ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES | NOTE 5: ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES The Company accounts for ACL related to loans in accordance with ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments The measurement of the ACL is performed by collectively pooling and evaluating loans with similar risk characteristics. The quantitative CECL model estimates credit losses by applying pool-specific probability of default (“PD”) and loss given default (“LGD”) rates to the expected exposure at default ("EAD") over the contractual life of the loans. A significant portion of the ACL is calculated and measured on a collective pool basis, representing $9.8 billion or approximately 97.5% of the total blended loan portfolio as of March 31, 2024. Pooled loan segments consisted of multifamily, commercial, single-family, non-owner occupied commercial real estate, and construction loans. The remaining portion of the loan portfolio, representing $247 million or approximately 2.5% of the total blended loan portfolio, consisted of small homogeneous loan portfolios which has its quantitative reserve calculated separately based on historical loss factors for the respective portfolios or, if no historical loss is available, based on peer group historical losses. These loan portfolios include equipment finance, land, consumer and commercial small balance loans. In addition, collateral dependent loans are separately valued based on the fair value of the underlying collateral. As of December 31, 2023, the ACL was calculated and measured based upon $9.9 billion or 97.2% of the total blended portfolio evaluated on a collective pool basis and $268 million in small homogeneous loan portfolios or 2.6% of the total blended portfolio evaluated using historical loss factors. The measurement also incorporates qualitative components such as internal and external risk factors that may not be adequately assessed in the quantitative model. Qualitative adjustments primarily relate to segments of the loan portfolio deemed by management to be of a higher-risk profile or other factors where management believes the quantitative component of the ACL model may not be fully reflective of levels deemed adequate in the judgement of management. Qualitative adjustments may also relate to uncertainty as to future macroeconomic conditions and the related impact on certain loan segments. Management reviews the need for an appropriate level of quantitative adjustments on a quarterly basis, and as such, the amount and allocation of qualitative adjustments may change in future periods. For purposes of calculating the ACL, the Company has elected to include deferred loan fees and expenses in the loan balance and exclude accrued interest from loan balances. The following is a rollforward of the allowance for credit losses related to loans for the following periods: Provision Beginning (Reversal) for Ending (dollars in thousands) Balance Credit Losses Charge-offs Recoveries Balance Three Months Ended March 31, 2024: Real estate loans: Residential properties $ 9,921 $ (1,547) $ — $ — $ 8,374 Commercial properties 4,148 449 — — 4,597 Land and construction 332 (266) — — 66 Commercial and industrial loans 14,796 1,797 (493) 151 16,251 Consumer loans 8 (2) — 1 7 Total $ 29,205 $ 431 $ (493) $ 152 $ 29,295 Three Months Ended March 31, 2023: Real estate loans: Residential properties $ 8,306 $ (43) $ — $ — $ 8,263 Commercial properties 8,714 (2,732) (249) — 5,733 Land and construction 164 152 — — 316 Commercial and industrial loans 16,521 1,685 (1,752) 306 16,760 Consumer loans 26 (1) (2) — 23 Total $ 33,731 $ (939) $ (2,003) $ 306 $ 31,095 Year Ended December 31, 2023: Real estate loans: Residential properties $ 8,306 $ 1,615 $ — $ — $ 9,921 Commercial properties 8,714 (4,317) (249) — 4,148 Land and construction 164 168 — — 332 Commercial and industrial loans 16,521 1,171 (4,998) 2,102 14,796 Consumer loans 26 (18) (2) 2 8 Total $ 33,731 $ (1,381) $ (5,249) $ 2,104 $ 29,205 A loan is considered collateral dependent when the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and repayment of the loan is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral. Collateral dependent loans are evaluated individually to determine expected credit losses and any ACL allocation is determined based upon the amount by which amortized costs exceed the estimated fair value of the collateral, adjusted for estimated selling costs (if applicable). The following table presents the amortized cost basis of collateral dependent loans and the related ACL allocated to these loans as of the dates indicated: Equipment/ ACL (dollars in thousands) Real Estate Cash Receivables Total Allocation March 31, 2024: Loans secured by real estate: Commercial real estate loans 5,462 — — 5,462 — Commercial loans — 250 — 250 — Total $ 5,462 $ 250 $ — $ 5,712 $ — December 31, 2023: Loans secured by real estate: Commercial real estate loans 2,523 — — 2,523 — Commercial loans — 250 978 1,228 — Total $ 2,523 $ 250 $ 978 $ 3,751 $ — Credit Risk Management The Company categorizes loans into risk categories based on relevant information about the ability of borrowers to service their debt such as current financial information, historical payment experience, collateral adequacy, credit documentation, and current economic trends, among other factors. The Company analyzes loans individually by classifying the loans as to credit risk. This analysis typically includes larger, non-homogeneous loans such as loans secured by multifamily or commercial real estate and commercial and industrial loans. This analysis is performed on an ongoing basis as new information is obtained. The Company uses the following definitions for risk ratings: Pass: Special Mention: Substandard: Loans listed as pass include larger non-homogeneous loans not meeting the risk rating definitions above and smaller, homogeneous loans not assessed on an individual basis. The following tables present risk categories of loans based on year of origination, and includes gross charge-offs in accordance with ASU 2022-02 as of the dates presented: Revolving (dollars in thousands) 2024 2023 2022 2021 2020 Prior Loans Total March 31, 2024: Loans secured by real estate: Residential Multifamily Pass $ 11,840 $ 37,338 $ 2,353,803 $ 1,537,271 $ 755,425 $ 526,040 $ — $ 5,221,717 Special mention — — — — — 1,125 — 1,125 Substandard — — — — — 13,027 — 13,027 Total $ 11,840 $ 37,338 $ 2,353,803 $ 1,537,271 $ 755,425 $ 540,192 $ — $ 5,235,869 Gross charge-offs $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Single family Pass $ — $ 10,594 $ 256,453 $ 265,560 $ 92,293 $ 239,977 $ 47,630 $ 912,507 Special mention — — — — — 20,004 — 20,004 Substandard — — — — — 898 134 1,032 Total $ — $ 10,594 $ 256,453 $ 265,560 $ 92,293 $ 260,879 $ 47,764 $ 933,543 Gross charge-offs $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Commercial real estate Pass $ 614 $ 2,435 $ 222,908 $ 129,672 $ 146,487 $ 441,460 $ — $ 943,576 Special mention — — — 1,215 2,259 1,201 — 4,675 Substandard — 12,900 — 114 1,389 27,192 — 41,595 Total $ 614 $ 15,335 $ 222,908 $ 131,001 $ 150,135 $ 469,853 $ — $ 989,846 Gross charge-offs $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Land and construction Pass $ — $ 22,503 $ 37,070 $ 18,646 $ 9,388 $ 7,662 $ — $ 95,269 Special mention — — — — — — — — Substandard — — — — — — — — Total $ — $ 22,503 $ 37,070 $ 18,646 $ 9,388 $ 7,662 $ — $ 95,269 Gross charge-offs $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Commercial Pass $ 43,231 $ 177,918 $ 1,065,076 $ 273,177 $ 113,850 $ 41,252 $ 1,070,563 $ 2,785,067 Special mention — — 1,240 24,578 298 644 730 27,490 Substandard 133 53 380 798 3,768 1,788 11,028 17,948 Total $ 43,364 $ 177,971 $ 1,066,696 $ 298,553 $ 117,916 $ 43,684 $ 1,082,321 $ 2,830,505 Gross charge-offs $ — $ 15 $ 359 $ 84 $ 35 $ — $ — $ 493 Consumer Pass $ 32 $ 11 $ — $ 557 $ — $ 353 $ 361 $ 1,314 Special mention — — — — — — — — Substandard — — — — — — — — Total $ 32 $ 11 $ — $ 557 $ — $ 353 $ 361 $ 1,314 Gross charge-offs $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Total loans Pass $ 55,717 $ 250,799 $ 3,935,310 $ 2,224,883 $ 1,117,443 $ 1,256,744 $ 1,118,554 $ 9,959,450 Special mention — — 1,240 25,793 2,557 22,974 730 53,294 Substandard 133 12,953 380 912 5,157 42,905 11,162 73,602 Total $ 55,850 $ 263,752 $ 3,936,930 $ 2,251,588 $ 1,125,157 $ 1,322,623 $ 1,130,446 $ 10,086,346 Gross charge-offs $ — $ 15 $ 359 $ 84 $ 35 $ — $ — $ 493 Revolving (dollars in thousands) 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 Prior Loans Total December 31, 2023: Loans secured by real estate: Residential Multifamily Pass $ 37,343 $ 2,355,381 $ 1,537,636 $ 763,736 $ 289,675 $ 243,146 $ — $ 5,226,917 Special mention — — 1,248 — 5,577 9,426 — 16,251 Substandard — — — — — — — — Total $ 37,343 $ 2,355,381 $ 1,538,884 $ 763,736 $ 295,252 $ 252,572 $ — $ 5,243,168 Gross charge-offs $ — — — — — — — $ — Single family Pass $ 13,631 $ 259,043 $ 267,373 $ 92,567 $ 38,132 $ 208,035 $ 54,444 $ 933,225 Special mention — — — — — 20,166 — 20,166 Substandard — — — — — 846 139 985 Total $ 13,631 $ 259,043 $ 267,373 $ 92,567 $ 38,132 $ 229,047 $ 54,583 $ 954,376 Gross charge-offs $ — — — — — — — $ — Commercial real estate Pass $ 2,469 $ 221,525 $ 130,579 $ 119,684 $ 81,243 $ 383,729 $ — $ 939,229 Special mention — — 1,223 2,275 — 10,747 — 14,245 Substandard 12,900 — 116 1,445 11,424 7,413 — 33,298 Total $ 15,369 $ 221,525 $ 131,918 $ 123,404 $ 92,667 $ 401,889 $ — $ 986,772 Gross charge-offs $ — — — — — 249 — $ 249 Land and construction Pass $ 19,151 $ 43,923 $ 29,445 $ 36,498 $ 807 $ 7,003 $ — $ 136,827 Special mention — — — — — — — — Substandard — — — — — — — — Total $ 19,151 $ 43,923 $ 29,445 $ 36,498 $ 807 $ 7,003 $ — $ 136,827 Gross charge-offs $ — — — — — — — $ — Commercial Pass $ 182,391 $ 1,082,510 $ 291,663 $ 119,035 $ 21,314 $ 25,030 $ 1,087,075 $ 2,809,018 Special mention — 1,360 24,653 703 56 656 735 28,163 Substandard 55 12 842 3,881 1,325 458 11,508 18,081 Total $ 182,446 $ 1,083,882 $ 317,158 $ 123,619 $ 22,695 $ 26,144 $ 1,099,318 $ 2,855,262 Gross charge-offs $ 257 1,420 1,205 587 117 48 1,364 $ 4,998 Consumer Pass $ 47 $ — $ 577 $ — $ 299 $ 59 $ 415 $ 1,397 Special mention — — — — — — — — Substandard — — — — — — — — Total $ 47 $ — $ 577 $ — $ 299 $ 59 $ 415 $ 1,397 Gross charge-offs $ — — — — — — 2 $ 2 Total loans Pass $ 255,032 $ 3,962,382 $ 2,257,273 $ 1,131,520 $ 431,470 $ 867,002 $ 1,141,934 $ 10,046,613 Special mention — 1,360 27,124 2,978 5,633 40,995 735 78,825 Substandard 12,955 12 958 5,326 12,749 8,717 11,647 52,364 Total $ 267,987 $ 3,963,754 $ 2,285,355 $ 1,139,824 $ 449,852 $ 916,714 $ 1,154,316 $ 10,177,802 Gross charge-offs $ 257 1,420 1,205 587 117 297 1,366 $ 5,249 |