Segment Information | 11. SEGMENT INFORMATION ASC Subtopic 280-10, “Segment Reporting,” The CODM measures and evaluates reportable segments based on segment operating revenues as well as Adjusted EBITDA and other measures. The Company excludes the following items from segment Adjusted EBITDA: provision for income taxes, other expense (income), net, depreciation and amortization of property, equipment and leasehold improvements, amortization of intangible assets and, at times, certain other transactions or adjustments, including the impact related to the vesting of the 2016 multi-year MSUs, that the CODM does not consider for the purposes of making decisions to allocate resources among segments or to assess segment performance. Although these amounts are excluded from segment Adjusted EBITDA, they are included in reported consolidated net income and are included in the reconciliation that follows. The Company’s computation of segment Adjusted EBITDA may not be comparable to other similarly titled measures computed by other companies because all companies do not calculate segment Adjusted EBITDA in the same fashion. Operating revenues and expenses directly associated with each segment are included in determining its operating results. Other expenses that are not directly attributable to a particular segment are based upon allocation methodologies, including time estimates, revenue, headcount, sales targets, data center consumption and other relevant usage measures. Due to the integrated structure of its business, certain costs incurred by one segment may benefit other segments. A segment may use the content and data produced by another segment without incurring an arm’s-length intersegment charge. The CODM does not review any information regarding total assets on an operating segment basis. Operating segments do not record intersegment revenue, and, accordingly, there is none to be reported. The accounting policies for segment reporting are the same as for MSCI as a whole. The Company has four operating segments: Index, Analytics, ESG and Real Estate. The Index operating segment is primarily a provider of equity indexes. The indexes are used in many areas of the investment process, including index-linked product creation and performance benchmarking, as well as portfolio construction and rebalancing and asset allocation. The Analytics operating segment offers risk management, performance attribution and portfolio management content, applications and services that provide clients with an integrated view of risk and return and an analysis of market, credit, liquidity and counterparty risk across all major asset classes, spanning short, medium and long-term time horizons. Clients access Analytics content through MSCI’s own proprietary applications and application programming interfaces, or through third party applications or directly on their own platforms. The Analytics operating segment also provides various managed services to help clients operate more efficiently as well as address the needs of certain specialized areas of the investment community by providing a reporting service and performance reporting tools to institutional consultants and investors in hedge funds. The ESG operating segment offers products and services that help institutional investors understand how ESG factors can impact the long-term risk of their investments. In addition, MSCI ESG Research data and ratings are used in the construction of equity and fixed income indexes to help institutional investors more effectively benchmark ESG investment performance, issue index-based investment products, as well as manage, measure and report on ESG mandates. The Real Estate operating segment includes research, reporting, market data and benchmarking offerings that provide real estate performance analysis for funds, investors and managers. Real Estate performance and risk analytics range from enterprise-wide to property-specific analysis. The Real Estate operating segment also provides business intelligence to real estate owners, managers, developers and brokers worldwide. The operating segments of ESG and Real Estate do not individually meet the segment reporting thresholds and have been combined and presented as part of All Other for disclosure purposes. The following table presents operating revenue by reportable segment for the periods indicated: Three Months Ended March 31, 2019 2018 (in thousands) Operating revenues Index $ 214,773 $ 201,914 Analytics 121,435 118,987 All Other 35,173 30,415 Total $ 371,381 $ 351,316 The following table presents segment profitability and a reconciliation to net income for the periods indicated: Three Months Ended March 31, 2019 2018 (in thousands) Index Adjusted EBITDA $ 152,211 $ 145,930 Analytics Adjusted EBITDA 36,398 33,593 All Other Adjusted EBITDA 9,098 7,186 Total operating segment profitability 197,707 186,709 2016 multi-year MSUs grant payroll tax expense 15,389 — Amortization of intangible assets 11,793 11,338 Depreciation and amortization of property, equipment and leasehold improvements 7,850 8,205 Operating income 162,675 167,166 Other expense (income), net 34,383 27,728 Provision for income taxes (49,900 ) 24,346 Net income $ 178,192 $ 115,092 Revenue by geography is based on the shipping address of the ultimate customer utilizing the product. The following table presents revenue by geographic area for the periods indicated: Three Months Ended March 31, 2019 2018 (in thousands) Operating revenues Americas: United States $ 166,186 $ 164,835 Other 15,983 14,883 Total Americas 182,169 179,718 Europe, the Middle East and Africa ("EMEA"): United Kingdom 55,207 52,933 Other 76,635 72,687 Total EMEA 131,842 125,620 Asia & Australia: Japan 17,948 15,182 Other 39,422 30,796 Total Asia & Australia 57,370 45,978 Total $ 371,381 $ 351,316 Long-lived assets consist of property, equipment, leasehold improvements, goodwill and intangible assets, net of accumulated depreciation and amortization. The following table presents long-lived assets by geographic area on the dates indicated: As of March 31, December 31, 2019 2018 (in thousands) Long-lived assets Americas: United States $ 1,793,331 $ 1,803,321 Other 6,144 6,560 Total Americas 1,799,475 1,809,881 EMEA: United Kingdom 81,506 80,039 Other 19,028 19,369 Total EMEA 100,534 99,408 Asia & Australia: Japan 405 411 Other 7,210 7,741 Total Asia & Australia 7,615 8,152 Total $ 1,907,624 $ 1,917,441 |