| Significant Accounting Policies | Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Basis of Presentation The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) and include the accounts of Forestar Group Inc. ("Forestar") and all of its 100% owned, majority-owned and controlled subsidiaries, which are collectively referred to as the Company unless the context otherwise requires. The Company accounts for its investment in other entities in which it has significant influence over operations and financial policies using the equity method. All intercompany accounts, transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation. Noncontrolling interests in consolidated pass-through entities are recognized before income taxes. The transactions included in net income in the consolidated statements of operations are the same as those that would be presented in comprehensive income. Thus, the Company's net income equates to comprehensive income. In October 2017, Forestar became a majority-owned subsidiary of D.R. Horton, Inc. ("D.R. Horton") by virtue of a merger with a wholly-owned subsidiary of D.R. Horton. Immediately following the merger, D.R. Horton owned 75% of the Company's outstanding common stock. In connection with the merger, the Company entered into certain agreements with D.R. Horton, including a Stockholder’s Agreement, a Master Supply Agreement and a Shared Services Agreement. D.R. Horton is considered a related party of Forestar under GAAP. As of September 30, 2022, D.R. Horton owned approximately 63% of the Company's outstanding common stock. Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions. These estimates and assumptions affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates. Revenue Recognition Real estate revenue and related profit are generally recognized at the time of the closing of a sale, when title to and possession of the property are transferred to the buyer. The Company’s performance obligation, to deliver the agreed-upon land or lots, is generally satisfied at closing. However, there may be instances in which the Company has an unsatisfied remaining performance obligation at the time of closing. In these instances, the Company records contract liabilities and recognizes those revenues over time as the performance obligations are completed. Generally, the Company's unsatisfied remaining performance obligations are expected to have an original duration of less than one year. See Note 4. Cash and Cash Equivalents Cash and cash equivalents include cash, other short-term instruments with original maturities of three months or less and proceeds from land and lot closings held for the Company’s benefit at title companies. Real Estate and Cost of Sales Real estate includes the costs of direct land and lot acquisition, land development, capitalized interest and direct overhead costs incurred during land development. All indirect overhead costs, such as compensation of management personnel and insurance costs, are charged to selling, general and administrative expense as incurred. Land and development costs are typically allocated to individual residential lots based on the relative sales value of the lot. Cost of sales includes applicable land and lot acquisition, land development and related costs (both incurred and estimated to be incurred) allocated to each residential lot in the project. Any changes to the estimated total development costs subsequent to the initial lot sales are generally allocated to the remaining lots. The Company receives earnest money deposits from homebuilders for purchases of developed lots. These earnest money deposits are typically released to the homebuilders as lots are sold. Earnest money deposits from D.R. Horton are subject to mortgages which are secured by the real estate under contract with D.R. Horton. These mortgages expire when the earnest money is released to D.R. Horton as lots are sold. See Note 13 for related party transactions and balances. The Company has agreements with certain utility or improvement districts to convey water, sewer and other infrastructure-related assets it has constructed in connection with projects within their jurisdiction and receive reimbursements for the cost of these improvements. The reimbursement amounts for these improvements are defined by the district and are based on the allowable costs of the improvements. The transfer is consummated and the Company generally receives payment when the districts have a sufficient tax base to support funding of their bonds. The cost incurred by the Company in constructing these improvements, net of the amount expected to be collected in the future, is included in the Company's land development budgets and in the determination of lot costs. The Company reviews real estate assets held for use for impairment when events or circumstances indicate that their carrying value may not be recoverable. Impairment exists if the carrying amount of the asset is not recoverable from the undiscounted cash flows expected from its use and eventual disposition. The amount of the impairment loss is determined by comparing the carrying value of the asset to its estimated fair value, which is generally determined based on the present value of future cash flows expected from the sale of the asset. Real estate impairments are included in cost of sales in the consolidated statements of operations. See Note 3. Capitalized Interest The Company capitalizes interest costs throughout the development period (active real estate). Capitalized interest is charged to cost of sales as the related real estate is sold to the buyer. During periods in which the Company’s active real estate is lower than its debt level, a portion of the interest incurred is reflected as interest expense in the period incurred. During fiscal 2022 and 2021, the Company’s active real estate exceeded its debt level, and all interest incurred was capitalized to real estate. See Note 5. Land Purchase Contract Deposits and Pre-Acquisition Costs The Company enters into land and lot purchase contracts to acquire land for the development of residential lots. Under these contracts, the Company will fund a stated deposit in consideration for the right, but not the obligation, to purchase land or lots at a future point in time with predetermined terms. Under the terms of many of the purchase contracts, the deposits are not refundable in the event the Company elects to terminate the contract. Land purchase contract deposits and capitalized pre-acquisition costs are expensed to cost of sales when the Company believes it is probable that it will not acquire the property under contract and will not be able to recover these costs through other means. See Notes 3 and 12. Variable Interests Land purchase contracts can result in the creation of a variable interest in the entity holding the land parcel under contract. There were no variable interest entities reported in the consolidated balance sheets at September 30, 2022 or 2021 because, with regard to each entity, the Company determined it did not control the activities that most significantly impact the variable interest entity’s economic performance. The maximum exposure to losses related to the Company’s unconsolidated variable interest entities is limited to the amounts of the Company’s related deposits. At September 30, 2022 and 2021, the deposits related to these contracts totaled $10.0 million and $10.4 million, respectively, and are included in other assets in the consolidated balance sheets. Property and Equipment Property and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. The cost of significant additions and improvements is capitalized and the cost of repairs and maintenance is expensed as incurred. Depreciation generally is recorded using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of the asset as follows: Estimated Useful Lives September 30, 2022 2021 (In millions) Leasehold improvements 5 to 10 years $ 1.5 $ 0.9 Property and equipment 2 to 10 years 5.8 2.9 Total property and equipment 7.3 3.8 Accumulated depreciation (1.6) (0.9) Property and equipment, net $ 5.7 $ 2.9 Depreciation expense was $0.7 million, $0.4 million and $0.3 million in fiscal 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Income Taxes The Company’s income tax expense is calculated using the asset and liability method, under which deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized based on the future tax consequences attributable to temporary differences between the financial statement amounts of assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and attributable to net operating losses and tax credit carryforwards. When assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, management considers whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of its deferred tax assets will not be realized. The realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of sufficient taxable income in future periods and in the jurisdictions in which those temporary differences become deductible. The Company records a valuation allowance when it determines it is more likely than not that a portion of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The accounting for deferred taxes is based upon estimates of future results. Differences between the anticipated and actual outcomes of these future results could have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated results of operations or financial position. Also, changes in existing federal and state tax laws and tax rates could affect future tax results and the valuation of the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities. Interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits are recognized in the financial statements as a component of income tax expense. Significant judgment is required to evaluate uncertain tax positions. The Company evaluates its uncertain tax positions on a quarterly basis. The evaluations are based upon a number of factors, including changes in facts or circumstances, changes in tax law, correspondence with tax authorities during the course of audits and effective settlement of audit issues. Changes in the recognition or measurement of uncertain tax positions could result in increases or decreases in the Company’s income tax expense in the period in which the change is made. See Note 9. Stock-Based Compensation The Company’s stockholders formally authorize shares of its common stock to be available for future grants of stock-based compensation awards. From time to time, the Compensation Committee of the Company’s Board of Directors authorizes the grant of stock-based compensation to its employees and directors from these available shares. At September 30, 2022, the outstanding stock-based compensation awards consist of restricted stock units. Grants of restricted stock units vest over a certain number of years as determined by the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors. Restricted stock units outstanding at September 30, 2022 have a remaining vesting period of up to 4.5 years. The compensation expense for stock-based awards is based on the fair value of the award and is recognized on a straight-line basis over the remaining vesting period. The fair values of restricted stock units are based on the Company’s stock price at the date of grant. See Note 11. Fair Value Measurements The FASB's authoritative guidance for fair value measurements establishes a three-level hierarchy based upon the inputs to the valuation model of an asset or liability. When available, the Company uses quoted market prices in active markets to determine fair value. Non-financial assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis principally include real estate assets which the Company reviews for indicators of impairment when events and circumstances indicate that the carrying value is not recoverable. See Note 14. Pending Accounting Standards In March 2020, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued ASU 2020-04, “Reference Rate Reform,” which provides optional expedients and exceptions for applying U.S. GAAP to contracts, hedging relationships, and other transactions affected by the discontinuation of the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) or by another reference rate expected to be discontinued. The guidance was effective beginning March 12, 2020 and can be applied prospectively through December 31, 2022. In January 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-01, “Reference Rate Reform - Scope,” which clarified the scope and application of the original guidance. The Company will adopt these standards when LIBOR is discontinued and does not expect such standards to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. In October 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-08, which requires application of ASC 606, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers,” to recognize and measure contract assets and liabilities from contracts with customers acquired in a business combination. ASU 2021-08 creates an exception to the general recognition and measurement principle in ASC 805 and will result in recognition of contract assets and contract liabilities consistent with those recorded by the acquiree immediately before the acquisition date. The guidance is effective for the Company beginning October 1, 2023, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this guidance, and it is not expected to have a material impact on its consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows. |
