terminate the Company’s rights to Daiichi Sankyo’s antibodies with advance notice to Daiichi Sankyo. The agreement shall terminate, with respect to Daiichi Sankyo’s license, if Daiichi Sankyo fails to exercise its option or, on aproduct-by-product basis, until expiration of Daiichi Sankyo’s royalty obligations.

On June 26, 2017, the Company recordednon-refundable milestone revenue from Daiichi Sankyo in the amount of $1.0 million upon the achievement of a research milestone.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, the Company recorded $nil in research support revenue from Daiichi Sankyo (2017: $665).

Second License Agreement with Daiichi Sankyo

In May 2018, the Company entered into a second license agreement with Daiichi Sankyo to research, develop and commercialize two bispecific antibodies generated through the use of the Azymetric and EFECT platforms. Under the terms of the agreement, the Company granted Daiichi Sankyo a worldwide, royalty-bearing, antibody sequence pair-specific, exclusive license to research, develop and commercialize certain products. Under the agreement, Daiichi Sankyo will be solely responsible for the research, development, manufacturing and commercialization of the products.

Upon execution of the agreement, the Company received anon-refundable upfront technology access fee of $18.0 million. The Company is also eligible to receive up to $126.7 million in development milestone payments and up to $340.0 million in commercial milestone payments. In addition, the Company is eligible to receive tiered royalties ranging from the low single digits up to 10% on product sales, with the royalty term being, on aproduct-by-product andcountry-by-country basis, either (i) for as long as there is Zymeworks platform patent coverage on products, or (ii) for 10 years beginning from the first commercial sale, whichever period is longer. If there is no Zymeworks patent coverage on products, royalty rates may be reduced.

The Company assessed this arrangement in accordance with ASC 606 and concluded that the contract counterparty, Daiichi Sankyo, is a customer. The Company identified the following promised goods and services at the inception of the Daiichi agreement: (1) the research and commercial license, (2) the transfer of the Company’s platform technologies (Azymetric and EFECT) and relevantknow-how. The Company concluded that the licenses and platform technologies together are distinct. Accordingly, the deliverables (1) and (2) were considered as a single performance obligation and the upfront fee of $18.0 million was allocated to this performance obligation and was recognized as revenue upon delivery of the licenses and transfer of the relevant technology.

In order to evaluate the appropriate transaction price, the Company determined that the upfront amount constituted the entirety of the consideration to be included in the transaction price and to be allocated to the performance obligations based on the Company’s best estimate of their relative stand-alone selling prices. The Company estimated the best estimate of selling price of the licenses and technology platform based on comparable license and collaboration arrangements.

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At execution, the transaction price included only the $18.0 million upfront consideration received. None of the research and development milestones has been included in the transaction price, as all milestone amounts were fully constrained. As part of its evaluation of the constraint, the Company considered numerous factors, including that receipt of the milestones is outside the control of the Company and contingent upon success in future clinical trials and the licensee’s efforts. Any consideration related to sales-based milestones (including royalties) will be recognized when the related sales occur as they were determined to relate predominantly to the license granted to Daiichi Sanyo and therefore have also been excluded from the transaction price. The Company willre-evaluate the transaction price in each reporting period and as uncertain events are resolved or other changes in circumstances occur.

The agreement contains customary termination rights for Daiichi Sankyo and the Company including the right for Daiichi Sankyo to terminate the agreement in its sole discretion with advance notice to the Company. The agreement will terminate, on aproduct-by-product basis on the expiry of the royalty term for the product.

No development or commercial milestone payments or royalties have been received to date.

Collaboration and License Agreement with Janssen Biotech, Inc. (“Janssen”)

On November 13, 2017, the Company entered into a Collaboration and License Agreement with Janssen to research, develop and commercialize up to six bispecific antibodies generated through the use of the Azymetric and EFECT platforms. Under the terms of the agreement, we granted Janssen a worldwide, royalty-bearing, antibody sequence pair-specific exclusive license to research, develop and commercialize certain products. Janssen also has the option to develop two additional bispecific antibodies under this agreement subject to a future option payment. Under the agreement, Janssen will be solely responsible for the research, development, manufacturing and commercialization of the products.

Upon execution of the agreement, the Company received anon-refundable upfront fee of $50.0 million. The Company is also eligible to receive up to $282.0 million in development milestone payments and up to $1,119.0 million in commercial milestone payments. In addition, Company is eligible to receive tiered royalties in themid-single digits on product sales, with the royalty term being, on aproduct-by-product andcountry-by-country basis, either (i) for as long as there is Zymeworks platform patent coverage on products, or (ii) for 10 years, beginning from the first commercial sale, whichever period is longer. If there is no Zymeworks patent coverage on products, royalty rates may be potentially reduced. Janssen has the right, prior to the first dosing of a patient in a Phase 3 clinical trial for a product, to buy down the royalty relating to such product by one percentage point with a payment of $10.0 million. The Company determined that, the events and conditions resulting in payments for research, development and commercial milestones solely depend on Janssen’s performance.

The Company assessed this arrangement in accordance with ASC 606 and concluded that the contract counterparty, Janssen, is a customer. The Company identified the following promised goods and services at the inception of the Janssen agreement: (1) the research and commercial license, (2) the transfer of the Company’s platform technologies (Azymetric and EFECT) and relevantknow-how. The Company concluded that the licenses and platform technologies together are distinct. Accordingly, the deliverables (1) and (2) were considered as a single performance obligation and the upfront fee of $50.0 million was allocated to this performance obligation and was recognized as revenue upon delivery of the licenses and transfer of the relevant technology.

In order to evaluate the appropriate transaction price, the Company determined that the upfront amount constituted the entirety of the consideration to be included in the transaction price and to be allocated to the performance obligations based on the Company’s best estimate of their relative stand-alone selling prices. The Company estimated the best estimate of selling price of the licenses and technology platform based on comparable license and collaboration arrangements.

At execution, the transaction price included only the $50.0 million upfront consideration received. None of the research and development milestones has been included in the transaction price, as all milestone amounts were fully constrained. As part of its evaluation of the constraint, the Company considered numerous factors, including that receipt of the milestones is outside the control of the Company and contingent upon success in future clinical trials and the licensee’s efforts. Any consideration related to sales-based milestones (including royalties) will be recognized when the related sales occur as they were determined to relate predominantly to the license granted to Janssen and therefore have also been excluded from the transaction price. The Company willre-evaluate the transaction price in each reporting period and as uncertain events are resolved or other changes in circumstances occur.

The agreement contains customary termination rights for Janssen and the Company including the right for Janssen to terminate the agreement in its sole discretion with advance notice to the Company. The agreement will terminate, on aproduct-by-product basis on the expiry of the royalty term for the product. Furthermore, if Janssen does not designate an antibody sequence pair during the research program term, the agreement will also terminate.

No research, development or commercial milestone payments or royalties have been received to date.

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10. Commitments and Contingencies

Lease Commitments

The Company leases office premises in Vancouver, British Columbia and Seattle, Washington that expire in August 2021 and February 2022, respectively. The Company has also entered into a lease for laboratory space in Vancouver, British Columbia that will expire in August 2021. The leases contain rent escalation clauses. The Company also leases office equipment under capital lease agreements. Future minimum lease payments under thenon-cancellable operating leases and capital leases at September 30, 2018 are as follows:

	Payments due by period
	Less Than 1 Year		1 to 2 Years		2 to 3 Years		3 to 4 Years		4 to 5 Years		Total
	(dollars in thousands)
Capital lease obligations	$	23	$	24	$	19	$	3	$	1	$	70
Operating lease obligations		1,940		1,951		1,842		218		—		5,951
Total contractual obligations	$	1,963	$	1,975	$	1,861	$	221	$	1	$	6,021

Other Commitments

The Company has entered into research collaboration agreements with strategic partners in the ordinary course of operations that may include contractual milestone payments related to the achievement ofpre-specified research, development, regulatory and commercialization events and indemnification provisions, which are common in such agreements. Pursuant to the agreements, the Company is obligated to make research and development and regulatory milestone payments upon the occurrence of certain events and royalty payments based on net sales. The maximum amount of potential future indemnification is unlimited, however, the Company currently holds commercial and product liability insurance. This insurance limits the Company’s liability and may enable it to recover a portion of any future amounts paid. Historically, the Company has not made any indemnification payments under such agreements and the Company believes that the fair value of these indemnification obligations is minimal. Accordingly, the Company has not recognized any liabilities relating to these obligations for any period presented.

In August 2016, the Company entered into a license agreement with Innovative Targeting Solutions Inc., or ITS, to use ITS’ protein engineering technology for the development and commercialization of antibody and protein therapeutics. Pursuant to the agreement, the Company agreed to pay an aggregate of $12.0 million in annual licensing fees to ITS over a five-year period. Licensing fees paid to ITS are recorded in intangible assets and amortized over a twelve-month period. The Company may also be required to make payments to ITS upon the achievement of certain development and commercial milestones, as well as royalty payments on net sales.

In connection with the Kairos acquisition, the Company may be required to make future payments to CVI upon the direct achievement of certain development milestones for products incorporating certain Kairos intellectual property, as well as royalty payments on the net sales of such products. Forout-licensed products and technologies incorporating certain Kairos intellectual property, the Company may be required to pay CVI amid-single digit percentage of the future revenue as a result of a revenue sharing agreement. As of September 30, 2018, the contingent consideration had an estimated fair value of approximately $523, which has been recorded within other long-term liabilities (note 6) (December 31, 2017: $470). The contingent consideration was calculated using a probability weighted assessment of the likelihood the milestones would be met, a probability adjusted discount rate that reflects the stage of the development and time to complete the development. Contingent consideration is a financial liability and measured at its fair value at each reporting period, with any changes in fair value from the previous reporting period recorded in the statement of loss and comprehensive loss.

Contingencies

From time to time, the Company may be subject to various legal proceedings and claims related to matters arising in the ordinary course of business. The Company does not believe it is currently subject to any material matters where there is at least a reasonable possibility that a material loss may be incurred.

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11. Subsequent events

On October 23, 2018, the Company entered into a licensing and research collaboration Agreement with LEO Pharma A/S (“LEO”) whereby the Company granted LEO a worldwide, royalty-bearing, antibody sequence pair-specific exclusive license to research, develop and commercialize two novel bispecific antibodies, generated through the use of the Azymetric and EFECT platforms, for dermatology. The Company will retain rights to develop antibodies resulting from this collaboration in all other therapeutic areas. The Company will receive an upfront payment of $5.0 million. In addition, (i) for the first therapeutic candidate, the Company is eligible to receive preclinical and development milestone payments of $74.0 million and commercial milestone payments of $157.0 million together with tiered royalties on potential future sales, and (ii) for the second therapeutic candidate, the Company is eligible to receive preclinical and development milestone payments of $86.5 million and commercial milestone payments of $157.0 million together with tiered royalties on potential future sales. For products developed by Zymeworks, LEO is eligible to receive commercial milestone payments and royalties on potential future sales. Under the agreement, Zymeworks and LEO will be jointly responsible for certain research activities with Zymeworks’ costs to be fully reimbursed by LEO. LEO will be solely responsible for the development, manufacturing, and commercialization of the products in dermatology.

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion should be read in conjunction with the attached financial statements and notes thereto included in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form10-Q, as well as our audited financial statements and related notes thereto and management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2017 included in our Annual Report on Form10-K filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on March 14, 2018 and with the securities commissions in all provinces and territories of Canada on March 14, 2018. This Quarterly Report on Form10-Q, including the following sections, contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These statements are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results and events to differ materially from those expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. As a result of many factors, including without limitation those set forth under “Risk Factors” under Item 1A of Part II below, and elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form10-Q, our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements. We caution the reader not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which reflect management’s analysis only as of the date of this Quarterly Report on Form10-Q. We undertake no obligation to update forward-looking statements which reflect events or circumstances occurring after the date of this Quarterly Report on Form10-Q, except as required by law. Throughout this discussion, unless the context specifies or implies otherwise, the terms “Zymeworks,” “we,” “us,” and “our” refer to Zymeworks Inc. and its subsidiary.

Overview

Zymeworks is an innovative, clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company dedicated to the discovery, development and commercialization of next-generation multifunctional biotherapeutics. Our suite of complementary therapeutic platforms and our fully integrated drug development engine provide the flexibility and compatibility to precisely engineer and develop highly differentiated product candidates. These capabilities have resulted in multiple wholly owned product candidates with the potential to drive superior outcomes in large underserved and unaddressed patient populations, as further described below.

Initial Public Offering

On May 3, 2017, we successfully closed our initial public offering (the “IPO”) pursuant to which we sold 4,894,467 common shares (including the sale of 394,467 common shares to the underwriters upon their partial exercise of their over-allotment option to purchase additional common shares on May 31, 2017). The public offering price of the common shares sold in the IPO was $13.00 per share. We received net proceeds of approximately $54.2 million, after underwriting discounts, commissions and estimated offering expenses. The common shares are listed for trading on the New York Stock Exchange and the Toronto Stock Exchange under the symbol “ZYME”.

Subsequent Public Offering

On May 24, 2018, our U.S. shelf registration statement on FormF-10 (FileNo. 333-224623) was declared effective by the SEC and a final base shelf prospectus was filed with the securities commissions or similar securities regulatory authorities in each of the provinces and territories of Canada. The U.S. shelf registration statement and Canadian base shelf prospectus allow Zymeworks to issue securities with a total aggregate offering price of up to $250 million pursuant to prospectus supplements.

On June 6, 2018, we filed with the SEC, as well as with the securities commissions or similar securities regulatory authorities in each of the provinces and territories of Canada, a preliminary prospectus supplement to complete an underwritten public offering of $85.0 million of its common shares plus an over-allotment option for the underwriters to purchase up to an additional $12.8 million of its common shares (the “Offering”). On June 7, 2018, we filed a final prospectus supplement relating to the Offering with the SEC, as well as with the securities commissions or similar securities regulatory authorities in each of the provinces and territories of Canada, setting forth an offering price of $15.75 per share.

The Offering closed on June 11, 2018, pursuant to which we sold 6,210,000 common shares including the sale of 810,000 common shares to the underwriters upon their full exercise of their over-allotment option. We received net proceeds of approximately $90.8 million, after underwriting discounts, commissions and offering expenses.

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Description of Business and Products

Our lead product candidate, ZW25, is a novel bispecific antibody which targets two distinct domains of the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, or HER2. In our adaptive Phase 1 clinical trial, ZW25 has been well tolerated with promising single agent anti-tumor activity in patients with heavily pretreated HER2-expressing cancers that have progressed after standard of care, including multiple HER2-targeted regimens. Its unique design may enable ZW25 to address patient populations with all levels of HER2 expression, including those with low to intermediate HER2-expressing tumors, who are otherwise limited to chemotherapy or hormone therapy. Our second product candidate, ZW49, capitalizes on the unique design and antibody framework of ZW25 and is a bispecific antibody-drug conjugate, or ADC, armed with our proprietary ZymeLink-cytotoxic payload. We designed ZW49 to be abest-in-class HER2-targeting ADC with a wide therapeutic window, for which we expect to file an Investigational New Drug, or IND, application in 2018. We are also advancing a deep pipeline of preclinical product candidates and discovery-stage programs in immuno-oncology and other therapeutic areas. In addition to our wholly owned pipeline, two of our therapeutic platforms have been further leveraged through multiple revenue-generating strategic partnerships with the following global pharmaceutical companies: Merck Sharp & Dohme Research Ltd., Eli Lilly and Company, Celgene Corporation and Celgene Alpine Investment Co. LLC, GlaxoSmithKline Intellectual Property Development Limited, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Janssen Biotech, Inc., and LEO Pharma A/S or “Merck”, “Lilly”, “Celgene”, “GSK”, “Daiichi Sankyo”, “Janssen”, and “LEO”, respectively.

Our proprietary capabilities and technologies include four modular, complementary therapeutic platforms that can be easily used in combination with each other and with existing approaches. This ability to layer technologies without compromising manufacturability enables us to engineer next-generation biotherapeutics with synergistic activity, which we believe will result in superior patient outcomes. Our core platforms include Azymetric, ZymeLink, EFECT and AlbuCORE. Our protein engineering expertise and proprietary structure-guided molecular modeling capabilities enable these therapeutic platforms. Together with our internal antibody discovery and generation technologies, we have established a fully-integrated drug development engine and toolkit that is capable of rapidly delivering a steady pipeline of next-generation product candidates in oncology and other therapeutic areas.

We commenced active operations in 2003 and have since devoted substantially all of our resources to research and development activities including developing our therapeutic platforms, identifying and developing potential product candidates and undertaking preclinical studies and clinical trials. Additionally, we have supported our research and development activities with general and administrative support, as well as by raising capital, conducting business planning and protecting our intellectual property. We have not generated any revenue from product sales to date and do not expect to do so until such time as we obtain regulatory approval and commercialize one or more of our product candidates. We cannot be certain of the timing or success of approval of our product candidates. We have financed our operations primarily through private equity placements, an issuance of convertible debentures, payments received under license and collaboration agreements, government grants and Scientific Research and Experimental Development, or SR&ED, tax credits and a credit facility as well as our IPO in 2017. From inception through September 30, 2018, we received approximately $296.9 million, net of share issue costs, from private equity placements, the issuance of convertible debt, which subsequently converted into equity securities, our IPO, and public offerings. Payments received from our license and collaboration agreements include upfront fees and milestone payments as well as research support and reimbursement payments through our strategic partnerships and government grants. Although it is difficult to predict our funding requirements, based upon our current operating plan, we anticipate that our existing cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments as of September 30, 2018, combined with the collaboration payments we anticipate receiving, and upfront proceeds from the LEO agreement announced in October 2018, will enable us to fund the clinical and preclinical development of our lead product candidates into 2020.

Through September 30, 2018, we had an accumulated deficit of $154.6 million. We reported a net loss of $18.7 million and $45.8 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively. We expect that over the next several years we will increase our research and development expenditures in connection with the ongoing development of our product candidates and other clinical, preclinical and regulatory activities.

Strategic Partnerships and Collaborations

Our unique combination of proprietary protein engineering capabilities and resulting therapeutic platform technologies was initially recognized by Merck and Lilly, with whom we established strategic partnerships focused on our Azymetric and EFECT therapeutic platforms. We subsequently entered into broader strategic partnerships with Celgene and GSK and a collaboration and cross-licensing agreement with Daiichi Sankyo. Following the completion of the initial agreements with Merck, Lilly, GSK and Celgene, the relationships were subsequently expanded to include either additional licenses or therapeutic platforms. In 2017, we executed a licensing and collaboration agreement with Janssen to develop and commercialize next-generation bispecific antibody therapeutics. In 2018, we also expanded our collaboration with Daiichi Sankyo by entering into a second licensing agreement. Most recently, we entered into a new collaboration with LEO on the development of bispecifics for dermatology. These relationships provide our strategic partners with access to components of our proprietary Azymetric and EFECT therapeutic platforms for their development of a defined number of protein therapeutics, for which we will not have ownership. These strategic partnerships have provided us withnon-dilutive funding as well as access to proprietary therapeutic assets, which increase our ability to rapidly advance our product candidates while maintaining worldwide commercial rights to our wholly-owned therapeutic pipeline. Our strategic partnerships include the following:

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• Research and License Agreement with Merck

In August 2011, we entered into a research and license agreement with Merck, which was amended and restated in December 2014, to develop and commercialize three bispecific antibodies generated through the use of the Azymetric and EFECT platforms. Under the terms of the agreement, we granted Merck a worldwide, royalty-bearing antibody sequence pair exclusive license to research, develop and commercialize certain licensed products. We are eligible to receive up to $190.75 million, including an upfront payment ($1.25 million received in 2011), research milestone payments totaling $3.5 million ($2.0 million and $1.5 million received in 2012 and 2013, respectively), payments for completion ofIND-enabling studies of up to $6.0 million, development milestone payments of up to $66.0 million and commercial milestone payments of up to $114.0 million. In addition, we are eligible to receive tiered royalties in the low tomid-single digits on product sales, with the royalty term being, on aproduct-by-product andcountry-by-country basis, either (i) for as long as there is Zymeworks patent coverage on products, or (ii) for five years, beginning from the first commercial sale, whichever period is longer. If there is no Zymeworks patent coverage on products, royalty rates will be reduced.

Under the agreement, we shared certain research and development responsibilities with Merck to generate bispecific antibodies with the Azymetric and EFECT platforms. Merck provided funding for a portion of our internal and external research costs in support of the collaboration. Merck is solely responsible for the research, development, manufacturing and commercialization of the products.

• Licensing and Collaboration Agreement with Lilly

In December 2013, we entered into a licensing and collaboration agreement with Lilly to research, develop and commercialize one bispecific antibody, with an option for a second antibody, generated through the use of the Azymetric platform. Under the terms of the agreement, we granted Lilly a worldwide, royalty-bearing antibody target pair-specific exclusive license to research, develop and commercialize certain licensed products. We are eligible to receive up to $103.0 million, including an upfront payment ($1.0 million received in 2013) and per product potential milestone payments, comprised of research milestone payments totaling $1.0 million ($1.0 million received in 2015), IND submission milestone payments of $2.0 million ($2.0 million received in 2018), development milestone payments of $8.0 million and commercial milestone payments of $40 million. In addition, we are eligible to receive tiered royalties in the low tomid-single digits on product sales, with the royalty term being, on aproduct-by-product andcountry-by-country basis, either (i) for as long as there is Zymeworks platform patent coverage on products, or (ii) for 10 years, beginning from the first commercial sale, whichever period is longer. If there is no Zymeworks patent coverage on products, royalty rates may be potentially reduced. In 2017, Lilly nominated a bispecific candidate from this agreement for preclinical development. In August 2018, Lilly submitted an IND application to the FDA for a bispecific antibody enabled by our proprietary Azymetric platform. We received a milestone payment of $2.0 million as a result of this submission.

Under the agreement, we shared certain research and development responsibilities with Lilly to generate bispecific antibodies with the Azymetric platform. Lilly provided funding for a portion of our internal and external research costs in support of the collaboration. Lilly is solely responsible for the research, development, manufacturing, and commercialization of the products.

• Second Licensing and Collaboration Agreement with Lilly

In October 2014, we entered into a second licensing and collaboration agreement with Lilly to research, develop and commercialize three bispecific antibodies generated through the use of the Azymetric platform. This agreement did not alter or amend the initial agreement entered in 2013. Under the terms of the agreement, we granted Lilly a worldwide, royalty-bearing antibody target-pair exclusive (for two bispecific antibodies) and an antibody sequence pair-specific (for one bispecific antibody) license to research, develop and commercialize certain licensed products. In 2017, Lilly nominated a bispecific candidate from this agreement for preclinical development and discontinued the research of two other bispecific antibodies due to strategic portfolio realignment in those particular disease areas. We are currently eligible to receive up to $125.0 million, comprised of research milestone payments of up to $2.0 million ($2.0 million earned in 2016), IND submission milestone payments of up to $8.0 million, development milestone payments of up to $20.0 million and commercial milestone payments of up to $95.0 million. In addition, we are eligible to receive tiered royalties in the low tomid-single digits on product sales, with the royalty term being, on aproduct-by-product andcountry-by-country basis, either (i) for as long as there is Zymeworks platform patent coverage on products, or (ii) for 10 years, beginning from the first commercial sale, whichever period is longer. If there is no Zymeworks patent coverage on products, royalty rates may be potentially reduced. In conjunction with this collaboration agreement, Lilly purchased approximately $24.0 million of our common shares.

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Under the agreement, we shared certain research and development responsibilities with Lilly to generate bispecific antibodies with the Azymetric platform. We were responsible for our internal and external research costs in support of this collaboration. Lilly is solely responsible for the research, development, manufacturing and commercialization of the products.

• Licensing and Collaboration Agreement with Celgene

In December 2014, we entered into a collaboration agreement with Celgene to research, develop and commercialize up to eight bispecific antibodies generated through the use of the Azymetric platform. Under the terms of the agreement, we granted Celgene a right to exercise options to worldwide, royalty-bearing, antibody sequence pair-specific exclusive licenses to research, develop and commercialize certain licensed products. We received an upfront payment of $8.0 million, which was accounted for as upfront collaboration consideration received in 2014. In April 2018, Celgene exercised its right to increase the number of programs under this collaboration from eight to ten and extended the research program term by 24 months until April 2020, for which we received $4.0 million in accordance with the terms of the collaboration agreement. As a result, Celgene has the right to exercise options on up to ten programs and if Celgene opts in on a program, we are eligible to receive up to $164.0 million per product candidate (up to $1.64 billion for all ten programs), comprised of a commercial license option payment of $7.5 million, development milestone payments of up to $101.5 million and commercial milestone payments of up to $55.0 million. No development or commercial milestone payments or royalties have been received to date.

In addition, we are eligible to receive tiered royalties in the low tomid-single digits on product sales, with the royalty term being, on aproduct-by-product andcountry-by-country basis, either (i) for as long as there is Zymeworks platform patent coverage on products, or (ii) for 10 years, beginning from the first commercial sale, whichever period is longer. Celgene also has the right, prior to the first dosing of a patient in a Phase 3 clinical trial for a product, to buy down the royalty to a flatlow-single digit rate with a payment of $10.0 million per percentage point. In addition to this collaboration agreement, the parties also entered into an equity subscription agreement under which Celgene paid $8.6 million for common shares.

Under the agreement, we are collaborating with Celgene to generate and develop a number of bispecific antibodies during the research program term. After the conclusion of the research program in April 2020, Celgene will be solely responsible for the further research, development, manufacturing and commercialization of the products.

• Licensing and Collaboration Agreement with GSK

In December 2015, we entered into a collaboration and license agreement with GSK to research, develop and commercialize up to 10 newFc-engineered monoclonal and bispecific antibodies generated through the use of the EFECT and Azymetric platforms. Under the terms of the agreement, we granted GSK a worldwide, royalty-bearing antibody target-exclusive license to new intellectual property generated to the EFECT platform under this collaboration and anon-exclusive license to the Azymetric platform to research, develop and commercialize future licensed products. We are eligible to receive up to $1.1 billion, including research, development and commercial milestone payments of up to $110.0 million for each product. In addition, we are eligible to receive tiered royalties in thelow-single digits on net sales of products, with the royalty term being, on aproduct-by-product andcountry-by-country basis, either (i) for as long as there is Zymeworks patent coverage on products or certain joint patent coverage on products, or (ii) for 10 years beginning from the first commercial sale, whichever period is longer. If there is no Zymeworks patent coverage or certain joint patent coverage on products, royalty rates will be reduced. No development or commercial milestone payments or royalties have been received to date. We retained the right to develop up to four products, free of royalties, using the new intellectual property generated in this collaboration, and after a period of time, to grant licenses to such intellectual property for development of additional products by third parties.

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Under the collaboration and license agreement, we are sharing certain research and development responsibilities with GSK to generate newFc-engineered antibodies. Each party will bear its own costs for the responsibilities assigned to it during the research period. After the conclusion of the research period, each party will be solely responsible for the further research, development, manufacturing and commercialization of its own respective products. The research period will terminate when the “research collaboration plan” (as defined in the collaboration and license agreement) is complete or on December 1, 2018, whichever is earlier. During the term of the agreement and solely based on the outcome of the research collaboration, we have granted GSK exclusive rights to develop and commercialize monospecific antibodies against targets nominated by GSK. If GSK develops bispecific antibodies using its own platform approaches, we have granted GSK exclusive rights to develop and commercialize such antibodies comprising of specific antibody sequence pairs.

• Second Licensing and Collaboration Agreement with GSK

In April 2016, we entered into a licensing agreement with GSK to research, develop and commercialize up to six bispecific antibodies generated through the use of the Azymetric platform. This may include bispecific antibodies incorporating new engineered Fc regions generated under the 2015 GSK agreement outlined in the preceding section. Under the terms of this agreement, we granted GSK a worldwide, royalty-bearing antibody sequence pair-specific exclusive license to research, develop and commercialize licensed products. We are eligible to receive up to $908.0 million, including an upfront payment as a technology access fee ($6.0 million received in 2016), research milestone payments of up to $30.0 million, development milestone payments of up to $152.0 million and commercial milestone payments of up to $720.0 million. In addition, we are eligible to receive tiered royalties in the low tomid-single digits on product sales, with the royalty term being, on aproduct-by-product andcountry-by-country basis, either (i) for as long as there is Zymeworks patent coverage on products, or (ii) for 10 years beginning from the first commercial sale, whichever period is longer. If there is no Zymeworks patent coverage on products, royalty rates may be potentially reduced. No research, development or commercial milestone payments or royalties have been received to date. GSK has the right, prior to the first dosing of a patient in a Phase 3 clinical trial for a product, to buy down the royalty payable on such product by only 1% with a payment of $10.0 million.

Under the agreement, GSK will bear all responsibility and all costs associated with research, development and commercialization of products generated using the Azymetric platform.

• Licensing and Collaboration Agreement with Daiichi Sankyo

In September 2016, we entered into a collaboration and cross-license agreement with Daiichi Sankyo to research, develop and commercialize one bispecific antibody generated through the use of the Azymetric and EFECT platforms. Under the terms of the agreement, we granted Daiichi Sankyo a worldwide, royalty-bearing antibody sequence pair-specific exclusive license to research, develop and commercialize certain licensed products. We are eligible to receive up to $149.9 million, including an upfront payment as a technology access fee of $2.0 million (received in 2016), research ($1.0 million received in 2017) and development milestone payments and a commercial option payment totaling up to $67.9 million and commercial milestone payments of up to $80.0 million. In addition, we are eligible to receive tiered royalties ranging from the low single digits up to 10% on product sales, with the royalty term being, on aproduct-by-product andcountry-by-country basis, either (i) for as long as there is Zymeworks platform patent coverage on products, or (ii) for 10 years beginning from the first commercial sale, whichever period is longer. No development or commercial milestone payments or royalties have been received to date. We also gainednon-exclusive rights to develop and commercialize up to three products using Daiichi Sankyo’s proprietary immune-oncology antibodies, with royalties in the low single digits to be paid to Daiichi Sankyo on sales of such products.

Under the agreement, we are sharing certain research and development responsibilities with Daiichi Sankyo to generate bispecific antibodies with the Azymetric platform. Daiichi Sankyo is responsible for our internal and external research costs in support of this collaboration during the research program term. After the research program term, Daiichi Sankyo will be solely responsible for the further research, development, manufacturing and commercialization of the products. Under thenon-exclusive immuno-oncology antibody license to Zymeworks, we are solely responsible for all research, development and commercialization of the resulting products.

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• Second Licensing Agreement with Daiichi Sankyo

In May 2018, we entered into a new license agreement with Daiichi Sankyo to research, develop and commercialize two bispecific antibodies generated through the use of the Azymetric and EFECT platforms. This agreement did not alter or amend the initial agreement entered in 2016.

Under the terms of the agreement, we granted Daiichi Sankyo a worldwide, royalty-bearing, antibody sequence pair-specific, exclusive license to research, develop and commercialize certain products. We are eligible to receive up to $484.7 million including an upfront payment as a technology access fee of $18.0 million (received in June 2018), development milestone payments totaling up to $126.7 million and commercial milestone payments of up to $340.0 million. In addition, we are eligible to receive tiered royalties ranging from the low single digits up to 10% on product sales, with the royalty term being, on aproduct-by-product andcountry-by-country basis, either (i) for as long as there is Zymeworks platform patent coverage on products, or (ii) for 10 years beginning from the first commercial sale, whichever period is longer. If there is no Zymeworks patent coverage on products, royalty rates may be reduced. No development or commercial milestone payments or royalties have been received to date.

Under the agreement, Daiichi Sankyo will be solely responsible for the research, development, manufacturing and commercialization of the products.

• Licensing and Collaboration Agreement with Janssen

In November 2017, we entered into a collaboration agreement with Janssen to research, develop and commercialize up to six bispecific antibodies generated through the use of the Azymetric and EFECT platforms. Under the terms of the agreement, we granted Janssen a worldwide, royalty-bearing, antibody sequence pair-specific exclusive license to research, develop and commercialize certain products. We are eligible to receive up to $1.45 billion, including an upfront payment of $50.0 million (received in 2017), development milestone payments of up to $282.0 million and commercial milestone payments of up to $1.12 billion. In addition, we are eligible to receive tiered royalties in themid-single digits on product sales, with the royalty term being, on aproduct-by-product andcountry-by-country basis, either (i) for as long as there is Zymeworks platform patent coverage on products, or (ii) for 10 years, beginning from the first commercial sale, whichever period is longer. If there is no Zymeworks patent coverage on products, royalty rates may be potentially reduced. No development or commercial milestone payments or royalties have been received to date. Janssen has the right, prior to the first dosing of a patient in a Phase 3 clinical trial for a product, to buy down the royalty relating to such product by only 1% with a payment of $10.0 million. Janssen also has the option to develop two additional bispecific antibodies under this agreement subject to a future option payment.

Under the agreement, Janssen will be solely responsible for the research, development, manufacturing and commercialization of the products.

• Research and License Agreement with LEO

In October 2018, we entered into a research and license agreement with LEO whereby we granted LEO a worldwide, royalty-bearing, antibody sequence pair-specific exclusive license to research, develop and commercialize two bispecific antibodies, generated through the use of the Azymetric and EFECT platforms, for dermatology. Zymeworks will retain rights to develop antibodies resulting from this collaboration in all other therapeutic areas. Pursuant to this agreement, we will receive an upfront payment of $5.0 million. In addition, (i) for the first therapeutic candidate, we are eligible to receive preclinical and development milestone payments of up to $74.0 million and commercial milestone payments of up to $157.0 million together with tiered royalties on future sales of up to 20% in the United States and up to highsingle-digits elsewhere, and (ii) for the second therapeutic candidate, we are eligible to receive preclinical and development milestone payments of up to $86.5 million and commercial milestone payments of up to $157.0 million together with tiered royalties on future sales of up to low double-digits globally. For products developed by LEO under this collaboration, the royalty term is on aproduct-by-product andcountry-by-country basis, either (i) for as long as there is Zymeworks platform patent coverage on products, or (ii) for 10 years, beginning from the first commercial sale, whichever period is longer. For products developed by Zymeworks, LEO is eligible to receive commercial milestone payments and up to single-digit royalties on future sales. No development or commercial milestone payments or royalties have been received to date.

Under the agreement, Zymeworks and LEO will be jointly responsible for certain research activities with Zymeworks’ cost to be fully reimbursed by LEO. LEO will be solely responsible for the development, manufacturing, and commercialization of the products.

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Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Judgments and Estimates

Our critical accounting policies are those policies that require the most significant judgments and estimates in the preparation of our interim condensed consolidated financial statements. A summary of our critical accounting policies is presented in note 2 of our annual consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2017.

Our management’s discussion and analysis of financial conditions and results of operations is based on our interim condensed consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of the financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP requires us to make estimates and judgments in certain circumstances that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. In preparing these consolidated financial statements, management has made its best estimates and judgments of certain amounts included in the financial statements, giving due consideration to materiality. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates, including those related to revenue recognition, SR&ED Program and Industrial Research Assistance Program (“IRAP”), share-based compensation, warrants, accrual of expenses, preclinical study accruals, valuation allowance for deferred taxes, other contingencies and valuation of assets acquired in a business combination. Management bases its estimates on historical experience or on various other assumptions that it believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results could differ from these estimates.

There have been no significant changes in our critical accounting policies and estimates during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 as compared to the critical accounting policies and estimates described in our most recent annual consolidated financial statements, except the adoption of ASU2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606)” effective on January 1, 2018.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606)”. We adopted the new standard effective January 1, 2018, as required, using the modified retrospective approach. The adoption of ASU2014-09 did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial position, results of operations, equity or cash flows as of the adoption date or for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018. We have included the disclosures required by ASU2014-09.

A summary of recent accounting pronouncements is presented in note 3 of our interim condensed consolidated financial statements for the quarter ended September 30, 2018 within this Quarterly Report on Form10-Q.

Financial Operations Overview

Revenue

Our revenue consists of collaboration revenue, including amounts recognized relating to upfrontnon-refundable payments for licenses or options to obtain future licenses, research and development funding and milestone payments earned under collaboration and license agreements with strategic partners. We expect these and other strategic partnerships to be our primary source of revenue for the foreseeable future.

Research and Development Expense

Research and development expenses consist of expenses incurred in performing research and development activities. These expenses include conducting research experiments, preclinical studies, clinical trials, and other indirect expenses in support of advancing our product candidates and therapeutic platforms. The following items are included in research and development expenses:

• employee-related expenses such as salaries and benefits;

• employee-related overhead expenses such as facilities and other allocated items;

• share-based compensation expense related to employees and consultants engaged in research and development activities;

• depreciation of laboratory equipment, computers and leasehold improvements;

• fees paid to consultants, subcontractors, CROs and other third-party vendors for work performed under our clinical trials and preclinical studies, including but not limited to laboratory work and analysis, database management, statistical analysis, and other items; and

• amounts paid to vendors and suppliers for laboratory supplies.

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It is difficult to determine with certainty the duration and completion costs of our current or future clinical trials and preclinical programs of our product candidates, or if, when or to what extent we will generate revenue from the commercialization and sale of any of our product candidates that obtain regulatory approval. We may never succeed in achieving regulatory approval for any of our product candidates. The duration, costs and timing of clinical trials and development of our product candidates will depend on a variety of factors, including the uncertainties of clinical trials and preclinical studies, uncertainties in clinical trial enrollment rates and significant and changing government regulation. In addition, the probability of success for each product candidate will depend on numerous factors, including competition, manufacturing capability and commercial viability. We will determine which programs to pursue and how much to fund each program in response to the scientific and clinical success of each product candidate, as well as an assessment of each product candidate’s commercial potential.

General and Administrative Expense

General and administrative expenses consist of salaries and related benefit costs for employees in our executive, finance, intellectual property, business development, human resources and other support functions, as well as legal and professional fees, travel and other general office expenses. We expect to incur additional expenses related to supporting our ongoing research and development activities, operating as a public company and other administrative expenses.

Other Income (Expense)

Other income (expense) primarily consists of interest and accretion expense, interest income, change in fair value of warrant liabilities and foreign exchange gain (loss).

Results of Operations for the Three and Nine months Ended September 30, 2018 and 2017

Research and Development Revenue

The following represents a comparison of our research and development revenue for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017:

	Three Months Ended September  30,				Increase/ (Decrease)
	2018		2017
	(dollars in millions)
Revenue from research and collaborations	$	2.1	$	0.1	$	2.0	2,000	%

The increase in collaboration revenue for the three months ended September 30, 2018 compared to the same period in 2017 is primarily due to the achievement of a $2.0 million development milestone upon Lilly’s submission of an IND application under the first licensing agreement with Lilly. Revenue in the same period in 2017 was due to $0.1 million in research support payments from Daiichi Sankyo.

	Nine months Ended September  30,				Increase/ (Decrease)
	2018		2017
	(dollars in millions)
Revenue from research and collaborations	$	24.1	$	1.7	$	22.4	1,318	%

The increase in collaboration revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 compared to the same period in 2017 is primarily due to an $18.0 million upfront technology access fee in relation to the second licensing agreement with Daiichi Sankyo, a $4.0 million research program expansion fee from Celgene, a $2.0 million development milestone from Lilly and $0.1 million in research support payments. Revenue for the same period in 2017 was primarily due to $0.7 million in research support payments and a $1.0 million milestone payment from Daiichi Sankyo.

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Research and Development Expense

The following represents a comparison of our research and development expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017:

	Three Months Ended September  30,				Increase/ (Decrease)
	2018		2017
	(dollars in millions)
ZW25	$	6.3	$	4.7	$	1.6	34	%
ZW49		1.6		1.6		—	0	%
Therapeutic platforms		1.6		1.4		0.2	14	%
Other research activities		4.6		3.8		0.8	21	%
Total research and development expense	$	14.1	$	11.5	$	2.6	23	%

During the three months ended September 30, 2018, our research and development expenditures increased by $2.6 million, compared to the same period in 2017. This was primarily due to an increase in clinical and drug manufacturing costs for ZW25, as well as an increase in other research and development activities compared to the same period in 2017. Research and development expense includednon-cash stock-based compensation expense of $0.7 million from equity classified equity awards (2017 – $0.7 million) and $0.5 million expense related to thenon-cashmark-to-market revaluation of certain historical liability classified equity awards (2017 – $0.5 million of income).

	Nine months Ended September  30,				Increase/ (Decrease)
	2018		2017
	(dollars in millions)
ZW25	$	19.3	$	9.3	$	10.0	108	%
ZW49		4.8		2.0		2.8	140	%
Therapeutic platforms		5.2		5.2		—	0	%
Other research activities		13.3		12.4		0.9	7	%
Total research and development expense	$	42.6	$	28.9	$	13.7	47	%

During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, our research and development expenditures increased by $13.7 million, compared to the same period in 2017. This was primarily due to an increase in clinical and drug manufacturing costs for ZW25, as well as development costs for ZW49 in 2018 and an increase in other research and development activities compared to the same period in 2017. Research and development expense includednon-cash stock-based compensation expense of $1.7 million from equity classified equity awards (2017 - $0.7 million) and $2.0 million expense related to thenon-cashmark-to-market revaluation of certain historical liability classified equity awards (2017 - $0.4 million).

General and Administrative Expense

The following represents a comparison of our general and administrative expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017:

	Three Months Ended September  30,				Increase/ (Decrease)
	2018		2017
	(dollars in millions)
General and administrative expense	$	7.5	$	5.3	$	2.2	42	%

General and administrative expense increased for the three months ended September 30, 2018 by $2.2 million, compared to the same period in 2017, primarily due to an increase innon-cash liability classified equity adjustments and stock-based compensation, as well as other increase in compensation and professional fees associated withyear-on-year corporate growth following our IPO in 2017. General and administrative expense includenon-cash stock-based compensation expense of $1.1 million from equity classified equity awards (2017 – $0.9 million) and $1.3 million expense related to thenon-cashmark-to-market revaluation of certain historical liability classified equity awards (2017 – $0.6 million).

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	Nine months Ended September  30,				Increase/ (Decrease)
	2018		2017
	(dollars in millions)
General and administrative expense	$	23.2	$	13.8	$	9.4	68	%

General and administrative expense increased for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 by $9.4 million, compared to the same period in 2017, primarily due to an increase innon-cash liability classified equity adjustments and stock-based compensation, as well as other increase in compensation and professional fees associated withyear-on-year corporate growth following our IPO in 2017. General and administrative expense includenon-cash stock-based compensation expense of $2.8 million from equity classified equity awards (2017 – $1.8 million) and $5.3 million expense related to thenon-cashmark-to-market revaluation of certain historical liability classified equity awards (2017 – $0.3 million).

Other (Expense) Income, net

	Three Months Ended September  30,				Increase/ (Decrease)
	2018		2017
	(dollars in millions)
Other (expense) income, net	$	0.8	$	0.5	$	0.3	60	%

Other income increased for the three months ended September 30, 2018 by $0.3 million compared to the same period in 2017. Net other income for 2018 primarily included $1.0 million of net interest income, which was offset by a $0.1 million net foreign exchange loss and $0.1 million expense related to thenon-cashmark-to-market revaluation of the Company’s contingent consideration liability (2017 – nil). Net other income for the same period in 2017 primarily consisted of $0.2 million in interest income, $0.2 million in income due to a decrease in fair value of warrant liabilities and a $0.1 million foreign exchange gain.

	Nine months Ended September  30,						Increase/ (Decrease)
	2018			2017
	(dollars in millions)
Other (expense) income, net	$	(2.3	)	$	(0.6	)	$	(1.7	)	283	%

Other expense increased for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 by $1.7 million compared to the same period in 2017. Net other expense for 2018 primarily included a $3.6 million loss due to an increase in fair value of warrant liabilities and a $0.2 million net foreign exchange loss, which were partially offset by $1.5 million of net interest income. Net other expense for the same period in 2017 primarily consisted of a $3.1 million loss on debt extinguishment and $0.6 million in interest and accretion expenses, which were partially offset by $2.3 million in income due to a decrease in fair value of warrant liabilities, $0.6 million in interest income and a $0.2 million foreign exchange gain.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Sources of Liquidity

Until the completion of our IPO in Q2 2017, we had financed our operations primarily through private equity placements of our common shares, a private placement of preferred shares and a credit facility. On June 2, 2016, we entered into a credit agreement (the “Credit Agreement”) with Perceptive Credit Opportunities Fund L.P. and PCOF Phoenix II Fund L.P. Pursuant to the Credit Agreement, we were able to borrow up to an aggregate of $15.0 million, consisting of Tranche A and Tranche B term loans for $7.5 million each, with the Tranche A term amount of $7.5 million being made available to us immediately upon the close of the transaction. Following the completion of our IPO, we exercised our option of repayment under the terms of the Credit Agreement and paid $7.8 million, which consisted of the outstanding Tranche A principal balance ($7.5 million) and an early repayment premium ($0.3 million).

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We closed our IPO on May 3, 2017, pursuant to which we sold 4,894,467 common shares (including the sale of 394,467 common shares to the underwriters upon their partial exercise of their over-allotment option to purchase additional shares on May 31, 2017) for gross proceeds of $63.6 million. We received net proceeds of approximately $54.2 million, after underwriting discounts, commissions and offering expenses.

We completed a subsequent public offering on June 11, 2018, pursuant to which we sold 6,210,000 common shares, including the sale of 810,000 common shares to the underwriters upon their full exercise of their over-allotment option for gross proceeds of $97.8 million. We received net proceeds of approximately $90.8 million, after underwriting discounts, commissions and offering expenses.

In addition, our operations have been funded through upfront fees, milestone payments, research support payments from our strategic partners, government grants and SR&ED credits. As of September 30, 2018, we had $150.0 million in cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments. In October, we entered into a research and license agreement with LEO with an upfront payment of $5.0 million.

In addition to our existing cash and cash equivalents, we expect to continue to receive additional reimbursements from our existing and future research collaborations for research and development services rendered and additional milestone payments. However, our ability to receive future milestone payments is dependent upon the successful completion of specified research and development activities by Zymeworks and its collaborators and therefore is uncertain at this time.

Cash Flows

The following table represents a summary of our cash flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017:

	Nine months Ended September 30
	2018			2017
	(dollars in millions)
Net cash provided by (used in):
Operating activities	$	(25.9	)	$	(38.8	)
Investing activities		(73.0	)		(15.4	)
Financing activities		91.5			49.8
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents		(0.2	)		0.3
Net change in cash and cash equivalents	$	(7.6	)	$	(4.1	)

Operating Activities

During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, cash used in operating activities was $25.9 million, which consisted of a net loss of $45.8 million, adjusted bynon-cash charges of $18.1 million and a net increase of $1.8 million in our net operating assets. Thenon-cash charges primarily consisted of $11.9 million in stock-based compensation for liability and equity classified stock options, $2.5 million in depreciation and amortization, $3.6 million in increase in fair value of warrant liabilities and $0.4 million in unrealized foreign currency loss, which were partially offset by a $0.2 million income tax recovery. The change in our net operating assets and liabilities was primarily attributable to a decrease in our SR&ED and accounts receivable of $1.1 million and an increase in our accounts payable and accrued liabilities and income taxes payable of $1.0 million, which was partially offset by an increase in prepaid assets of $0.3 million.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2017, cash used in operating activities was $38.8 million, which consisted of a net loss of $43.1 million, adjusted bynon-cash charges of $7.3 million and a net decrease of $3.0 million in our net operating assets. Thenon-cash charges primarily consisted of $3.1 million in loss on debt extinguishment, $3.0 million in stock-based compensation for liability and equity classified stock options, $2.0 million in depreciation and amortization and $1.5 million in impairment charges, which were partially offset by a $2.3 million gain from valuation of warrant liabilities. The change in our net operating assets and liabilities was primarily attributable to a decrease in our accounts payable and accrued liabilities and income taxes payable of $4.2 million and an increase in prepaid assets of $1.2 million, which was partially offset by a decrease in SR&ED and accounts receivable of $2.5 million.

Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities for the nine month periods ended September 30, 2018 and September 30, 2017 is primarily related to an increase in short-term investments and purchases of lab equipment, computer hardware, and increases in leasehold improvements.

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Financing Activities

Net cash provided by financing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 included net proceeds of $90.8 million from our public offering of equity securities and proceeds of $0.8 million from stock option exercises and proceeds from the issuance of common shares in relation to our employee stock purchase plan, whereas the same period in 2017 included net proceeds of $56.1 million from our IPO, proceeds of $0.5 million from stock option exercises and $1.0 million from the exercise of common share warrants, which were offset by a $7.8 million debt repayment.

Funding Requirements

We have not generated any revenue from product sales to date and do not expect to do so until such time as we obtain regulatory approval and commercialize one or more of our product candidates. As we are currently in clinical and preclinical stages of development, it will be some time before we expect to achieve this, and it is uncertain that we ever will. We expect that we will continue to increase our operating expenses in connection with ongoing clinical trials and preclinical activities and the development of product candidates in our pipeline. We expect to continue our strategic partnerships and will look for additional collaborations as well as expanded collaboration opportunities. Although it is difficult to predict our funding requirements, based on our current operating plan, we anticipate that our existing cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments as of September 30, 2018, combined with certain anticipated milestone payments from our collaborations and upfront proceeds from the LEO agreement announced in October 2018, will enable us to fund our operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements into 2020. We have based these estimates on assumptions and plans which may change and which could impact the magnitude and/or timing of operating expenses, capital expenditures and our cash runway. These estimates include future milestone payments which are dependent upon the successful completion of specified research and development activities by Zymeworks and our collaborators and therefore are uncertain at this time. The successful development of our product candidates and the achievement of milestones by our strategic partners is uncertain, therefore we are unable to estimate the actual funds we will require to complete the research, development and commercialization of product candidates.

Contractual Obligations and Contingent Liabilities

Lease Commitments

We lease office premises in Vancouver, British Columbia and Seattle, Washington that expire in August 2021 and February 2022, respectively. We also lease laboratory space in Vancouver, British Columbia that will expire in August 2021. The leases contain rent escalation clauses. We also lease office equipment under capital lease agreements. Future minimum lease payments under thenon-cancellable operating leases and capital leases at September 30, 2018 are as follows:

	Payments due by period
	Less Than 1 Year		1 to 2 Years		2 to 3 Years		3 to 4 Years		4 to 5 Years		Total
	(dollars in thousands)
Capital lease obligations	$	23	$	24	$	19	$	3	$	1	$	70
Operating lease obligations		1,940		1,951		1,842		218		—		5,951
Total contractual obligations	$	1,963	$	1,975	$	1,861	$	221	$	1	$	6,021

Other Commitments

We have entered into research collaboration agreements with strategic partners in the ordinary course of operations that may include contractual milestone payments related to the achievement ofpre-specified research, development, regulatory and commercialization events and indemnification provisions, which are common in such agreements. Pursuant to the agreements, we are obligated to make research and development and regulatory milestone payments upon the occurrence of certain events and royalty payments based on net sales. The maximum amount of potential future indemnification is unlimited, however, we currently hold commercial and product liability insurance. This insurance limits our liability and may enable us to recover a portion of any future amounts paid. Historically, we have not made any indemnification payments under such agreements and we believe that the fair value of these indemnification obligations is minimal. Accordingly, we have not recognized any liabilities relating to these obligations for any period presented.

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In August 2016, we entered into a license agreement with Innovative Targeting Solutions Inc., or ITS, to use ITS’ protein engineering technology for the development and commercialization of antibody and protein therapeutics. Pursuant to the agreement, we agreed to pay an aggregate of $12.0 million in annual licensing fees to ITS over a five-year period. Licensing fees paid have been recorded in intangible assets and are being amortized over a twelve-month period. We may also be required to make payments to ITS upon the achievement of certain development and commercial milestones, as well as royalty payments on net sales.

In connection with our acquisition of Kairos Therapeutics Inc. (“Kairos”), we may be required to make future payments to CDRD Ventures Inc. (“CVI”) upon the direct achievement of certain development milestones for products incorporating certain Kairos intellectual property, as well as royalty payments on the net sales of such products. Forout-licensed products and technologies incorporating certain Kairos intellectual property, we may be required to pay CVI amid-single digit percentage of the future revenue as a result of a revenue sharing agreement. As of September 30, 2018, the development milestone payments had an estimated fair value of approximately $523 thousand, which has been recorded as contingent consideration within other long-term liabilities (December 31, 2017: $470 thousand). The contingent consideration was calculated using a probability weighted assessment of the likelihood the milestones would be met, a probability adjusted discount rate that reflects the stage of the development and time to complete the development. Contingent consideration is a financial liability and measured at its fair value at each reporting period, with any changes in fair value from the previous reporting period recorded in the statement of operations and comprehensive loss.

Contingencies

From time to time, we may be subject to various legal proceedings and claims related to matters arising in the ordinary course of business. We do not believe we are currently subject to any material matters where there is at least a reasonable possibility that a material loss may be incurred.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We have no material undisclosedoff-balance sheet arrangements that have, or are reasonably likely to have, a current or future effect on our results of operations or financial condition.

Segment Reporting

We view our operations and manage our business in one segment, which is the discovery, development and commercialization of next-generation biotherapeutics.

Outstanding Share Data

As of November 5, 2018, our authorized share capital consisted of an unlimited number of common shares, each without par value, of which 31,966,770 were issued and outstanding, and an unlimited number of preferred shares, each without par value, none of which were issued and outstanding. As of November 5, 2018, we had 1,736,475 common shares issuable pursuant to 1,736,475 exercisable outstanding stock options and 2,063,641 common shares issuable pursuant to 2,063,641 outstanding options that were not exercisable at that date.

JOBS Act Accounting Election

In April 2012, the JOBS Act was enacted. Section 107 of the JOBS Act provides that an “emerging growth company” can take advantage of the extended transition period provided in Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act, for complying with new or revised accounting standards. Thus, an emerging growth company can delay the adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. We have irrevocably elected not to avail ourselves of this extended transition period and, as a result, we will adopt new or revised accounting standards on the relevant dates on which adoption of such standards is required for other public companies.

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Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Not applicable.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

As of the period covered by this Quarterly Report onForm 10-Q, our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer (our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, respectively), evaluated the design and operating effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures. The term “disclosure controls and procedures,” as defined inRules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act, means controls and other procedures of a company that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the company’s management, including its principal executive and principal financial officers, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives and management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. Based on our evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of September 30, 2018, our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of such date, our disclosure controls and procedures were, in design and operation, effective at the reasonable assurance level.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during our fiscal quarter ended September 30, 2018 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II.OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

From time to time, we may become involved in legal proceedings or be subject to claims arising in the ordinary course of our business. As of September 30, 2018, we are not a party to any legal proceedings that, in the opinion of our management, would reasonably be expected to have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, operating results or cash flows if determined adversely to us. Regardless of the outcome, litigation can have an adverse impact on us because of defense and settlement costs, diversion of management resources and other factors.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

You should carefully consider the following risk factors, in addition to the other information contained in this Quarterly Report on Form10-Q, including our condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes. If any of the events described in the following risk factors occurs, our business, operating results and financial condition could be seriously harmed. This Quarterly Report on Form10-Q also contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in the forward-looking statements as a result of factors that are described below and elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form10-Q.

Risks Related to Our Business and the Development and Commercialization of Our Product Candidates

We have a limited number of product candidates, all which are still in preclinical or early clinical development. If we do not obtain regulatory approval of one or more of our product candidates, or experience significant delays in doing so, our business will be materially adversely affected.

We currently have no products approved for sale or marketing in any country, and may never be able to obtain regulatory approval for any of our product candidates. As a result, we are not currently permitted to market any of our product candidates in the United States or in any other country until we obtain regulatory approval from the FDA or regulatory authorities outside the United States. Our product candidates are in early stages of development and we have not submitted an application, or received marketing approval, for any of our product candidates. Furthermore, the fact that our core competencies have been recognized through strategic partnerships does not improve our product candidates’ outlook for regulatory approval. We have limited experience in conducting and managing the clinical trials necessary to obtain regulatory approvals, including approval by the FDA. Obtaining regulatory approval of our product candidates will depend on many factors, including, but not limited to, the following:

• successfully completing formulation and process development activities;

• completing clinical trials that demonstrate the efficacy and safety of our product candidates;

• receiving marketing approval from applicable regulatory authorities;

• establishing commercial manufacturing capabilities; and

• launching commercial sales, marketing and distribution operations.

Many of these factors are wholly or partially beyond our control, including clinical advancement, the regulatory submission process and changes in the competitive landscape. If we do not achieve one or more of these factors in a timely manner, we could experience significant delays or an inability to develop our product candidates at all.

Clinical trials are very expensive, time consuming and difficult to design and implement and involve uncertain outcomes. Furthermore, the results of previous preclinical studies and clinical trials may not be predictive of future results, and the results of our current and planned clinical trials may not satisfy the requirements of the FDA ornon-U.S. regulatory authorities.

Positive or timely results from preclinical or early-stage trials do not ensure positive or timely results in late-stage clinical trials or product approval by the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities. We will be required to demonstrate with substantial evidence through well-controlled clinical trials that our product candidates are safe and effective for use in a diverse population before we can seek regulatory approvals for their commercial sale. Our planned clinical trials may produce negative or inconclusive results, and we or any of our current and future strategic partners may decide, or regulators may require us, to conduct additional clinical or preclinical testing. Success in preclinical studies or early-stage clinical trials does not mean that future clinical trials or registration clinical trials will be successful because product candidates in later-stage clinical trials may fail to demonstrate sufficient safety and efficacy to the satisfaction of the FDA andnon-U.S. regulatory authorities, despite having progressed through preclinical studies and initial clinical trials. Product candidates that have shown promising results in early clinical trials may still suffer significant setbacks in subsequent clinical trials or registration clinical trials. For example, a number of companies in the pharmaceutical industry, including those with greater resources and experience than us, have suffered significant setbacks in advanced clinical trials, even after obtaining promising results in earlier clinical trials. Similarly, preclinical interim results of a clinical trial do not necessarily predict final results.

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If clinical trials for our product candidates are prolonged, delayed or stopped, we may be unable to obtain regulatory approval and commercialize our product candidates on a timely basis, or at all, which would require us to incur additional costs and delay our receipt of any product revenue.

We are currently enrolling an adaptive Phase 1 clinical trial of ZW25 in patients with recurrent or metastatic HER2-expressing solid tumors, and expect to file an IND application for ZW49 in 2018. We may experience delays in our ongoing or future preclinical studies or clinical trials, and we do not know whether future preclinical studies or clinical trials will begin on time, need to be redesigned, enroll an adequate number of patients on time or be completed on schedule, if at all. The commencement or completion of these planned clinical trials could be substantially delayed or prevented by many factors, including:

• further discussions with the FDA or other regulatory agencies regarding the scope or design of our clinical trials;

• the limited number of, and competition for, suitable sites to conduct our clinical trials, many of which may already be engaged in other clinical trial programs, including some that may be for the same indication as our product candidates;

• any delay or failure to obtain approval or agreement to commence a clinical trial in any of the countries where enrollment is planned;

• inability to obtain sufficient funds required for a clinical trial;

• clinical holds on, or other regulatory objections to, a new or ongoing clinical trial;

• delay or failure to manufacture sufficient supplies of the product candidate for our clinical trials;

• delay or failure to reach agreement on acceptable clinical trial agreement terms or clinical trial protocols with prospective sites or clinical research organizations, or CROs, the terms of which can be subject to extensive negotiation and may vary significantly among different sites or CROs; and

• delay or failure to obtain institutional review board, or IRB, approval to conduct a clinical trial at a prospective site;

• slower than expected rates of patient recruitment and enrollment;

• failure of patients to complete the clinical trial;

• the inability to enroll a sufficient number of patients in studies to ensure adequate statistical power to detect statistically significant treatment effects;

• unforeseen safety issues, including severe or unexpected drug-related adverse effects experienced by patients, including possible deaths;

• lack of efficacy during clinical trials;

• termination of our clinical trials by one or more clinical trial sites;

• inability or unwillingness of patients or clinical investigators to follow our clinical trial protocols;

• inability to monitor patients adequately during or after treatment by us or our CROs;

• our CROs or clinical study sites failing to comply with regulatory requirements or meet their contractual obligations to us in a timely manner, or at all, deviating from the protocol or dropping out of a study;

• the inability to produce or obtain sufficient quantities of a product candidate to complete clinical studies;

• the inability to address any noncompliance with regulatory requirements or safety concerns that arise during the course of a clinical trial;

• the need to repeat or terminate clinical trials as a result of inconclusive or negative results or unforeseen complications in testing; and

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• our clinical trials may be suspended or terminated upon a breach or pursuant to the terms of any agreement with, or for any other reason by, current or future strategic partners that have responsibility for the clinical development of any of our product candidates.

Changes in regulatory requirements, policies and guidelines may also occur and we may need to significantly amend clinical trial protocols to reflect these changes with appropriate regulatory authorities. These changes may require us to renegotiate terms with CROs or resubmit clinical trial protocols to IRBs forre-examination, which may impact the costs, timing or successful completion of a clinical trial. Our clinical trials may be suspended or terminated at any time by the FDA, other regulatory authorities, the IRB overseeing the clinical trial at issue, any of our clinical trial sites with respect to that site, or us.

Any failure or significant delay in commencing or completing clinical trials for our product candidates would adversely affect our ability to obtain regulatory approval and our commercial prospects and ability to generate product revenue will be diminished.

If we are unable to enroll patients in clinical trials, we will be unable to complete these trials on a timely basis.

Patient enrollment, a significant factor in the timing of clinical trials, is affected by many factors including the size and nature of the patient population, the proximity of subjects to clinical sites, the eligibility criteria for the trial, the design of the clinical trial, ability to obtain and maintain patient consents, risk that enrolled subjects will drop out before completion, competing clinical trials and clinicians’ and patients’ perceptions as to the potential advantages of the drug being studied in relation to other available therapies, including any new drugs that may be approved for the indications we are investigating. In particular, we are developing certain of our products for the treatment of rare diseases, which have limited pools of patients from which to draw for clinical testing. If we are unable to enroll a sufficient number of patients to complete clinical testing, we will be unable to gain marketing approval for such product candidates and our business will be harmed.

In addition, on May 30, 2018, the federal Right to Try Act was signed into law. The law, among other things, provides a federal framework for patients to access certain investigational new drug products that have completed a Phase 1 clinical trial. Under certain circumstances, eligible patients can seek treatment without enrolling in clinical trials and without obtaining FDA approval under the FDA expanded access program. The potential impact of Right to Try Act on our business and product candidates is currently being assessed.

The design or our execution of clinical trials may not support regulatory approval.

The design or execution of a clinical trial can determine whether its results will support regulatory approval and flaws in the design or execution of a clinical trial may not become apparent until the clinical trial is well advanced. In some instances, there can be significant variability in safety or efficacy results between different trials of the same product candidate due to numerous factors, including changes in trial protocols, differences in size and type of the patient populations, adherence to the dosing regimen and other trial protocols and the rate of dropout among clinical trial participants. We do not know whether any Phase 2, Phase 3 or other clinical trials we or any of our strategic partners may conduct will demonstrate consistent or adequate efficacy and safety to obtain regulatory approval to market our product candidates.

Further, the FDA and comparable foreign regulatory authorities have substantial discretion in the approval process and in determining when or whether regulatory approval will be obtained for any of our product candidates. Our product candidates may not be approved even if they achieve their primary endpoints in future Phase 3 clinical trials or registration trials. The FDA or othernon-U.S. regulatory authorities may disagree with our trial design and our interpretation of data from preclinical studies and clinical trials. In addition, any of these regulatory authorities may change requirements for the approval of a product candidate even after reviewing and providing comments or advice on a protocol for a pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial that has the potential to result in FDA or other agencies’ approval. In addition, any of these regulatory authorities may also approve a product candidate for fewer or more limited indications than we request or may grant approval contingent on the performance of costly post-marketing clinical trials. The FDA or othernon-U.S. regulatory authorities may not approve the labeling claims that we believe would be necessary or desirable for the successful commercialization of our product candidates.

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Successful development of our current and future product candidates is uncertain and we may discontinue or reprioritize the development of any of our product candidates at any time, at our discretion.

Before obtaining regulatory approval for the commercial distribution of our product candidates, we must conduct, at our own expense, extensive preclinical tests and clinical trials to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of our product candidates in humans. Preclinical and clinical testing is expensive, difficult to design and implement, can take many years to complete and is uncertain as to outcome. Additionally, the results from nonclinical testing or early clinical trials of a product candidate may not predict the results that will be obtained in subsequent subjects or in subsequent human clinical trials of that product candidate or any other product candidate. There is a high failure rate for drugs proceeding through clinical studies. A number of companies in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries have suffered significant setbacks in clinical development even after achieving promising results in earlier studies, and any such setbacks in any future clinical development could have a material adverse effect on our business and operating results. Alternatively, management may elect to discontinue development of certain product candidates to accommodate a shift in corporate strategy, despite positive clinical results. Based on our operating results and business strategy, among other factors, we may discontinue the development of any of our product candidates under development or reprioritize our focus on other product candidates at any time and at our discretion.

Our product candidates may have undesirable side effects that may delay or prevent marketing approval or, if approval is received, require them to be taken off the market, require them to include safety warnings or otherwise limit their sales; no regulatory agency has made any such determination that any of our product candidates are safe or effective for use by the general public for any indication.

All of our product candidates are still in preclinical or early clinical development. Additionally, all of our product candidates are required to undergo ongoing safety testing in humans as part of clinical trials. Consequently, not all adverse effects of drugs can be predicted or anticipated. Unforeseen side effects from any of our product candidates could arise either during clinical development or, if approved by regulatory authorities, after the approved product has been marketed. While we believe our lead product candidates have demonstrated a favorable safety profile in animals, ZW25 continues to be evaluated in an adaptive Phase 1 clinical trial and ZW49 has never been tested in humans. Therefore, the results from clinical trials may not demonstrate a favorable safety profile in humans. The results of future clinical trials may show that ZW25 or our other product candidates cause undesirable or unacceptable side effects, which could interrupt, delay, or halt clinical trials, and result in delay of, or failure to obtain, marketing approval from the FDA and other regulatory authorities, or result in marketing approval from the FDA and other regulatory authorities with restrictive label warnings, limited patient populations or potential product liability claims. Even if we believe that our Phase 1 clinical trial and preclinical studies demonstrate the safety and efficacy of our product candidates, only the FDA and other comparable regulatory agencies may ultimately make such determination. No regulatory agency has made any such determination that any of our product candidates are safe or effective for use by the general public for any indication.

If any of our product candidates receive marketing approval and we or others later identify undesirable or unacceptable side effects caused by such products:

• regulatory authorities may require us to take our approved product off the market;

• regulatory authorities may require the addition of labeling statements, specific warnings, a contraindication or field alerts to physicians and pharmacies;

• we may be required to change the way the product is administered, conduct additional clinical trials or change the labeling of the product;

• we may be subject to limitations on how we may promote the product;

• sales of the product may decrease significantly;

• we may be subject to litigation or product liability claims; and

• our reputation may suffer.

Any of these events could prevent us or our current or future strategic partners from achieving or maintaining market acceptance of the affected product or could substantially increase commercialization costs and expenses, which in turn could delay or prevent us from generating revenue from the sale of any future products.

We face significant competition and if our competitors develop and market products that are more effective, safer or less expensive than our product candidates, our commercial opportunities will be negatively impacted.

The life sciences industry is highly competitive and subject to rapid and significant technological change. We are currently developing biotherapeutics that will compete with other drugs and therapies that currently exist or are being developed. Products we may develop in the future are also likely to face competition from other drugs and therapies, some of which we may not currently be aware. We have competitors both in the United States and internationally, including major multinational pharmaceutical companies, established biotechnology companies, specialty pharmaceutical companies, universities and other research institutions. Many of our competitors have significantly greater financial, manufacturing, marketing, drug development, technical and human resources than we do. Large pharmaceutical companies, in particular, have extensive experience in clinical testing, obtaining regulatory approvals, recruiting patients and in manufacturing pharmaceutical products. These companies also have significantly greater research and marketing capabilities than we do and may also have products that have been approved or are in late stages of development and collaborative arrangements in our target markets with leading companies and research institutions. Established pharmaceutical companies may also invest heavily to accelerate discovery and development of novel compounds or toin-license novel compounds that could make the product candidates that we develop obsolete. As a result of all of these factors, our competitors may succeed in obtaining patent protection or FDA approval or discovering, developing and commercializing products in our field before we do.

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Specifically, there are a large number of companies developing or marketing treatments for cancer and autoimmune disorders, including many major pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies. These treatments consist both of small molecule drug products, as well as biologics that work by using next-generation antibody therapeutic platforms to address specific cancer targets. In addition, several companies are also developing bispecific antibodies. Other companies are developing new treatments for cancer that enhance the Fc regions of antibodies to create more potent antibodies, including Macrogenics, Inc., Xencor, Inc. and F.Hoffmann-La Roche AG.

Our commercial opportunity could be reduced or eliminated if our competitors develop and commercialize products that are safer, more effective, have fewer or less severe effects, are more convenient or are less expensive than any products that we may develop. Our competitors also may obtain FDA or other regulatory approval for their products more rapidly than we may obtain approval for our product candidates, which could result in our competitors establishing a strong market position before we are able to enter the market.

Smaller and other early-stage companies may also prove to be significant competitors, particularly through collaborative arrangements with large and established companies. These third parties compete with us in recruiting and retaining qualified scientific and management personnel, establishing clinical trial sites and patient registration for clinical trials, as well as in acquiring technologies complementary to, or necessary for, our programs. In addition, the biopharmaceutical industry is characterized by rapid technological change. If we fail to stay at the forefront of technological change, we may be unable to compete effectively. Technological advances or products developed by our competitors may render our technologies or product candidates obsolete, less competitive or not economical.

Our product candidates, for which we intend to seek approval, may face competition sooner than anticipated.

Our ability to compete may be affected in many cases by insurers or other third-party payors seeking to encourage the use of biosimilar products. Biosimilar products are expected to become available over the coming years. Even if our product candidates achieve marketing approval, they may be priced at a significant premium over competitive biosimilar products, if any have been approved by then. The Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act of 2009, which is included in the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, or PPACA, authorized the FDA to approve similar versions of innovative biologics, commonly known as biosimilars. Under the PPACA, a manufacturer may submit an application for licensure of a biologic product that is “biosimilar to” or “interchangeable with” a previously approved biological product or “reference product.” Manufacturers may not submit an application for a biosimilar to the FDA until four years following approval of the reference product, and the FDA may not approve a biosimilar product until 12 years from the date on which the reference product was approved. Even if a product is considered to be a reference product eligible for exclusivity, another company could market a competing version of that product if the FDA approves a full Biologics License Application, or BLA, for such product containing the sponsor’s own preclinical data and data from adequate and well-controlled clinical trials to demonstrate the safety, purity and potency of their product. From time to time, there are proposals to repeal or modify the PPACA and it is uncertain how any such proposals, if approved, would affect these provisions.

If any of our product candidates receive regulatory approval, the approved products may not achieve broad market acceptance among physicians, patients, the medical community and third-party payors, in which case revenue generated from their sales would be limited.

The commercial success of our product candidates will depend upon their acceptance among physicians, patients and the medical community. The degree of market acceptance of our product candidates will depend on a number of factors, including:

• limitations or warnings contained in the approved labeling for a product candidate;

• changes in the standard of care for the targeted indications for any of our product candidates;

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• limitations in the approved clinical indications for our product candidates;

• demonstrated clinical safety and efficacy compared to other products;

• lack of significant adverse side effects;

• sales, marketing and distribution support;

• availability of coverage and extent of reimbursement from managed care plans and other third-party payors;

• timing of market introduction and perceived effectiveness of competitive products;

• the degree of cost-effectiveness of our product candidates;

• availability of alternative therapies at similar or lower cost, including generic andover-the-counter products;

• the extent to which the product candidate is approved for inclusion on formularies of hospitals and managed care organizations;

• whether the product is designated under physician treatment guidelines as a first-line therapy or as a second or third-line therapy for particular diseases;

• whether the product can be used effectively with other therapies to achieve higher response rates;

• adverse publicity about our product candidates or favorable publicity about competitive products;

• convenience and ease of administration of our products; and

• potential product liability claims.

If any of our product candidates are approved, but do not achieve an adequate level of acceptance by physicians, patients and the medical community, we may not generate sufficient revenue from these products, and we may not become or remain profitable. In addition, efforts to educate the medical community and third-party payors on the benefits of our product candidates may require significant resources and may never be successful.

We may be unable to obtain orphan drug exclusivity in specific indications for ZW25 or in future product candidates that we may develop. If our competitors are able to obtain orphan product exclusivity for their products in specific indications, we may not be able to have competing products approved in those indications by the applicable regulatory authority for a significant period of time.

Regulatory authorities in some jurisdictions, including the United States and Europe, may designate drugs for relatively small patient populations as orphan drugs. Under the Orphan Drug Act, the FDA may designate a product candidate as an orphan drug if it is a drug intended to treat a rare disease or condition, which is generally defined as a patient population of fewer than 200,000 individuals annually in the United States. The FDA has granted Orphan Drug Designation to ZW25 for the treatment of gastric and ovarian cancer and we may seek Orphan Drug Designation for additional indications in the future. Orphan Drug Designation neither shortens the development time or regulatory review time of a drug nor gives the drug any advantage in the regulatory review or approval process.

Generally, if a product candidate with an Orphan Drug Designation subsequently receives the first marketing approval for the indication for which it has such designation, the product is entitled to a period of marketing exclusivity, which precludes the European Medicines Agency, or EMA, or the FDA from approving another marketing application for the same drug for the same indication for that time period. The applicable period is seven years in the United States and 10 years in Europe. The European exclusivity period can be reduced to six years if a product no longer meets the criteria for Orphan Drug Designation or if the product is sufficiently profitable so that market exclusivity is no longer justified. Orphan drug exclusivity may be lost if the FDA or EMA determines that the request for designation was materially defective or if the manufacturer is unable to assure sufficient quantity of the product to meet the needs of patients with the rare disease or condition.

Even if we obtain orphan drug exclusivity for ZW25, or for any other product candidates that receive an Orphan Drug Designation in the future, that exclusivity may not effectively protect the product from competition because different drugs with different active moieties can be approved for the same condition. Further, in the United States, even after an orphan drug is approved, the FDA can subsequently approve the same drug for the same condition submitted by a competitor if the FDA concludes that the later drug is clinically superior in that it is shown to be safer, more effective or makes a major contribution to patient care. If we fail to maintain our current Orphan Drug Designations for our product candidate, ZW25, or for any other product candidates that receive an Orphan Drug Designation in the future, or if the FDA approves Orphan Drug Designation for similar product candidates of other pharmaceutical companies, our competitive position would be harmed.

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Even if we obtain FDA approval of any of our product candidates, we may never obtain approval or commercialize such products outside of the United States, which would limit our ability to realize their full market potential.

In order to market any products outside of the United States, we must establish and comply with numerous and varying regulatory requirements of other countries regarding safety and efficacy. Clinical trials conducted in one country may not be accepted by regulatory authorities in other countries, and regulatory approval in one country does not mean that regulatory approval will be obtained in any other country. Approval procedures vary among countries and can involve additional product testing and validation and additional administrative review periods. Seeking foreign regulatory approvals could result in significant delays, difficulties and costs for us and may require additional preclinical studies or clinical trials which would be costly and time consuming. Regulatory requirements can vary widely from country to country and could delay or prevent the introduction of our products in those countries. Satisfying these and other regulatory requirements is costly, time consuming, uncertain and subject to unanticipated delays. In addition, our failure to obtain regulatory approval in any country may delay or have negative effects on the process for regulatory approval in other countries. We do not have any product candidates approved for sale in any jurisdiction, including international markets, and we do not have experience in obtaining regulatory approval in international markets. If we fail to comply with regulatory requirements in international markets or to obtain and maintain required approvals, our target market will be reduced and our ability to realize the full market potential of our products will be harmed.

Reimbursement decisions by third-party payors may have an adverse effect on pricing and market acceptance. If there is not sufficient reimbursement for our products, it is less likely that our products will be widely used.

Even if our product candidates are approved for sale by the appropriate regulatory authorities, market acceptance and sales of these products will depend on reimbursement policies and may be affected by future healthcare reform measures. Government authorities and third-party payors, such as private health insurers and health maintenance organizations, decide which drugs they will reimburse and establish payment levels. We cannot be certain that reimbursement will be available for any products that we develop. If reimbursement is not available or is available on a limited basis, we may not be able to successfully commercialize any of our approved products.

In the United States, the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003, also called the Medicare Modernization Act, or the MMA, changed the way Medicare covers and pays for pharmaceutical products. The legislation established Medicare Part D, which expanded Medicare coverage for outpatient prescription drug purchases by the elderly but provided authority for limiting the number of drugs that will be covered in any therapeutic class. The MMA also introduced a new reimbursement methodology based on average sales prices for physician-administered drugs. We expect to experience pricing pressures in connection with the sale of any products that we develop, due to the trend toward managed healthcare, the increasing influence of health maintenance organizations and additional legislative proposals.

There may be significant delays in obtaining coverage and reimbursement for newly approved drugs, and coverage may be more limited than the purposes for which the drug is approved by the FDA, EMA or other regulatory authorities. Moreover, eligibility for coverage and reimbursement does not imply that a drug will be paid for in all cases or at a rate that covers our costs, including research, development, manufacture, sale and distribution expenses. Interim reimbursement levels for new drugs, if applicable, may also be insufficient to cover our and any collaborator’s costs and may not be made permanent. Reimbursement rates may vary according to the use of the drug and the clinical setting in which it is used, may be based on reimbursement levels already set for lower cost drugs and may be incorporated into existing payments for other services. Net prices for drugs may be reduced by mandatory discounts or rebates required by government healthcare programs or private payors and by any future relaxation of laws that presently restrict imports of drugs from countries where they may be sold at lower prices than in the United States. Our or any collaborator’s inability to promptly obtain coverage and profitable payment rates from both government-funded and private payors for any approved products that we or our strategic partners develop could have a material adverse effect on our operating results, our ability to raise capital needed to commercialize product candidates and our overall financial condition.

If the market opportunities for any product that we or our strategic partners develop are smaller than we believe they are, our revenue may be adversely affected and our business may suffer.

We intend to initially focus our independent product candidate development on treatments for oncology. Our projections of addressable patient populations that have the potential to benefit from treatment with our product candidates are based on estimates. If any of the foregoing estimates are inaccurate, the market opportunities for any of our product candidates could be significantly diminished and have an adverse material impact on our business.

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We may expend our limited resources to pursue a particular product candidate or indication and fail to capitalize on product candidates or indications that may be more profitable or for which there is a greater likelihood of success.

Because we have limited financial and managerial resources, we focus on research programs, therapeutic platforms and product candidates that we identify for specific indications. As a result, we may forego or delay pursuit of opportunities with other therapeutic platforms or product candidates or for other indications that later prove to have greater commercial potential. Our resource allocation decisions may cause us to fail to capitalize on viable commercial products or profitable market opportunities. Our spending on current and future research and development programs, therapeutic platforms and product candidates for specific indications may not yield any commercially viable products. If we do not accurately evaluate the commercial potential or target market for a particular product candidate, we may relinquish valuable rights to that product candidate through collaboration, licensing or other royalty arrangements in cases in which it would have been more advantageous for us to retain sole development and commercialization rights.

We may not be successful in our efforts to use and expand our therapeutic platforms to build a pipeline of product candidates.

A key element of our strategy is to use and expand our therapeutic platforms to build a pipeline of product candidates and progress these product candidates through clinical development for the treatment of a variety of diseases. Although our research and development efforts to date have resulted in a pipeline of product candidates directed at various cancers, we may not be able to develop product candidates that are safe and effective. In addition, although we expect that our therapeutic platforms will allow us to develop a steady stream of product candidates, they may not prove to be successful at doing so. Even if we are successful in continuing to build our pipeline, the potential product candidates that we identify may not be suitable for clinical development, including as a result of being shown to have harmful side effects or other characteristics that indicate that they are unlikely to be products that will receive marketing approval and achieve market acceptance. If we do not continue to successfully develop and begin to commercialize product candidates, we will face difficulty in obtaining product revenue in future periods, which could result in significant harm to our financial position and adversely affect our share price.

Even if we receive regulatory approval to commercialize any of the product candidates that we develop, we will be subject to ongoing regulatory obligations and continued regulatory review, which may result in significant additional expense.

Any regulatory approvals that we receive for our product candidates may be subject to limitations on the approved indicated uses for which the product may be marketed or subject to certain conditions of approval, and may contain requirements for potentially costly post-approval trials, including Phase 4 clinical trials, and surveillance to monitor the safety and efficacy of the marketed product.

For any approved product, we will be subject to ongoing regulatory obligations and extensive oversight by regulatory authorities, including with respect to manufacturing processes, labeling, packaging, distribution, adverse event reporting, storage, advertising, promotion and recordkeeping for the product. These requirements include submissions of safety and other post-approval information and reports, as well as continued compliance with current good manufacturing practices, or cGMP, and current good clinical practices, or cGCP, for any clinical trials that we or our strategic partners conduct after approval. Later discovery of previously unknown problems with a product, including adverse events of unanticipated severity or frequency, or with third-party manufacturers or manufacturing processes, or failure to comply with regulatory requirements, may result in, among other things:

• restrictions on the marketing or manufacturing of the product;

• withdrawal of the product from the market or voluntary or mandatory product recalls;

• fines, warning letters or holds on clinical trials;

• refusal by the FDA, EMA or another applicable regulatory authority to approve pending applications or supplements to approved applications filed by us or our strategic partners, or suspension or revocation of product license approvals;

• product seizure or detention, or refusal to permit the import or export of products; and

• injunctions or the imposition of civil or criminal penalties.

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Occurrence of any of the foregoing could have a material and adverse effect on our business and results of operations. Further, the FDA’s or otherex-U.S. regulators’ policies may change and additional government regulations may be enacted that could prevent, limit or delay regulatory approval of our product candidates. If we are slow or unable to adapt to changes in existing requirements or the adoption of new requirements or policies, or if we are not able to maintain regulatory compliance, we may lose any marketing approval that we may have obtained, which would adversely affect our business, prospects and ability to achieve or sustain profitability.

If any product liability lawsuits are successfully brought against us or any of our strategic partners, we may incur substantial liabilities and may be required to limit commercialization of our product candidates.

We face an inherent risk of product liability lawsuits related to the testing of our product candidates in seriously ill patients, and will face an even greater risk if product candidates are approved by regulatory authorities and introduced commercially. Product liability claims may be brought against us or our strategic partners by participants enrolled in our clinical trials, patients, health care providers or others using, administering or selling any of our future approved products. If we cannot successfully defend ourselves against any such claims, we may incur substantial liabilities. Regardless of their merit or eventual outcome, liability claims may result in:

• decreased demand for any future approved products;

• injury to our reputation;

• withdrawal of clinical trial participants;

• termination of clinical trial sites or entire trial programs;

• increased regulatory scrutiny;

• significant litigation costs;

• substantial monetary awards to or costly settlement with patients or other claimants;

• product recalls or a change in the indications for which they may be used;

• loss of revenue;

• diversion of management and scientific resources from our business operations; and

• the inability to commercialize our product candidates.

If any of our product candidates are approved for commercial sale, we will be highly dependent upon consumer perceptions of us and the safety and quality of our products. We could be adversely affected if we are subject to negative publicity. We could also be adversely affected if any of our products or any similar products distributed by other companies prove to be, or are asserted to be, harmful to patients. Because of our dependence upon consumer perceptions, any adverse publicity associated with illness or other adverse effects resulting from patients’ use or misuse of our products or any similar products distributed by other companies could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition or results of operations.

We may need to have in place increased product liability coverage when we begin the commercialization of our product candidates. Insurance coverage is becoming increasingly expensive. As a result, we may be unable to maintain or obtain sufficient insurance at a reasonable cost to protect us against losses that could have a material adverse effect on our business. A successful product liability claim or series of claims brought against us, particularly if judgments exceed any insurance coverage we may have, could decrease our cash resources and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operation.

Changes in methods of product candidate manufacturing or formulation may result in additional costs or delay.

As product candidates are developed through preclinical to late-stage clinical trials towards approval and commercialization, it is common that various aspects of the development program, such as manufacturing methods and formulation, are altered along the way in an effort to optimize processes and results. Such changes carry the risk that they will not achieve these intended objectives. Any of these changes could cause our product candidates to perform differently and affect the results of planned clinical trials or other future clinical trials conducted with the altered materials. This could delay completion of clinical trials, require the conduct of bridging clinical trials or the repetition of one or more clinical trials, increase clinical trial costs, delay approval of our product candidates and jeopardize our ability, or our strategic partners’ ability, to commence product sales and generate revenue.

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Acquisitions or joint ventures could disrupt our business, cause dilution to our shareholders and otherwise harm our business.

We actively evaluate various strategic transactions on an ongoing basis. We may acquire other businesses, products or technologies as well as pursue strategic alliances, joint ventures or investments in complementary businesses. Any of these transactions could be material to our financial condition and operating results and expose us to many risks, including:

• disruption in our relationships with existing strategic partners or suppliers as a result of such a transaction;

• unanticipated liabilities related to acquired companies;

• difficulties integrating acquired personnel, technologies and operations into our existing business;

• retention of key employees;

• diversion of management time and focus from operating our business to management of strategic alliances or joint ventures or acquisition integration challenges;

• increases in our expenses and reductions in our cash available for operations and other uses; and

• possible write-offs or impairment charges relating to acquired businesses.

Foreign acquisitions involve unique risks in addition to those mentioned above, including those related to integration of operations across different cultures and languages, currency risks and the particular economic, political and regulatory risks associated with specific countries.

Also, the anticipated benefit of any strategic alliance, joint venture or acquisition may not materialize or such strategic alliance, joint venture or acquisition may be prohibited. Additionally, future acquisitions or dispositions could result in potentially dilutive issuances of our equity securities, the incurrence of debt, contingent liabilities or amortization expenses or write-offs of goodwill, any of which could harm our financial condition. We cannot predict the number, timing or size of future joint ventures or acquisitions, or the effect that any such transactions might have on our operating results.

Foreign governments tend to impose strict price controls, which may adversely affect our future profitability.

In most foreign countries, particularly in those in the European Union, prescription drug pricing and reimbursement is subject to governmental control. In those countries that impose price controls, pricing negotiations with governmental authorities can take considerable time after the receipt of marketing approval for a product. To obtain reimbursement or pricing approval in some countries, we or our strategic partners may be required to conduct a clinical trial that compares the cost-effectiveness of our product candidates to other available therapies.

Some countries require approval of the sale price of a drug before it can be marketed. In many countries, the pricing review period begins after marketing or product licensing approval is granted. In some foreign markets, prescription pharmaceutical pricing remains subject to continuing governmental control even after initial approval is granted. As a result, we or our strategic partners might obtain marketing approval for a product candidate in a particular country, but then be subject to price regulations that delay commercial launch of the product candidate, possibly for lengthy time periods, and negatively impact the revenue that is generated from the sale of the product in that country. If reimbursement of such product candidates is unavailable or limited in scope or amount, or if pricing is set at unsatisfactory levels, or if there is competition from lower priced cross-border sales, our profitability will be negatively affected.

Security breaches, loss of data and other disruptions could compromise sensitive information related to our business or protected health information or prevent us from accessing critical information and expose us to liability, which could adversely affect our business and our reputation.

In the ordinary course of our business, we collect and store petabytes of sensitive data, including legally protected health information, personally identifiable information, intellectual property and proprietary business information owned or controlled by ourselves or our strategic partners. We manage and maintain our applications and data by utilizing a combination ofon-site systems, managed data center systems and cloud-based data center systems. These applications and data encompass a wide variety of business-critical information, including research and development information, commercial information and business and financial information. We face four primary risks relative to protecting this critical information, including loss of access risk, inappropriate disclosure risk, inappropriate modification risk and the risk of being unable to adequately monitor our controls over the first three risks.

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The secure processing, storage, maintenance and transmission of this critical information are vital to our operations and business strategy, and we devote significant resources to protecting such information. Although we take measures to protect sensitive information from unauthorized access or disclosure, our information technology and infrastructure and that of any third-party billing and collections provider we may utilize, may be vulnerable to attacks by hackers or viruses or breached due to employee error, malfeasance or other disruptions. Any such breach or interruption could compromise our networks and the information stored there could be accessed by unauthorized parties, publicly disclosed, lost or stolen. Any such access, disclosure or other loss of information could result in legal claims or proceedings, liability under laws that protect the privacy of personal information, such as HIPAA, and regulatory penalties. Although we have implemented security measures and a formal enterprise security program to prevent unauthorized access to patient data, there is no guarantee that we can continue to protect our systems from breach. Unauthorized access, loss or dissemination could also disrupt our operations (including our ability to conduct our analyses, provide test results, bill payors or providers, process claims and appeals, conduct research and development activities, collect, process and prepare company financial information, provide information about any future products, and manage the administrative aspects of our business) and damage our reputation, any of which could adversely affect our business.

The U.S. Office of Civil Rights may impose penalties on us or our CROs if we, or our CROs, do not fully comply with requirements of HIPAA. Penalties will vary significantly depending on factors such as whether we, or our CROs, knew or should have known of the failure to comply, or whether our failure, or that of our CROs, to comply was due to willful neglect. These penalties include civil monetary penalties of $100 to $50,000 per violation, up to an annual cap of $1,500,000 for identical violations. A person who knowingly obtains or discloses individually identifiable health information in violation of HIPAA may face a criminal penalty of up to $50,000 per violation and up toone-year imprisonment. The criminal penalties increase to $100,000 per violation and up to five-years imprisonment if the wrongful conduct involves false pretenses, and to $250,000 per violation and up to10-years imprisonment if the wrongful conduct involves the intent to sell, transfer, or use identifiable health information for commercial advantage, personal gain, or malicious harm. The U.S. Department of Justice is responsible for criminal prosecutions under HIPAA. Furthermore, in the event of a breach as defined by HIPAA, we have specific reporting requirements to the Office of Civil Rights under the HIPAA regulations as well as to affected individuals, and we may also have additional reporting requirements to other state and federal regulators, including the Federal Trade Commission, and to the media. Issuing such notifications can be costly, time and resource intensive, and can generate significant negative publicity. Breaches of HIPAA may also constitute contractual violations that could lead to contractual damages or terminations.

In addition, the interpretation and application of consumer, health-related and data protection laws in the United States, the European Union, or EU, and elsewhere are often uncertain, contradictory and in flux. It is possible that these laws may be interpreted and applied in a manner that is inconsistent with our practices. If so, this could result in government-imposed fines or orders requiring that we change our practices, which could adversely affect our business. In addition, these privacy regulations vary between states, may differ from country to country, and may vary based on whether testing is performed in the United States or in the local country. Complying with these various laws could cause us to incur substantial costs or require us to change our business practices and compliance procedures in a manner adverse to our business.

Furthermore, the loss of clinical trial data from completed or future clinical trials could result in delays in our regulatory approval efforts and significantly increase our costs to recover or reproduce the data. Likewise, we rely on other third parties for the manufacture of our product candidates and to conduct clinical trials, and similar events relating to their computer systems could also have a material adverse effect on our business.

Current and future legislation may increase the difficulty and cost for us to commercialize any products that we or our strategic partners develop and affect the prices we may obtain.

The United States and some foreign jurisdictions are considering or have enacted a number of legislative and regulatory proposals to change healthcare systems in ways that could affect our ability to sell any of our product candidates profitably, if such product candidates are approved for sale. Among policy makers and payors in the United States and elsewhere, there is significant interest in promoting changes in healthcare systems with the stated goals of containing healthcare costs, improving quality and expanding access. In the United States, the pharmaceutical industry has been a particular focus of these efforts and has been significantly affected by major legislative initiatives.

In March 2010, the PPACA became law in the United States. The PPACA may affect the operational results of companies in the pharmaceutical industry, including us, by imposing on them additional costs. For example, effective January 1, 2010, PPACA increased the minimum Medicaid drug rebates for pharmaceutical companies and imposed an annual fee on certain branded prescription drugs and biologics. In addition, beginning in 2011, the law imposed a significant annual fee on companies that manufacture or import branded prescription drug products.

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Some of the provisions of the PPACA have yet to be implemented, and there have been judicial and Congressional challenges to certain aspects of the PPACA, as well as recent efforts by the U.S. Presidential administration to repeal or replace certain aspects of the PPACA. Since January 2017, the U.S. President has signed two Executive Orders and other directives designed to delay the implementation of certain provisions of the PPACA or otherwise circumvent some of the requirements for health insurance mandated by the PPACA. Concurrently, Congress has considered legislation that would repeal or repeal and replace all or part of the PPACA. While Congress has not passed comprehensive repeal legislation, two bills affecting the implementation of certain taxes under the PPACA have been signed into law. The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 includes a provision repealing, effective January 1, 2019, thetax-based shared responsibility payment imposed by the PPACA on certain individuals who fail to maintain qualifying health coverage for all or part of a year that is commonly referred to as the “individual mandate.” Additionally, on January 22, 2018, President Trump signed a continuing resolution on appropriations for fiscal year 2018 that delayed the implementation of certain PPACA-mandated fees, including theso-called “Cadillac” tax on certain high cost employer-sponsored insurance plans.

In addition, other legislative changes have been proposed and adopted since the PPACA was enacted. For example, the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018, among other things, amends the PPACA, effective January 1, 2019, to close the coverage gap in most Medicare drug plans, and also increases, in 2019, the percentage that a drug manufacturer must discount the cost of prescription drugs from 50 percent under current law to 70 percent. These changes include aggregate reductions to Medicare payments to providers of up to 2% per fiscal year pursuant to the Budget Control Act of 2011, which began in 2013 and will remain in effect through 2027 unless additional Congressional action is taken. The American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012, among other things, further reduced Medicare payments to several providers, including hospitals and cancer treatment centers, and increased the statute of limitations period for the government to recover overpayments to providers from three to five years. These laws may result in additional reductions in Medicare and other healthcare funding, which could have a material adverse effect on potential customers for our product candidates, if approved, and, accordingly, our future financial operations.

We are unable to predict the future course of federal or state health care legislation or foreign regulations relating to the marketing, pricing and reimbursement of pharmaceutical products.

Also, there has been heightened governmental scrutiny recently over the manner in which drug manufacturers set prices for their marketed products, which have resulted in several Congressional inquiries and proposed bills designed to, among other things, bring more transparency to product pricing, review the relationship between pricing and manufacturer patient programs, and reform government program reimbursement methodologies for drug products.

In the EU similar political, economic and regulatory developments may affect our ability to profitably commercialize our current or any future products. In addition to continuing pressure on prices and cost containment measures, legislative developments at the EU or member state level may result in significant additional requirements or obstacles that may increase our operating costs. In international markets, reimbursement and healthcare payment systems vary significantly by country, and many countries have instituted price ceilings on specific products and therapies. Our future products, if any, might not be considered medically reasonable and necessary for a specific indication or cost-effective by third-party payors, an adequate level of reimbursement might not be available for such products, and third-party payors’ reimbursement policies might adversely affect our or our strategic partners’ ability to sell any future products profitably.

Legislative and regulatory proposals have been made to expand post-approval requirements and restrict sales and promotional activities for pharmaceutical products. We cannot be sure whether additional legislative changes will be enacted, or whether the FDA regulations, guidance or interpretations will be changed, or what the impact of such changes on the marketing approvals of our product candidates, if any, may be. In addition, increased scrutiny by the U.S. Congress of the FDA’s approval process may significantly delay or prevent marketing approval, as well as subject us to more stringent product labeling and post-approval testing and other requirements.

We cannot predict the likelihood, nature or extent of government regulation that may arise from future legislation or administrative action, either in the United States or abroad. If we or our strategic partners are slow or unable to adapt to changes in existing requirements or the adoption of new requirements or policies, or if we or our strategic partners are not able to maintain regulatory compliance, our product candidates may lose any marketing approval that may have been obtained and we may not achieve or sustain profitability, which would adversely affect our business.

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Our business may become subject to economic, political, regulatory and other risks associated with international operations.

Our business is subject to risks associated with conducting business internationally. Some of our suppliers and collaborative and clinical trial relationships are located outside the United States. Accordingly, our future results could be harmed by a variety of factors, including:

• economic weakness, including inflation, or political instability in particular foreign economies and markets;

• differing regulatory requirements for drug approvals in foreign countries;

• potentially reduced protection for intellectual property rights;

• difficulties in compliance withnon-U.S. laws and regulations;

• changes innon-U.S. regulations and customs, tariffs and trade barriers;

• changes innon-U.S. currency exchange rates and currency controls;

• changes in a specific country’s or region’s political or economic environment;

• trade protection measures, import or export licensing requirements or other restrictive actions by U.S. ornon-U.S. governments;

• differing reimbursement regimes, including price controls;

• negative consequences from changes in tax laws;

• compliance with tax, employment, immigration and labor laws for employees living or traveling abroad;

• workforce uncertainty in countries where labor unrest is more common than in the United States;

• difficulties associated with staffing and managing foreign operations, including differing labor relations;

• production shortages resulting from any events affecting raw material supply or manufacturing capabilities abroad; and

• business interruptions resulting fromgeo-political actions, including war and terrorism, or natural disasters including earthquakes, typhoons, floods and fires.

Our business and current and future relationships with customers and third-party payors in the United States and elsewhere will be subject, directly or indirectly, to applicable federal and state anti-kickback, fraud and abuse, false claims, transparency, health information privacy and security and other healthcare laws and regulations, which could expose us to criminal sanctions, civil penalties, contractual damages, reputational harm, administrative burdens, and diminished profits and future earnings.

Healthcare providers, physicians and third-party payors in the United States and elsewhere play a primary role in the recommendation and prescription of any product candidates for which we obtain marketing approval.

Our current and future arrangements with healthcare professionals, principal investigators, consultants, customers, and third-party payors and other entities may expose us to broadly applicable fraud and abuse and other healthcare laws and regulations, including, without limitation, the federal Anti-Kickback Statute and the federal False Claims Act, that may constrain the business or financial arrangements and relationships through which we conduct clinical research on product candidates and market, sell and distribute any products for which we obtain marketing approval. In addition, we may be subject to transparency laws and patient privacy regulation by the federal government and by the U.S. states and foreign jurisdictions in which we conduct our business. The applicable federal, state and foreign healthcare laws and regulations that may affect our ability to operate include, but are not limited to, the following:

• the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, which prohibits, among other things, persons from knowingly and willfully soliciting, offering, receiving or providing remuneration (including any kickback, bribe or rebate), directly or indirectly, in cash or in kind, to induce or reward either the referral of an individual for, or the purchase, order or recommendation of, any good or service for which payment may be made under federal and state healthcare programs such as Medicare and Medicaid;

• federal civil and criminal false claims laws and civil monetary penalty laws, including the federal False Claims Act, which impose criminal and civil penalties, including civil whistleblower or qui tam actions, against individuals or entities for knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, to the federal government, including the Medicare and Medicaid programs, or other third-party payor claims for payment that are false or fraudulent or making a false statement to avoid, decrease or conceal an obligation to pay money to the federal government;

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• the U.S. Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, or HIPAA, which among other things, imposes criminal liability for knowingly and willfully executing, or attempting to execute, a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program or to obtain, by means of false or fraudulent pretenses, representations, or promises, any of the money or property owned by, or under the custody or control of, any healthcare benefit program, regardless of the payor (e.g. public or private) and knowingly and willfully falsifying, concealing or covering up by any trick or device a material fact or making any materially false statements in connection with the delivery of or payment for healthcare benefits, items or services relating to healthcare matters;

• HIPAA, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act of 2009, or HITECH, and its implementing regulations, which imposes certain obligations, including mandatory contractual terms, with respect to safeguarding the privacy, security and transmission of individually identifiable health information without the appropriate authorization by entities subject to the law, such as health plans, healthcare clearinghouses and healthcare providers and their respective business associates;

• the federal Open Payments program under the Physician Payments Sunshine Act, created under Section 6002 of the PPACA and its implementing regulations, requires certain manufacturers of drugs, devices, biologics and medical supplies for which payment is available under Medicare, Medicaid or the Children’s Health Insurance Program (with certain exceptions) to report annually to HHS information related to “payments or other transfers of value” made to physicians (defined to include doctors, dentists, optometrists, podiatrists and chiropractors) and teaching hospitals, and applicable manufacturers and applicable group purchasing organizations to report annually to HHS ownership and investment interests held by physicians (as defined above) and their immediate family members; and

• analogous state and foreign laws and regulations, including: state anti-kickback and false claims laws which may apply to our business practices, including, but not limited to, research, distribution, sales and marketing arrangements and claims involving healthcare items or services reimbursed by state governmental andnon-governmental third-party payors, including private insurers; state laws that require pharmaceutical companies to comply with the pharmaceutical industry’s voluntary compliance guidelines and the applicable compliance guidance promulgated by the federal government; state laws that require drug manufacturers to track gifts and other remuneration and items of value provided to healthcare professionals and entities and file reports relating to pricing and marketing information; and state and foreign laws that govern the privacy and security of health information in specified circumstances, many of which differ from each other in significant ways and often are notpre-empted by HIPAA, thus complicating compliance efforts.

Because of the breadth of these laws and the narrowness of the statutory exceptions and safe harbors available under the U.S. federal Anti-Kickback Statute and analogous state laws, it is possible that some of our current and future business activities could be subject to challenge under one or more of such laws.

Efforts to ensure that our business arrangements with third parties will comply with applicable healthcare laws and regulations may involve substantial costs. It is possible that governmental authorities will conclude that our business practices may not comply with current or future statutes, regulations or case law involving applicable fraud and abuse or other healthcare laws and regulations. If our operations are found to be in violation of any of these laws or any other governmental regulations that may apply to us, we may be subject to significant civil, criminal and administrative penalties, including, without limitation, damages, fines, imprisonment, exclusion from participation in government healthcare programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, additional reporting requirements and oversight if we become subject to a corporate integrity agreement or similar agreement to resolve allegations ofnon-compliance with these laws and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations, which could have a material adverse effect on our business. If any of the physicians or other providers or entities with whom we expect to do business, including our strategic partners, is found not to be in compliance with applicable laws, it may be subject to criminal, civil or administrative sanctions, including exclusions from participation in government healthcare programs, which could also materially affect our business.

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We are subject to U.S. and certain foreign export and import controls, sanctions, embargoes, anti-corruption laws, and anti-money laundering laws and regulations. Compliance with these legal standards could impair our ability to compete in domestic and international markets. We can face criminal liability and other serious consequences for violations which can harm our business.

We are subject to export control and import laws and regulations, including the U.S. Export Administration Regulations, U.S. Customs regulations, various economic and trade sanctions regulations administered by the U.S. Treasury Department’s Office of Foreign Assets Controls, the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended, the U.S. domestic bribery statute contained in 18 U.S.C. § 201, the U.S. Travel Act, the USA PATRIOT Act, the United Kingdom Bribery Act 2010, the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002, and other state and national anti-bribery and anti-money laundering laws in the countries in which we conduct activities. Anti-corruption laws are interpreted broadly and prohibit companies and their employees, agents, contractors, and other partners from authorizing, promising, offering, or providing, directly or indirectly, improper payments or anything else of value to recipients in the public or private sector. We may engage third parties for clinical trials outside of the United States, to sell our products abroad once we enter a commercialization phase, or to obtain necessary permits, licenses, patent registrations, and other regulatory approvals. We may have direct or indirect interactions with officials and employees of government agencies or government-affiliated hospitals, universities, and other organizations. We can be held liable for the corrupt or other illegal activities of our employees, agents, contractors, and other partners, even if we do not explicitly authorize or have actual knowledge of such activities. Any violation of the laws and regulations described above may result in substantial civil and criminal fines and penalties, imprisonment, the loss of export or import privileges, debarment, tax reassessments, breach of contract and fraud litigation, reputational harm, and other consequences.

Risks Related to Our Financial Position and Need for Additional Capital

We have incurred significant losses since inception and anticipate that we will continue to incur losses for the foreseeable future. We have no products approved for commercial sale, and to date we have not generated any revenue or profit from product sales. We may never achieve or sustain profitability.

We are a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company. We have incurred significant losses since our inception. Our net loss for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 and for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 was $10.4 million, $33.8 million and $45.8 million, respectively. As of September 30, 2018 our accumulated deficit was approximately $154.5 million. We expect to continue to incur losses for the foreseeable future, and we expect these losses to increase as we continue our research and development of, and seek regulatory approvals for, our product candidates, prepare for and begin to commercialize any approved product candidates and add infrastructure and personnel to support our product development efforts and operations as a public company. The net losses and negative cash flows incurred to date, together with expected future losses, have had, and likely will continue to have, an adverse effect on our shareholders’ deficit and working capital. The amount of future net losses will depend, in part, on the rate of future growth of our expenses and our ability to generate revenue.

Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with pharmaceutical product development, we are unable to accurately predict the timing or amount of increased expenses or when, or if, we will be able to achieve profitability. For example, our expenses could increase if we are required by the FDA to perform trials in addition to those that we currently expect to perform, or if there are any delays in completing our currently planned clinical trials or in the development of any of our product candidates.

To become and remain profitable, we must succeed in developing and commercializing product candidates with significant market potential. This will require us to be successful in a range of challenging activities for which we are only in the preliminary stages, including developing product candidates, obtaining regulatory approval for such product candidates, and manufacturing, marketing and selling those product candidates for which we may obtain regulatory approval. We may never succeed in these activities and may never generate revenue from product sales that is significant enough to achieve profitability. Even if we achieve profitability in the future, we may not be able to sustain profitability in subsequent periods. Our failure to become or remain profitable would depress our market value and could impair our ability to raise capital, expand our business, develop other product candidates, or continue our operations. A decline in the value of our company could also cause our shareholders to lose all or part of their investment.

Biopharmaceutical product development is a highly speculative undertaking and involves a substantial degree of uncertainty. We have never generated any revenue from product sales and may never be profitable.

We have devoted substantially all of our financial resources and efforts to developing our proprietary therapeutic platforms, identifying potential product candidates and conducting preclinical studies and a clinical trial. We and our partners are still in the early stages of developing our product candidates, and we have not completed development of any products. Our revenue to date has been primarily revenue from the license of our proprietary therapeutic platforms for the development of product candidates by others or revenue from our strategic partners. Our ability to generate revenue and achieve profitability depends in large part on our ability, alone or with our strategic partners, to achieve milestones and to successfully complete the development of, obtain the necessary regulatory approvals for, and commercialize, product candidates. We do not anticipate generating revenue from sales of products for the foreseeable future.

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We will require substantial additional funding, which may not be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all, and, if not available, may require us to delay, scale back, or cease our product development programs or operations.

We are currently advancing two of our product candidates through preclinical and clinical development as well as other potential product candidates through discovery and preclinical development. Developing pharmaceutical products, including conducting preclinical studies and clinical trials, is expensive. In order to obtain such regulatory approval, we will be required to conduct clinical trials for each indication for each of our product candidates. We will continue to require additional funding to complete the development and commercialization of our product candidates and to continue to advance the development of our other product candidates, and such funding may not be available on acceptable terms or at all. Furthermore, in August 2016 we entered into a license agreement with Innovative Targeting Solutions Inc., or ITS, which requires licensing payments to ITS totaling $12.0 million over the following five-year period.

Although it is difficult to predict our liquidity requirements, based upon our current operating plan, we believe that our existing cash and cash equivalents and short term investments will enable us to fund our operating expenses and capital expenditure requirement into 2019. We may also be eligible to receive certain research, development and commercial milestone payments in the future, as described under “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Strategic Partnerships and Collaborations” under Item 2 of Part 1 above. However, because successful development of our product candidates and the achievement of milestones by our strategic partners is uncertain, we are unable to estimate the actual funds we will require to complete research and development and to commercialize our product candidates.

Our future funding requirements will depend on many factors, including but not limited to:

• the number and characteristics of other product candidates that we pursue;

• the scope, progress, timing, cost and results of research, preclinical development, and clinical trials;

• the costs, timing and outcome of seeking and obtaining FDA andnon-U.S. regulatory approvals;

• the costs associated with manufacturing our product candidates and establishing sales, marketing and distribution capabilities;

• our ability to maintain, expand and defend the scope of our intellectual property portfolio, including the amount and timing of any payments we may be required to make in connection with the licensing, filing, defense and enforcement of any patents or other intellectual property rights;

• our need and ability to hire additional management, scientific and medical personnel;

• the effect of competing products that may limit market penetration of our product candidates;

• our need to implement additional internal systems and infrastructure, including financial and reporting systems; and

• the economic and other terms, timing of and success of our existing strategic partnerships, and any collaboration, licensing, or other arrangements into which we may enter in the future, including the timing of receipt of any milestone or royalty payments under these agreements.

Until we can generate a sufficient amount of product revenue to finance our cash requirements, which we may never do, we expect to finance future cash needs primarily through a combination of public and private equity offerings, debt financings, strategic partnerships and grant funding.

If sufficient funds on acceptable terms are not available when needed, or at all, we could be forced to significantly reduce operating expenses and delay, scale back or eliminate one or more of our development programs or our business operations.

Raising additional capital may cause dilution to our shareholders, restrict our operations or require us to relinquish substantial rights.

To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, our shareholders’ ownership interest will be diluted, and the terms of these new securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect our shareholders’ rights as common shareholders. Debt financing, if available at all, may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures, or declaring dividends. If we raise additional funds through partnerships, collaborations, strategic alliances, or licensing arrangements with third parties, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies, product candidates, or future revenue streams, or grant licenses on terms that are not favorable to us. We cannot assure that we will be able to obtain additional funding if and when necessary. If we are unable to obtain adequate financing on a timely basis, we could be required to delay, scale back or eliminate one or more of our development programs or grant rights to develop and market product candidates that we would otherwise prefer to develop and market ourselves.

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Unstable market and economic conditions may have serious adverse consequences on our business and financial condition.

Global credit and financial markets experienced extreme disruptions at various points over the last decade, characterized by diminished liquidity and credit availability, declines in consumer confidence, declines in economic growth, increases in unemployment rates and uncertainty about economic stability. If another such disruption in credit and financial markets and deterioration of confidence in economic conditions occurs, our business may be adversely affected. If the equity and credit markets were to deteriorate significantly in the future, it may make any necessary debt or equity financing more difficult to complete, more costly, and more dilutive. Failure to secure any necessary financing in a timely manner and on favorable terms could have a material adverse effect on our growth strategy, financial performance and share price and could require us to delay or abandon development or commercialization plans. In addition, there is a risk that one or more of our current strategic partners, service providers, manufacturers and other partners would not survive or be able to meet their commitments to us under such circumstances, which could directly affect our ability to attain our operating goals on schedule and on budget.

We are subject to risks associated with currency fluctuations, and changes in foreign currency exchange rates could impact our results of operations.

Management assesses its functional currency to be the U.S. dollar based on management’s analysis of the primary economic environment in which we operate.

As of September 30, 2018, approximately 4.7% of our cash and cash equivalents and short term investments was denominated in Canadian dollars. Fluctuations in U.S. dollar and Canadian dollar exchange rates could result in a material increase in reported expenses relative to revenue, and therefore could cause our operating income (expense) to appear to decline materially. Fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates also impact the reporting of our receivables and payables innon-Canadian currencies. As a result of such foreign currency fluctuations, it could be more difficult to detect underlying trends in our business and results of operations. In addition, to the extent that fluctuations in currency exchange rates cause our results of operations to differ from our expectations or the expectations of our investors, the trading price of our common shares could be adversely affected.

From time to time, we may engage in exchange rate hedging activities in an effort to mitigate the impact of exchange rate fluctuations. For example, we maintain a natural currency hedge against fluctuations in the U.S./Canadian foreign exchange rate by matching the amount of U.S. dollar and Canadian dollar investments to the expected amount of future U.S. dollar and Canadian dollar obligations, respectively. Any hedging technique we implement may fail to be effective. If our hedging activities are not effective, changes in currency exchange rates may have a more significant impact on the trading price of our common shares.

Risks Related to Our Dependence on Third Parties

Our existing strategic partnerships are important to our business, and future strategic partnerships will likely also be important to us. If we are unable to maintain our strategic partnerships, or if these strategic partnerships are not successful, our business could be adversely affected.

We have limited capabilities for drug development and do not yet have any capability for sales, marketing or distribution. Accordingly, we have entered into strategic partnerships with other companies that we believe can provide such capabilities, including our collaboration and license agreements with Merck, Lilly, Celgene, GSK, Daiichi Sankyo, Janssen, and LEO. These relationships also have provided us withnon-dilutive funding for our wholly owned pipeline and therapeutic platforms and we expect to receive additional funding under these strategic partnerships in the future. Our existing strategic partnerships, and any future strategic partnerships we enter into, may pose a number of risks, including the following:

• strategic partners have significant discretion in determining the efforts and resources that they will apply to these partnerships;

• strategic partners may not perform their obligations as expected;

• strategic partners may not pursue development and commercialization of any product candidates that achieve regulatory approval or may elect not to continue or renew development or commercialization programs based on clinical trial results, changes in the partners’ strategic focus or available funding, or external factors, such as an acquisition, that divert resources or create competing priorities;

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• strategic partners may delay clinical trials, provide insufficient funding for a clinical trial program, stop a clinical trial or abandon a product candidate, repeat or conduct new clinical trials or require a new formulation of a product candidate for clinical testing;

• strategic partners could independently develop, or develop with third parties, products that compete directly or indirectly with our product candidates if the strategic partners believe that competitive products are more likely to be successfully developed or can be commercialized under terms that are more economically attractive than our product candidates;

• product candidates discovered in collaboration with us may be viewed by our strategic partners as competitive with their own product candidates or products, which may cause strategic partners to cease to devote resources to the commercialization of our product candidates;

• a strategic partner with marketing and distribution rights to one or more of our product candidates that achieve regulatory approval may not commit sufficient resources to the marketing and distribution of such product candidates;

• disagreements with strategic partners, including disagreements over proprietary rights, contract interpretation or the preferred course of development, might cause delays or termination of the research, development or commercialization of product candidates, might lead to additional responsibilities for us with respect to product candidates, or might result in litigation or arbitration, any of which would be time-consuming and expensive;

• strategic partners may not properly maintain or defend our intellectual property rights or may use our proprietary information in such a way as to invite litigation that could jeopardize or invalidate our intellectual property or proprietary information or expose us to potential litigation;

• strategic partners may infringe the intellectual property rights of third parties, which may expose us to litigation and potential liability;

• strategic partnerships may be terminated for the convenience of the partner and, if terminated, we could be required to raise additional capital to pursue further development or commercialization of the applicable product candidates. For example, each of our collaboration and license agreements with Merck, Lilly, Celgene, GSK, Daiichi Sankyo, Janssen, and LEO may be terminated for convenience upon the completion of a specified notice period; and

• we may elect to enter into additional licensing or collaboration agreements to partner our product candidates in territories we currently retain, and in the event we grant exclusive rights to such partners, we would be precluded from potential commercialization of our product candidates within the territories in which we have a partner.

We may not realize the anticipated benefits of our strategic partnerships.

If our strategic partnerships do not result in the successful development and commercialization of product candidates or if one of our partners terminates its agreement with us, we may not receive any future research funding or milestone or royalty payments under the collaboration. Moreover, our estimates of the potential revenue we are eligible to receive under our strategic partnerships may include potential payments in respect of therapeutic programs for which our partners have discontinued development or may discontinue development in the future. Furthermore, our strategic partners may not keep us informed as to the status of theirin-house research activities and they may fail to exercise options embedded within certain agreements. Any discontinuation of product development by our strategic partners could reduce the amounts receivable under our strategic partnerships below the stated amounts we are eligible to receive under those agreements. If we do not receive the funding we expect under these agreements, our development of our therapeutic platforms and product candidates could be delayed and we may need additional resources to develop product candidates and our therapeutic platforms. All of the risks relating to product development, regulatory approval and commercialization described in this Quarterly Report on Form10-Q also apply to the activities of our program strategic partners. For example, in 2017 Lilly nominated a bispecific candidate from their 2014 agreement with us for preclinical development and discontinued the development of two other bispecific antibodies due to strategic portfolio realignment in those particular disease areas.

As a result, we have updated our projections and are currently eligible to receive up to $125.0 million under this agreement, comprised of research milestone payments of up to $2.0 million ($2.0 million earned in 2016), IND submission milestone payments of up to $8.0 million, development milestone payments of up to $20.0 million and commercial milestone payments of up to $95.0 million.

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Additionally, subject to its contractual obligations to us, if one of our strategic partners is involved in a business combination, the partner might deemphasize or terminate the development or commercialization of any product candidate licensed to it by us. If one of our strategic partners terminates its agreement with us, we may find it more difficult to attract new partners.

We face significant competition in seeking new strategic partners.

For some of our product candidates, we may in the future determine to collaborate with additional pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies for development and potential commercialization of therapeutic products. Our ability to reach a definitive agreement for a collaboration will depend, among other things, upon our assessment of the strategic partner’s resources and expertise, the terms and conditions of the proposed collaboration and the proposed strategic partner’s evaluation of a number of factors. These factors may include the design or results of clinical trials, the likelihood of approval by the FDA or similar regulatory authorities outside the United States, the potential market for the subject product candidate, the costs and complexities of manufacturing and delivering such product candidate to patients, the potential of competing products, the existence of uncertainty with respect to our ownership of technology, which can exist if there is a challenge to such ownership without regard to the merits of the challenge and industry and market conditions generally. The strategic partner may also consider alternative product candidates or technologies for similar indications that may be available to collaborate on and whether such a collaboration could be more attractive than the one with us for our product candidate.

Strategic partnerships are complex and time-consuming to negotiate and document. In addition, there have been a significant number of recent business combinations among large pharmaceutical companies that have resulted in a reduced number of potential future strategic partners. If we are unable to reach agreements with suitable strategic partners on a timely basis, on acceptable terms, or at all, we may have to curtail the development of a product candidate, reduce or delay one or more of our other development programs, delay its potential commercialization or reduce the scope of any sales or marketing activities, or increase our expenditures and undertake development or commercialization activities at our own expense. If we elect to fund and undertake development or commercialization activities on our own, we may need to obtain additional expertise and additional capital, which may not be available to us on acceptable terms or at all. If we fail to enter into strategic partnerships and do not have sufficient funds or expertise to undertake the necessary development and commercialization activities, we may not be able to further develop our product candidates or bring them to market or continue to develop our therapeutic platforms and our business may be materially and adversely affected.

We rely on third-party manufacturers to produce our clinical product candidates. Any failure by a third-party manufacturer to produce acceptable product candidate for us may delay or impair our ability to initiate or complete our clinical trials or commercialize approved products.

We do not currently own or operate any manufacturing facilities nor do we have anyin-house manufacturing experience or personnel. We rely on our strategic partners to manufacture product candidates licensed to them or work with multiple third-party contract manufacturers to produce sufficient quantities of materials required for the manufacture of our product candidates for preclinical testing and clinical trials, in compliance with applicable regulatory and quality standards, and intend to do so for the commercial manufacture of our products. If we are unable to arrange for such third-party manufacturing sources, or fail to do so on commercially reasonable terms, we may not be able to successfully produce sufficient supply of product candidate or we may be delayed in doing so. Such failure or substantial delay could materially harm our business.

Reliance on third-party manufacturers entails risks to which we would not be subject if we manufactured product candidates ourselves, including reliance on the third party for regulatory compliance and quality control and assurance, volume production, the possibility of breach of the manufacturing agreement by the third party because of factors beyond our control (including a failure to synthesize and manufacture our product candidates in accordance with our product specifications) and the possibility of termination or nonrenewal of the agreement by the third party at a time that is costly or damaging to us. In addition, the FDA, EMA and other regulatory authorities require that our product candidates be manufactured according to current cGMPs and similar foreign standards. Pharmaceutical manufacturers and their subcontractors are required to register their facilities or products manufactured at the time of submission of the marketing application and then annually thereafter with the FDA and certain state and foreign agencies. They are also subject to periodic unannounced inspections by the FDA, state and other foreign authorities. Any subsequent discovery of problems with a product, or a manufacturing or laboratory facility used by us or our strategic partners, may result in restrictions on the product or on the manufacturing or laboratory facility, including marketed product recall, suspension of manufacturing, product seizure, or a voluntary withdrawal of the drug from the market. We may have little to no control regarding the occurrence of third-party manufacturer incidents. Any failure by our third-party manufacturers to comply with cGMP or failure to scale up manufacturing processes, including any failure to deliver sufficient quantities of product candidates in a timely manner, could lead to a delay in, or failure to obtain, regulatory approval of any of our product candidates.

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The manufacture of our product candidates is complex. We and our third-party manufacturers may encounter difficulties in production. If we encounter any such difficulties, our ability to supply our product candidates for clinical trials or, if approved, for commercial sale could be delayed or halted entirely.

The manufacture of biopharmaceutical products is complex and requires significant expertise and capital investment, including the development of advanced manufacturing techniques and process controls. The process of manufacturing our product candidates is extremely susceptible to product loss due to contamination, equipment failure or improper installation or operation of equipment, vendor or operator error, contamination and inconsistency in yields, variability in product characteristics and difficulties in scaling the production process. Even minor deviations from normal manufacturing processes could result in reduced production yields, product defects and other supply disruptions. If microbial, viral or other contaminations are discovered in our product candidates or in the manufacturing facilities in which our product candidates are made, such manufacturing facilities may need to be closed for an extended period of time to investigate and remedy the contamination. All of our engineered antibodies are manufactured by starting cells that are stored in a cell bank. We have one master cell bank for each antibody manufactured in accordance with cGMP and multiple working cell banks. While we believe we would have adequate back up should any cell bank be lost in a catastrophic event, it is possible that we could lose multiple cell banks and have our manufacturing severely impacted by the need to replace the cell banks. Any adverse developments affecting manufacturing operations for our product candidates, if any are approved, may result in shipment delays, inventory shortages, lot failures, product withdrawals or recalls, or other interruptions in the supply of our products. We may also have to take inventory write-offs and incur other charges and expenses for products that fail to meet specifications, undertake costly remediation efforts or seek more costly manufacturing alternatives.

We rely on third parties to monitor, support, conduct and oversee clinical trials of the product candidates that we are developing and, in some cases, to maintain regulatory files for those product candidates. We may not be able to obtain regulatory approval for our product candidates or commercialize any products that may result from our development efforts, if we are not able to maintain or secure agreements with such third parties on acceptable terms, if these third parties do not perform their services as required, or if these third parties fail to timely transfer any regulatory information held by them to us.

We rely on entities outside of our control, which may include academic institutions, CROs, hospitals, clinics and other third-party strategic partners, to monitor, support, conduct and oversee preclinical studies and clinical trials of our current and future product candidates. We also rely on third parties to perform clinical trials on our current and future product candidates when they reach that stage. As a result, we have less control over the timing and cost of these studies and the ability to recruit trial subjects than if we conducted these trials with our own personnel.

If we are unable to maintain or enter into agreements with these third parties on acceptable terms, or if any such engagement is terminated prematurely, we may be unable to enroll patients on a timely basis or otherwise conduct our trials in the manner we anticipate. In addition, there is no guarantee that these third parties will devote adequate time and resources to our studies or perform as required by our contract or in accordance with regulatory requirements, including maintenance of clinical trial information regarding our product candidates. If these third parties fail to meet expected deadlines, fail to transfer to us any regulatory information in a timely manner, fail to adhere to protocols or fail to act in accordance with regulatory requirements or our agreements with them, or if they otherwise perform in a substandard manner or in a way that compromises the quality or accuracy of their activities or the data they obtain, then clinical trials of our product candidates may be extended or delayed with additional costs incurred, or our data may be rejected by the FDA, EMA or other regulatory agencies.

Ultimately, we are responsible for ensuring that each of our clinical trials is conducted in accordance with the applicable protocol, legal, regulatory and scientific standards, and our reliance on third parties does not relieve us of our regulatory responsibilities.

We and our CROs are required to comply with cGCP regulations and guidelines enforced by the FDA, the competent authorities of the member states of the EU and comparable foreign regulatory authorities for products in clinical development. Regulatory authorities enforce these cGCP regulations through periodic inspections of clinical trial sponsors, principal investigators and clinical trial sites. If we or any of our CROs fail to comply with applicable cGCP regulations, the clinical data generated in our clinical trials may be deemed unreliable and our submission of marketing applications may be delayed or the FDA may require us to perform additional clinical trials before approving our marketing applications. Upon inspection, the FDA could determine that any of our clinical trials fail or have failed to comply with applicable cGCP regulations. In addition, our clinical trials must be conducted with product produced under the cGMP regulations enforced by the FDA, and our clinical trials may require a large number of test subjects. Our failure to comply with these regulations may require us to repeat clinical trials, which would delay the regulatory approval process and increase our costs. Moreover, our business may be implicated if any of our CROs violates federal or state fraud and abuse or false claims laws and regulations or healthcare privacy and security laws.

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If any of our clinical trial sites terminate for any reason, we may experience the loss offollow-up information on patients enrolled in our ongoing clinical trials unless we are able to transfer the care of those patients to another qualified clinical trial site. Further, if our relationship with any of our CROs is terminated, we may be unable to enter into arrangements with alternative CROs on commercially reasonable terms, or at all.

Switching or adding CROs or other suppliers can involve substantial cost and require extensive management time and focus. In addition, there is a natural transition period when a new CRO or supplier commences work. As a result, delays may occur, which can materially impact our ability to meet our desired clinical development timelines. If we are required to seek alternative supply arrangements, the resulting delays and potential inability to find a suitable replacement could materially and adversely impact our business.

We rely on third parties for various operational and administrative aspects of our business, including for certain cloud-based software platforms, which impact our financial, operational and research activities. If any of these third parties fail to provide timely, accurate and ongoing service or if the cloud-based platforms suffer outages that we are unable to mitigate, our business may be adversely affected.

We currently rely upon third-party consultants and contractors to provide certain operational and administrative services, including but not limited to external financial, legal, clinical and research consultation. The failure of any of these third parties to provide accurate and timely service may adversely impact our business operations. In addition, if such third-party service providers were to cease operations, temporarily or permanently, face financial distress or other business disruption, or increase their fees, or if our relationships with these providers deteriorate, we could suffer increased costs until an equivalent provider could be found, if at all, or we could develop internal capabilities, if ever.

In addition, if we are unsuccessful in choosing or finding high-quality partners, if we fail to negotiate cost-effective relationships with them, or if we ineffectively manage these relationships, it could have an adverse impact on our business and financial performance.

Further, our operations depend on the continuing and efficient operation of our information technology and communications systems and infrastructure, and specifically on “cloud-based” platforms. These platforms are vulnerable to damage or interruption from earthquakes, vandalism, sabotage, terrorist attacks, floods, fires, power outages, telecommunications failures, and computer viruses or other deliberate attempts to harm the systems. The occurrence of a natural or intentional disaster, any decision to close a facility we are using without adequate notice, or particularly an unanticipated problem at our cloud-based virtual server facility, could result in harmful interruptions in our service, resulting in adverse effects to our business.

Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property

Our commercial success depends significantly on our ability to operate without infringing the patents and other proprietary rights of third parties.

Our success will depend in part on our ability to operate without infringing the proprietary rights of third parties. Other entities may have or obtain patents or proprietary rights that could limit our ability to make, use, sell, offer for sale or import our future approved products or impair our competitive position. For example, certain patents and patent applications held by third parties cover Fab and Fc region engineering methods for bispecific antibodies, and antibodies having mutations in Fab heavy and light chain regions and Fc regions to generate correctly paired bispecific antibodies. If our products or our strategic partners’ products incorporate any Fab or Fc region mutations covered by any claims of these patents or patents that may issue from these applications and we are unable to invalidate those patents, or if licenses for them are not available on commercially reasonable terms or at all, our business could be materially harmed.

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We are also aware of third-party patents and patent applications containing claims directed to compositions and methods for treating various forms of cancer with antibodies targeting HER2, alone or in combination with other anti-cancer agents, which patents and applications could potentially be construed to cover our product candidates and the use thereof to treat cancer. If our products or our strategic partners’ products were to be found to infringe any such patents, and we were unable to invalidate those patents, or if licenses for them are not available on commercially reasonable terms, or at all, our business could be materially harmed. These patents may not expire before we receive marketing authorization for our product candidates, and could delay the commercial launch or one or more future products. There is also no assurance that there are not third-party patents or patent applications of which we are aware, but which we do not believe are relevant to our business, which may, nonetheless, ultimately be found to limit our ability to make, use, sell, offer for sale or import our future approved products or impair our competitive position.

Patents that we may ultimately be found to infringe could be issued to third parties. Third parties may have or obtain valid and enforceable patents or proprietary rights that could block us from developing product candidates using our technology. Our failure to obtain a license to any technology that we require may materially harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. Moreover, our failure to maintain a license to any technology that we require may also materially harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. Furthermore, we would be exposed to a threat of litigation.

In the pharmaceutical industry, significant litigation and other proceedings regarding patents, patent applications, trademarks and other intellectual property rights have become commonplace. The types of situations in which we may become a party to such litigation or proceedings include:

• we or our strategic partners may initiate litigation or other proceedings against third parties seeking to invalidate the patents held by those third parties, to obtain a judgment that our products or processes do not infringe those third parties’ patents or to obtain a judgement that those parties’ patents are unenforceable;

• if our competitors file patent applications that claim technology also claimed by us or our licensors, we or our licensors may be required to participate in interference, derivation or opposition proceedings to determine the priority of invention, which could jeopardize our patent rights and potentially provide a third party with a dominant patent position;

• if third parties initiate litigation claiming that our processes or products infringe their patent or other intellectual property rights or initiating other proceedings, including post-grant proceedings andinter partesreviews, we and our strategic partners will need to defend against such proceedings; and

• if a license to necessary technology is terminated, the licensor may initiate litigation claiming that our processes or products infringe or misappropriate their patent or other intellectual property rights and/or that we breached our obligations under the license agreement, and we and our strategic partners would need to defend against such proceedings.

These lawsuits would be costly and could affect our results of operations and divert the attention of our management and scientific personnel. Some of our competitors may be able to sustain the cost of such litigation and proceedings more effectively than we can because of their substantially greater resources. There is a risk that a court would decide that we or our strategic partners are infringing the third party’s patents and would order us or our strategic partners to stop the activities covered by the patents. In that event, we or our strategic partners may not have a viable alternative to the technology protected by the patent and may need to halt work on the affected product candidate or cease commercialization of an approved product. In addition, there is a risk that a court will order us or our strategic partners to pay third-party damages or some other monetary award, depending upon the jurisdiction. An adverse outcome in any litigation or other proceeding could subject us to significant liabilities to third parties, potentially including treble damages and attorneys’ fees if we are found to have willfully infringed, and we may be required to cease using the technology that is at issue or to license the technology from third parties. We may not be able to obtain any required licenses on commercially acceptable terms or at all. Any of these outcomes could have a material adverse effect on our business.

If we are unable to obtain, maintain and enforce patent and trade secret protection for our product candidates and related technology, our business could be materially harmed.

Our strategy depends on our ability to identify and seek patent protection for our discoveries. This process is expensive and time consuming, and we may not be able to file and prosecute all necessary or desirable patent applications at a reasonable cost or in a timely manner or in all jurisdictions where protection may be commercially advantageous. It is also possible that we will fail to identify patentable aspects of our research and development output before it is too late to obtain patent protection. Moreover, in some circumstances, we may not have the right to control the preparation, filing and prosecution of patent applications, or to maintain the patents, covering technology that we have licensed from third parties. Therefore, our owned orin-licensed patents and patent applications may not be prosecuted and enforced in a manner consistent with the best interests of our business. Our patent applications cannot be enforced against third parties practicing the technology claimed in such applications unless, and until, patents issue from such applications, and then only to the extent the issued claims cover the technology. The patent applications that we own orin-license may fail to result in issued patents with claims that cover our current and future product candidates in the United States or in other foreign countries.

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Moreover, the patent position of biopharmaceutical companies generally is highly uncertain, involves complex legal and factual questions and has in recent years been the subject of much litigation. The issuance of a patent does not ensure that it is valid or enforceable. Third parties may challenge the validity, enforceability or scope of our issued patents, and such patents may be narrowed, invalidated, circumvented, or deemed unenforceable. In addition, changes in law may introduce uncertainty in the enforceability or scope of patents owned by biotechnology companies. If our patents are narrowed, invalidated or held unenforceable, third parties may be able to commercialize our technology or products and compete directly with us without payment to us. There is no assurance that all potentially relevant prior art relating to our patents and patent applications has been found, and such prior art could potentially invalidate one or more of our patents or prevent a patent from issuing from one or more of our pending patent applications. There is also no assurance that there is not prior art of which we are aware, but which we do not believe affects the validity or enforceability of a claim in our patents and patent applications, which may, nonetheless, ultimately be found to affect the validity or enforceability of a claim. Furthermore, even if our patents are unchallenged, they may not adequately protect our intellectual property, provide exclusivity for our product candidates, prevent others from designing around our claims or provide us with a competitive advantage. The legal systems of certain countries do not favor the aggressive enforcement of patents, and the laws of foreign countries may not allow us to protect our inventions with patents to the same extent as the laws of the United States. Because patent applications in the United States and many foreign jurisdictions are typically not published until 18 months after filing, or in some cases not at all, and because publications of discoveries in scientific literature lag behind actual discoveries, we cannot be certain that we were the first to make the inventions claimed in our issued patents or pending patent applications, or that we were the first to file for protection of the inventions set forth in our patents or patent applications. As a result, we may not be able to obtain or maintain protection for certain inventions. Therefore, the issuance, validity, enforceability, scope and commercial value of our patents in the United States and in foreign countries cannot be predicted with certainty and, as a result, any patents that we own or license may not provide sufficient protection against competitors. We may not be able to obtain or maintain patent protection from our pending patent applications, from those we may file in the future, or from those we may license from third parties. Moreover, even if we are able to obtain patent protection, such patent protection may be of insufficient scope to achieve our business objectives. In addition, the issuance of a patent does not give us the right to practice the patented invention. Third parties may have blocking patents that could prevent us from marketing our own patented product and practicing our own patented technology.

Our patents covering one or more of our products or product candidates could be found invalid or unenforceable if challenged.

Any of our intellectual property rights could be challenged or invalidated despite measures we take to obtain patent and other intellectual property protection with respect to our product candidates and proprietary technology. For example, if we were to initiate legal proceedings against a third party to enforce a patent covering one of our product candidates, the defendant could counterclaim that our patent is invalid and/or unenforceable. In patent litigation in the United States and in some other jurisdictions, defendant counterclaims alleging invalidity and/or unenforceability are commonplace. Grounds for a validity challenge could be an alleged failure to meet any of several statutory requirements, for example, lack of novelty, obviousness ornon-enablement. Grounds for an unenforceability assertion could be an allegation that someone connected with prosecution of the patent withheld material information from the United States Patent and Trademark Office, or USPTO, or the applicable foreign counterpart, or made a misleading statement, during prosecution. A litigant or the USPTO itself could challenge our patents on this basis even if we believe that we have conducted our patent prosecution in accordance with the duty of candor and in good faith. The outcome following such a challenge is unpredictable.

With respect to challenges to the validity of our patents, for example, there might be invalidating prior art, of which we and the patent examiner were unaware during prosecution. If a defendant were to prevail on a legal assertion of invalidity and/or unenforceability, we would lose at least part, and perhaps all, of the patent protection on a product candidate. Even if a defendant does not prevail on a legal assertion of invalidity and/or unenforceability, our patent claims may be construed in a manner that would limit our ability to enforce such claims against the defendant and others. The cost of defending such a challenge, particularly in a foreign jurisdiction, and any resulting loss of patent protection could have a material adverse impact on one or more of our product candidates and our business.

Enforcing our intellectual property rights against third parties may also cause such third parties to file other counterclaims against us, which could be costly to defend, particularly in a foreign jurisdiction, and could require us to pay substantial damages, cease the sale of certain products or enter into a license agreement and pay royalties (which may not be possible on commercially reasonable terms or at all). Any efforts to enforce our intellectual property rights are also likely to be costly and may divert the efforts of our scientific and management personnel.

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Our intellectual property rights will not necessarily provide us with competitive advantages.

The degree of future protection afforded by our intellectual property rights is uncertain because intellectual property rights have limitations, and may not adequately protect our business, or permit us to maintain our competitive advantage. The following examples are illustrative:

• others may be able to make compounds that are similar to our product candidates but that are not covered by the claims of the patents that we or our strategic partners own or have exclusively licensed;

• others may independently develop similar or alternative technologies without infringing our intellectual property rights;

• issued patents that we own or have exclusively licensed may not provide us with any competitive advantages, or may be held invalid or unenforceable, as a result of legal challenges by our competitors;

• we may obtain patents for certain compounds many years before we obtain marketing approval for products containing such compounds, and because patents have a limited life, which may begin to run prior to the commercial sale of the related product, the commercial value of our patents may be limited;

• our competitors might conduct research and development activities in countries where we do not have patent rights and then use the information learned from such activities to develop competitive products for sale in our major commercial markets;

• we may fail to develop additional proprietary technologies that are patentable;

• the laws of certain foreign countries may not protect our intellectual property rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States, or we may fail to apply for or obtain adequate intellectual property protection in all the jurisdictions in which we operate; and

• the patents of others may have an adverse effect on our business, for example by preventing us from marketing one or more of our product candidates for one or more indications.

Any of the aforementioned threats to our competitive advantage could have a material adverse effect on our business.

We may become involved in lawsuits to protect or enforce our patents and trade secrets, which could be expensive, time consuming and unsuccessful.

Third parties may seek to market biosimilar versions of any approved products. Alternatively, third parties may seek approval to market their own products similar to or otherwise competitive with our product candidates. In these circumstances, we may need to defend or assert our patents, including by filing lawsuits alleging patent infringement. The outcome following legal assertions of invalidity and unenforceability is unpredictable. In any of these types of proceedings, a court or agency with jurisdiction may find our patents invalid or unenforceable. Even if we have valid and enforceable patents, these patents still may not provide protection against competing products or processes sufficient to achieve our business objectives.

Even after they have issued, our patents and any patents that we license may be challenged, narrowed, invalidated or circumvented. If our patents are invalidated or otherwise limited or will expire prior to the commercialization of our product candidates, other companies may be better able to develop products that compete with ours, which could adversely affect our competitive business position, business prospects and financial condition. In addition, if the breadth or strength of protection provided by our patents and patent applications is threatened, it could dissuade companies from collaborating with us to license, develop or commercialize current or future product candidates.

The following are examples of litigation and other adversarial proceedings or disputes that we could become a party to involving our patents or patents licensed to us:

• we or our strategic partners may initiate litigation or other proceedings against third parties to enforce our patent and trade secret rights;

• third parties may initiate litigation or other proceedings seeking to invalidate patents owned by or licensed to us or to obtain a declaratory judgment that their product or technology does not infringe our patents or patents licensed to us;

• third parties may initiate opposition or reexamination proceedings challenging the validity or scope of our patent rights, requiring us or our strategic partners and/or licensors to participate in such proceedings to defend the validity and scope of our patents;

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• there may be a challenge or dispute regarding inventorship or ownership of patents or trade secrets currently identified as being owned by or licensed to us;

• the USPTO may initiate an interference between patents or patent applications owned by or licensed to us and those of our competitors, requiring us or our strategic partners and/or licensors to participate in an interference proceeding to determine the priority of invention, which could jeopardize our patent rights; or

• third parties may seek approval to market biosimilar versions of our future approved products prior to expiration of relevant patents owned by or licensed to us, requiring us to defend our patents, including by filing lawsuits alleging patent infringement.

These lawsuits and proceedings would be costly and could affect our results of operations and divert the attention of our managerial and scientific personnel. Adversaries in these proceedings may have the ability to dedicate substantially greater resources to prosecuting these legal actions than we or our licensors can. There is a risk that a court or administrative body would decide that our patents are invalid or not infringed or trade secrets not misappropriated by a third party’s activities, or that the scope of certain issued claims must be further limited. An adverse outcome in a litigation or proceeding involving our own patents or trade secrets could limit our ability to assert our patents or trade secrets against these or other competitors, affect our ability to receive royalties or other licensing consideration from our licensees, and may curtail or preclude our ability to exclude third parties from making, using and selling similar or competitive products. Any of these occurrences could adversely affect our competitive business position, business prospects and financial condition.

We may not be able to prevent, alone or with our licensors, infringement or misappropriation of our intellectual property rights, particularly in countries where the laws may not protect those rights as fully as in the United States. Any litigation or other proceedings to enforce our intellectual property rights may fail, and even if successful, may result in substantial costs and distract our management and other employees.

Furthermore, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation, there is a risk that some of our confidential information could be compromised by disclosure during this type of litigation. There could also be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions or other interim proceedings or developments. If securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, it could have an adverse effect on the price of our common shares.

The degree of future protection for our proprietary rights is uncertain because legal means afford only limited protection and may not adequately protect our rights or permit us to gain or keep our competitive advantage. For example:

• others may be able to develop a platform that is similar to, or better than, ours in a way that is not covered by the claims of our patents;

• others may be able to make compounds that are similar to our product candidates but that are not covered by the claims of our patents;

• we might not have been the first to make the inventions covered by patents or pending patent applications;

• we might not have been the first to file patent applications for these inventions;

• any patents that we obtain may not provide us with any competitive advantages or may ultimately be found invalid or unenforceable; or

• we may not develop additional proprietary technologies that are patentable or that afford meaningful trade secret protection.

Patent terms may be inadequate to protect our competitive position on our product candidates for an adequate amount of time.

Patents have a limited lifespan. In the United States, if all maintenance fees are timely paid, the natural expiration of a patent is generally 20 years from its earliest U.S.non-provisional filing date. Various extensions may be available, but the life of a patent, and the protection it affords, is limited. Even if patents covering our product candidates are obtained, once the patent life has expired, we may be open to competition from competitive products, including biosimilars. Given the amount of time required for the development, testing and regulatory review of new product candidates, patents protecting such candidates might expire before or shortly after such candidates are commercialized. As a result, our owned and licensed patent portfolio may not provide us with sufficient rights to exclude others from commercializing products similar or identical to ours.

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If we do not obtain protection under the Hatch-Waxman amendments and similar foreign legislation for extending the term of patents covering each of our product candidates, our business may be materially harmed.

Depending upon the timing, duration and conditions of FDA marketing approval of our product candidates, one or more of our U.S. patents may be eligible for limited patent term extension under the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984, referred to as the Hatch-Waxman Amendments. The Hatch-Waxman Amendments permit a patent term extension of up to five years for a patent covering an approved product as compensation for effective patent term lost during product development and the FDA regulatory review process. However, we may not receive an extension if we fail to apply within applicable deadlines, fail to apply prior to expiration of relevant patents or otherwise fail to satisfy applicable requirements. Moreover, the length of the extension could be less than we request. If we are unable to obtain patent term extension or the term of any such extension is less than we request, the period during which we can enforce our patent rights for that product will be shortened and our competitors may obtain approval to market competing products sooner. As a result, our revenue from applicable products could be reduced, possibly materially. Further, if this occurs, our competitors may take advantage of our investment in development and trials by referencing our clinical and preclinical data and launch their product earlier than might otherwise be the case.

If we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our proprietary information, the value of our technology and products could be adversely affected.

In addition to patent protection, we also rely on other proprietary rights, including protection of trade secrets, and other proprietary information. For example, we treat our proprietary computational technologies, including unpatentedknow-how and other proprietary information, as trade secrets. To maintain the confidentiality of trade secrets and proprietary information, we enter into confidentiality agreements with our employees, consultants, strategic partners and others upon the commencement of their relationships with us. These agreements require that all confidential information developed by the individual or made known to the individual by us during the course of the individual’s relationship with us be kept confidential and not disclosed to third parties. Our agreements with employees and our personnel policies also provide that any inventions conceived by the individual in the course of rendering services to us shall be our exclusive property. However, we may not obtain these agreements in all circumstances, and individuals with whom we have these agreements may not comply with their terms. Thus, despite such agreement, such inventions may become assigned to third parties. In the event of unauthorized use or disclosure of our trade secrets or proprietary information, these agreements, even if obtained, may not provide meaningful protection, particularly for our trade secrets or other confidential information. To the extent that our employees, consultants or contractors use technology orknow-how owned by third parties in their work for us, disputes may arise between us and those third parties as to the rights in related inventions. To the extent that an individual who is not obligated to assign rights in intellectual property to us is rightfully an inventor of intellectual property, we may need to obtain an assignment or a license to that intellectual property from that individual, or a third party or from that individual’s assignee. Such assignment or license may not be available on commercially reasonable terms or at all.

Enforcing a claim that a party illegally disclosed or misappropriated a trade secret is difficult, expensive and time-consuming and the outcome is unpredictable. The disclosure of our trade secrets would impair our competitive position and may materially harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. Costly and time-consuming litigation could be necessary to enforce and determine the scope of our proprietary rights, and failure to maintain trade secret protection could adversely affect our competitive business position. In addition, if any of our trade secrets were to be lawfully obtained or independently developed by a competitor, we would have no right to prevent such third party, or those to whom they communicate such technology or information, from using that technology or information to compete with us. If any of our trade secrets were to be disclosed to or independently developed by a competitor, or if we otherwise lose protection for our trade secrets or proprietaryknow-how, the value of this information may be greatly reduced and our business and competitive position could be harmed. Adequate remedies may not exist in the event of unauthorized use or disclosure of our proprietary information.

As is common in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries, we employ individuals who were previously or concurrently employed at research institutions and/or other biotechnology or pharmaceutical companies, including our competitors or potential competitors. We may be subject to claims that these employees, or we, have inadvertently or otherwise used or disclosed trade secrets or other proprietary information of their former employers, or that patents and applications we have filed to protect inventions of these employees, even those related to one or more of our product candidates, are rightfully owned by their former or concurrent employer. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims. Such trade secrets or other proprietary information could be awarded to a third party, and we could be required to obtain a license from such third party to commercialize our technology or products. Such license may not be available on commercially reasonable terms or at all. Even if we are successful in defending against these claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management.

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Obtaining and maintaining our patent protection depends on compliance with various procedural, documentary, fee payment and other requirements imposed by regulations and governmental patent agencies, and our patent protection could be reduced or eliminated for noncompliance with these requirements.

Periodic maintenance fees, renewal fees, annuity fees and various other governmental fees on patents or applications will be due to the USPTO and various foreign patent offices at various points over the lifetime of our patents or applications. We have systems in place to remind us to pay these fees, and we rely on our outside patent annuity service to pay these fees when due. Additionally, the USPTO and various foreign patent offices require compliance with a number of procedural, documentary, fee payment and other similar provisions during the patent application process. We employ reputable law firms and other professionals to help us comply, and in many cases an inadvertent lapse can be cured by payment of a late fee or by other means in accordance with rules applicable to the particular jurisdiction. However, there are situations in which noncompliance can result in abandonment or lapse of the patent or patent application, resulting in partial or complete loss of patent rights in the relevant jurisdiction. If such an event were to occur, it could have a material adverse effect on our business.

We may be subject to claims challenging the inventorship of our patents and other intellectual property.

Although we are not currently experiencing any claims challenging the inventorship or ownership of our patents, we may in the future be subject to claims that former employees, strategic partners or other third parties have an interest in our patents or other intellectual property as an inventor orco-inventor. While it is our policy to require our employees and contractors who may be involved in the conception or development of intellectual property to execute agreements assigning such intellectual property to us, we may be unsuccessful in executing such an agreement with each party who, in fact, conceives or develops intellectual property that we regard as our own. For example, the assignment of intellectual property rights may not be self-executing or the assignment agreements may be breached, or we may have inventorship disputes arise from conflicting obligations of consultants or others who are involved in developing our product candidates. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these and other claims challenging inventorship. If we fail in defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights, such as exclusive ownership of, or right to use, valuable intellectual property. Even if we are successful in defending against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management and other employees.

Patent protection and patent prosecution for some of our product candidates may be dependent on, and the ability to assert patents and defend them against claims of invalidity may be maintained by, third parties.

There may be times in the future when certain patents that relate to our product candidates or any approved products are controlled by our licensees or licensors. Although we may, under such arrangements, have rights to consult with our strategic partners on actions taken as well asback-up rights of prosecution and enforcement, we have in the past and may in the future relinquish rights to prosecute and maintain patents and patent applications within our portfolio as well as the ability to assert such patents against infringers.

If any current or future licensee or licensor with rights to prosecute, assert or defend patents related to our product candidates fails to appropriately prosecute and maintain patent protection for patents covering any of our product candidates, or if patents covering any of our product candidates are asserted against infringers or defended against claims of invalidity or unenforceability in a manner which adversely affects such coverage, our ability to develop and commercialize any such product candidate may be adversely affected and we may not be able to prevent competitors from making, using and selling competing products.

Changes in patent laws or patent jurisprudence could diminish the value of patents in general, thereby impairing our ability to protect our products.

The patent positions of pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies can be highly uncertain and involve complex legal and factual questions for which important legal principles remain unresolved. Changes in either the patent laws or in the interpretations of patent laws in the United States and other countries may diminish the value of our intellectual property. We cannot predict the breadth of claims that may be allowed or found to be enforceable in our patents, in our strategic partners’ patents or in third-party patents. The United States has enacted and is currently implementing wide-ranging patent reform legislation. Further, recent U.S. Supreme Court rulings have either narrowed the scope of patent protection available in certain circumstances or weakened the rights of patent owners in certain situations. In addition to increasing uncertainty with regard to our ability to obtain patents in the future, this combination of events has created uncertainty with respect to the validity, scope and value of patents, once obtained.

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For our U.S. patent applications containing a priority claim after March 16, 2013, there is a greater level of uncertainty in the patent law. In September 2011, the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act, also known as the America Invents Act, or AIA, was signed into law. The AIA includes a number of significant changes to U.S. patent law, including provisions that affect the way patent applications will be prosecuted and may also affect patent litigation.

The AIA and its implementation could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our patent applications and the enforcement or defense of our issued patents, all of which could have an adverse effect on our business. An important change introduced by the AIA is that, as of March 16, 2013, the United States transitioned to a“first-to-file” system for deciding which party should be granted a patent when two or more patent applications are filed by different parties disclosing or claiming the same invention. A third party that has filed, or does file a patent application in the USPTO after March 16, 2013 but before us, could be awarded a patent covering a given invention, even if we had made the invention before it was made by the third party. This requires us to be cognizant going forward of the time from invention to filing of a patent application.

Among some of the other changes introduced by the AIA are changes that limit where a patentee may file a patent infringement suit and providing opportunities for third parties to challenge any issued patent in the USPTO. This applies to all of our U.S. patents, even those issued before March 16, 2013. Because of a lower evidentiary standard in USPTO proceedings compared to the evidentiary standard in United States federal court necessary to invalidate a patent claim, a third party could potentially provide evidence in a USPTO proceeding sufficient for the USPTO to hold a claim invalid even though the same evidence would be insufficient to invalidate the claim if first presented in a district court action. Accordingly, a third party may attempt to use the USPTO procedures to invalidate our patent claims that would not have been invalidated if first challenged by the third party as a defendant in a district court action.

Depending on decisions by the U.S. Congress, the U.S. federal courts, the USPTO or similar authorities in foreign jurisdictions, the laws and regulations governing patents could change in unpredictable ways that may weaken our and our licensors’ ability to obtain new patents or to enforce existing patents we and our licensors or partners may obtain in the future.

We may not be able to protect our intellectual property rights throughout the world.

Filing, prosecuting and defending patents on product candidates in all countries throughout the world would be prohibitively expensive, and our intellectual property rights in some countries outside the United States can be less extensive than those in the United States. In addition, the laws of some foreign countries do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as federal and state laws in the United States. Consequently, we may not be able to prevent third parties from practicing our inventions in all countries outside the United States, or from selling or importing products made using our inventions in and into the United States or other jurisdictions. Competitors may use our technologies in jurisdictions where we have not obtained patent protection to develop their own products and further, may export otherwise infringing products to territories where we have patent protection, but enforcement is not as strong as that in the United States. These products may compete with our current or future products, if any, and our patents or other intellectual property rights may not be effective or sufficient to prevent them from competing. Recent United States Supreme Court cases have narrowed the scope of what is considered patentable subject matter, for example, in the areas of software and diagnostic methods involving the association between treatment outcome and biomarkers. This could impact our ability to patent certain aspects of our technology in the United States.

Many companies have encountered significant problems in protecting and defending intellectual property rights in foreign jurisdictions. The legal systems of certain countries, particularly certain developing countries, do not favor the enforcement of patents, trade secrets and other intellectual property protection, particularly those relating to biotechnology products, which could make it difficult for us to stop the infringement of our patents or marketing of competing products in violation of our proprietary rights generally. Proceedings to enforce our patent rights in foreign jurisdictions could result in substantial costs and divert our efforts and attention from other aspects of our business, could put our patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly and our patent applications at risk of not issuing and could provoke third parties to assert claims against us. We may not prevail in any lawsuits that we initiate and the damages or other remedies awarded, if any, may not be commercially meaningful. Accordingly, our efforts to enforce our intellectual property rights around the world may be inadequate to obtain a significant commercial advantage from the intellectual property that we develop or license.

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Additionally, the requirements for patentability may differ in certain countries, particularly developing countries. For example, unlike other countries, China has a heightened requirement for patentability, and specifically requires a detailed description of medical uses of a claimed drug. In India, unlike the United States, there is no link between regulatory approval of a drug and its patent status. In addition to India, certain countries in Europe and developing countries, including China, have compulsory licensing laws under which a patent owner may be compelled to grant licenses to third parties. In those countries, we and our licensors may have limited remedies if patents are infringed or if we or our licensors are compelled to grant a license to a third party, which could materially diminish the value of those patents. This could limit our potential revenue opportunities. Accordingly, our efforts to enforce intellectual property rights around the world may be inadequate to obtain a significant commercial advantage from the intellectual property that we own or license.

We will need to obtain FDA approval for any proposed product candidate names, and any failure or delay associated with such approval may adversely affect our business.

Any proprietary name or trademark we intend to use for our product candidates will require approval from the FDA regardless of whether we have secured a formal trademark registration from the USPTO. The FDA typically conducts a review of proposed product candidate names, including an evaluation of the potential for confusion with other product names. The FDA may also object to a product name if it believes the name inappropriately implies certain medical claims or contributes to an overstatement of efficacy. If the FDA objects to any product candidate names we propose, we may be required to adopt an alternative name for our product candidates. If we adopt an alternative name, we would lose the benefit of any existing trademark applications for such product candidate and may be required to expend significant additional resources in an effort to identify a suitable product name that would qualify under applicable trademark laws, not infringe the existing rights of third parties and be acceptable to the FDA. We may be unable to build a successful brand identity for a new trademark in a timely manner or at all, which would limit our ability to commercialize our product candidates.

Risks Related to Additional Legal and Compliance Matters

Our employees may engage in misconduct or other improper activities, including noncompliance with regulatory standards and requirements and insider trading.

We are exposed to the risk of employee fraud or other misconduct. Misconduct by employees could include intentional failures to comply with FDA regulations, to provide accurate information to the FDA, to comply with federal and state health care fraud and abuse laws and regulations, to report financial information or data accurately or to disclose unauthorized activities to us. In particular, sales, marketing and business arrangements in the health care industry are subject to extensive laws and regulations intended to prevent fraud, misconduct, kickbacks, self-dealing and other abusive practices. These laws and regulations may restrict or prohibit a wide range of pricing, discounting, marketing and promotion, sales commission, customer incentive programs and other business arrangements. Employee misconduct could also involve the improper use of information obtained in the course of clinical trials, which could result in regulatory sanctions and serious harm to our reputation. We have adopted a Code of Conduct and Business Ethics, or Code of Conduct, but it is not always possible to identify and deter employee misconduct, and the precautions we take to detect and prevent this activity may not be effective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or losses or in protecting us from governmental investigations or other actions or lawsuits stemming from a failure to comply with these laws or regulations. If any such actions are instituted against us, and we are not successful in defending ourselves or asserting our rights, those actions could have a significant impact on our business, including the imposition of significant fines or other sanctions.

If we market products in a manner that violates healthcare fraud and abuse laws, or if we violate government price reporting laws, we may be subject to civil or criminal penalties.

In addition to FDA restrictions on the marketing of pharmaceutical products, federal and state healthcare laws restrict certain business practices in the biopharmaceutical industry. Although we currently do not have any products on the market, we may be subject, and once our product candidates are approved and we begin commercialization will be subject, to additional healthcare laws and regulations enforced by the federal government and by authorities in the states and foreign jurisdictions in which we conduct our business. These state and federal healthcare laws, commonly referred to as “fraud and abuse” laws, have been applied in recent years to restrict certain marketing practices in the pharmaceutical industry, and include, but are not limited to, anti-kickback, false claims, data privacy and security and transparency statutes and regulations.

Federal false claims laws prohibit any person from knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, a false claim for payment to the federal government or knowingly making, or causing to be made, a false statement to get a false claim paid. The federal healthcare program anti-kickback statute prohibits, among other things, knowingly and willfully offering, paying, soliciting or receiving remuneration to induce, or in return for, purchasing, leasing, ordering or arranging for the purchase, lease or order of any healthcare item or service reimbursable under Medicare, Medicaid or other federally financed healthcare programs. This statute has been interpreted to apply to arrangements between pharmaceutical manufacturers on the one hand and prescribers, purchasers and formulary managers on the other. Although there are several statutory exemptions and regulatory safe harbors protecting certain common activities from prosecution, the exemptions and safe harbors are drawn narrowly, and practices that involve remuneration intended to induce prescribing, purchasing or recommending may be subject to scrutiny if they do not qualify for an exemption or safe harbor. Most states also have statutes or regulations similar to the federal anti-kickback law and federal false claims laws, which may apply to items such as pharmaceutical products and services reimbursed by private insurers. Administrative, civil and criminal sanctions may be imposed under these federal and state laws.

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Over the past few years, a number of pharmaceutical and other healthcare companies have been prosecuted under these laws for a variety of promotional and marketing activities, such as:

• providing free trips, free goods, sham consulting fees and grants and other monetary benefits to prescribers;

• reporting to pricing services inflated average wholesale prices that were then used by federal programs to set reimbursement rates;

• engaging inoff-label promotion; and

• submitting inflated best price information to the Medicaid Rebate Program to reduce liability for Medicaid rebates.

The civil monetary penalties statute imposes penalties against any person or entity who, among other things, is determined to have presented or caused to be presented a claim to a federal health program that the person knows or should know is for an item or service that was not provided as claimed or is false or fraudulent.

HIPAA created new federal criminal statutes that prohibit knowingly and willfully executing, or attempting to execute, a scheme to defraud or obtain, by means of false or fraudulent pretenses, representations, or promises, any of the money or property owned by, or under the custody or control of, any healthcare benefit program, including private third-party payors, and knowingly and willfully falsifying, concealing or covering up a material fact or making any materially false, fictitious or fraudulent statement in connection with the delivery of, or payment for, healthcare benefits, items or services.

In addition, we may be subject to data privacy and security regulation by both the federal government and the states in which we conduct our business. HIPAA, as amended by HITECH, and its implementing regulations, imposes certain requirements relating to the privacy, security and transmission of individually identifiable health information. Among other things, HITECH makes HIPAA’s security standards directly applicable to business associates — independent contractors or agents of covered entities that receive or obtain protected health information in connection with providing a service on behalf of a covered entity. HITECH also created four new tiers of civil monetary penalties, and newly empowered state attorneys general with the authority to enforce HIPAA. In January 2013, the Office for Civil Rights of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services issued the Final Omnibus Rule under HIPAA pursuant to HITECH that makes significant changes to the privacy, security and breach notification requirements and penalties. The Final Omnibus Rule generally took effect in September 2013 and enhances certain privacy and security protections, and strengthens the government’s ability to enforce HIPAA. The Final Omnibus Rule also enhanced requirements for both covered entities and business associates regarding notification of breaches of unsecured protected health information. In addition, state laws govern the privacy and security of health information in certain circumstances, many of which differ from each other in significant ways. These state laws may not have the same effect and often are notpre-empted by HIPAA, thus complicating compliance efforts.

Additionally, the PPACA also included the federal Physician Payments Sunshine Act, which requires certain manufacturers of drugs, devices, biologicals and medical supplies for which payment is available under Medicare, Medicaid or the Children’s Health Insurance Program (with certain exceptions) to report annually information related to certain payments or other transfers of value made or distributed to physicians and teaching hospitals, or to entities or individuals at the request of, or designated on behalf of, the physicians and teaching hospitals and to report annually certain ownership and investment interests held by physicians and their immediate family members. Failure to comply with required reporting requirements could subject applicable manufacturers and others to substantial civil money penalties.

Also, many states have similar healthcare statutes or regulations that apply to items and services reimbursed under Medicaid and other state programs, or, in several states, apply regardless of the payor. Certain states require pharmaceutical companies to implement a comprehensive compliance program that includes a limit or outright ban on expenditures for, or payments to, individual medical or health professionals and/or require pharmaceutical companies to track and report gifts and other payments made to physicians and other healthcare providers.

If our operations are found to be in violation of any of the healthcare laws or regulations described above or any other laws that apply to us, we may be subject to penalties, including potentially significant criminal, civil or administrative penalties, damages, fines, disgorgement, individual imprisonment, exclusion of products from reimbursement under government programs, contractual damages, reputational harm, administrative burdens, diminished profits and future earnings or the curtailment or restructuring of our operations, any of which could adversely affect our ability to operate our business and our results of operations. To the extent that any of our products will be sold in a foreign country, we may be subject to similar foreign laws and regulations, which may include, for instance, applicable post-marketing requirements, including safety surveillance, fraud and abuse laws, and implementation of corporate compliance programs and reporting of payments or transfers of value to healthcare professionals.

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If we do not comply with laws regulating the protection of the environment and health and human safety, our business could be adversely affected.

Our research and development involves, and may in the future involve, the use of potentially hazardous materials and chemicals. Our operations may produce hazardous waste products. Although we believe that our safety procedures for handling and disposing of these materials comply with the standards mandated by local, state and federal laws and regulations, the risk of accidental contamination or injury from these materials cannot be eliminated. If an accident occurs, we could be held liable for resulting damages, which could be substantial. We are also subject to numerous environmental, health and workplace safety laws and regulations and fire and building codes, including those governing laboratory procedures, exposure to blood-borne pathogens, use and storage of flammable agents and the handling of biohazardous materials. Although we maintain workers’ compensation insurance as prescribed by the Washington State and the Province of British Columbia to cover us for costs and expenses we may incur due to injuries to our employees resulting from the use of these materials, this insurance may not provide adequate coverage against potential liabilities. We do not maintain insurance for environmental liability or toxic tort claims that may be asserted against us. Additional federal, state and local laws and regulations affecting our operations may be adopted in the future. We may incur substantial costs to comply with, and substantial fines or penalties if we violate, any of these laws or regulations.

The change from foreign private issuer to U.S. domestic issuer status may result in additional costs and expenses to us.

As of June 30, 2018, we determined that we no longer qualify as a “foreign private issuer,” as such term is defined in Rule 405 under the U.S. Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act. As a result, as of January 1, 2019 we will no longer be eligible to use the rules and forms designated for foreign private issuers and we will be considered a U.S. domestic issuer. The regulatory and compliance costs to us under U.S. securities laws as a U.S. domestic issuer may be significantly more than the costs incurred as a foreign private issuer. While we have voluntarily chosen to file periodic reports on U.S. domestic issuer forms, as a U.S. domestic issuer, we will be required to file periodic and current reports and registration statements on U.S. domestic issuer forms with the SEC, which are generally more detailed and extensive than the forms available to a foreign private issuer. In addition, we will be required to comply with U.S. proxy requirements and Regulation FD (Fair Disclosure) and our officers, directors and principal shareholders will become subject to the beneficial ownership reporting and short-swing profit recovery requirements in Section 16 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act. We will also no longer be eligible to rely upon exemptions from corporate governance requirements that are available to foreign private issuers or to benefit from other accommodations for foreign private issuers under the rules of the SEC or NYSE and may be required to modify certain of our policies to comply with good governance practices applicable to U.S. domestic issuers, which would involve additional costs.

Risks Related to Employee Matters and Managing Growth

Our future success depends on our ability to retain key executives and to attract, retain and motivate qualified personnel.

We are highly dependent on the research and development, clinical and business expertise of Dr. Ali Tehrani, Ph.D., our President and Chief Executive Officer, Mr. Neil Klompas, our Chief Financial Officer, and other members of our senior management, scientific and clinical team. Although we have entered into employment agreements with our executive officers, each of them may terminate their employment with us at any time. We currently maintain “key person” insurance coverage for Dr. Tehrani (C$5.0 million) and Mr. Neil Klompas (C$2.0 million). The loss of the services of our executive officers or other key employees could impede the achievement of our research, development and commercialization objectives and seriously harm our ability to successfully implement our business strategy.

Recruiting and retaining qualified scientific, clinical, manufacturing and sales and marketing personnel will also be critical to our success. In addition, we will need to expand and effectively manage our managerial, operational, financial, development and other resources in order to successfully pursue our research, development and commercialization efforts for our existing and future product candidates. Furthermore, replacing executive officers and key employees may be difficult and may take an extended period of time because of the limited talent pool in our industry due to the breadth of skills and experience required to successfully develop, gain regulatory approval of and commercialize products. Intense competition for attracting key skill-sets may limit our ability to retain and motivate these key personnel on acceptable terms. We also experience competition for the hiring of scientific and clinical personnel from universities and research institutions. In addition, we rely on consultants and advisors, including scientific and clinical advisors, to assist us in formulating our research and development and commercialization strategy. Our consultants and advisors may be employed by employers other than us and may have commitments under consulting or advisory contracts with other entities that may limit their availability. If we are unable to continue to attract and retain high quality personnel, our ability to pursue our growth strategy will be limited.

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We will need to grow our organization, and we may experience difficulty in managing this growth, which could disrupt our operations.

As of September 30, 2018 we had 170 full-time employees. As our development and commercialization plans and strategies develop, we expect to expand our employee base for managerial, operational, financial and other resources. Additionally, as our product candidates enter and advance through preclinical studies and any clinical trials, we will need to expand our development, manufacturing, regulatory sales and marketing capabilities or contract with other organizations to provide these capabilities for us. Future growth would impose significant added responsibilities on members of management, including the need to identify, recruit, maintain, motivate and integrate additional employees. Also, our management may need to divert a disproportionate amount of their attention away from ourday-to-day activities and devote a substantial amount of time to managing these growth activities. We may not be able to effectively manage the expansion of our operations, which may result in weaknesses in our infrastructure, give rise to operational errors, loss of business opportunities, loss of employees and reduced productivity amongst remaining employees. Our expected growth could require significant capital expenditures and may divert financial resources from other projects, such as the development of existing and additional product candidates. If our management is unable to effectively manage our expected growth, our expenses may increase more than expected, our ability to generate or grow revenue could be reduced and we may not be able to implement our business strategy. Our future financial performance and our ability to commercialize our product candidates and compete effectively with others in our industry will depend on our ability to effectively manage any future growth.

Risks Related to Our Common Shares

Our share price is likely to be volatile and the market price of our common shares may drop below the price paid by shareholders.

Investors should consider an investment in our common shares as risky and invest only if they can withstand a significant loss and wide fluctuations in the market value of their investment. In addition, the stock market has recently experienced significant volatility, particularly with respect to pharmaceutical, biotechnology and other life sciences company stocks. The volatility of pharmaceutical, biotechnology and other life sciences company stocks often does not relate to the operating performance of the companies represented by the stock. Some of the factors that may cause the market price of our common shares to fluctuate or decrease include:

• results and timing of our clinical trials and clinical trials of our competitors’ products;

• failure or discontinuation of any of our development programs;

• issues in manufacturing our product candidates or future approved products;

• regulatory developments or enforcement in the United States and foreign countries with respect to our product candidates or our competitors’ products;

• competition from existing products or new products that may emerge;

• developments or disputes concerning patents or other proprietary rights;

• introduction of technological innovations or new commercial products by us or our competitors;

• announcements by us, our strategic partners or our competitors of significant acquisitions, strategic partnerships, joint ventures, or capital commitments;

• changes in estimates or recommendations by securities analysts that cover our common shares;

• fluctuations in the valuation of companies perceived by investors to be comparable to us;

• public concern over our product candidates or any future approved products;

• litigation;

• future sales of our common shares;

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• share price and volume fluctuations attributable to inconsistent trading volume levels of our shares;

• additions or departures of key personnel;

• changes in the structure of health care payment systems in the United States or overseas;

• failure of any of our product candidates, if approved, to achieve commercial success;

• economic and other external factors or other disasters or crises;

• period-to-period fluctuations in our financial condition and results of operations, including the timing of receipt of any milestone or other payments under commercialization or licensing agreements;

• general market conditions and market conditions for biopharmaceutical stocks;

• overall fluctuations in U.S. equity markets; and

• other factors that may be unanticipated or out of our control.

In addition, in the past, when the market price of a stock has been volatile, holders of that stock have instituted securities class action litigation against the company that issued the stock. If any of our shareholders brought a lawsuit against us, we could incur substantial costs defending the lawsuit and divert the time and attention of our management, which could seriously harm our business.

An active trading market for our common shares may not be sustained.

An active trading market for our shares may not be sustained. If an active market for our common shares does not continue, it may be difficult for our shareholders to sell their shares without depressing the market price for the shares or sell their shares at or above the prices at which they acquired their shares or sell their shares at the time they would like to sell. Any inactive trading market for our common shares may also impair our ability to raise capital to continue to fund our operations by selling shares and may impair our ability to acquire other companies or technologies by using our shares as consideration.

Substantial future sales of our common shares, or the perception that these sales could occur, may cause the price of our common shares to drop significantly, even if our business is performing well.

A large volume of sales of our common shares could decrease the prevailing market price of our common shares and could impair our ability to raise additional capital through the sale of equity securities in the future. Even if a substantial number of sales of our common shares does not occur, the mere perception of the possibility of these sales could depress the market price of our common shares and have a negative effect on our ability to raise capital in the future.

We incur significant costs as a result of operating as a public company, and our management is required to devote substantial time to corporate governance standards.

As a public company, we incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses. In addition, our administrative staff are required to perform additional tasks not required for a private company. For example, as a public company, we have adopted additional internal controls and disclosure controls and procedures, retained a transfer agent and adopted an insider trading policy. As a public company, we bear all of the internal and external costs of preparing and distributing periodic public reports in compliance with our obligations under the securities laws. We expect these costs to increase for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2018 as we transition from filing periodic and current reports and registration statements, as applicable, with the SEC on forms available to foreign private issuers to those required to be filed by domestic issuers and to otherwise prepare for the change from a foreign private issuer to a U.S. domestic issuer.

In addition, regulations and standards relating to corporate governance and public disclosure, including the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the related rules and regulations implemented by the SEC, the applicable Canadian securities regulators, the New York Stock Exchange, or NYSE, and the Toronto Stock Exchange, or TSX, have legal and financial compliance costs and make some compliance activities time consuming. We intend to invest resources to comply with evolving laws, regulations and standards, and such investment will result in increased general and administrative expenses and may divert management’s time and attention from our other business activities. If our efforts to comply with new laws, regulations and standards differ from the activities intended by regulatory or governing bodies due to ambiguities related to practice, regulatory authorities may initiate legal proceedings against us and our business may be harmed. Additionally, as a public company, we maintain our directors’ and officers’ liability insurance coverage, which results in higher insurance costs. In the future, it may be more expensive or more difficult for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance, and we may be required to accept reduced coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain coverage. These factors could also make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified members of our board of directors, particularly to serve on our audit committee and compensation committee, and qualified executive officers.

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Under the corporate governance standards of the NYSE, a majority of our board of directors and each member of our audit committee must be an independent director no later than the first anniversary of the completion of our IPO. The policies of the TSX require our board of directors to consist of at least two independent directors and Canadian securities laws require each member of the audit committee to be independent within the meaning of Canadian securities laws. As of the date of this Quarterly Report on Form10-Q, we meet these requirements but we may in the future encounter difficulty in attracting and retaining qualified persons to serve on our board of directors and the audit committee, and our board of directors and management may be required to divert significant time and attention and resources away from our business to identify qualified directors. If we fail to attract and retain the required number of independent directors, we may be subject to the delisting of our common shares from the NYSE and TSX.

As a foreign private issuer, we have been subject to different U.S. securities laws and rules than a U.S. domestic issuer, in particular, certain disclosure requirements, which could limit the information publicly available to our shareholders.

As of June 30, 2018, we determined that we no longer qualify as a “foreign private issuer,” as such term is defined in Rule 405 under the Securities Act. However, we remain eligible to use the rules and forms designated for foreign private issuers until January 1, 2019, at which time we will be considered a U.S. domestic issuer. As a foreign private issuer, we have not been required to comply with all of the periodic disclosure and current reporting requirements of the Exchange Act that apply to U.S. domestic issuers and, as such, there may be less publicly available information about us than if we had been a U.S. domestic issuer. Furthermore, our officers, directors and principal shareholders are currently exempt from the insider reporting and short-swing profit recovery requirements in Section 16 of the Exchange Act. Accordingly, our shareholders may not know on as timely a basis when our officers, directors and principal shareholders purchase or sell their common shares, as the reporting deadlines under the corresponding Canadian insider reporting requirements are longer. We are also currently exempt from the requirements of Regulation FD which, generally, are meant to ensure that select groups of investors are not privy to specific information about an issuer before other investors. As a result of such varied reporting obligations, until January 1, 2019, shareholders should not expect to receive the same information at the same time as information provided by U.S. domestic issuers.

In addition, while we remain eligible to use the rules and forms designated for a foreign private issuer, we have the option to follow certain Canadian corporate governance practices rather than those of the United States, except to the extent that such laws would be contrary to U.S. securities laws, provided that we disclose the requirements we are not following and describe the Canadian practices we follow instead. As a result, our shareholders may not have the same protections afforded to shareholders of companies that are subject to all domestic U.S. corporate governance requirements. However, as described above and elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form10-Q, we no longer qualify as a foreign private issuer as of June 30, 2018, such that as of January 1, 2019, we will be considered a U.S. domestic issuer.

We are an emerging growth company and a smaller reporting company, and any decision on our part to comply only with certain reduced reporting and disclosure requirements applicable to such companies could make our common shares less attractive to investors.

We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act, or JOBS Act and a “smaller reporting company,” as defined under the Exchange Act, in accordance with the amendments to such definition that became effective on September 10, 2018. For as long as we continue to be an emerging growth company or a smaller reporting company, we may choose to take advantage of exemptions from various reporting requirements applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies or smaller reporting companies, including, but not limited to, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements and exemptions from the requirements to hold a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and obtain shareholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. In addition, as a smaller reporting company, we are only required to include two years of audited financial statements in our annual reports and, as an emerging growth company, we are not required to have our independent registered public accounting firm audit our internal control over financial reporting under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.Investors could find our common shares less attractive if we choose to rely on these disclosure exemptions. If some investors find our common shares less attractive as a result of any choices to reduce future disclosure, there may be a less active trading market for our common shares and our share price may be more volatile.

We could be an emerging growth company for up to five years following the completion of our IPO on May 3, 2017, although, if we have more than $1.07 billion in annual revenue, if the market value of our common shares held bynon-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of June 30 of any year, or if we issue more than $1.0 billion ofnon-convertible debt over a three-year period before the end of that five-year period, we would cease to be an emerging growth company as of the following December 31. We will remain a “smaller reporting company” until (i) the market value of our common shares held bynon-affiliates exceeds $250 million as of June 30 of any year; or (ii) either (a) our annual revenues exceed $100 million or (b) the market value of our common shares held bynon-affiliates exceeds $700 million, as of June 30 of any year.

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If we fail to maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results or prevent fraud. As a result, shareholders could lose confidence in our financial and other public reporting, which would harm our business and the trading price of our common shares.

Effective internal control over financial reporting is necessary for us to provide reliable financial reports and, together with adequate disclosure controls and procedures, are designed to prevent fraud. Any failure to implement required new or improved controls, or difficulties encountered in their implementation, could cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations.

Pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, or Section 404, and related rules adopted by the SEC and the U.S. Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, or PCAOB, our management is required to disclose changes made in our internal control over financial reporting on a quarterly basis and assess the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures annually. We have elected to take advantage of certain exceptions from reporting requirements that are available to emerging growth companies under the JOBS Act and therefore we are not required to deliver an auditor’s attestation report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404 until after the date we are no longer an emerging growth company. We could be an emerging growth company for up to five years from our IPO, although circumstances could cause us to lose that status earlier, including if the market value of our shares held bynon-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of June 30 of any year before that time, in which case we would no longer be an emerging growth company as of the following December 31. An independent assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control could detect problems that our management’s assessment might not. Undetected material weaknesses in our internal controls could lead to financial statement restatements and require us to incur the expense of remediation. Inferior internal controls could also cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information, which could have a negative effect on the trading price of our common shares.

Our management and independent registered public accounting firm did not perform an evaluation of the design and operating effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting in accordance with the provisions of Section 404 as of December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2016. Had we and our independent registered public accounting firm performed such an evaluation, control deficiencies may have been identified by management or our independent registered public accounting firm, and those control deficiencies could have also represented one or more material weaknesses. Undetected material weaknesses in our internal controls could lead to financial statement restatements and require us to incur the expense of remediation.

As of December 31, 2017, our management did perform an evaluation of the design and operating effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, or 2013 COSO Framework, in accordance with the provisions of and National Instrument52-109 — Certification of Disclosure in Issuers’ Annual and Interim Filings, or NI52-109. However, no independent assessment of the design and operating effectiveness of our internal controls was performed by our independent registered public accounting firm as of December 31, 2017 pursuant to certain exceptions under the JOBS Act, as described above. Had our independent registered public accounting firm performed such an evaluation, control deficiencies may have been identified by our independent registered public accounting firm and those control deficiencies could have also represented one or more material weaknesses. Undetected material weaknesses in our internal controls could lead to financial statement restatements and require us to incur the expense of remediation.

We are at risk of securities class action litigation.

In the past, securities class action litigation has often been brought against a company following a decline in the market price of its securities. This risk is especially relevant for us because biotechnology companies have experienced significant stock price volatility in recent years and our stock price declined following our IPO. If we face such litigation, it could result in substantial costs and a diversion of management’s attention and resources, which could materially harm our business.

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We do not anticipate paying cash dividends, and accordingly, shareholders must rely on share appreciation for any return on their investment.

We have never paid any dividends on our common shares. We currently intend to retain our future earnings, if any, to fund the development and growth of our business and do not anticipate that we will declare or pay any cash dividends on our common shares in the foreseeable future. As a result, capital appreciation, if any, of our common shares will be the sole source of gain on investment in our common shares for the foreseeable future. Investors seeking cash dividends should not invest in our common shares.

The NYSE or TSX may delist our securities from its exchange, which could limit investors’ ability to make transactions in our securities and subject us to additional trading restrictions.

Our securities may fail to meet the continued listing requirements to be listed on the NYSE or TSX. If the NYSE or TSX delists our common shares from trading on its exchange, we could face significant material adverse consequences, including:

• a limited availability of market quotations for our securities;

• a determination that our common shares is a “penny stock” which will require brokers trading in our common shares to adhere to more stringent rules and possibly result in a reduced level of trading activity in the secondary trading market for our common shares;

• a limited amount of news and analyst coverage for our company; and

• a decreased ability to issue additional securities or obtain additional financing in the future.

We are governed by the corporate laws of Canada which in some cases have a different effect on shareholders than the corporate laws of the United States.

We are governed by the BCBCA and other relevant laws, which may affect the rights of shareholders differently than those of a company governed by the laws of a U.S. jurisdiction, and may, together with our charter documents, have the effect of delaying, deferring or discouraging another party from acquiring control of our company by means of a tender offer, a proxy contest or otherwise, or may affect the price an acquiring party would be willing to offer in such an instance. The material differences between the BCBCA and Delaware General Corporation Law, or DGCL, that may have the greatest such effect include, but are not limited to, the following: (i) for certain corporate transactions (such as mergers and amalgamations or amendments to our articles) the BCBCA generally requires the voting threshold to be a special resolution approved by 66 ²/₃% of shareholders, or as set out in the articles, as applicable, whereas DGCL generally only requires a majority vote; and (ii) under the BCBCA a holder of 5% or more of our common shares can requisition a special meeting of shareholders, whereas such right does not exist under the DGCL. We cannot predict whether investors will find our company and our common shares less attractive because we are governed by foreign laws.

U.S. civil liabilities may not be enforceable against us, our directors, our officers or certain experts named in our Annual Report on Form10-K.

We are governed by the BCBCA and our principal place of business is in Canada. Many of our directors and officers, as well as certain experts named in our Annual Report on Form10-K, reside outside of the United States, and all or a substantial portion of their assets as well as all or a substantial portion of our assets are located outside the United States. As a result, it may be difficult for investors to effect service of process within the United States upon us and such directors, officers and experts or to enforce judgments obtained against us or such persons, in U.S. courts, in any action, including actions predicated upon the civil liability provisions of U.S. federal securities laws or any other laws of the United States. Additionally, rights predicated solely upon civil liability provisions of U.S. federal securities laws or any other laws of the United States may not be enforceable in original actions, or actions to enforce judgments obtained in U.S. courts, brought in Canadian courts, including courts in the Province of British Columbia. Furthermore, provisions in our articles provide that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Supreme Court of British Columbia and the appellate courts therefrom, to the fullest extent permitted by law, will be the sole and exclusive forum for certain actions or proceedings brought against us, our directors and/or our officers. These provisions may limit our shareholders’ ability to bring a claim against us in a judicial forum that our shareholders consider favorable or convenient for such disputes and may discourage lawsuits with respect to such claims.

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If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our share price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our common shares will depend on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. We do not have any control over these analysts. We cannot assure that analysts will cover us or provide accurate or favorable coverage. If one or more of the analysts who cover us downgrade our stock or change their opinion of our common shares negatively, our share price would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of our company or fail to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which could cause our share price or trading volume to decline. Moreover, the research and reports that analysts publish may suggest a price for our common shares that does not fully or accurately reflect the true value of our company. Furthermore, even if such analyst publications are favorable, these reports could have negative consequences for us.

U.S. holders of our shares may suffer adverse tax consequences if we are characterized as a passive foreign investment company.

We believe that we were not classified as a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, for the taxable year ending December 31, 2017. However, the determination as to whether we are a PFIC for any taxable year is based on the application of complex U.S. federal income tax rules that are subject to differing interpretations. If we are a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. Holder (as defined under Item 5 of our Annual Report on Form10-K, “Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Shareholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities — Certain United States Income Tax Considerations For United States Holders”) holds the common shares, it would likely result in adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences for such U.S. Holder. U.S. Holders should carefully read Item 5 of our Annual Report on Form10-K, “Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Shareholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities — Certain United States Income Tax Considerations For United States Holders” for more information and consult their own tax advisors regarding the likelihood and consequences if we are treated as a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes, including the advisability of making a “qualified electing fund” election (including a protective election), which may mitigate certain possible adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences but may result in an inclusion in gross income without receipt of such income.

Insiders have substantial control over us which could delay or prevent a change in corporate control or result in the entrenchment of management or the board of directors.

Our directors, named executive officers and principal shareholders, together with their affiliates and related persons, beneficially own, in the aggregate, approximately 22% of our outstanding common shares as of September 30, 2018. As a result, these shareholders, if acting together, may have the ability to determine the outcome of matters submitted to our shareholders for approval, including the election and removal of directors and any merger, or sale of all or substantially all of our assets. In addition, these persons, acting together, may have the ability to control the management and affairs of our company. Accordingly, this concentration of ownership may harm the market price of our common shares by:

• delaying, deferring, or preventing a change in control;

• entrenching our management or the board of directors;

• impeding a merger, takeover, or other business combination involving us; or

• discouraging a potential acquirer from making a tender offer or otherwise attempting to obtain control of us.

Provisions in our corporate charter documents and Canadian law could make an acquisition of us, which may be beneficial to our shareholders, more difficult and may prevent attempts by our shareholders to replace or remove our current management and/or limit the market price of our common shares.

Provisions in our notice of articles and articles, as well as certain provisions under the BCBCA, and applicable Canadian securities laws, may discourage, delay or prevent a merger, acquisition or other change in control of us that shareholders may consider favorable, including transactions in which they might otherwise receive a premium for their common shares. These provisions include the establishment of a staggered board of directors, which divides the board into three groups, with directors in each group serving a three-year term. The existence of a staggered board can make it more difficult for shareholders to replace or remove incumbent members of our board of directors. As such, these provisions could also limit the price that investors might be willing to pay in the future for our common shares, thereby depressing the market price of our common shares. In addition, because our board of directors is responsible for appointing the members of our management team, these provisions may frustrate or prevent any attempts by our shareholders to replace or remove our current management by making it more difficult for shareholders to replace members of our board of directors. Among other things, these provisions include the following:

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• shareholders cannot amend our articles unless such amendment is approved by shareholders holding at least a majority of the shares entitled to vote on such approval;

• our board of directors may, without shareholder approval, issue preferred shares having any terms, conditions, rights, preferences and privileges as the board of directors may determine; and

• shareholders must give advance notice to nominate directors or to submit proposals for consideration at shareholders’ meetings.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

We did not make sales of equity securities during our fiscal quarter ended September 30, 2018 that were not registered under the Securities Act.

Item 3. Defaults upon Senior Securities

None.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

Item 5. Other Information

None.

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Item 6. Exhibits

Exhibit No.	Description
3.1	Form of Notice of Articles of the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Registration Statement on FormF-1 (File No. 333-217100), originally filed with the SEC on April 17, 2017).
3.2	Form of Articles of the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Company’s Registration Statement on FormF-1 (File No. 333-217100), originally filed with the SEC on April 17, 2017).
4.1	Specimen common share certificate (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Registration Statement on FormF-1 (File No. 333-217100), originally filed with the SEC on April 24, 2017).
4.2	Warrant Certificate issued to Perceptive Credit Holdings, (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to the Company’s Registration Statement on FormF-1 (File No. 333-217100), originally filed with the SEC on April 3, 2017).
4.3	Investors’ Rights Agreement, dated January 7, 2016, by and among the Registrant and the investors listed on ScheduleA-1 and ScheduleA-2 thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.4 to the Company’s Registration Statement on FormF-1 (File No.333-217100), originally filed with the SEC on April 3, 2017).
10.1	Research and License Agreement between Zymeworks Inc. and LEO Pharma A/S, dated October  23, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form8-K (File No. 001 – 38068 originally filed with the SEC on October 26, 2018. †
31.1	Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or  15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
31.2	Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or  15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
32.1	Certification of the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.2	Certification of the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101.INS	XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.LAB	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.DEF	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.PRE	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document

† Confidential portions of this exhibit have been redacted and filed separately with the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to a confidential treatment request in accordance with Rule24b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

ZYMEWORKS INC.
By:	/s/ Ali Tehrani
	Name:	Ali Tehrani
	Title:	President and Chief Executive Officer and Director (Principal Executive Officer)
	Date:	November 6, 2018
By:	/s/ Neil Klompas
	Name:	Neil Klompas
	Title:	Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer)
	Date:	November 6, 2018

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