Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies) | 12 Months Ended |
Dec. 31, 2015 |
Accounting Policies [Abstract] | |
Basis of Presentation | Basis of Presentation The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Opower and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation. Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to current period presentation. |
Reclassifications and Adjustments | Reclassifications and Adjustments During the first quarter of 2014, the Company recorded adjustments related to prior periods which increased revenue by $0.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2014, and increased gains on foreign currency by $0.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2014. The Company has concluded that these changes do not have a material effect on the reported results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2014 after consideration of quantitative and qualitative factors. The impact to all prior interim and annual periods was also not material. During the first quarter of 2015, the Company separated revenue into subscription revenue and services revenue and cost of revenue into cost of revenue—subscription and cost of revenue—services. As a result, revenue and cost of revenue for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013 were separated into subscription revenue and services revenue and cost of revenue into cost of revenue—subscription and cost of revenue—services to conform to the current year’s presentation. This change had no impact on total revenue or total cost of revenue. |
Use of Estimates | Use of Estimates The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in these consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Significant items subject to such estimates include revenue recognition, the useful lives and recoverability of property and equipment, stock-based compensation and income taxes. Actual results could differ significantly from those estimates. |
Cash and Cash Equivalents | Cash and Cash Equivalents The Company considers cash on deposit and all highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less to be cash and cash equivalents. |
Investments | Investments Management determines the appropriate classification of investments at the time of purchase based upon management’s intent with regard to such investments. Investments are classified as available-for-sale at the time of purchase if they are available to support either current or future operations. This classification is re-evaluated at each balance sheet date. Investments not considered cash equivalents with remaining contractual maturities of one year or less from the balance sheet date are classified as short-term investments, and those with remaining contractual maturities greater than one year from the balance sheet date are classified as long-term investments as maturities have been sequenced based upon expected cash needs to support current operations. All investments are recorded at their estimated fair value, and any unrealized gains and losses are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). Realized gains and losses on sales and maturities of investments are recognized in the consolidated statements of operations in other income (expense). The Company performs periodic evaluations to determine whether any declines in the fair value of investments below cost are other-than-temporary. The evaluation consists of qualitative and quantitative factors regarding the severity and duration of the unrealized loss, as well as the Company’s ability and intent to hold the marketable securities until a forecasted recovery occurs. The impairments are considered to be other-than-temporary if they are related to deterioration in credit risk or if it is likely that the underlying securities will be sold prior to a full recovery of their cost basis. Other-than-temporary fair value impairments are determined based on the specific identification method and are reported in other income (expense) in the consolidated statements of operations. |
Accounts Receivable | Accounts Receivable Accounts receivable are derived from services to be delivered to utility providers and are stated at their net realizable value. The Company regularly reviews its receivables on a client-by-client basis and evaluates whether an allowance for doubtful accounts is necessary based on any known or perceived collection issues. Any balances that are eventually deemed uncollectible are written off against the allowance after all means of collection have been exhausted and the potential for recovery is considered remote. |
Concentration of Credit Risk | Concentration of Credit Risk Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to significant concentration of credit risk consist primarily of cash, cash equivalents, investments and accounts receivable. The Company maintains the majority of its cash, cash equivalents and investments with two financial institutions, both of which management believes to be financially sound and with minimal credit risk. The Company’s deposits periodically exceed amounts guaranteed by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. To manage accounts receivable risk, the Company monitors and evaluates the credit worthiness of its clients. Collection efforts from long-established utilities have been historically successful, therefore the Company believes credit risk to be low. The following table summarizes those clients who represented at least 10% of revenue or accounts receivable for the periods presented: Revenue Accounts Receivable Year Ended December 31, December 31, 2015 2014 2013 2015 2014 Customer A 15 % 12 % 11 % 12 % 10 % Customer B 10 % 10 % 14 % 31 % * Customer C * * 13 % * 17 % * = Represented less than 10% |
Property and Equipment | Property and Equipment Property and equipment are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Major additions or improvements that significantly add to productive capacity or extend the life of an asset are capitalized, whereas repairs and maintenance are expensed as incurred. Depreciation and amortization are calculated on a straight-line basis over the lesser of the estimated useful life of the related assets or the related capital lease term. The estimated useful lives by asset classification are as follows: Equipment 2 to 5 years Software 3 years Furniture and fixtures 7 years Leasehold improvements Lesser of remaining term or estimated useful life The cost of assets and related depreciation is removed from the related accounts on the balance sheet when assets are sold or disposed. Any related gains or losses on asset disposals are reflected in operating expenses. |
Software Development Costs | Software Development Costs The Company capitalizes certain software development costs, consisting primarily of personnel and related expenses for employees and third parties who devote time to their respective projects. Internal-use software costs are capitalized during the application development stage, which is when the research stage is complete and management has committed to a project to develop software that will be used for its intended purpose. Any costs incurred during subsequent efforts to significantly upgrade and enhance the functionality of the software are also capitalized. Capitalized software costs are included in property and equipment on the consolidated balance sheets. Amortization of internal-use software costs begins once the project is substantially complete and the software is ready for its intended purpose. These capitalized costs are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful life. |
Evaluation of Long-Lived Assets | Evaluation of Long-Lived Assets The Company evaluates the recoverability of its long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets may not be recoverable. Recoverability of long-lived assets is measured by comparison of the carrying amount of the asset to the future undiscounted cash flows the asset is expected to generate. If the asset is considered to be impaired, the amount of any impairment is measured as the difference between the carrying value and the fair value of the impaired asset. There were no material impairments of long-lived assets during the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014. During the year ended December 31, 2013, we recorded a non-cash asset impairment related to long-lived assets of $0.6 million classified within research and development on the consolidated statements of operations. The charge related to a capitalized internal-use software project termination. |
Fair Value Measurement | Fair Value Measurement The Company applies fair value accounting for all financial assets and liabilities that are reported at fair value in the financial statements on a recurring basis. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received from selling an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The accounting guidance establishes a defined three-tier hierarchy to classify and disclose the fair value of assets and liabilities on both the date of their initial measurement as well as all subsequent periods. The hierarchy prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value by the lowest level of input that is available and significant to the fair value measurement. The three levels are described as follows: • Level 1 • Level 2 • Level 3 The Company evaluates its financial assets and liabilities subject to fair value measurements on a recurring basis to determine the appropriate level of classification as of each reporting period. |
Derivative Financial Instruments | Derivative Financial Instruments The Company has entered into derivative contracts to reduce the risk that foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations will adversely affect its cash flows and earnings. These derivative contracts are designed to be hedging instruments, meaning any changes in cash flow are expected to be completely offset by the hedging derivative due to the fact that the critical terms of the forward contracts and forecasted sales transactions are aligned. The Company’s unsettled foreign currency derivative contracts are recorded at their fair value as either assets or liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets and are marked-to-market at the end of each reporting period. Unrealized gains and losses from the cash flow hedges are recognized as part of other comprehensive income to the extent the hedge is effective. These gains and losses are recognized in the consolidated statements of operations in revenue once the forward contracts are settled and the forecasted transaction they are designed to hedge has impacted the statements of operations. Any portions of the hedging arrangement deemed to be ineffective are recognized in the consolidated statements of operations immediately. In March 2013, the Company entered into a convertible debt agreement that contained certain conversion features and a change in control premium that were deemed to represent derivative financial instruments valued collectively. The fair value of the derivative was measured at inception and recorded as a non-current liability on the consolidated balance sheet. This derivative financial instrument was re-measured and marked-to-market at the end of each reporting period, and changes in fair value from period to period were recognized within other income (expense), net on the statements of operations. Upon the closing of the IPO, the Company’s convertible debt automatically converted into common stock. |
Revenue Recognition | Revenue Recognition The Company derives its revenue from contractual agreements with utilities through subscriptions and services, which include analyzing data provided by the utilities and using that data to encourage utility customers to reduce energy consumption or improve satisfaction or both. The Company generates its revenue from subscriptions to its cloud-based data analytics platform and services to its clients. Subscription fees primarily pay for the ongoing integration of utility data into our software platform and the analysis and presentation of this data to energy consumers. The Company provides two main subscription service deliverables: (i) data analytics services and (ii) web platform services. Revenue for subscription fees is generally recognized ratably over the contract term beginning on the date the service is available to the client, which typically coincides with website launch or first reports delivered to households. Subscription contracts typically have a term of one to six years. Our subscription contracts do not provide the right to take possession of the supporting software and grant limited access to our platform. Therefore, our arrangements are accounted for as service contracts. Service fees cover specific services performed for our utility clients, which may include program enablement services, research, program customizations and training, custom development on top of the Company’s software platform, as well as services provided by third party providers for which the Company is the principal in the arrangement with the client. Program enablement services, which tend not to provide stand-alone value, are deferred and recognized ratably over the expected customer relationship period, which is generally the greater of four years or the contract period. Services revenues are generally recognized over the term of the contract, or on a completed contract basis for deliverables that are determined to be separate units of accounting. The Company has assessed its revenue arrangements to determine when multiple deliverables exist and if separate accounting is required for those deliverables. Revenue for subscription-based service and service contracts is segregated into separate accounting units and recognized ratably over the related service period for each accounting unit and on a completed contract basis for certain services deliverables such as program customizations. The Company recognizes revenues when the following criteria have been met: • Persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists • Delivery has occurred • The price is fixed or determinable • Collection is reasonably assured Revenue recognition for subscription service contracts corresponds directly with the service period. The revenue recognition start date begins when delivery has commenced. The commencement of delivery is generally upon the delivery of the first program report or access to web services is available for the end-user. Revenue recognition for service contracts is generally recognized over the term of the contract, or on a completed contract basis for deliverables that are determined to be separate units of accounting. Service may last from one to six years and contracts typically include the ability to terminate for breach of contract, convenience, insolvency or regulatory changes. Annual license fees, which are usually collected in advance of program launch, and data management fees, which are typically billed quarterly in advance, are both non-refundable. The Company uses the best estimate of selling price (“BESP”) to determine the relative selling prices for the purpose of allocating consideration received for each contract for accounting purposes. The BESP is determined by a historical analysis of selling prices for similar services provided by the Company. The prices are reviewed quarterly to ensure the accuracy of the estimated value on new or modified contracts. The Company charges program enablement fees to clients at the initiation of new contracts. The program enablement fees are deferred and recognized ratably over the expected customer relationship period or the contract length if greater. The corresponding program enablement costs are expensed in the periods in which they are incurred. For contracts that include variable revenue amounts, the related portion of variable revenue is deferred until the related services are provided to the client and the Company is reasonably assured that the amounts due are collectible. In addition, the Company enters into certain contracts that contain performance guarantees or service-level requirements. For contracts with performance guarantees or service-level requirements, the related portion of revenue that may be refunded to the client is not recognized until the performance criteria are met or the client’s right to refunds or credits lapses. |
Deferred Revenue | Deferred Revenue Deferred revenue consists of nonrefundable amounts billed to or amounts collected from clients for which the related revenue has not yet been recognized due to one or more of the aforementioned revenue recognition criteria having not been met. Deferred revenue to be recognized in the succeeding twelve month period is classified as current deferred revenue and the remaining amounts are classified as non-current deferred revenue. |
Cost of Revenue | Cost of Revenue Cost of revenue for subscriptions generally consists of information services necessary to perform data analysis, the costs of data center capacity, employee-related expenses, including salaries, benefits and stock-based compensation related to operating and servicing our internal applications, channel delivery fees, including printing and mailing for delivery of reports to utility customers, and amortization of internally capitalized software that delivers our services. In addition, we allocate a portion of overhead costs, including rent, information technology and employee benefit costs, to cost of revenue. Cost of revenue for services primarily consists of personnel costs, including salaries, benefits and stock-based compensation, allocated overhead, and third-party costs. |
Advertising Costs | Advertising Costs Advertising costs are expensed as incurred and relate to promotional materials for clients and general brand exposure. These costs amounted to $2.0 million, $1.9 million, and $0.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. |
Research and Development Costs | Research and Development Costs Research and development focuses on developing improved data analysis tools, increased effectiveness of communicating information to energy consumers and enhanced website portals for integration with client websites. Research and development expenses consist primarily of personnel and related expenses and the cost of third party service providers. These costs are expensed as incurred except for software development costs qualifying for capitalization. |
Leases | Leases The Company leases all of its office space and enters into various other operating lease agreements in conducting its business. At the inception of each lease, the Company evaluates the lease agreement to determine whether the lease is an operating or capital lease. Operating lease expenses are recognized in the statements of operations on a straight-line basis over the term of the related lease. Some of the Company’s lease agreements may contain renewal options, tenant improvement allowances, rent holidays or rent escalation clauses. When such items are included in a lease agreement, the Company records a deferred rent asset or liability on the consolidated balance sheets equal to the difference between the rent expense and cash rent payments. The cost of property and equipment acquired under capital lease arrangements represents the lesser of the present value of the minimum lease payments or the fair value of the leased asset as of the inception of the lease. |
Stock-Based Compensation | Stock-Based Compensation The Company applies the fair value method to recognize compensation expense for stock-based awards. Using this method, the estimated grant-date fair value of the award is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period based on the portion of the award that is expected to vest. For non-employee awards, the Company adjusts any unvested portions of the award to fair value at each reporting date. The Company estimates forfeitures at the time of grant and revises the estimates, if necessary, in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates. Stock-based compensation cost for restricted stock units is measured based on the fair value of the Company’s common stock on the grant date. For awards with a performance-based vesting condition, the Company accrues stock-based compensation cost if it is probable that the performance condition will be achieved. The Company utilizes the Black-Scholes option pricing model to estimate the grant-date fair value of option awards. The exercise price of option awards is set to equal the estimated fair value of the common stock at the date of the grant. In the case of a ten percent or more shareholder, the exercise price of an incentive stock option award is set to equal 110% of the estimated fair value of the common stock at the date of grant. The following weighted-average assumptions are also used to calculate the estimated fair value of option awards: • Expected volatility • Expected term • Dividend yield • Risk-free interest rate |
Foreign Currency | Foreign Currency The Company’s operations located outside of the United States where the local currency is the functional currency are translated into U.S. dollars using the current rate method. Results of operations are translated at the average rate of exchange for the period. Assets and liabilities are translated at the closing rates on the period end date. Gains and losses on translation of these accounts are accumulated and reported as a separate component of equity and other comprehensive income (loss). Gains and losses on foreign currency transactions are recognized in the consolidated statements of operations as a component of other income (expense). |
Income Taxes | Income Taxes The Company uses the asset and liability approach for the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences attributable to differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and their respective tax bases, including net operating loss carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted statutory tax rates applicable to the future years in which the deferred amounts are expected to be settled or realized. A valuation allowance is recorded against deferred tax assets when it is more likely than not that a tax benefit will not be realized. In determining whether a valuation allowance is necessary, the Company takes into account factors such as earnings history, expected future earnings, carryback and carryforward periods and tax planning strategies that could potentially enhance the likelihood of deferred tax asset utilization. Tax positions for the Company and its subsidiaries are subject to income tax audits by multiple tax jurisdictions throughout the world. Income tax positions are assessed based upon management’s evaluation of the facts, circumstances and information available at the reporting date, and the Company recognizes the tax benefit if it is more likely than not that the position is sustainable upon examination by the taxing authority based on the technical merits of the issue. The tax benefit recognized is measured as the largest amount of benefit which is greater than 50 percent likely to be realized upon settlement with the taxing authority. The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to income tax matters in its provision for income taxes. The effect of tax rate changes is recognized in the tax provision within the period the rate changes are enacted. The Company considers unremitted earnings of foreign subsidiaries to be invested indefinitely. No U.S. income taxes or foreign withholding taxes are provided on such permanently reinvested earnings. Deferred income tax liabilities will be recognized, net of any foreign tax credits, on any foreign subsidiary earnings that are determined to no longer be indefinitely invested. The Company has not estimated the deferred tax liabilities associated with the permanently reinvested earnings as it is impractical to do so. |
Comprehensive Loss | Comprehensive Loss Comprehensive loss consists of two components, net loss and other comprehensive income (loss). Other comprehensive income (loss) refers to gains and losses that are recorded as a separate element of stockholders’ equity and are excluded from net loss. The Company’s other comprehensive loss is comprised of foreign currency translation adjustments, unrealized gains or losses on available-for-sale securities and unrealized gains or losses on hedge transactions. |
Net Income (Loss) per Share | Net Income (Loss) per Share The Company’s basic net income (loss) per share attributable to common stockholders is calculated by dividing the net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding for the period. The weighted-average common shares outstanding is adjusted for shares subject to repurchase such as unvested restricted stock and unvested stock options that have been early exercised. The Company’s diluted net income (loss) per share is calculated by giving effect to all potentially dilutive common stock equivalents when determining the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding. For purposes of the dilutive net income (loss) per share calculation, convertible preferred stock, convertible notes payable, options to purchase common stock, unvested restricted stock and restricted stock units are considered to be common stock equivalents. The Company previously issued securities other than common stock that participate in dividends (“participating securities”), and therefore utilizes the two-class method to calculate net income (loss) per share. The Company considered all series of convertible preferred stock to be participating securities, as the holders of the preferred stock were entitled to receive a non-cumulative dividend on a pari-passu basis in the event that a dividend is paid on common stock. Upon the closing of the IPO, all shares of the Company’s outstanding convertible preferred stock automatically converted into shares of common stock. The Company also considers unvested restricted common stock and the shares issued upon the early exercise of stock options that are subject to repurchase to be participating securities, because holders of such shares have dividend rights in the event a dividend is paid on common stock. The holders of all series of convertible preferred stock, prior to their conversion upon the closing of the IPO, and the holders of early exercised shares subject to repurchase do not have a contractual obligation to share in the losses of the Company. The two-class method requires a portion of net income to be allocated to the participating securities to determine the net income attributable to common stockholders. Net income attributable to the common stockholders is equal to the net income less assumed periodic preferred stock dividends with any remaining earnings, after deducting assumed dividends, to be allocated on a pro rata basis between the outstanding common and preferred stock as of the end of each period. |
Operating Segment | Operating Segment Operating segments are defined as components of a business that can earn revenue and incur expenses for which discrete financial information is available that is evaluated on a regular basis by the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) to decide how to allocate resources and assess performance. The Company’s CODM, the Chief Executive Officer, reviews consolidated results of operations to make decisions, therefore the Company views its operations and manages its business as one operating segment. |
Recently Issued Accounting Standards | Recently Issued Accounting Standards In April 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-08, Presentation of Financial Statements (Topic 205) and Property, Plant, and Equipment (Topic 360) In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers In April 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-03, Interest—Imputation of Interest: Simplifying the Presentation of Debt Issuance Costs Interest—Imputation of Interest: Presentation and Subsequent Measurement of Debt Issuance Costs Associated with Line-of-Credit Arrangements In April 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-05, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other-Internal-Use Software Customer’s Accounting for Fees Paid in a Cloud Computing Arrangement In November 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-17, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes, In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-01, Financial Instruments-Overall (Subtopic 825-10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02 (“ASU 2016-02”), Leases (Topic 842) Leases (Topic 840) |