Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Principles of Consolidation — The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements include the results of operations of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation. The Company has prepared the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, or GAAP. Unaudited Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements — The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements and the related interim information contained within the notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements are unaudited and have been prepared in accordance with GAAP and applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission for interim financial information. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and notes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read along with the Company’s audited financial statements included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 21, 2019. The unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the same basis as the audited financial statements and in the opinion of management, reflect all adjustments, consisting of normal and recurring adjustments, necessary for the fair presentation of the Company’s financial position, results of operations and cash flows for the interim periods presented. The results for the interim periods presented are not necessarily indicative of future results. The Company considers events or transactions that occur after the balance sheet date but before the financial statements are issued to provide additional evidence relative to certain estimates or to identify matters that require additional disclosure. Use of Estimates — The preparation of condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. By their nature, estimates are subject to an inherent degree of uncertainty. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Costs to Obtain and Fulfill a Contract — The Company’s incremental costs of obtaining a contract consist of sales commissions and their related fringe benefits. Sales commissions and fringe benefits paid on renewals are not commensurate with sales commissions paid on the initial contract, but they are commensurate with each other. Sales commissions and fringe benefits are deferred and amortized on a straight-line basis over the period of benefit, which the Company has estimated to be three to four years for initial contracts and amortized over the renewal period for renewal contracts, typically one year. The period of benefit was determined based on an average customer contract term, expected contract renewals, changes in technology and the Company’s ability to retain customers. Deferred commissions are classified as current or noncurrent assets based on the timing the expense will be recognized. The current and noncurrent portions of deferred commissions are included in prepaid expenses and other current assets and other assets, respectively, in the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets. As of December 31, 2018 and March 31, 2019, the Company had $33.7 million of current deferred commissions and $31.2 million of noncurrent deferred commissions, and $36.4 million of current deferred commissions and $35.2 million of noncurrent deferred commissions, respectively. Commissions expense is primarily included in sales and marketing expense on the condensed consolidated statements of operations. The Company had amortization expense of $3.3 million and $8.5 million related to deferred commissions during the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2019, respectively. Other costs incurred to fulfill contracts have been immaterial to date. Revenue Recognition — The Company derives its revenue primarily from subscription fees for its premium subscription software services and, to a lesser extent, usage fees from audio services. Revenue is reported net of applicable sales and use tax, value-added tax and other transaction taxes imposed on the related transaction including mandatory government charges that are passed through to the Company’s customers. Revenue is recognized when control of these services is transferred to the Company’s customers, in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to be entitled to in exchange for those services. The Company determines revenue recognition through the following five steps: • Identification of the contract, or contracts, with a customer • Identification of the performance obligations in the contract • Determination of the transaction price • Allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract • Recognition of revenue when, or as, performance obligations are satisfied The Company accounts for a contract when it has approval and commitment from both parties, the rights of the parties are identified, payment terms are identified, the contract has commercial substance and collectability of consideration is probable. Disaggregated Revenue — The Company disaggregates revenue from contracts with customers by geography and product grouping, as it believes it best depicts how the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows are affected by economic factors. The Company’s revenue by geography (based on customer address) is as follows (in thousands): Three Months Ended March 31, 2018 2019 Revenues: United States $ 211,754 $ 241,294 International 67,463 66,406 Total revenue $ 279,217 $ 307,700 The Company’s revenue by product grouping is as follows (in thousands): Three Months Ended March 31, 2018 2019 Revenues: Unified communications and collaboration $ 149,907 $ 169,957 Identity and access management 84,670 94,179 Customer engagement and support 44,640 43,564 Total revenue $ 279,217 $ 307,700 Performance Obligations Premium Subscription Services As each day of providing access to the software is substantially the same and the customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefits as access is provided, the Company has determined that its premium subscription services arrangements include a single performance obligation comprised of a series of distinct services. Revenue from the Company’s premium subscription services is recognized over time on a ratable basis over the contract term beginning on the date that the Company’s service is made available to the customer. Subscription periods range from monthly to multi-year, are typically billed in advance and are non-cancelable. Audio Services Accounts Receivable, Net — Accounts receivable, net, are amounts due from customers where there is an unconditional right to consideration. Unbilled receivables of $5.4 million and $6.4 million are included in this balance at December 31, 2018 and March 31, 2019, respectively. The payment of consideration related to these unbilled receivables is subject only to the passage of time. As of December 31, 2018 and March 31, 2019, lease receivables totaled $4.9 million (of which, $2.8 million was long term and in other assets), and $5.9 million (of which, $3.0 million was long term and in other assets), respectively. Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities — Contract assets and contract liabilities (deferred revenue) are reported net at the contract level for each reporting period. Contract Assets Contract Liabilities (Deferred Revenue) For the three months ended March 31, 2019, revenue recognized related to deferred revenue at January 1, 2019 was approximately $163 million. As of March 31, 2019 approximately $572.9 million of revenue is expected to be recognized from remaining performance obligations, including backlog, primarily over the next two years. Changes in contract balances for the three months ended March 31, 2019 are as follows (in thousands): Deferred Revenue Current Non-Current Total Balance as of January 1, 2019 $ 369,780 $ 9,518 $ 379,298 Increase (decrease), net 24,027 (1,030 ) 22,997 Balance as of March 31, 2019 $ 393,807 $ 8,488 $ 402,295 Concentrations of Credit Risk and Significant Customers — The Company’s principal credit risk relates to its cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and accounts receivable. Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash are deposited primarily with financial institutions that management believes to be of high-credit quality. To manage accounts receivable credit risk, the Company regularly evaluates the creditworthiness of its customers and maintains allowances for potential credit losses. To date, losses resulting from uncollected receivables have not exceeded management’s expectations. For the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2019, no customer accounted for more than 10% of revenue. As of December 31, 2018 and March 31, 2019, no customer accounted for more than 10% of accounts receivable. Segment Data — Operating segments are identified as components of an enterprise for which separate discrete financial information is available for evaluation by the chief operating decision-maker or decision-making group when making decisions regarding resource allocation and assessing performance. The Company’s chief operating decision maker is its Chief Executive Officer. The Company, whose management uses consolidated financial information in determining how to allocate resources and assess performance, has determined that it operates in one segment. Goodwill — Goodwill is the excess of the acquisition price over the fair value of the tangible and identifiable intangible net assets acquired. The Company does not amortize goodwill but performs an impairment test of goodwill annually or whenever events and circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of goodwill may exceed its fair value. The Company operates as a single operating segment with one reporting unit and consequently evaluates goodwill for impairment based on an evaluation of the fair value of the Company as a whole. As of November 30, 2018, our measurement date, the fair value of the Company as a whole exceeded the carrying amount of the Company. Through March 31, 2019, no events have been identified indicating an impairment. Long-Lived Assets and Intangible Assets — The Company records intangible assets at their respective estimated fair values at the date of acquisition. Intangible assets are being amortized based upon the pattern in which their economic benefit will be realized, or if this pattern cannot be reliably determined, using the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives, which range up to eleven years. The Company reviews long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets, including intangible assets, may not be recoverable. When such events occur, the Company compares the carrying amounts of the assets to their undiscounted expected future cash flows. If this comparison indicates that there is impairment, the amount of the impairment is calculated as the difference between the carrying value and fair value. Through March 31, 2019, the Company recorded no material impairments. Foreign Currency Translation — The functional currency of operations outside the United States of America is deemed to be the currency of the local country, unless otherwise determined that the United States dollar would serve as a more appropriate functional currency given the economic operations of the entity. Accordingly, the assets and liabilities of the Company’s foreign subsidiaries are translated into United States dollars using the period-end exchange rate, and income and expense items are translated using the average exchange rate during the period. Cumulative translation adjustments are reflected as a separate component of equity. Foreign currency transaction gains and losses are charged to operations. Derivative Financial Instruments — The Company’s earnings and cash flows are subject to fluctuations due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates. The Company uses foreign currency forward contracts to manage exposure to fluctuations in foreign exchange rates that arise from receivables and payables denominated in foreign currencies. The Company does not designate foreign currency forward contracts as hedges for accounting purposes, and changes in the fair value of these instruments are recognized immediately in earnings. Because the Company enters into forward contracts only as an economic hedge, any gain or loss on the underlying foreign-denominated balance would be offset by the loss or gain on the forward contract. Gains and losses on forward contracts and foreign denominated receivables and payables are included in foreign currency net gains and losses. As of December 31, 2018 and March 31, 2019, the Company had outstanding forward contracts with notional amounts equivalent to the following (in thousands): Currency Hedged December 31, 2018 March 31, 2019 Euro / Canadian Dollar $ 537 $ — Euro / U.S. Dollar 5,203 4,175 Euro / British Pound 3,809 3,681 British Pound / U.S. Dollar 563 — Euro / Hungarian Forint — 3,451 U.S. Dollar / Israeli Shekel — 1,105 U.S. Dollar / Canadian Dollar 4,504 1,303 Total $ 14,616 $ 13,715 Net realized and unrealized foreign currency gains and losses was a net loss of $0.2 million and $0.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2019, respectively, which are included in other income (expense), net in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. Excluding the underlying foreign currency exposure being hedged, net realized and unrealized gains and losses on forward contracts included in foreign currency gains and losses was a net gain of $0.3 million and a net loss of $0.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2019, respectively. Stock-Based Compensation — The Company values all stock-based compensation awards, primarily restricted stock units, at fair value on the date of grant and recognizes the expense over the requisite service period, which is generally the vesting period, on a straight-line basis. Income Taxes — Deferred income taxes are provided for the tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes and operating loss carryforwards and credits using enacted tax rates expected to be in effect in the years in which the differences are expected to reverse. At each balance sheet date, the Company assesses the likelihood that deferred tax assets will be realized and recognizes a valuation allowance if it is more likely than not that some portion of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. This assessment requires judgment as to the likelihood and amounts of future taxable income by tax jurisdiction. The Company evaluates its uncertain tax positions based on a determination of whether and how much of a tax benefit taken by the Company in its tax filings is more likely than not to be realized. Potential interest and penalties associated with any uncertain tax positions are recorded as a component of income tax expense. Guarantees and Indemnification Obligations — As permitted under Delaware law, the Company has agreements whereby the Company indemnifies certain of its officers and directors for certain events or occurrences while the officer or director is, or was, serving at the Company’s request in such capacity. The term of the indemnification period is for the officer’s or director’s lifetime. As permitted under Delaware law, the Company also has similar indemnification obligations under its certificate of incorporation and bylaws. The maximum potential amount of future payments the Company could be required to make under these indemnification agreements is unlimited; however, the Company has directors’ and officers’ insurance coverage that the Company believes limits its exposure and enables it to recover a portion of any future amounts paid. In the ordinary course of business, the Company enters into agreements with certain customers that contractually obligate the Company to provide indemnifications of varying scope and terms with respect to certain matters including, but not limited to, losses arising out of the breach of such agreements, from the services provided by the Company or claims alleging that the Company’s products infringe third-party patents, copyrights, or trademarks. The term of these indemnification obligations is generally perpetual. The maximum potential amount of future payments the Company could be required to make under these indemnification obligations is, in many cases, unlimited. Through March 31, 2019, the Company has not experienced any losses related to these indemnification obligations. Net Income (Loss) Per Share — Basic net income (loss) per share is computed by dividing net income (loss) by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted net income (loss) per share is computed by dividing net income (loss) by the sum of the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period and, if dilutive, the weighted average number of potential common shares outstanding from the assumed exercise of stock options and the vesting of restricted stock units. The Company excluded the following options to purchase common shares and restricted stock units from the computation of diluted net income (loss) per share because they had an anti-dilutive impact (in thousands): Three Months Ended March 31, 2018 2019 Options to purchase common shares — 44 Restricted stock units — 1,335 Total options and restricted stock units — 1,379 Basic and diluted net income (loss) per share was calculated as follows (in thousands, except per share data): Three Months Ended March 31, 2018 2019 Net income (loss) $ 29,712 $ (9,039 ) Basic: Weighted average common shares outstanding, basic 52,457 50,639 Net income (loss) per share, basic $ 0.57 $ (0.18 ) Diluted: Weighted average common shares outstanding 52,457 50,639 Add: Common stock equivalents 958 - Weighted average common shares outstanding, diluted 53,415 50,639 Net income (loss) per share, diluted $ 0.56 $ (0.18 ) Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements Leases The Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, also issued ASU 2018-10, Codification Improvements to Topic 842 Leases, and ASU 2018-11, Targeted Improvements to Topic 842 Leases, which The Company adopted ASU 2016-02 and related amendments (collectively referred to herein as Topic 842) on January 1, 2019 using the modified retrospective approach applied at the beginning of the period of adoption and recorded operating lease assets of $117.3 million and operating lease liabilities of $123.4 million. The operating lease assets are lower than the operating lease liabilities, primarily because previously recorded net deferred rent balances were reclassified into the operating lease assets. There was no impact to retained earnings upon adoption of Topic 842. The Company elected the package of practical expedients permitted under the transition guidance within the new standard, which, among other things, allowed the Company to carry forward its historical lease classification. In addition, the Company has elected to exempt short term leases that qualify from recognizing right of use assets or lease liabilities, and has elected to not separate lease and non-lease components for all leases of which it is the lessee. The Company’s non-lease components are primarily related to maintenance related costs, which are typically variable in nature and are expensed in the period incurred. The Company accounts for a contract as a lease when it has the right to control the asset for a period of time while obtaining substantially all of the assets’ economic benefits. The Company’s leases are primarily for office space. The Company determines the initial classification and measurement of its operating right-of-use assets and operating lease liabilities at the lease commencement date and thereafter if modified. The lease term includes any renewal options that the Company is reasonably assured to exercise. The present value of lease payments is determined by using the interest rate implicit in the lease, if that rate is readily determinable; otherwise, the Company uses its estimated incremental borrowing rate for that lease term. Rent expense for operating leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the reasonably assured lease term based on the total lease payments and is included in operating expense in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. For finance leases, any interest expense is recognized using the effective interest method and is included within interest expense. Amounts related to finance leases were immaterial as of March 31, 2019. For all leases, payments that are based on a fixed index or rate are included in the measurement of right-of-use assets and lease liabilities using the index or rate at the lease commencement date. The portion of future payments that vary based on the outcome of future indexes or rates are expensed in the period incurred. Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-15 , Intangibles – Goodwill and Other – Internal-Use Software: Customers Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract |