Document and Entity Information
Document and Entity Information - USD ($) $ in Billions | 12 Months Ended | ||
Dec. 31, 2022 | Feb. 14, 2023 | Jun. 30, 2022 | |
Document And Entity Information [Abstract] | |||
Document Type | 10-K | ||
Document Annual Report | true | ||
Document Transition Report | false | ||
Document Period End Date | Dec. 31, 2022 | ||
Entity File Number | 001-34211 | ||
Entity Registrant Name | GRAND CANYON EDUCATION, INC. | ||
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code | DE | ||
Entity Tax Identification Number | 20-3356009 | ||
Entity Address, Address Line One | 2600 W. Camelback Road | ||
Entity Address, City or Town | Phoenix | ||
Entity Address, State or Province | AZ | ||
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code | 85017 | ||
City Area Code | 602 | ||
Local Phone Number | 247-4400 | ||
Title of 12(b) Security | Common Stock | ||
Trading Symbol | LOPE | ||
Security Exchange Name | NASDAQ | ||
Entity Well-known Seasoned Issuer | Yes | ||
Entity Voluntary Filers | No | ||
Entity Current Reporting Status | Yes | ||
Entity Interactive Data Current | Yes | ||
Entity Filer Category | Large Accelerated Filer | ||
Entity Small Business | false | ||
Entity Emerging Growth Company | false | ||
ICFR Auditor Attestation Flag | true | ||
Entity Shell Company | false | ||
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding | 31,039,407 | ||
Entity Public Float | $ 3 | ||
Current Fiscal Year End Date | --12-31 | ||
Document Fiscal Year Focus | 2022 | ||
Document Fiscal Period Focus | FY | ||
Entity Central Index Key | 0001434588 | ||
Amendment Flag | false | ||
Auditor Name | KPMG LLP | ||
Auditor Firm ID | 185 | ||
Auditor Location | Phoenix, Arizona |
Consolidated Balance Sheets
Consolidated Balance Sheets - USD ($) $ in Thousands | Dec. 31, 2022 | Dec. 31, 2021 |
Current assets | ||
Cash and cash equivalents | $ 120,409 | $ 600,941 |
Investments | 61,295 | 0 |
Accounts receivable, net | 77,413 | 70,063 |
Income tax receivable | 2,788 | 1,275 |
Other current assets | 11,368 | 8,766 |
Total current assets | 273,273 | 681,045 |
Property and equipment, net | 147,504 | 136,120 |
Right-of-use assets | 72,719 | 57,652 |
Amortizable intangible assets, net | 176,800 | 185,219 |
Goodwill | 160,766 | 160,766 |
Other assets | 1,687 | 1,943 |
Total assets | 832,749 | 1,222,745 |
Current liabilities | ||
Accounts payable | 20,006 | 24,306 |
Accrued compensation and benefits | 36,412 | 32,714 |
Accrued liabilities | 22,473 | 27,593 |
Income taxes payable | 12,167 | 5,895 |
Deferred revenue | 10 | |
Current portion of lease liability | 8,648 | 7,426 |
Total current liabilities | 99,706 | 97,944 |
Deferred income taxes, noncurrent | 26,195 | 25,962 |
Other long-term liability | 436 | 37 |
Lease liability, less current portion | 68,793 | 53,755 |
Total liabilities | 195,130 | 177,698 |
Commitments and contingencies | ||
Stockholders' equity | ||
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value, 10,000 shares authorized; 0 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 | ||
Common stock, $0.01 par value, 100,000 shares authorized; 53,830 and 53,637 shares issued and 31,058 and 37,722 shares outstanding at December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively | 538 | 536 |
Treasury stock, at cost, 22,772 and 15,915 shares of common stock at December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively | (1,711,423) | (1,107,211) |
Additional paid-in capital | 309,310 | 296,670 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (533) | |
Retained earnings | 2,039,727 | 1,855,052 |
Total stockholders' equity | 637,619 | 1,045,047 |
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity | $ 832,749 | $ 1,222,745 |
Consolidated Balance Sheets (Pa
Consolidated Balance Sheets (Parenthetical) - $ / shares shares in Thousands | Dec. 31, 2022 | Dec. 31, 2021 |
Statement of Financial Position [Abstract] | ||
Preferred stock, par value | $ 0.01 | $ 0.01 |
Preferred stock, shares authorized | 10,000 | 10,000 |
Preferred stock, shares issued | 0 | 0 |
Preferred stock, shares outstanding | 0 | 0 |
Common stock, par value | $ 0.01 | $ 0.01 |
Common stock, shares authorized | 100,000 | 100,000 |
Common stock, shares issued | 53,830 | 53,637 |
Common stock, shares outstanding | 31,058 | 37,722 |
Treasury stock, common shares | 22,772 | 15,915 |
Consolidated Income Statements
Consolidated Income Statements - USD ($) shares in Thousands, $ in Thousands | 12 Months Ended | ||
Dec. 31, 2022 | Dec. 31, 2021 | Dec. 31, 2020 | |
Consolidated Income Statements | |||
Service revenue | $ 911,306 | $ 896,564 | $ 844,096 |
Costs and expenses: | |||
Technology and academic services | 150,493 | 132,078 | 116,012 |
Counseling services and support | 273,313 | 249,179 | 234,534 |
Marketing and communication | 196,090 | 182,872 | 164,334 |
General and administrative | 45,491 | 41,826 | 43,360 |
Amortization of intangible assets | 8,419 | 8,419 | 8,419 |
Total costs and expenses | 673,806 | 614,374 | 566,659 |
Operating income | 237,500 | 282,190 | 277,437 |
Interest income on Secured Note | 52,090 | 59,190 | |
Interest expense | (2) | (3,601) | (4,402) |
Investment interest and other | 2,621 | 610 | 915 |
Income before income taxes | 240,119 | 331,289 | 333,140 |
Income tax expense | 55,444 | 70,945 | 75,944 |
Net income | $ 184,675 | $ 260,344 | $ 257,196 |
Earnings per share: | |||
Basic income per share | $ 5.75 | $ 5.94 | $ 5.49 |
Diluted income per share | $ 5.73 | $ 5.92 | $ 5.45 |
Basic weighted average shares outstanding | 32,131 | 43,835 | 46,880 |
Diluted weighted average shares outstanding | 32,237 | 43,958 | 47,165 |
Consolidated Statements of Comp
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income $ in Thousands | 12 Months Ended |
Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($) | |
Consolidated Statements of Other Comprehensive Income | |
Net income | $ 184,675 |
Other comprehensive income, net of tax: | |
Unrealized losses on available-for-sale securities, net of taxes of $168 for the year ended December 31, 2022 | (533) |
Comprehensive income | $ 184,142 |
Consolidated Statements of Co_2
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Parenthetical) $ in Thousands | 12 Months Ended |
Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($) | |
Consolidated Statements of Other Comprehensive Income | |
Unrealized gains (losses) on available for sale securities, taxes | $ 168 |
Consolidated Statement of Stock
Consolidated Statement of Stockholders' Equity - USD ($) shares in Thousands, $ in Thousands | Common Stock [Member] | Additional Paid-in Capital [Member] | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Member] | Retained Earnings [Member] Cumulative Effect of Adoption Adjustment | Retained Earnings [Member] | Treasury stock, common | Cumulative Effect of Adoption Adjustment | Total |
Beginning Balance at Dec. 31, 2019 | $ 531 | $ 270,923 | $ 1,341,344 | $ (169,365) | $ 1,443,433 | |||
Beginning Balance, shares at Dec. 31, 2019 | 53,054 | |||||||
Beginning Balance, treasury shares at Dec. 31, 2019 | 4,949 | |||||||
Comprehensive income | 257,196 | 257,196 | ||||||
Common stock purchased for treasury | $ (129,045) | (129,045) | ||||||
Common stock acquired, shares | 1,602 | |||||||
Restricted shares forfeited, shares | 15 | |||||||
Share-based compensation | $ 1 | 10,662 | $ (4,969) | 5,694 | ||||
Share-based compensation, shares | 167 | 62 | ||||||
Exercise of stock options | $ 1 | 882 | 883 | |||||
Exercise of stock options, shares | 56 | |||||||
Ending Balance (ASU 2016-13) at Dec. 31, 2020 | $ (3,832) | $ (3,832) | ||||||
Ending Balance at Dec. 31, 2020 | $ 533 | 282,467 | 1,594,708 | $ (303,379) | 1,574,329 | |||
Ending Balance, shares at Dec. 31, 2020 | 53,277 | |||||||
Ending Balance, treasury shares at Dec. 31, 2020 | 6,628 | |||||||
Comprehensive income | 260,344 | 260,344 | ||||||
Common stock purchased for treasury | $ (797,838) | (797,838) | ||||||
Common stock acquired, shares | 9,199 | |||||||
Restricted shares forfeited, shares | 32 | |||||||
Share-based compensation | $ 1 | 11,525 | $ (5,994) | 5,532 | ||||
Share-based compensation, shares | 184 | 56 | ||||||
Exercise of stock options | $ 2 | 2,678 | 2,680 | |||||
Exercise of stock options, shares | 176 | |||||||
Ending Balance at Dec. 31, 2021 | $ 536 | 296,670 | 1,855,052 | $ (1,107,211) | $ 1,045,047 | |||
Ending Balance, shares at Dec. 31, 2021 | 53,637 | |||||||
Ending Balance, treasury shares at Dec. 31, 2021 | 15,915 | 15,915 | ||||||
Comprehensive income | $ (533) | 184,675 | $ 184,142 | |||||
Common stock purchased for treasury | $ (599,587) | (599,587) | ||||||
Common stock acquired, shares | 6,795 | |||||||
Restricted shares forfeited, shares | 10 | |||||||
Share-based compensation | $ 2 | 12,640 | $ (4,625) | 8,017 | ||||
Share-based compensation, shares | 193 | 52 | ||||||
Ending Balance at Dec. 31, 2022 | $ 538 | $ 309,310 | $ (533) | $ 2,039,727 | $ (1,711,423) | $ 637,619 | ||
Ending Balance, shares at Dec. 31, 2022 | 53,830 | |||||||
Ending Balance, treasury shares at Dec. 31, 2022 | 22,772 | 22,772 |
Consolidated Statements of Stoc
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity (Parenthetical) $ in Thousands | 12 Months Ended |
Dec. 31, 2020 USD ($) | |
ASU 2016-13 | |
Cumulative effect from the adoption of accounting pronouncements, tax | $ 1,168 |
Consolidated Statements of Cash
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows - USD ($) $ in Thousands | 12 Months Ended | ||
Dec. 31, 2022 | Dec. 31, 2021 | Dec. 31, 2020 | |
Cash flows provided by operating activities: | |||
Net income | $ 184,675 | $ 260,344 | $ 257,196 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: | |||
Share-based compensation | 12,642 | 11,526 | 10,663 |
Reversal of credit loss reserve | (5,000) | ||
Depreciation and amortization | 22,758 | 21,994 | 21,233 |
Amortization of intangible assets | 8,419 | 8,419 | 8,419 |
Deferred income taxes | 401 | 5,674 | 3,136 |
Other, including fixed asset impairments | 853 | 677 | 571 |
Changes in assets and liabilities: | |||
Accounts receivable and interest receivable from university partners | (7,350) | (2,863) | (13,250) |
Other assets | (2,604) | (256) | (621) |
Right-of-use assets and lease liabilities | 1,193 | 545 | 2,151 |
Accounts payable | (3,894) | 7,392 | 1,012 |
Accrued liabilities | (1,023) | 4,148 | 18,612 |
Income taxes receivable/payable | 4,759 | 509 | (279) |
Deferred revenue | (10) | 10 | (20) |
Net cash provided by operating activities | 220,819 | 313,119 | 308,823 |
Cash flows (used in) provided by investing activities: | |||
Capital expenditures | (35,232) | (28,875) | (29,418) |
Additions of amortizable content | (397) | (515) | (524) |
Funding to GCU | (190,000) | (75,000) | |
Repayment by GCU | 1,159,912 | 75,000 | |
Purchases of investments | (171,549) | (56,335) | |
Proceeds from sale or maturity of investments | 110,039 | 66,792 | 10,591 |
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities | (97,139) | 950,979 | (19,351) |
Cash flows used in financing activities: | |||
Principal payments on notes payable | (107,774) | (33,144) | |
Repurchase of common shares and shares withheld in lieu of income taxes | (604,212) | (803,832) | (134,014) |
Net proceeds from exercise of stock options | 2,680 | 883 | |
Net cash used in financing activities | (604,212) | (908,926) | (166,275) |
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash | (480,532) | 355,172 | 123,197 |
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of period | 600,941 | 245,769 | 122,572 |
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period | 120,409 | 600,941 | 245,769 |
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information | |||
Cash paid for interest | 2 | 3,697 | 4,306 |
Cash paid for income taxes | 48,573 | 61,900 | 68,381 |
Supplemental disclosure of non-cash investing and financing activities | |||
Purchases of property and equipment included in accounts payable | 1,131 | 1,536 | 1,206 |
Allowance for credit losses of $5,000, net of taxes of $1,168 from adoption of ASU 2016-13 | 3,832 | ||
ROU Asset and Liability recognition | $ 15,067 | $ 3,368 | $ 33,250 |
Consolidated Statements of Ca_2
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Parenthetical) $ in Thousands | 12 Months Ended |
Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($) | |
Cumulative Effect of Adoption Adjustment | ASU 2016-13 | |
Allowance for credit losses | $ 5,000 |
Income taxes | $ 1,168 |
Nature of Business
Nature of Business | 12 Months Ended |
Dec. 31, 2022 | |
Nature of Business | |
Nature of Business | 1. Nature of Business Grand Canyon Education, Inc. (together with its subsidiaries, the “Company” or “GCE”) is a publicly traded education services company dedicated to serving colleges and universities. GCE has developed significant technological solutions, infrastructure and operational processes to provide services to these institutions on a large scale. GCE’s most significant university partner is Grand Canyon University (“GCU”), an Arizona non-profit corporation that operates a comprehensive regionally accredited university that offers graduate and undergraduate degree programs, emphases and certificates across In January 2019, GCE began providing education services to numerous university partners across the United States, through our wholly owned subsidiary, Orbis Education, which we acquired, by merger on January 22, 2019 (the “Acquisition”). Since the Acquisition, GCE, together with Orbis Education, has continued to add additional university partners. In the healthcare field, we work in partnership with a growing number of top universities and healthcare networks across the country, offering healthcare-related academic programs at off-campus classroom and laboratory sites located near healthcare providers and developing high-quality, career-ready graduates who enter the workforce ready to meet the demands of the healthcare industry. In addition, we have provided certain services to a university partner to assist them in expanding their online graduate programs. As of December 31, 2022, GCE provides education services to GCE was formed in Delaware in November 2003 as a limited liability company, under the name Significant Education, LLC, for the purchase of acquiring the assets of the University from a non-profit foundation on February 2, 2004. On August 24, 2005, the Company converted from a limited liability company to a corporation and changed its name to Significant Education, Inc. On May 9, 2008, the Company changed its name to Grand Canyon Education, Inc. On July 1, 2018, the Company sold the university to GCU (the “Transaction”). The Company’s wholly owned subsidiaries were historically used to facilitate expansion of the university campus prior to the Transaction. |
Summary of Significant Accounti
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | 12 Months Ended |
Dec. 31, 2022 | |
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | |
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Principles of Consolidation The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. Intercompany transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Use of Estimates The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes, including the collection of accounts receivables and reserves associated with uncertain tax positions. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Cash and Cash Equivalents The Company invests a portion of its cash in excess of current operating requirements in short term certificates of deposit and money market instruments. The Company considers all highly liquid investments with maturities of three months or less at the time of purchase to be cash equivalents. Investments As of December 31, 2022, the Company considered its investments in corporate bonds, commercial paper, municipal securities, asset backed securities, municipal bonds, and collateralized mortgage obligations as available-for- sale securities based on the Company’s intent for the respective securities. As of December 31, 2021, the Company had investments. Available-for-sale securities are carried at fair value, determined using Level 2 of the hierarchy of valuation inputs, with the use of inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the assets, with unrealized gains and losses, net of tax, reported as a separate component of other comprehensive income. Unrealized losses considered to be other-than temporary are recognized currently in earnings. Amortization of premiums, accretion of discounts, interest and dividend income and realized gains and losses are included in interest and other income. Property and Equipment Property and equipment are recorded at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method. Normal repairs and maintenance are expensed as incurred. Expenditures that materially extend the useful life of an asset are capitalized. Construction in progress represents items not yet placed in service and are not depreciated. Depreciation is provided using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Furniture and fixtures, computer equipment, and vehicles generally have estimated useful lives of ten four Transaction and Arrangements with GCU On July 1, 2018, the Company consummated an Asset Purchase Agreement (the “Asset Purchase Agreement”) with GCU. In conjunction with the Asset Purchase Agreement, we received a secured note from GCU as consideration for the transferred assets in the initial principal amount of (the “Secured Note”) which was repaid by GCU in the fourth quarter of 2021. In connection therewith, the Company and GCU entered into a long-term master services agreement (the “Master Services Agreement”) pursuant to which the Company provides identified technology and academic services, counseling services and support, marketing and communication services, and several back-office services to GCU in return for of GCU’s tuition and fee revenue. Except for identified liabilities assumed by GCU, GCE retained responsibility for all liabilities of the business arising from pre-closing operations. Internally Developed Technology The Company capitalizes certain costs related to internal-use software, primarily consisting of direct labor associated with creating the software. Software development projects generally include three stages: the preliminary project stage (all costs are expensed as incurred), the application development stage (certain costs are capitalized and certain costs are expensed as incurred) and the post-implementation or operation stage (all costs are expensed as incurred). Costs capitalized in the application development stage include costs of design, coding, integration, and testing of the software developed. Capitalization of costs requires judgment in determining when a project has reached the application development stage and the period over which we expect to benefit from the use of that software. Once the software is placed in service, these costs are amortized over the estimated useful life of the software, which is generally three years. These assets are a component of our property and equipment, net in our consolidated balance sheets. Capitalized Content Development The Company capitalizes certain costs to fulfill a contract related to the development and digital creation of content on a course-by-course basis for each university partner, many times in conjunction with faculty and subject matter experts. The Company is responsible for the conversion of instructional materials to an on-line format, including outlines, quizzes, lectures, and articles in accordance with the educational guidelines provided to us by our university partners, prior to the respective course commencing. We also capitalize the creation of learning objects which are digital assets such as online demonstrations, simulations, and case studies used to obtain learning objectives. Costs that are capitalized include payroll and payroll-related costs for employees who are directly associated and spend time producing content and payments to faculty and subject matter experts involved in the process. The Company starts capitalizing content costs when it begins to develop or to convert a particular course, resources have been assigned and a timeline has been set. The content asset is placed in service when all work is complete and the curriculum could be used for instruction. Capitalized content development assets are included in other assets in our consolidated balance sheets. The Company has concluded that the most appropriate method to amortize the deferred content assets is on a straight-line basis over the estimated life of the course, which is generally which corresponds with course’s review and major revision cycle. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, Long-Lived Assets The Company evaluates the recoverability of its long-lived assets for impairment, other than goodwill, whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset to undiscounted future net cash flows expected to be generated by the assets. If such assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized is measured by the amount by which the carrying amount of the assets exceeds the fair value of the assets. Leases The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception and evaluates the lease agreement to determine whether the lease is a finance or operating lease. Right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and lease liabilities are recognized at commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. The Company uses its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the commencement to determine the present value of lease payments over the lease term. At lease inception, the Company determines the lease term by assuming no exercises of renewal options, due to the Company’s constantly changing geographical needs for its university partners. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded in the consolidated balance sheets and are recognized as lease expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The Company has lease agreements with lease and non-lease components, and the non-lease components are accounted for separately and not included in our ROU assets and lease liabilities. Leases primarily consist of off-campus classroom and laboratory site locations and office space. Business Combinations The purchase price of an acquisition is allocated to the assets acquired, including tangible and intangible assets, and liabilities assumed, based on their respective fair values at the acquisition date. The excess of the fair value of the purchase price over the fair values of these identifiable assets and liabilities is recorded as goodwill. Transaction costs associated with business combinations are expensed as incurred and are recorded in the loss on transaction in the consolidated financial statements. The determination of the value and useful lives of the intangible assets acquired involves certain judgments and estimates. These judgments can include, but are not limited to, the cash flows that an asset is expected to generate in the future and the appropriate weighted average cost of capital. The net assets and result of operations of an acquired entity are included on the Company’s consolidated financial statements from the acquisition date. Goodwill and Amortizable Intangible Assets Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price of an acquired business over the amount assigned to the tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed. Goodwill is assessed at least annually for impairment during the fourth quarter, or more frequently if circumstances indicate potential impairment. Goodwill is allocated to our reporting unit at the education services segment, which is the same as the entity as a whole (entity level reporting unit). The Company has concluded there is reporting unit for goodwill impairment consideration. The Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) has issued guidance that permits an entity to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is necessary to perform the quantitative goodwill impairment test. The Company reviews goodwill at least annually or more frequently if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of the reporting unit below its carrying amount. Following this assessment, the Company determined that it is more likely than not that its fair value exceeds its carrying amount. Finite-lived intangible assets that are acquired in a business combination are recorded at fair value on their acquisition dates and are amortized using a method that reflects the pattern in which the economic benefits of the intangible assets are consumed or on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of the intangible asset if the pattern of economic benefit cannot be reliability determined. Finite-lived intangible assets consist of university partner relationships and trade names. The Company reviews its finite-lived intangible assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an intangible asset may not be recoverable. There were no indicators that the carrying amount of the finite-lived intangible assets were impaired as of December 31, 2022. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset to undiscounted future net cash flows expected to be generated by the assets. If such intangible assets are not recoverable, a potential impairment loss is recognized to the extent the carrying amounts of the assets exceeds the fair value of the assets. Acquisition On January 22, 2019, GCE acquired Orbis Education for $361,184 (inclusive of closing date adjustments and net of cash acquired). The Acquisition was accounted for in accordance with the acquisition method of accounting. Under this method the cost of the target is allocated to the identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair values at the date of acquisition. The estimated fair values of current assets and liabilities were based upon their historical costs on the date of acquisition due to their short-term nature. The majority of property and equipment were also estimated based upon historical costs as they approximated fair value. Identified intangible assets of . The fair value of university partner relationships was determined using the multiple-period excess earnings method. The fair value of the assets acquired, less the liabilities assumed, exceeded the purchase price by Share-Based Compensation The Company measures and recognizes compensation expense for share-based payment awards made to employees and directors. The fair value of the Company’s restricted stock awards is based on the market price of its common stock on the date of grant. Stock-based compensation expense related to restricted stock grants is expensed over the vesting period using the straight-line method for Company employees and the Company’s board of directors. The Company recognizes forfeitures as they occur. Fair Value of Financial Instruments The carrying value of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable, accrued compensation and benefits and accrued liabilities approximate their fair value based on the liquidity or the short-term maturities of these instruments. The fair value of investments was determined using Level 1 and Level 2 of the hierarchy of valuation inputs, with the use of inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the assets. The unit of account used for valuation is the individual underlying security. The basis of fair value measurements for each level is described below, with Level 1 having the highest priority. -Level 1 – inputs are quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. -Level 2 – inputs are quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in non-active markets; and model-derived valuations whose inputs are observable or whose significant valuation drivers are observable. -Level 3 – unobservable inputs that are not corroborated by market data. Investments are comprised of corporate bonds, commercial paper, municipal securities, asset backed securities, municipal bonds, and collateralized mortgage obligations. Income Taxes The Company accounts for income taxes payable or refundable for the current year and deferred tax assets and liabilities for future tax consequences of events that have been recognized in the Company’s consolidated financial statements or tax returns. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the temporary differences are expected to be realized. The Company applies a more-likely-than-not threshold for financial statement recognition and measurement of an uncertain tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions in income tax expense. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company has reserved approximately $15,862 and $14,108, respectively, for uncertain tax positions, including interest and penalties, which is classified within accrued liabilities on the accompanying consolidated balance sheet. The Company has deferred tax assets, which are subject to periodic recoverability assessments. Valuation allowances are established, when necessary, to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount that more likely than not will be realized. Realization of the deferred tax assets is principally dependent upon achievement of projected future taxable income. Commitments and Contingencies The Company accrues for a contingent obligation when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount is reasonably estimable. When the Company becomes aware of a claim or potential claim, the likelihood of any loss exposure is assessed. If it is probable that a loss will result and the amount of the loss is estimable, the Company records a liability for the estimated loss. If the loss is not probable or the amount of the potential loss is not estimable, the Company will disclose the claim if the likelihood of a potential loss is reasonably possible and the amount of the potential loss could be material. Estimates that are particularly sensitive to future changes include tax, legal, and other regulatory matters, which are subject to change as events evolve, and as additional information becomes available during the administrative and litigation process. The Company expenses legal fees as incurred. Revenue Recognition The Company generates all of its revenue through services agreements with its university partners (“Services Agreements”), pursuant to which the Company provides integrated technology and academic services, marketing and communication services, and back-office services to its university partners in return for a percentage of tuition and fee revenue. The Company’s Services Agreements have initial terms ranging from 7-15 years , subject to renewal options, although certain agreements may give the university partners the right to terminate early if certain conditions are met. The Company’s Services Agreements have a single performance obligation, as the promises to provide the identified services are not distinct within the context of these agreements. The single performance obligation is delivered as our partners receive and consume benefits, which occurs ratably over a series of distinct service periods (daily or semester). Service revenue is recognized over time using the output method of measuring progress towards complete satisfaction of the single performance obligation. The output method provides a faithful depiction of the performance toward complete satisfaction of the performance obligation and can be tied to the time elapsed which is consumed evenly over the service period and is a direct measurement of the value provided to our partners. The service fees received from our partners over the term of the agreement are variable in nature in that they are dependent upon the number of students attending the university partner’s program and revenues generated from those students during the service period. Due to the variable nature of the consideration over the life of the service arrangement, the Company considered forming an expectation of the variable consideration to be received over the service life of this one performance obligation. However, since the performance obligation represents a series of distinct services, the Company recognizes the variable consideration that becomes known and billable because these fees relate to the distinct service period in which the fees are earned. The Company meets the criteria in the standard and exercises the practical expedient to not disclose the aggregate amount of the transaction price allocated to the single performance obligation that is unsatisfied as of the end of the reporting period. The Company does not disclose the value of unsatisfied performance obligations because the directly allocable variable consideration is allocated entirely to a wholly unsatisfied promise to transfer a service that forms part of a single performance obligation. The service fees are calculated and settled per the terms of the Services Agreements and result in a settlement duration of less than one year for all partners. There are no refunds or return rights under the Services Agreements. The Company’s receivables represent unconditional rights to consideration from our Services Agreements with our university partners. Accounts receivable, net is stated at net realizable value and contains billed and unbilled revenue. The Company utilizes the allowance method to provide for doubtful accounts based on its evaluation of the collectability of the amounts due. There have been reserves established as of December 31, 2022 given historical collection experience. The Company will continue to review and revise its allowance methodology based on its collection experience with its partners. For our partners with unbilled revenue, revenue recognition occurs in advance of billings. Billings for some university partners do not occur until after the service period has commenced and final enrollment information is available. Our unbilled revenue of $5,560 and $3,841 as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, are included in accounts receivable in our consolidated balance sheets. Deferred revenue represents the excess of amounts received as compared to amounts recognized in revenue on our consolidated statements of income as of the end of the reporting period, and such amounts are reflected as a current liability on our consolidated balance sheets. We generally receive payments for our services billed within 30 days of invoice. These payments are recorded as deferred revenue until the services are delivered and revenue is recognized. Allowance for Credit Losses The Company records its accounts receivable and previously had recorded its Secured Note receivable at the net amount expected to be collected. Our accounts receivable are derived through education services provided to university partners. Our Secured Note receivable was derived through the sale of university-related assets to our most significant university partner, GCU. The Company maintains an allowance for credit losses resulting from our university partners not making payments. The Company determines the adequacy of the allowance by periodically evaluating each university partner’s balance, considering their financial condition and credit history, and considering current and forecasted economic conditions. In the first quarter of 2020, the Company adopted ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses: Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments using a modified retrospective approach. This model requires consideration of a broader range of reasonable and supportable information and requires the Company to estimate expected credit losses including a measure of the expected risk of credit loss even if that risk is remote over the lifetime of the asset. Upon adoption, the Company recorded a reserve of on its long-term Secured Note receivable. The cumulative effect for the Company upon adoption of this new standard was . Bad debt expense is recorded as a technology and academic services expense in the consolidated income statement. In the fourth quarter of 2021, the Secured Note receivable was paid off in full and the credit loss reserve of was reversed. The Company will continue to actively monitor other factors on expected credit losses. Technology and Academic Services Technology and academic services consist primarily of costs related to ongoing maintenance of educational infrastructure, including online course delivery and management, student records, assessment, customer relations management and other internal administrative systems. This also includes costs to provide support for content development, faculty training, development and other faculty support, technology support, rent and occupancy costs for university partners’ off-campus locations, and assistance with state compliance. This expense category includes salaries, benefits and share-based compensation, information technology costs, amortization of content development costs and other costs associated with these support services. This category also includes an allocation of depreciation, amortization, and occupancy costs attributable to the provision of these services, primarily at the Company’s Phoenix, Arizona and Indianapolis, Indiana locations. Counseling Services and Support Counseling services and support consist primarily of costs including team-based counseling and other support to prospective and current students as well as financial aid processing. This expense category includes salaries, benefits and share-based compensation, and other costs such as dues, fees and subscriptions and travel costs. This category also includes an allocation of depreciation, amortization, rent, and occupancy costs attributable to the provision of these services, primarily at the Company’s Phoenix, Arizona and Indianapolis, Indiana locations. Marketing and Communication Marketing and communication includes lead acquisition, digital communication strategies, brand identity advertising, media planning and strategy, video, data science and analysis, marketing to potential students and other promotional and communication services. This expense category includes salaries, benefits and share-based compensation for marketing and communication personnel, brand advertising, marketing leads and other promotional and communication expenses. This category also includes an allocation of depreciation, amortization, lease expense, and occupancy costs attributable to the provision of these services, primarily at the Company’s Phoenix, Arizona and Indianapolis, Indiana locations. Advertising costs are expensed as incurred. General and Administrative General and administrative expenses include salaries, benefits and share-based compensation of employees engaged in corporate management, finance, human resources, compliance, and other corporate functions. This category also includes an allocation of depreciation, amortization, lease expense, and occupancy costs attributable to the provision of these services, primarily at the Company’s Phoenix, Arizona and Indianapolis, Indiana locations. Insurance/Self-Insurance The Company uses a combination of insurance and self-insurance for a number of risks, including claims related to employee healthcare, workers’ compensation, general liability, and business interruption. Liabilities associated with these risks are estimated based on, among other things, historical claims experience, severity factors, and other actuarial assumptions. The Company’s loss exposure related to self-insurance is limited by stop loss coverage on a per occurrence and aggregate basis. The Company regularly analyzes its reserves for incurred but not reported claims, and for reported but not paid claims related to self-funded insurance programs. While the Company believes reserves are adequate, significant judgment is involved in assessing these reserves such as assessing historical paid claims, average lags between the claims’ incurred date, reported dates and paid dates, and the frequency and severity of claims. There may be differences between actual settlement amounts and recorded reserves and any resulting adjustments are included in expense once a probable amount is known. Concentration of Credit Risk The Company believes the credit risk related to cash equivalents and investments is limited due to its adherence to an investment policy that required investments to have a minimum BBB rating, depending on the type of security, by one major rating agency at the time of purchase. All of the Company’s cash equivalents and investments as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 consist of investments rated BBB or higher by at least one rating agency. Additionally, the Company utilizes at least one financial institution to conduct initial and ongoing credit analysis on its investment portfolio to monitor and lower the potential impact of market risk associated with its cash equivalents and investment portfolio. Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentration of credit risk consist principally of cash balances, which are primarily invested in money market funds or on deposit at high credit quality financial institutions in the U.S. Accounts at each institution are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) up to $250,000. At December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company had $119,639 and $600,130, respectively, in excess of the FDIC insured limit . The Company is also subject to credit risk for its accounts receivable balance. The Company has not experienced any losses on accounts receivables since July 1, 2018, the date the Company transitioned to an education service company. To manage accounts receivable risk, the Company maintains an allowance for doubtful accounts, if needed. Our dependence on our most significant university partner, with Segment Information The Company operates as a single education services company using a core infrastructure that serves the curriculum and educational delivery needs of its university partners. The Company’s Chief Executive Officer manages the Company’s operations as a whole and no expense or operating income information is generated or evaluated on any component level. Recent Accounting Pronouncements The Company has determined that no recent accounting pronouncements apply to its operations or could otherwise have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements. |
Investments
Investments | 12 Months Ended |
Dec. 31, 2022 | |
Investments | |
Investments | 3. Investments As of December 31, 2022, the Company had investments of $61,295 , classified as available-for sale securities. As of December 31, 2021, the Company had As of December 31, 2022, the Company had available-for-sale investments comprised of the following: As of December 31, 2022 Gross Gross Estimated Adjusted Unrealized Unrealized Fair Cost Gains (Losses) Value Corporate bonds $ 61,996 $ 17 $ (718) $ 61,295 Total investments $ 61,996 $ 17 $ (718) $ 61,295 For the year ended December 31, 2022, the net unrealized losses were $533 , net of taxes. Available-for-sale securities are carried at fair value on the consolidated balance sheets. The Company estimates the lifetime expected credit losses for all available-for-sale debt securities in an unrealized loss position. If our assessment indicates that an expected credit loss exists, we determine the portion of the unrealized loss attributable to credit deterioration and record a reserve for the expected credit loss in the allowance for credit losses in technology and academic services in our consolidated income statements. As of December 31, 2021, there were Available-for-sale securities maturing as of December 31: Available-for-sale securities maturing as of December 31: 2023 $ 35,991 2024 15,444 2025 9,860 Total $ 61,295 |
Allowance for Credit Losses
Allowance for Credit Losses | 12 Months Ended |
Dec. 31, 2022 | |
Allowance for Credit Losses | |
Allowance for Credit Losses | 4. Allowance for Credit Losses Balance at Balance at Beginning of Charged to Deductions/ End of Period (1) Expense (2) Transfers (3) Period Allowance for credit losses Year ended December 31, 2022 $ — — — $ — Year ended December 31, 2021 $ 5,000 (5,000) — $ — Year ended December 31, 2020 $ 5,000 — — $ 5,000 (1) Amount in the year ended December 31, 2020 represents the cumulative effect of the adoption of ASU No. 2016-13 on the Secured Note receivable. (2) In the fourth quarter of 2021, the Secured Note receivable was paid off in full and the credit loss reserve of $5,000 was reversed . (3) Deductions represent accounts written off, net of recoveries. |
Property and Equipment
Property and Equipment | 12 Months Ended |
Dec. 31, 2022 | |
Property and Equipment | |
Property and Equipment | 5. Property and Equipment Property and equipment consist of the following: As of December 31, 2022 2021 Land $ 5,098 $ 5,579 Land improvements 2,242 2,242 Buildings 51,399 51,399 Buildings and leasehold improvements 21,911 17,161 Computer equipment 119,316 113,680 Furniture, fixtures and equipment 21,323 17,921 Internally developed software 58,904 55,083 Construction in progress 16,336 3,381 296,529 266,446 Less accumulated depreciation and amortization (149,025) (130,326) Property and equipment, net $ 147,504 $ 136,120 Depreciation expense associated with property and equipment totaled $22,115, $21,441 and $20,830 for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. |
Intangible Assets
Intangible Assets | 12 Months Ended |
Dec. 31, 2022 | |
Intangible Assets | |
Intangible Assets | 6. Intangible Assets Amortizable intangible assets consist of the following as of: December 31, 2022 Estimated Gross Net Average Useful Carrying Accumulated Carrying Life (in years) Amount Amortization Amount University partner relationships 25 $ 210,000 $ (33,200) $ 176,800 Trade names 1 280 (280) — Total amortizable intangible assets, net $ 210,280 $ (33,480) $ 176,800 Amortization expense for university partner relationships and trade names for the years ending December 31: 2023 $ 8,419 2024 8,419 2025 8,419 2026 8,419 2027 8,419 Thereafter 134,705 $ 176,800 |
Leases
Leases | 12 Months Ended |
Dec. 31, 2022 | |
Leases | |
Leases | 7. Leases The Company has operating leases for off-campus classroom and laboratory site locations, office space, office equipment, and optical fiber communication lines. These leases have terms that range from ten years and eight months. At lease inception, we determine the lease term by assuming exercises of renewal options, due to the Company’s constantly changing geographical needs for its university partners. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded in the consolidated balance sheets and we recognize lease expense for these leases on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The Company has operating lease costs of As of December 31, 2022, the Company had $23,310 of non-cancelable operating lease commitments for four off-campus classroom and laboratory sites and $192 for optical fiber communication lines that had not yet commenced. The Company’s weighted-average remaining lease term relating to its operating leases is . As of December 31, 2022, the Company had Future payment obligations with respect to the Company’s operating leases, which were existing at December 31, 2022, by year and in the aggregate, are as follows: Year Ending December 31, Amount 2023 $ 10,844 2024 11,143 2025 10,867 2026 10,805 2027 10,193 Thereafter 35,104 Total lease payments $ 88,956 Less interest 11,515 Present value of lease liabilities $ 77,441 |
Notes Payable and Other Noncurr
Notes Payable and Other Noncurrent Liabilities | 12 Months Ended |
Dec. 31, 2022 | |
Notes Payable and Other Noncurrent Liabilities | |
Notes Payable and Other Noncurrent Liabilities | 8. Notes Payable and Other Noncurrent Liabilities The Company upon its receipt of the paydown of $500,000 on the Secured Note in October 2021 repaid all amounts due under the outstanding term loan and revolving credit facilities, terminated the credit agreement and expensed all remaining capitalized loan costs of $1,028 to interest expense. |
Commitments and Contingencies
Commitments and Contingencies | 12 Months Ended |
Dec. 31, 2022 | |
Commitments and Contingencies | |
Commitments and Contingencies | 9. Commitments and Contingencies Legal Matters From time to time, the Company is party to various lawsuits, claims, and other legal proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of business, some of which are covered by insurance. When the Company is aware of a claim or potential claim, it assesses the likelihood of any loss or exposure. If it is probable that a loss will result and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated, the Company records a liability for the loss. If the loss is not probable or the amount of the loss cannot be reasonably estimated, the Company discloses the nature of the specific claim if the likelihood of a potential loss is reasonably possible and the amount involved is material. With respect to the majority of pending litigation matters, the Company’s ultimate legal and financial responsibility, if any, cannot be estimated with certainty and, in most cases, any potential losses related to those matters are not considered probable. Upon resolution of any pending legal matters, the Company may incur charges in excess of presently established reserves. Management does not believe that any such charges would, individually or in the aggregate, have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. Tax Reserves, Non-Income Tax Related From time to time the Company has exposure to various non-income tax related matters that arise in the ordinary course of business. At both December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company has no reserve for tax matters where its ultimate exposure is considered probable and the potential loss can be reasonably estimated. |
Earnings Per Share
Earnings Per Share | 12 Months Ended |
Dec. 31, 2022 | |
Earnings Per Share | |
Earnings Per Share | 10. Earnings Per Share Basic earnings per common share is calculated by dividing net income available to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted earnings per common share reflects the assumed conversion of all potentially dilutive securities, consisting of stock options and restricted stock awards, for which the estimated fair value exceeds the exercise price, less shares which could have been purchased with the related proceeds, unless anti-dilutive. For employee equity awards, repurchased shares are also included for any unearned compensation adjusted for tax. The table below reflects the calculation of the weighted average number of common shares outstanding, on an as if converted basis, used in computing basic and diluted earnings per common share. Year Ended December 31, 2022 2021 2020 Denominator: Basic weighted average shares outstanding 32,131 43,835 46,880 Effect of dilutive stock options and restricted stock 106 123 285 Diluted weighted average shares outstanding 32,237 43,958 47,165 Diluted weighted average shares outstanding excludes the incremental effect of unvested restricted stock and shares that would be issued upon the assumed exercise of stock options in accordance with the treasury stock method. For each of the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, approximately 58, 79, and 142, respectively, of the Company’s restricted stock awards outstanding were excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share as their inclusion would have been anti-dilutive. These restricted stock awards could be dilutive in the future. |
Equity Transactions
Equity Transactions | 12 Months Ended |
Dec. 31, 2022 | |
Equity Transactions | |
Equity Transactions | 11. Equity Transactions Preferred Stock As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company had 10,000 shares of authorized but unissued and undesignated preferred stock. The Company’s charter provides that the board of directors has authority to issue preferred stock, with voting powers, designations, preferences, and special rights, qualifications, limitation, or restrictions as permitted by law as determined by the board of directors, without stockholder approval. The board of directors may authorize the issuance of preferred stock with voting or conversion rights that could adversely affect the voting power or other rights of the holders of the common stock. Treasury Stock In January 2021, July 2021, January 2022 and October 2022 the Board of Directors increased the authorization under its existing stock repurchase program by $100,000, $970,000, $175,000 and $200,000, respectively, reflecting an aggregate authorization for share repurchases since the initiation of our program of $1,845,000. The expiration date on the repurchase authorization is December 31, 2023. Repurchases occur at the Company’s discretion. Repurchases may be made in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions, pursuant to the applicable Securities and Exchange Commission rules. The amount and timing of future share repurchases, if any, will be made as market and business conditions warrant. On March 10, 2021, the Company entered into an accelerated share repurchase (“ASR”) agreement with Morgan Stanley & Co. LLC (“Morgan Stanley”) to repurchase up to $35,000 of its outstanding shares of common stock as part of the Company’s share repurchase program. Under the ASR agreement, the Company received initial delivery of approximately , on March 9, 2021. At inception of the ASR agreement, the Company recognized the initial delivery of shares as treasury stock of . The total number of shares that the Company repurchased under the ASR program was based on the volume-weighted average price of the common stock during the term of the ASR agreement, less a discount, and subject to potential adjustments pursuant to the terms and conditions of the ASR agreement. The final settlement of the share repurchases under the ASR agreement was completed on May 4, 2021 with additional delivery of shares of common stock. At settlement of the ASR agreement, the Company recognized an increase to additional paid in capital and a decrease in treasury stock related to the remaining delivery of shares. The ASR agreement resulted in a total of On May 14, 2021, the Company entered into an ASR agreement with Morgan Stanley to repurchase up to $50,000 of its outstanding shares of common stock as part of the Company’s share repurchase program. Under the ASR agreement, the Company received initial delivery on May 17, 2021 of approximately , on May 14, 2021. At inception of the ASR agreement, the Company recognized the initial delivery of shares as treasury stock of . The total number of shares that the Company repurchased under the ASR program was based on the volume-weighted average price of the common stock during the term of the ASR agreement, less a discount, and subject to potential adjustments pursuant to the terms and conditions of the ASR agreement. The final settlement of the share repurchases under the ASR agreement was completed on August 13, 2021 with additional delivery of shares of common stock. At settlement of the ASR agreement, the Company recognized an increase to additional paid in capital and a decrease in treasury stock related to the remaining delivery of shares. The ASR agreement resulted in a total of During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company repurchased 6,795 shares of common stock at an aggregate cost of $599,587 . As of December 31, 2022, there remained available under its current share repurchase authorization. Shares repurchased in lieu of taxes are not included in the repurchase plan totals as they were approved in conjunction with the restricted share awards. |
Income Taxes
Income Taxes | 12 Months Ended |
Dec. 31, 2022 | |
Income Taxes | |
Income Taxes | 12. Income Taxes The Company has deferred tax assets and liabilities that reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. Deferred tax assets are subject to periodic recoverability assessments. Realization of the deferred tax assets, net of deferred tax liabilities is principally dependent upon achievement of projected future taxable income. Based upon the level of historical taxable income and projections for future taxable income over the periods in which the deferred tax assets are deductible, management believes it is more-likely-than-not that the Company will realize the benefits of these deductible differences. The Company has no valuation allowance at December 31, 2022 and 2021. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. As changes in tax laws or rates are enacted, deferred tax assets and liabilities are adjusted though income tax expense. The components of income tax expense (benefit) are as follows: Year Ended December 31, 2022 2021 2020 Current: Federal $ 50,194 $ 59,450 $ 63,932 State 5,017 5,822 8,875 55,211 65,272 72,807 Deferred: Federal (578) 5,050 2,842 State 811 623 295 233 5,673 3,137 Tax expense recorded as an increase of paid-in capital — — — $ 55,444 $ 70,945 $ 75,944 A reconciliation of income tax computed at the U.S. statutory rate to the effective income tax rate is as follows: Year Ended December 31, 2022 2021 2020 Statutory U.S. federal income tax rate 21.0 % 21.0 % 21.0 % State income taxes, net of federal tax benefit 2.8 2.4 2.4 State tax credits, net of federal effect (1.6) (1.2) (1.2) Excess tax benefits (0.1) (1.3) (0.4) Nondeductible expenses 0.2 0.1 — Other 0.8 0.4 1.0 Effective income tax rate 23.1 % 21.4 % 22.8 % Significant components of the Company’s deferred income tax assets and liabilities, included in Deferred income taxes, non-current on the consolidated balance sheets are as follows: As of December 31, As of December 31, 2022 2021 Deferred tax assets: Share-based compensation $ 2,725 $ 2,422 Employee compensation 1,109 802 Intangibles 14,872 17,598 Leases 1,270 847 State taxes 3,998 3,508 Other 232 199 Deferred tax assets 24,206 25,376 Deferred tax liability: Property and equipment (13,350) (14,905) Goodwill (37,051) (36,295) Other — (138) Deferred tax liability (50,401) (51,338) Net deferred tax liability $ (26,195) $ (25,962) The net deferred tax liability on the accompanying consolidated balance sheet is comprised of the following: As of December 31, As of December 31, 2022 2021 Deferred income taxes, current $ 5,172 $ 4,172 Deferred income taxes, non-current (31,367) (30,134) Net deferred tax liability $ (26,195) $ (25,962) The Company recognizes the impact of a tax position in its financial statements if that position is more-likely-than-not to be sustained on audit, based on the technical merits of the position. The Company discloses all unrecognized tax benefits, which includes the reserves recorded for uncertain tax positions on filed tax returns and the unrecognized portion of affirmative claims. The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions in income tax expense. Unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 were $15,862 and $14,108, respectively. The reconciliation of the beginning and ending balance of unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, is as follows: 2022 2021 Unrecognized tax benefits, beginning of year $ 14,108 $ 11,318 Tax positions taken during the current year Increases 2,814 3,973 Decreases — — Tax positions taken during a prior year Increases 1,313 262 Decreases (1,954) (1,064) Decreases for settlements during the period — (74) Reductions for lapses of applicable statute of limitations (419) (307) Unrecognized tax benefits, end of year $ 15,862 $ 14,108 As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the unrecognized tax benefit recorded of $15,862 and $14,108 , respectively, if reversed, would impact the effective tax rate. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company had accrued The Company’s uncertain tax positions were related to tax years that remained subject to examination by tax authorities. As of December 31, 2022, the earliest tax year still subject to examination for federal and state purposes is 2019 and 2018, respectively. |
Share-Based Compensation Plans
Share-Based Compensation Plans | 12 Months Ended |
Dec. 31, 2022 | |
Share-Based Compensation Plans | |
Share-Based Compensation Plans | 13. Share-Based Compensation Plans Incentive Plans The Company makes equity incentive grants pursuant to our 2017 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2017 Plan”) under which a maximum of 3,000 shares may be granted. As of December 31, 2022, 1,221 shares were available for grants under the 2017 Plan. Restricted Stock During fiscal years 2022, 2021, and 2020, the Company granted 189, 180, and 164 shares of common stock, respectively, with a service vesting condition to certain of its executives, officers, and employees. The restricted shares have voting rights and vest evenly at 20% over each of next year’s annual stockholders’ meeting. Included in the 2021 amount is an initial award of shares that was granted to a newly appointed non-employee director pursuant to the Company’s compensation program. The 2021 newly appointed non-employee director also received an annual grant of restricted shares. The initial award of shares that were granted in 2021 to the newly appointed non-employee director have voting rights and vest on the A summary of the activity related to restricted stock granted under the Company’s Incentive Plan is as follows: Weighted Average Total Grant Date Shares Fair Value per Share Outstanding as of December 31, 2019 422 $ 76.43 Granted 167 $ 84.31 Vested (155) $ 65.19 Forfeited, canceled or expired (15) $ 84.64 Outstanding as of December 31, 2020 419 $ 83.43 Granted 184 $ 86.05 Vested (144) $ 74.90 Forfeited, canceled or expired (32) $ 87.00 Outstanding as of December 31, 2021 427 $ 86.24 Granted 193 $ 83.10 Vested (134) $ 85.07 Forfeited, canceled or expired (10) $ 85.49 Outstanding as of December 31, 2022 476 $ 85.32 As of December 31, 2022, there was approximately $29,497 of total unrecognized share-based compensation cost related to unvested restricted stock awards. These costs are expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.08 years. Stock Options No options were granted in 2022, 2021 and 2020. Prior to 2012, the Company granted time vested options to purchase shares of common stock with an exercise price equal to the fair market value on the date of grant to employees. These time vested options vested ratably over a period of five years and expire ten years from the date of grant. A summary of the activity related to stock options granted under the Company’s Incentive Plan is as follows: Summary of Stock Options Outstanding Weighted Average Exercise Total Price per Shares Share Outstanding as of December 31, 2019 232 $ 15.42 Granted — $ — Exercised (56) $ 15.66 Forfeited, canceled or expired — $ — Outstanding as of December 31, 2020 176 $ 15.34 Granted — $ — Exercised (176) $ 15.34 Forfeited, canceled or expired — $ — Outstanding as of December 31, 2021 — $ — Share-based Compensation Share-based Compensation Expense Assumptions – Restricted Stock Awards The Company measures and recognizes compensation expense for share-based payment awards made to employees and directors. The fair value of the Company’s restricted stock awards is based on the market price of its common stock on the date of grant. Stock-based compensation expense related to restricted stock grants is expensed over the vesting period using the straight-line method for Company employees and the Company’s board of directors. The Company recognizes forfeitures as they occur. The restricted shares have voting rights. The table below outlines share-based compensation expense for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 related to restricted stock and stock options granted: 2022 2021 2020 Technology and academic services $ 2,424 $ 2,112 $ 2,049 Counseling services and support 6,287 5,749 5,364 Marketing and communication 154 101 100 General and administrative 3,777 3,564 3,150 Share-based compensation expense included in operating expenses 12,642 11,526 10,663 Tax effect of share-based compensation (3,161) (2,882) (2,666) Share-based compensation expense, net of tax $ 9,481 $ 8,644 $ 7,997 401(k) Plan The Company has established a 401(k) Defined Contribution Benefit Plan (the “Plan”). The Plan provides eligible employees, upon date of hire, with an opportunity to make tax-deferred contributions into a long-term investment and savings program. All employees over the age of 21 are eligible to participate in the plan. The Plan allows eligible employees to contribute to the Plan subject to Internal Revenue Code restrictions and the Plan allows the Company to make discretionary matching contributions. The Company plans to make a matching contribution to the Plan of approximately $2,662 for the year ended December 31, 2022. The Company made discretionary matching contributions to the Plan of $2,345 and $2,225 for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. |
Related Party Transactions
Related Party Transactions | 12 Months Ended |
Dec. 31, 2022 | |
Related Party Transactions | |
Related Party Transactions | 14. Related Party Transactions Related party transactions include transactions between the Company and certain of its affiliates. The following transactions were in the normal course of operations and were measured at the exchange amount, which is the amount of consideration established and agreed to by the parties. As of and for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, related party transactions consisted of the following: Affiliates GCE Community Fund (“GCECF”) - GCECF was initially formed in 2014. GCECF makes grants for charitable, educational, literary, religious or scientific purposes within the meaning of Section 501(c ) (3) of the Internal Revenue Code, including for such purposes as the making of distributions to organizations that qualify as exempt organizations under Section 501 (c ) (3) of the Code. The Company’s CEO and Director serves as the president of GCECF. All of the board seats are taken by Company executives. The Company is not the primary beneficiary of GCECF, and accordingly, the Company does not consolidate GCECF’s statement of activities with its financial results. The Company contributed |
Summary of Significant Accoun_2
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies) | 12 Months Ended |
Dec. 31, 2022 | |
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | |
Principles of Consolidation | Principles of Consolidation The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. Intercompany transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. |
Use of Estimates | Use of Estimates The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes, including the collection of accounts receivables and reserves associated with uncertain tax positions. Actual results could differ from those estimates. |
Cash and Cash Equivalents | Cash and Cash Equivalents The Company invests a portion of its cash in excess of current operating requirements in short term certificates of deposit and money market instruments. The Company considers all highly liquid investments with maturities of three months or less at the time of purchase to be cash equivalents. |
Investments | Investments As of December 31, 2022, the Company considered its investments in corporate bonds, commercial paper, municipal securities, asset backed securities, municipal bonds, and collateralized mortgage obligations as available-for- sale securities based on the Company’s intent for the respective securities. As of December 31, 2021, the Company had investments. Available-for-sale securities are carried at fair value, determined using Level 2 of the hierarchy of valuation inputs, with the use of inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the assets, with unrealized gains and losses, net of tax, reported as a separate component of other comprehensive income. Unrealized losses considered to be other-than temporary are recognized currently in earnings. Amortization of premiums, accretion of discounts, interest and dividend income and realized gains and losses are included in interest and other income. |
Property and Equipment | Property and Equipment Property and equipment are recorded at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method. Normal repairs and maintenance are expensed as incurred. Expenditures that materially extend the useful life of an asset are capitalized. Construction in progress represents items not yet placed in service and are not depreciated. Depreciation is provided using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Furniture and fixtures, computer equipment, and vehicles generally have estimated useful lives of ten four |
Transaction and Arrangements with GCU | Transaction and Arrangements with GCU On July 1, 2018, the Company consummated an Asset Purchase Agreement (the “Asset Purchase Agreement”) with GCU. In conjunction with the Asset Purchase Agreement, we received a secured note from GCU as consideration for the transferred assets in the initial principal amount of (the “Secured Note”) which was repaid by GCU in the fourth quarter of 2021. In connection therewith, the Company and GCU entered into a long-term master services agreement (the “Master Services Agreement”) pursuant to which the Company provides identified technology and academic services, counseling services and support, marketing and communication services, and several back-office services to GCU in return for of GCU’s tuition and fee revenue. Except for identified liabilities assumed by GCU, GCE retained responsibility for all liabilities of the business arising from pre-closing operations. |
Internally Developed Technology | Internally Developed Technology The Company capitalizes certain costs related to internal-use software, primarily consisting of direct labor associated with creating the software. Software development projects generally include three stages: the preliminary project stage (all costs are expensed as incurred), the application development stage (certain costs are capitalized and certain costs are expensed as incurred) and the post-implementation or operation stage (all costs are expensed as incurred). Costs capitalized in the application development stage include costs of design, coding, integration, and testing of the software developed. Capitalization of costs requires judgment in determining when a project has reached the application development stage and the period over which we expect to benefit from the use of that software. Once the software is placed in service, these costs are amortized over the estimated useful life of the software, which is generally three years. These assets are a component of our property and equipment, net in our consolidated balance sheets. |
Capitalized Content Development | Capitalized Content Development The Company capitalizes certain costs to fulfill a contract related to the development and digital creation of content on a course-by-course basis for each university partner, many times in conjunction with faculty and subject matter experts. The Company is responsible for the conversion of instructional materials to an on-line format, including outlines, quizzes, lectures, and articles in accordance with the educational guidelines provided to us by our university partners, prior to the respective course commencing. We also capitalize the creation of learning objects which are digital assets such as online demonstrations, simulations, and case studies used to obtain learning objectives. Costs that are capitalized include payroll and payroll-related costs for employees who are directly associated and spend time producing content and payments to faculty and subject matter experts involved in the process. The Company starts capitalizing content costs when it begins to develop or to convert a particular course, resources have been assigned and a timeline has been set. The content asset is placed in service when all work is complete and the curriculum could be used for instruction. Capitalized content development assets are included in other assets in our consolidated balance sheets. The Company has concluded that the most appropriate method to amortize the deferred content assets is on a straight-line basis over the estimated life of the course, which is generally which corresponds with course’s review and major revision cycle. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, |
Long-Lived Assets | Long-Lived Assets The Company evaluates the recoverability of its long-lived assets for impairment, other than goodwill, whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset to undiscounted future net cash flows expected to be generated by the assets. If such assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized is measured by the amount by which the carrying amount of the assets exceeds the fair value of the assets. |
Leases | Leases The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception and evaluates the lease agreement to determine whether the lease is a finance or operating lease. Right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and lease liabilities are recognized at commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. The Company uses its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the commencement to determine the present value of lease payments over the lease term. At lease inception, the Company determines the lease term by assuming no exercises of renewal options, due to the Company’s constantly changing geographical needs for its university partners. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded in the consolidated balance sheets and are recognized as lease expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The Company has lease agreements with lease and non-lease components, and the non-lease components are accounted for separately and not included in our ROU assets and lease liabilities. Leases primarily consist of off-campus classroom and laboratory site locations and office space. |
Business Combinations | Business Combinations The purchase price of an acquisition is allocated to the assets acquired, including tangible and intangible assets, and liabilities assumed, based on their respective fair values at the acquisition date. The excess of the fair value of the purchase price over the fair values of these identifiable assets and liabilities is recorded as goodwill. Transaction costs associated with business combinations are expensed as incurred and are recorded in the loss on transaction in the consolidated financial statements. The determination of the value and useful lives of the intangible assets acquired involves certain judgments and estimates. These judgments can include, but are not limited to, the cash flows that an asset is expected to generate in the future and the appropriate weighted average cost of capital. The net assets and result of operations of an acquired entity are included on the Company’s consolidated financial statements from the acquisition date. Acquisition On January 22, 2019, GCE acquired Orbis Education for $361,184 (inclusive of closing date adjustments and net of cash acquired). The Acquisition was accounted for in accordance with the acquisition method of accounting. Under this method the cost of the target is allocated to the identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair values at the date of acquisition. The estimated fair values of current assets and liabilities were based upon their historical costs on the date of acquisition due to their short-term nature. The majority of property and equipment were also estimated based upon historical costs as they approximated fair value. Identified intangible assets of . The fair value of university partner relationships was determined using the multiple-period excess earnings method. The fair value of the assets acquired, less the liabilities assumed, exceeded the purchase price by |
Goodwill and Amortizable Intangible Assets | Goodwill and Amortizable Intangible Assets Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price of an acquired business over the amount assigned to the tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed. Goodwill is assessed at least annually for impairment during the fourth quarter, or more frequently if circumstances indicate potential impairment. Goodwill is allocated to our reporting unit at the education services segment, which is the same as the entity as a whole (entity level reporting unit). The Company has concluded there is reporting unit for goodwill impairment consideration. The Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) has issued guidance that permits an entity to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is necessary to perform the quantitative goodwill impairment test. The Company reviews goodwill at least annually or more frequently if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of the reporting unit below its carrying amount. Following this assessment, the Company determined that it is more likely than not that its fair value exceeds its carrying amount. Finite-lived intangible assets that are acquired in a business combination are recorded at fair value on their acquisition dates and are amortized using a method that reflects the pattern in which the economic benefits of the intangible assets are consumed or on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of the intangible asset if the pattern of economic benefit cannot be reliability determined. Finite-lived intangible assets consist of university partner relationships and trade names. The Company reviews its finite-lived intangible assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an intangible asset may not be recoverable. There were no indicators that the carrying amount of the finite-lived intangible assets were impaired as of December 31, 2022. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset to undiscounted future net cash flows expected to be generated by the assets. If such intangible assets are not recoverable, a potential impairment loss is recognized to the extent the carrying amounts of the assets exceeds the fair value of the assets. |
Share-Based Compensation | Share-Based Compensation The Company measures and recognizes compensation expense for share-based payment awards made to employees and directors. The fair value of the Company’s restricted stock awards is based on the market price of its common stock on the date of grant. Stock-based compensation expense related to restricted stock grants is expensed over the vesting period using the straight-line method for Company employees and the Company’s board of directors. The Company recognizes forfeitures as they occur. |
Fair Value of Financial Instruments | Fair Value of Financial Instruments The carrying value of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable, accrued compensation and benefits and accrued liabilities approximate their fair value based on the liquidity or the short-term maturities of these instruments. The fair value of investments was determined using Level 1 and Level 2 of the hierarchy of valuation inputs, with the use of inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the assets. The unit of account used for valuation is the individual underlying security. The basis of fair value measurements for each level is described below, with Level 1 having the highest priority. -Level 1 – inputs are quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. -Level 2 – inputs are quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in non-active markets; and model-derived valuations whose inputs are observable or whose significant valuation drivers are observable. -Level 3 – unobservable inputs that are not corroborated by market data. Investments are comprised of corporate bonds, commercial paper, municipal securities, asset backed securities, municipal bonds, and collateralized mortgage obligations. |
Income Taxes | Income Taxes The Company accounts for income taxes payable or refundable for the current year and deferred tax assets and liabilities for future tax consequences of events that have been recognized in the Company’s consolidated financial statements or tax returns. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the temporary differences are expected to be realized. The Company applies a more-likely-than-not threshold for financial statement recognition and measurement of an uncertain tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions in income tax expense. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company has reserved approximately $15,862 and $14,108, respectively, for uncertain tax positions, including interest and penalties, which is classified within accrued liabilities on the accompanying consolidated balance sheet. The Company has deferred tax assets, which are subject to periodic recoverability assessments. Valuation allowances are established, when necessary, to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount that more likely than not will be realized. Realization of the deferred tax assets is principally dependent upon achievement of projected future taxable income. |
Commitments and Contingencies | Commitments and Contingencies The Company accrues for a contingent obligation when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount is reasonably estimable. When the Company becomes aware of a claim or potential claim, the likelihood of any loss exposure is assessed. If it is probable that a loss will result and the amount of the loss is estimable, the Company records a liability for the estimated loss. If the loss is not probable or the amount of the potential loss is not estimable, the Company will disclose the claim if the likelihood of a potential loss is reasonably possible and the amount of the potential loss could be material. Estimates that are particularly sensitive to future changes include tax, legal, and other regulatory matters, which are subject to change as events evolve, and as additional information becomes available during the administrative and litigation process. The Company expenses legal fees as incurred. |
Revenue Recognition | Revenue Recognition The Company generates all of its revenue through services agreements with its university partners (“Services Agreements”), pursuant to which the Company provides integrated technology and academic services, marketing and communication services, and back-office services to its university partners in return for a percentage of tuition and fee revenue. The Company’s Services Agreements have initial terms ranging from 7-15 years , subject to renewal options, although certain agreements may give the university partners the right to terminate early if certain conditions are met. The Company’s Services Agreements have a single performance obligation, as the promises to provide the identified services are not distinct within the context of these agreements. The single performance obligation is delivered as our partners receive and consume benefits, which occurs ratably over a series of distinct service periods (daily or semester). Service revenue is recognized over time using the output method of measuring progress towards complete satisfaction of the single performance obligation. The output method provides a faithful depiction of the performance toward complete satisfaction of the performance obligation and can be tied to the time elapsed which is consumed evenly over the service period and is a direct measurement of the value provided to our partners. The service fees received from our partners over the term of the agreement are variable in nature in that they are dependent upon the number of students attending the university partner’s program and revenues generated from those students during the service period. Due to the variable nature of the consideration over the life of the service arrangement, the Company considered forming an expectation of the variable consideration to be received over the service life of this one performance obligation. However, since the performance obligation represents a series of distinct services, the Company recognizes the variable consideration that becomes known and billable because these fees relate to the distinct service period in which the fees are earned. The Company meets the criteria in the standard and exercises the practical expedient to not disclose the aggregate amount of the transaction price allocated to the single performance obligation that is unsatisfied as of the end of the reporting period. The Company does not disclose the value of unsatisfied performance obligations because the directly allocable variable consideration is allocated entirely to a wholly unsatisfied promise to transfer a service that forms part of a single performance obligation. The service fees are calculated and settled per the terms of the Services Agreements and result in a settlement duration of less than one year for all partners. There are no refunds or return rights under the Services Agreements. The Company’s receivables represent unconditional rights to consideration from our Services Agreements with our university partners. Accounts receivable, net is stated at net realizable value and contains billed and unbilled revenue. The Company utilizes the allowance method to provide for doubtful accounts based on its evaluation of the collectability of the amounts due. There have been reserves established as of December 31, 2022 given historical collection experience. The Company will continue to review and revise its allowance methodology based on its collection experience with its partners. For our partners with unbilled revenue, revenue recognition occurs in advance of billings. Billings for some university partners do not occur until after the service period has commenced and final enrollment information is available. Our unbilled revenue of $5,560 and $3,841 as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, are included in accounts receivable in our consolidated balance sheets. Deferred revenue represents the excess of amounts received as compared to amounts recognized in revenue on our consolidated statements of income as of the end of the reporting period, and such amounts are reflected as a current liability on our consolidated balance sheets. We generally receive payments for our services billed within 30 days of invoice. These payments are recorded as deferred revenue until the services are delivered and revenue is recognized. |
Allowance for Credit Losses | Allowance for Credit Losses The Company records its accounts receivable and previously had recorded its Secured Note receivable at the net amount expected to be collected. Our accounts receivable are derived through education services provided to university partners. Our Secured Note receivable was derived through the sale of university-related assets to our most significant university partner, GCU. The Company maintains an allowance for credit losses resulting from our university partners not making payments. The Company determines the adequacy of the allowance by periodically evaluating each university partner’s balance, considering their financial condition and credit history, and considering current and forecasted economic conditions. In the first quarter of 2020, the Company adopted ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses: Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments using a modified retrospective approach. This model requires consideration of a broader range of reasonable and supportable information and requires the Company to estimate expected credit losses including a measure of the expected risk of credit loss even if that risk is remote over the lifetime of the asset. Upon adoption, the Company recorded a reserve of on its long-term Secured Note receivable. The cumulative effect for the Company upon adoption of this new standard was . Bad debt expense is recorded as a technology and academic services expense in the consolidated income statement. In the fourth quarter of 2021, the Secured Note receivable was paid off in full and the credit loss reserve of was reversed. The Company will continue to actively monitor other factors on expected credit losses. |
Technology and Academic Services | Technology and Academic Services Technology and academic services consist primarily of costs related to ongoing maintenance of educational infrastructure, including online course delivery and management, student records, assessment, customer relations management and other internal administrative systems. This also includes costs to provide support for content development, faculty training, development and other faculty support, technology support, rent and occupancy costs for university partners’ off-campus locations, and assistance with state compliance. This expense category includes salaries, benefits and share-based compensation, information technology costs, amortization of content development costs and other costs associated with these support services. This category also includes an allocation of depreciation, amortization, and occupancy costs attributable to the provision of these services, primarily at the Company’s Phoenix, Arizona and Indianapolis, Indiana locations. |
Counseling Services and Support | Counseling Services and Support Counseling services and support consist primarily of costs including team-based counseling and other support to prospective and current students as well as financial aid processing. This expense category includes salaries, benefits and share-based compensation, and other costs such as dues, fees and subscriptions and travel costs. This category also includes an allocation of depreciation, amortization, rent, and occupancy costs attributable to the provision of these services, primarily at the Company’s Phoenix, Arizona and Indianapolis, Indiana locations. |
Marketing and Communication | Marketing and Communication Marketing and communication includes lead acquisition, digital communication strategies, brand identity advertising, media planning and strategy, video, data science and analysis, marketing to potential students and other promotional and communication services. This expense category includes salaries, benefits and share-based compensation for marketing and communication personnel, brand advertising, marketing leads and other promotional and communication expenses. This category also includes an allocation of depreciation, amortization, lease expense, and occupancy costs attributable to the provision of these services, primarily at the Company’s Phoenix, Arizona and Indianapolis, Indiana locations. Advertising costs are expensed as incurred. |
General and Administrative | General and Administrative General and administrative expenses include salaries, benefits and share-based compensation of employees engaged in corporate management, finance, human resources, compliance, and other corporate functions. This category also includes an allocation of depreciation, amortization, lease expense, and occupancy costs attributable to the provision of these services, primarily at the Company’s Phoenix, Arizona and Indianapolis, Indiana locations. |
Insurance/Self-Insurance | Insurance/Self-Insurance The Company uses a combination of insurance and self-insurance for a number of risks, including claims related to employee healthcare, workers’ compensation, general liability, and business interruption. Liabilities associated with these risks are estimated based on, among other things, historical claims experience, severity factors, and other actuarial assumptions. The Company’s loss exposure related to self-insurance is limited by stop loss coverage on a per occurrence and aggregate basis. The Company regularly analyzes its reserves for incurred but not reported claims, and for reported but not paid claims related to self-funded insurance programs. While the Company believes reserves are adequate, significant judgment is involved in assessing these reserves such as assessing historical paid claims, average lags between the claims’ incurred date, reported dates and paid dates, and the frequency and severity of claims. There may be differences between actual settlement amounts and recorded reserves and any resulting adjustments are included in expense once a probable amount is known. |
Concentration of Credit Risk | Concentration of Credit Risk The Company believes the credit risk related to cash equivalents and investments is limited due to its adherence to an investment policy that required investments to have a minimum BBB rating, depending on the type of security, by one major rating agency at the time of purchase. All of the Company’s cash equivalents and investments as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 consist of investments rated BBB or higher by at least one rating agency. Additionally, the Company utilizes at least one financial institution to conduct initial and ongoing credit analysis on its investment portfolio to monitor and lower the potential impact of market risk associated with its cash equivalents and investment portfolio. Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentration of credit risk consist principally of cash balances, which are primarily invested in money market funds or on deposit at high credit quality financial institutions in the U.S. Accounts at each institution are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) up to $250,000. At December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company had $119,639 and $600,130, respectively, in excess of the FDIC insured limit . The Company is also subject to credit risk for its accounts receivable balance. The Company has not experienced any losses on accounts receivables since July 1, 2018, the date the Company transitioned to an education service company. To manage accounts receivable risk, the Company maintains an allowance for doubtful accounts, if needed. Our dependence on our most significant university partner, with |
Segment Information | Segment Information The Company operates as a single education services company using a core infrastructure that serves the curriculum and educational delivery needs of its university partners. The Company’s Chief Executive Officer manages the Company’s operations as a whole and no expense or operating income information is generated or evaluated on any component level. |
Recent Accounting Pronouncements | Recent Accounting Pronouncements The Company has determined that no recent accounting pronouncements apply to its operations or could otherwise have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements. |
Investments (Tables)
Investments (Tables) | 12 Months Ended |
Dec. 31, 2022 | |
Investments | |
Schedule of reconciliation of available-for-sale investments from cost basis to fair value | As of December 31, 2022 Gross Gross Estimated Adjusted Unrealized Unrealized Fair Cost Gains (Losses) Value Corporate bonds $ 61,996 $ 17 $ (718) $ 61,295 Total investments $ 61,996 $ 17 $ (718) $ 61,295 |
Schedule of available-for-sale securities maturities | Available-for-sale securities maturing as of December 31: 2023 $ 35,991 2024 15,444 2025 9,860 Total $ 61,295 |
Allowance for Credit Losses (Ta
Allowance for Credit Losses (Tables) | 12 Months Ended |
Dec. 31, 2022 | |
Allowance for Credit Losses | |
Schedule of allowance for credit losses | Balance at Balance at Beginning of Charged to Deductions/ End of Period (1) Expense (2) Transfers (3) Period Allowance for credit losses Year ended December 31, 2022 $ — — — $ — Year ended December 31, 2021 $ 5,000 (5,000) — $ — Year ended December 31, 2020 $ 5,000 — — $ 5,000 (1) Amount in the year ended December 31, 2020 represents the cumulative effect of the adoption of ASU No. 2016-13 on the Secured Note receivable. (2) In the fourth quarter of 2021, the Secured Note receivable was paid off in full and the credit loss reserve of $5,000 was reversed . (3) Deductions represent accounts written off, net of recoveries. |
Property and Equipment (Tables)
Property and Equipment (Tables) | 12 Months Ended |
Dec. 31, 2022 | |
Property and Equipment | |
Schedule of property and equipment | As of December 31, 2022 2021 Land $ 5,098 $ 5,579 Land improvements 2,242 2,242 Buildings 51,399 51,399 Buildings and leasehold improvements 21,911 17,161 Computer equipment 119,316 113,680 Furniture, fixtures and equipment 21,323 17,921 Internally developed software 58,904 55,083 Construction in progress 16,336 3,381 296,529 266,446 Less accumulated depreciation and amortization (149,025) (130,326) Property and equipment, net $ 147,504 $ 136,120 |
Intangible Assets (Tables)
Intangible Assets (Tables) | 12 Months Ended |
Dec. 31, 2022 | |
Intangible Assets | |
Summary of amortizable intangible assets | December 31, 2022 Estimated Gross Net Average Useful Carrying Accumulated Carrying Life (in years) Amount Amortization Amount University partner relationships 25 $ 210,000 $ (33,200) $ 176,800 Trade names 1 280 (280) — Total amortizable intangible assets, net $ 210,280 $ (33,480) $ 176,800 |
Schedule of amortization expense for university partner relationships and trade names | 2023 $ 8,419 2024 8,419 2025 8,419 2026 8,419 2027 8,419 Thereafter 134,705 $ 176,800 |
Leases (Tables)
Leases (Tables) | 12 Months Ended |
Dec. 31, 2022 | |
Leases | |
Schedule of future payment obligations with respect to operating leases | Year Ending December 31, Amount 2023 $ 10,844 2024 11,143 2025 10,867 2026 10,805 2027 10,193 Thereafter 35,104 Total lease payments $ 88,956 Less interest 11,515 Present value of lease liabilities $ 77,441 |
Earnings Per Share (Tables)
Earnings Per Share (Tables) | 12 Months Ended |
Dec. 31, 2022 | |
Earnings Per Share | |
Schedule of weighted average number of common shares outstanding | Year Ended December 31, 2022 2021 2020 Denominator: Basic weighted average shares outstanding 32,131 43,835 46,880 Effect of dilutive stock options and restricted stock 106 123 285 Diluted weighted average shares outstanding 32,237 43,958 47,165 |
Income Taxes (Tables)
Income Taxes (Tables) | 12 Months Ended |
Dec. 31, 2022 | |
Income Taxes | |
Schedule of components of income tax expense (benefit) | Year Ended December 31, 2022 2021 2020 Current: Federal $ 50,194 $ 59,450 $ 63,932 State 5,017 5,822 8,875 55,211 65,272 72,807 Deferred: Federal (578) 5,050 2,842 State 811 623 295 233 5,673 3,137 Tax expense recorded as an increase of paid-in capital — — — $ 55,444 $ 70,945 $ 75,944 |
Schedule of effective income tax rate reconciliation | Year Ended December 31, 2022 2021 2020 Statutory U.S. federal income tax rate 21.0 % 21.0 % 21.0 % State income taxes, net of federal tax benefit 2.8 2.4 2.4 State tax credits, net of federal effect (1.6) (1.2) (1.2) Excess tax benefits (0.1) (1.3) (0.4) Nondeductible expenses 0.2 0.1 — Other 0.8 0.4 1.0 Effective income tax rate 23.1 % 21.4 % 22.8 % |
Schedule of deferred tax assets and liabilities | Significant components of the Company’s deferred income tax assets and liabilities, included in Deferred income taxes, non-current on the consolidated balance sheets are as follows: As of December 31, As of December 31, 2022 2021 Deferred tax assets: Share-based compensation $ 2,725 $ 2,422 Employee compensation 1,109 802 Intangibles 14,872 17,598 Leases 1,270 847 State taxes 3,998 3,508 Other 232 199 Deferred tax assets 24,206 25,376 Deferred tax liability: Property and equipment (13,350) (14,905) Goodwill (37,051) (36,295) Other — (138) Deferred tax liability (50,401) (51,338) Net deferred tax liability $ (26,195) $ (25,962) The net deferred tax liability on the accompanying consolidated balance sheet is comprised of the following: As of December 31, As of December 31, 2022 2021 Deferred income taxes, current $ 5,172 $ 4,172 Deferred income taxes, non-current (31,367) (30,134) Net deferred tax liability $ (26,195) $ (25,962) |
Reconciliation of the beginning and ending balance of unrecognized tax benefits | 2022 2021 Unrecognized tax benefits, beginning of year $ 14,108 $ 11,318 Tax positions taken during the current year Increases 2,814 3,973 Decreases — — Tax positions taken during a prior year Increases 1,313 262 Decreases (1,954) (1,064) Decreases for settlements during the period — (74) Reductions for lapses of applicable statute of limitations (419) (307) Unrecognized tax benefits, end of year $ 15,862 $ 14,108 |
Share-Based Compensation Plans
Share-Based Compensation Plans (Tables) | 12 Months Ended |
Dec. 31, 2022 | |
Share-Based Compensation Plans | |
Schedule of activity related to restricted stock granted under company's incentive plan | Weighted Average Total Grant Date Shares Fair Value per Share Outstanding as of December 31, 2019 422 $ 76.43 Granted 167 $ 84.31 Vested (155) $ 65.19 Forfeited, canceled or expired (15) $ 84.64 Outstanding as of December 31, 2020 419 $ 83.43 Granted 184 $ 86.05 Vested (144) $ 74.90 Forfeited, canceled or expired (32) $ 87.00 Outstanding as of December 31, 2021 427 $ 86.24 Granted 193 $ 83.10 Vested (134) $ 85.07 Forfeited, canceled or expired (10) $ 85.49 Outstanding as of December 31, 2022 476 $ 85.32 |
Schedule of activity related to stock options granted under company's incentive plan | Summary of Stock Options Outstanding Weighted Average Exercise Total Price per Shares Share Outstanding as of December 31, 2019 232 $ 15.42 Granted — $ — Exercised (56) $ 15.66 Forfeited, canceled or expired — $ — Outstanding as of December 31, 2020 176 $ 15.34 Granted — $ — Exercised (176) $ 15.34 Forfeited, canceled or expired — $ — Outstanding as of December 31, 2021 — $ — |
Schedule of share-based compensation expense | 2022 2021 2020 Technology and academic services $ 2,424 $ 2,112 $ 2,049 Counseling services and support 6,287 5,749 5,364 Marketing and communication 154 101 100 General and administrative 3,777 3,564 3,150 Share-based compensation expense included in operating expenses 12,642 11,526 10,663 Tax effect of share-based compensation (3,161) (2,882) (2,666) Share-based compensation expense, net of tax $ 9,481 $ 8,644 $ 7,997 |
Nature of Business (Details)
Nature of Business (Details) $ in Thousands | 12 Months Ended | |
Jan. 22, 2019 USD ($) | Dec. 31, 2022 item | |
Nature Of Operations | ||
Number of off-campus classroom and laboratory sites | 4 | |
Number of university partners | 27 | |
Orbis Education | ||
Nature Of Operations | ||
Purchase price | $ | $ 361,184 | |
Grand Canyon University [Member] | ||
Nature Of Operations | ||
Number of colleges operated | 9 | |
Number of off-campus classroom and laboratory sites | 4 |
Summary of Significant Accoun_3
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Additional Information (Details) $ in Thousands | 3 Months Ended | 12 Months Ended | |||||
Jan. 22, 2019 USD ($) | Jul. 01, 2018 USD ($) | Dec. 31, 2021 USD ($) | Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($) segment Agency project item | Dec. 31, 2021 USD ($) | Dec. 31, 2020 USD ($) | Dec. 31, 2019 USD ($) | |
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies | |||||||
Investments | $ 0 | $ 61,295 | $ 0 | ||||
Other assets | 1,943 | $ 1,687 | 1,943 | ||||
Number of operating segments | segment | 1 | ||||||
Number of reporting units | segment | 1 | ||||||
Number of university partners | item | 27 | ||||||
Goodwill | 160,766 | $ 160,766 | 160,766 | ||||
Unbilled revenue amounts | 3,841 | 5,560 | 3,841 | ||||
Amounts written off | 0 | ||||||
Allowance for doubtful accounts | 0 | ||||||
Reserve for uncertain tax positions including interest and penalties | 14,108 | $ 15,862 | 14,108 | ||||
Number of stages of software development projects | project | 3 | ||||||
Allowance for credit losses | $ 5,000 | ||||||
Stockholders equity | 1,045,047 | $ 637,619 | 1,045,047 | 1,574,329 | $ 1,443,433 | ||
Income tax expense | 55,444 | 70,945 | 75,944 | ||||
Reversal of credit loss reserve | 5,000 | ||||||
Cash in excess of FDIC insured limits | 600,130 | $ 119,639 | $ 600,130 | ||||
Orbis Education | |||||||
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies | |||||||
Purchase price | $ 361,184 | ||||||
Goodwill | 157,825 | ||||||
Intangible assets | 210,280 | ||||||
Revenue Benchmark | Customer Concentration Risk | Grand Canyon University | |||||||
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies | |||||||
Concentration risk percentage | 85.80% | 85.90% | |||||
Computer Software | |||||||
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies | |||||||
Estimated average useful life | 3 years | ||||||
Capitalized Content Development | |||||||
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies | |||||||
Estimated average useful life | 4 years | ||||||
Other assets | $ 1,168 | $ 910 | $ 1,168 | ||||
University partner relationships | |||||||
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies | |||||||
Estimated average useful life | 25 years | ||||||
University partner relationships | Orbis Education | |||||||
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies | |||||||
Intangible assets | $ 210,000 | ||||||
Furniture, Fixtures and Equipment | |||||||
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies | |||||||
Property and equipment, useful life | 10 years | ||||||
Computer Equipment | |||||||
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies | |||||||
Property and equipment, useful life | 4 years | ||||||
Vehicles | |||||||
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies | |||||||
Property and equipment, useful life | 5 years | ||||||
Minimum | |||||||
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies | |||||||
Initial contract terms of service agreements | 7 years | ||||||
Number of major rating agencies reporting credit ratings | Agency | 1 | ||||||
Minimum | Land Improvements and Buildings | |||||||
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies | |||||||
Property and equipment, useful life | 10 years | ||||||
Maximum | |||||||
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies | |||||||
Initial contract terms of service agreements | 15 years | ||||||
Maximum | Land Improvements and Buildings | |||||||
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies | |||||||
Property and equipment, useful life | 40 years | ||||||
Asset Purchase Agreement | Grand Canyon University | Disposed of by Sale | |||||||
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies | |||||||
Purchase price of assets | $ 870,097 | ||||||
Master Services Agreement | Grand Canyon University | |||||||
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies | |||||||
Percentage of tuition and fee revenue used for closing of purchase agreement | 60% | ||||||
Cumulative Effect of Adoption Adjustment | ASU 2016-13 | |||||||
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies | |||||||
Allowance for credit losses | $ 5,000 | 5,000 | $ 5,000 | ||||
Stockholders equity | (3,832) | ||||||
Income tax expense | $ 1,168 |
Investments (Details)
Investments (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands | 12 Months Ended | |
Dec. 31, 2022 | Dec. 31, 2021 | |
Investments | ||
Investments - Available-for-sale | $ 61,295 | $ 0 |
Available-for-sale investments | ||
Adjusted Cost | 61,996 | |
Gross Unrealized Gains | 17 | |
Gross Unrealized (Losses) | (718) | |
Estimated Fair Value | 61,295 | |
Net unrealized gain (loss) on available-for-sale debt securities | 533 | $ 0 |
Corporate bonds | ||
Available-for-sale investments | ||
Adjusted Cost | 61,996 | |
Gross Unrealized Gains | 17 | |
Gross Unrealized (Losses) | (718) | |
Estimated Fair Value | $ 61,295 |
Investments - Maturities of Ava
Investments - Maturities of Available-for-sale Investments (Details) $ in Thousands | Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($) |
Investments | |
2023 | $ 35,991 |
2024 | 15,444 |
2025 | 9,860 |
Total | $ 61,295 |
Allowance for Credit Losses (De
Allowance for Credit Losses (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands | 3 Months Ended | 12 Months Ended | ||
Dec. 31, 2021 | Dec. 31, 2022 | Dec. 31, 2021 | Dec. 31, 2020 | |
Allowance for credit losses | ||||
Balance at Beginning of Period | $ 5,000 | |||
Charged to Expense | (5,000) | |||
Balance at End of Period | 5,000 | |||
Reversal of credit loss reserve | $ 5,000 | |||
Cumulative Effect of Adoption Adjustment | ASU 2016-13 | ||||
Allowance for credit losses | ||||
Balance at Beginning of Period | $ 5,000 | 5,000 | ||
Balance at End of Period | $ 5,000 | $ 5,000 |
Property and Equipment (Details
Property and Equipment (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands | 12 Months Ended | ||
Dec. 31, 2022 | Dec. 31, 2021 | Dec. 31, 2020 | |
Property and Equipment | |||
Property and equipment | $ 296,529 | $ 266,446 | |
Less accumulated depreciation and amortization | (149,025) | (130,326) | |
Property and equipment, net | 147,504 | 136,120 | |
Depreciation and amortization expense | 22,115 | 21,441 | $ 20,830 |
Land | |||
Property and Equipment | |||
Property and equipment | 5,098 | 5,579 | |
Land Improvements | |||
Property and Equipment | |||
Property and equipment | 2,242 | 2,242 | |
Buildings | |||
Property and Equipment | |||
Property and equipment | 51,399 | 51,399 | |
Buildings and Leasehold Improvements | |||
Property and Equipment | |||
Property and equipment | 21,911 | 17,161 | |
Computer Equipment | |||
Property and Equipment | |||
Property and equipment | 119,316 | 113,680 | |
Furniture, Fixtures and Equipment | |||
Property and Equipment | |||
Property and equipment | 21,323 | 17,921 | |
Internally Developed Software | |||
Property and Equipment | |||
Property and equipment | 58,904 | 55,083 | |
Construction in Progress | |||
Property and Equipment | |||
Property and equipment | $ 16,336 | $ 3,381 |
Intangible Assets - Net Intangi
Intangible Assets - Net Intangible Assets (Details) $ in Thousands | 12 Months Ended |
Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($) | |
Intangible Assets | |
Gross Carrying Amount | $ 210,280 |
Accumulated Amortization | (33,480) |
Net Carrying Amount | $ 176,800 |
University partner relationships | |
Intangible Assets | |
Estimated average useful life | 25 years |
Gross Carrying Amount | $ 210,000 |
Accumulated Amortization | (33,200) |
Net Carrying Amount | $ 176,800 |
Trade names | |
Intangible Assets | |
Estimated average useful life | 1 year |
Gross Carrying Amount | $ 280 |
Accumulated Amortization | $ (280) |
Intangible Assets - Amortizatio
Intangible Assets - Amortization Expense for Developed Curricula and Student Relationships (Details) $ in Thousands | Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($) |
Amortization expense | |
2023 | $ 8,419 |
2024 | 8,419 |
2025 | 8,419 |
2026 | 8,419 |
2027 | 8,419 |
Thereafter | 134,705 |
Net Carrying Amount | $ 176,800 |
Leases (Details)
Leases (Details) $ in Thousands | 12 Months Ended | ||
Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($) item lease | Dec. 31, 2021 USD ($) | Dec. 31, 2020 USD ($) | |
Leases | |||
Lessee, Operating Lease, Existence of Option to Extend [true false] | false | ||
Operating lease costs | $ 10,666 | $ 9,723 | $ 7,594 |
Non-cancelable operating lease commitments not yet commenced | $ 23,310 | ||
Number of off-campus classroom and laboratory sites | item | 4 | ||
Optical fiber communication lines not yet commenced | $ 192 | ||
Weighted-average remaining lease term | 8 years 14 days | ||
Weighted-average discount rate of operating leases | 3.35% | ||
Number of financing leases | lease | 0 | ||
Minimum | |||
Leases | |||
Term of operating leases | 2 months | ||
Maximum | |||
Leases | |||
Term of operating leases | 10 years 8 months |
Leases - Future Payment Obligat
Leases - Future Payment Obligations (Details) $ in Thousands | Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($) |
Leases | |
2023 | $ 10,844 |
2024 | 11,143 |
2025 | 10,867 |
2026 | 10,805 |
2027 | 10,193 |
Thereafter | 35,104 |
Total lease payments | 88,956 |
Less interest | 11,515 |
Present value of lease liabilities | $ 77,441 |
Notes Payable and Other Noncu_2
Notes Payable and Other Noncurrent Liabilities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands | 1 Months Ended | 12 Months Ended | |
Oct. 31, 2021 | Dec. 31, 2021 | Dec. 31, 2020 | |
Notes Payable and Other Noncurrent Liabilities | |||
Repayment by GCU | $ 500,000 | $ 1,159,912 | $ 75,000 |
Credit facility | |||
Notes Payable and Other Noncurrent Liabilities | |||
Loan modification costs expensed | $ 1,028 |
Commitments and Contingencies (
Commitments and Contingencies (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands | Dec. 31, 2022 | Dec. 31, 2021 |
Commitments and Contingencies | ||
Accrual for Taxes Other than Income Taxes, Current | $ 0 | $ 0 |
Earnings Per Share - Summary of
Earnings Per Share - Summary of Weighted Average Number of Common Shares Outstanding (Details) - shares shares in Thousands | 12 Months Ended | ||
Dec. 31, 2022 | Dec. 31, 2021 | Dec. 31, 2020 | |
Denominator: | |||
Basic weighted average shares outstanding | 32,131 | 43,835 | 46,880 |
Effect of dilutive stock options and restricted stock | 106 | 123 | 285 |
Diluted weighted average shares outstanding | 32,237 | 43,958 | 47,165 |
Earnings Per Share - Additional
Earnings Per Share - Additional Information (Details) - shares shares in Thousands | 12 Months Ended | ||
Dec. 31, 2022 | Dec. 31, 2021 | Dec. 31, 2020 | |
Stock Option And Restricted Stock Awards | |||
Antidilutive securities excluded from computation of earnings per share | |||
Stock awards outstanding excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings | 58 | 79 | 142 |
Equity Transactions (Details)
Equity Transactions (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, shares in Thousands, $ in Thousands | 1 Months Ended | 2 Months Ended | 5 Months Ended | 12 Months Ended | ||||||||||
Aug. 13, 2021 | May 17, 2021 | May 14, 2021 | May 04, 2021 | Mar. 10, 2021 | Oct. 31, 2022 | Jan. 31, 2022 | Jul. 31, 2021 | Jan. 31, 2021 | May 04, 2021 | Aug. 13, 2021 | Dec. 31, 2022 | Dec. 31, 2021 | Dec. 31, 2020 | |
Treasury Stock | ||||||||||||||
Preferred Stock, Shares Authorized | 10,000 | 10,000 | ||||||||||||
Beginning balance, treasury shares | 22,772 | 15,915 | ||||||||||||
Aggregate cost of shares purchased | $ 1,711,423 | $ 1,107,211 | ||||||||||||
Adjustment to additional paid in capital | 309,310 | 296,670 | ||||||||||||
Common stock acquired, cost | 599,587 | $ 797,838 | $ 129,045 | |||||||||||
Accelerated Share Repurchase March 10, 2021 | ||||||||||||||
Treasury Stock | ||||||||||||||
Number of repurchased shares delivered in initial delivery | 276 | |||||||||||||
Initial share delivery as a percentage of the number of shares initially underlying the ASR agreement | 80% | |||||||||||||
Stock price on initial delivery | $ 101.49 | |||||||||||||
Number of additional repurchased shares delivered at final settlement | 46 | |||||||||||||
Aggregate number of shares delivered | 322 | |||||||||||||
Final average cost per share | $ 108.76 | |||||||||||||
Adjustment to additional paid in capital | $ 7,000 | $ (7,000) | $ 7,000 | |||||||||||
Common stock acquired, cost | $ 7,000 | 28,000 | ||||||||||||
Accelerated Share Repurchase March 10, 2021 | Maximum | ||||||||||||||
Treasury Stock | ||||||||||||||
Targeted repurchase of common stock | $ 35,000 | |||||||||||||
Accelerated Share Repurchase May 14, 2021 | ||||||||||||||
Treasury Stock | ||||||||||||||
Number of repurchased shares delivered in initial delivery | 418 | |||||||||||||
Initial share delivery as a percentage of the number of shares initially underlying the ASR agreement | 80% | |||||||||||||
Stock price on initial delivery | $ 95.63 | |||||||||||||
Number of additional repurchased shares delivered at final settlement | 139 | |||||||||||||
Aggregate number of shares delivered | 558 | |||||||||||||
Final average cost per share | $ 89.68 | |||||||||||||
Adjustment to additional paid in capital | $ 10,000 | $ (10,000) | $ 10,000 | |||||||||||
Common stock acquired, cost | $ 10,000 | 40,000 | ||||||||||||
Accelerated Share Repurchase May 14, 2021 | Maximum | ||||||||||||||
Treasury Stock | ||||||||||||||
Targeted repurchase of common stock | $ 50,000 | |||||||||||||
Common stock repurchase authorization | ||||||||||||||
Treasury Stock | ||||||||||||||
Increase in stock repurchase plan authorized | $ 200,000 | $ 175,000 | $ 970,000 | $ 100,000 | ||||||||||
Authorized amount for repurchase of common stock | $ 1,845,000 | |||||||||||||
Expiration date on repurchase authorizations | Dec. 31, 2023 | |||||||||||||
Common stock acquired, shares | 6,795 | |||||||||||||
Common stock acquired, cost | $ 599,587 | |||||||||||||
Remaining authorized repurchase amount | $ 195,847 |
Income Taxes - Additional Infor
Income Taxes - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands | 12 Months Ended | ||
Dec. 31, 2022 | Dec. 31, 2021 | Dec. 31, 2020 | |
Income Taxes | |||
Valuation allowance | $ 0 | $ 0 | |
Corporate federal tax rate | 21% | 21% | 21% |
Unrecognized tax benefits | $ 15,862 | $ 14,108 | $ 11,318 |
Income Taxes - Components of In
Income Taxes - Components of Income Tax Expense (Benefit) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands | 12 Months Ended | ||
Dec. 31, 2022 | Dec. 31, 2021 | Dec. 31, 2020 | |
Current: | |||
Federal | $ 50,194 | $ 59,450 | $ 63,932 |
State | 5,017 | 5,822 | 8,875 |
Current Income Tax Expense (Benefit), Total | 55,211 | 65,272 | 72,807 |
Deferred: | |||
Federal | (578) | 5,050 | 2,842 |
State | 811 | 623 | 295 |
Deferred Income Tax Expense (Benefit) | 233 | 5,673 | 3,137 |
Income Tax Expense (Benefit), Total | $ 55,444 | $ 70,945 | $ 75,944 |
Income Taxes - Schedule of Effe
Income Taxes - Schedule of Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation (Details) | 12 Months Ended | ||
Dec. 31, 2022 | Dec. 31, 2021 | Dec. 31, 2020 | |
Income Taxes | |||
Statutory U.S. federal income tax rate | 21% | 21% | 21% |
State income taxes, net of federal tax benefit | 2.80% | 2.40% | 2.40% |
State tax credits, net of federal effect | (1.60%) | (1.20%) | (1.20%) |
Excess tax benefits | (0.10%) | (1.30%) | (0.40%) |
Nondeductible expenses | 0.20% | 0.10% | |
Other | 0.80% | 0.40% | 1% |
Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation, Percent, Total | 23.10% | 21.40% | 22.80% |
Income Taxes - Significant Comp
Income Taxes - Significant Components of Deferred Income Tax Assets and Liabilities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands | Dec. 31, 2022 | Dec. 31, 2021 |
Deferred tax assets: | ||
Share-based compensation | $ 2,725 | $ 2,422 |
Employee compensation | 1,109 | 802 |
Intangibles | 14,872 | 17,598 |
Leases | 1,270 | 847 |
State taxes | 3,998 | 3,508 |
Other | 232 | 199 |
Deferred tax assets | 24,206 | 25,376 |
Deferred tax liability: | ||
Property and equipment | (13,350) | (14,905) |
Goodwill | (37,051) | (36,295) |
Other | (138) | |
Deferred tax liability | (50,401) | (51,338) |
Net deferred tax liability | $ (26,195) | $ (25,962) |
Income Taxes - Significant Co_2
Income Taxes - Significant Components of Deferred Income Tax Assets and Liabilities Classified (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands | Dec. 31, 2022 | Dec. 31, 2021 |
Income Taxes | ||
Deferred income taxes, current | $ 5,172 | $ 4,172 |
Deferred income taxes, non-current | (31,367) | (30,134) |
Net deferred tax liability | $ (26,195) | $ (25,962) |
Income Taxes - Unrecognized Tax
Income Taxes - Unrecognized Tax Benefits (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands | 12 Months Ended | |
Dec. 31, 2022 | Dec. 31, 2021 | |
Unrecognized tax benefits | ||
Unrecognized tax benefits, beginning of year | $ 14,108 | $ 11,318 |
Tax positions taken during the current year - Increases | 2,814 | 3,973 |
Tax positions taken during a prior year - Increases | 1,313 | 262 |
Tax positions taken during a prior year - Decreases | (1,954) | (1,064) |
Decreases for settlements during the period | (74) | |
Reductions for lapses of applicable statute of limitations | (419) | (307) |
Unrecognized tax benefits, end of year | 15,862 | 14,108 |
Amount of unrecognized tax benefit, if recognized, that would affect the effective tax rate | 15,862 | 14,108 |
Interest accrued on unrecognized tax benefit | 93 | 0 |
Penalties accrued on unrecognized tax benefit | $ 112 | $ 0 |
Share-Based Compensation Plan_2
Share-Based Compensation Plans - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($) shares in Thousands, $ in Thousands | 12 Months Ended | |||
Dec. 31, 2022 | Dec. 31, 2021 | Dec. 31, 2020 | Dec. 31, 2011 | |
Share-based Compensation Plans | ||||
Shares available for grant | 1,221 | |||
Minimum eligible age to participate in the plan | 21 years | |||
University made discretionary matching contributions | $ 2,662 | $ 2,345 | $ 2,225 | |
Maximum | ||||
Share-based Compensation Plans | ||||
Shares authorized | 3,000 | |||
Restricted Stock Grants | ||||
Share-based Compensation Plans | ||||
Shares granted | 193 | 184 | 167 | |
Unrecognized share-based compensation cost | $ 29,497 | |||
Costs are expected to be recognized over a weighted average period | 2 years 29 days | |||
Restricted Stock Grants | Share-based Payment Arrangement, Employee | ||||
Share-based Compensation Plans | ||||
Shares granted | 189 | 180 | 164 | |
Vesting period | 5 years | |||
Shares withheld for taxes | 52 | 56 | 62 | |
Common stock in lieu of taxes | $ 4,625 | $ 5,994 | $ 4,969 | |
Restricted Stock Grants | Share-based Payment Arrangement, Nonemployee | ||||
Share-based Compensation Plans | ||||
Shares granted | 4 | 4 | 3 | |
Vesting period | 1 year | |||
Restricted Stock Grants | Share-based Compensation Award, Tranche One | Share-based Payment Arrangement, Employee | ||||
Share-based Compensation Plans | ||||
Vesting right percentage | 20% | |||
Restricted Stock Grants | Share-based Compensation Award, Tranche Two | Share-based Payment Arrangement, Employee | ||||
Share-based Compensation Plans | ||||
Vesting right percentage | 20% | |||
Restricted Stock Grants | Share-based Compensation Award, Tranche Three | Share-based Payment Arrangement, Employee | ||||
Share-based Compensation Plans | ||||
Vesting right percentage | 20% | |||
Restricted Stock Grants | Share-based Compensation Award Tranche Four | Share-based Payment Arrangement, Employee | ||||
Share-based Compensation Plans | ||||
Vesting right percentage | 20% | |||
Restricted Stock Grants | Share-based Compensation Award Tranche Five | Share-based Payment Arrangement, Employee | ||||
Share-based Compensation Plans | ||||
Vesting right percentage | 20% | |||
Stock Options | ||||
Share-based Compensation Plans | ||||
Vesting period | 5 years | |||
Expiration period of options | 10 years |
Share-Based Compensation Plan_3
Share-Based Compensation Plans - Summary of Activity Related to Restricted Stock Granted under Company's Incentive Plan (Details) - Restricted Stock Grants - $ / shares shares in Thousands | 12 Months Ended | ||
Dec. 31, 2022 | Dec. 31, 2021 | Dec. 31, 2020 | |
Total Shares | |||
Total Shares, Outstanding, Beginning Balance | 427 | 419 | 422 |
Total Shares, Granted | 193 | 184 | 167 |
Total Shares, Vested | (134) | (144) | (155) |
Total Shares, Forfeited, canceled or expired | (10) | (32) | (15) |
Total Shares, Outstanding, Ending Balance | 476 | 427 | 419 |
Weighted Average Grant Date | |||
Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value, Beginning Balance | $ 86.24 | $ 83.43 | $ 76.43 |
Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value, Granted | 83.10 | 86.05 | 84.31 |
Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value, Vested | 85.07 | 74.90 | 65.19 |
Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value, Forfeited, canceled or expired | 85.49 | 87 | 84.64 |
Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value, Ending Balance | $ 85.32 | $ 86.24 | $ 83.43 |
Share-Based Compensation Plan_4
Share-Based Compensation Plans - Summary of Activity Related to Stock Options Granted under Company's Incentive Plan (Details) - Stock Options - $ / shares shares in Thousands | 12 Months Ended | 24 Months Ended | |
Dec. 31, 2021 | Dec. 31, 2020 | Dec. 31, 2022 | |
Total Shares | |||
Total Shares outstanding, Beginning balance | 176 | 232 | 176 |
Total Shares, Granted | 0 | 0 | |
Total Shares, Exercised | (176) | (56) | |
Total Shares outstanding, Ending balance | 176 | ||
Weighted Average Exercise Price Per Share | |||
Weighted Average Exercise Price per Share Outstanding, Beginning balance | $ 15.34 | $ 15.42 | $ 15.34 |
Weighted Average Exercise Price per Share, Exercised | $ 15.34 | 15.66 | |
Weighted Average Exercise Price per Share Outstanding, Ending balance | $ 15.34 |
Share-Based Compensation Plan_5
Share-Based Compensation Plans - Share-Based Compensation Expense (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands | 12 Months Ended | ||
Dec. 31, 2022 | Dec. 31, 2021 | Dec. 31, 2020 | |
Share-based Compensation Expense | |||
Share-based compensation expense | $ 12,642 | $ 11,526 | $ 10,663 |
Tax effect of share-based compensation | (3,161) | (2,882) | (2,666) |
Share-based compensation expense, net of tax | 9,481 | 8,644 | 7,997 |
Technical and Academic Services | |||
Share-based Compensation Expense | |||
Share-based compensation expense | 2,424 | 2,112 | 2,049 |
Counseling Support and Services | |||
Share-based Compensation Expense | |||
Share-based compensation expense | 6,287 | 5,749 | 5,364 |
Marketing and Communication | |||
Share-based Compensation Expense | |||
Share-based compensation expense | 154 | 101 | 100 |
General and Administrative | |||
Share-based Compensation Expense | |||
Share-based compensation expense | $ 3,777 | $ 3,564 | $ 3,150 |
Related Party Transactions (Det
Related Party Transactions (Details) - GCE Community Fund - USD ($) $ in Thousands | 12 Months Ended | |
Dec. 31, 2022 | Dec. 31, 2021 | |
Related party transactions | ||
Contributions | $ 1,150 | $ 1,100 |
Due to GCECF | $ 0 |