Mortgage-Backed and Credit Risk Transfer Securities | Mortgage-Backed and Credit Risk Transfer Securities The following tables summarize our MBS and GSE CRT portfolio by asset type at December 31, 2017 and 2016 . December 31, 2017 $ in thousands Principal/ Notional Unamortized Premium (Discount) Amortized Cost Unrealized Gain/ (Loss), net Fair Value Net Weighted Average Coupon (1) Period- end Weighted Average Yield (2) Quarterly Weighted Average Yield (3) Agency RMBS: 15 year fixed-rate 2,917,307 119,120 3,036,427 (61,645 ) 2,974,782 3.08 % 2.17 % 1.98 % 30 year fixed-rate 7,354,211 295,977 7,650,188 (9,648 ) 7,640,540 3.72 % 3.09 % 2.90 % ARM* 238,486 1,609 240,095 1,105 241,200 2.67 % 2.60 % 2.36 % Hybrid ARM 1,696,148 26,066 1,722,214 (2,829 ) 1,719,385 2.70 % 2.54 % 2.25 % Total Agency pass-through (4) 12,206,152 442,772 12,648,924 (73,017 ) 12,575,907 3.40 % 2.79 % 2.58 % Agency-CMO (5) 1,226,539 (942,290 ) 284,249 (10,306 ) 273,943 2.05 % 2.91 % 2.74 % CMBS (6)(7) 3,879,775 (704,097 ) 3,175,678 40,739 3,216,417 3.85 % 4.92 % 4.77 % Non-Agency RMBS (8)(9)(10) 2,785,704 (1,661,683 ) 1,124,021 133,587 1,257,608 2.08 % 7.19 % 7.18 % GSE CRT (11)(12) 757,183 24,306 781,489 85,390 866,879 3.41 % 2.45 % 2.79 % Total 20,855,353 (2,840,992 ) 18,014,361 176,393 18,190,754 3.23 % 3.42 % 3.27 % *Adjustable-rate mortgage ("ARM") (1) Net weighted average coupon as of December 31, 2017 is based on principal/notional balance and is presented net of servicing and other fees. (2) Period-end weighted average yield is based on amortized cost as of December 31, 2017 and incorporates future prepayment and loss assumptions. (3) Quarterly weighted average yield for the period was calculated by dividing interest income, including amortization of premiums and discounts, by the average balance of the amortized cost of our investments. All yields are annualized. (4) We have elected the fair value option for Agency RMBS purchased on or after September 1, 2016 which represent 42.3% of principal/notional balance, 42.0% of amortized cost and 42.2% of fair value. (5) Agency collateralized mortgage obligation ("Agency-CMO") includes interest-only securities ("Agency IO"), which represent 81.8% of principal/notional balance, 20.9% of amortized cost and 18.7% of fair value. (6) CMBS includes interest-only securities which represent 15.8% of principal/ notional balance, 0.5% of amortized cost and 0.6% of fair value. (7) We have elected the fair value option for CMBS purchased on or after September 1, 2016 which represent 25.4% of principal/notional balance, 26.7% of amortized cost and 26.1% of fair value. (8) Non-Agency RMBS held by us is 52.2% variable rate, 37.8% fixed rate and 10.0% floating rate based on fair value. (9) Of the total discount in non-Agency RMBS, $195.3 million is non-accretable based on estimated future cash flows of the securities. (10) Non-Agency RMBS includes interest-only securities, which represent 51.5% of the principal/notional balance, 2.0% of amortized cost and 1.8% of fair value. (11) We have elected the fair value option for GSE CRTs purchased on or after August 24, 2015, which represent 26.7% of the balance based on fair value. As a result, GSE CRTs accounted for under the fair value option are not bifurcated between the debt host contract and the embedded derivative. (12) GSE CRT weighted average coupon and weighted average yield excludes coupon interest associated with embedded derivatives not accounted for under the fair value option that is recorded as realized and unrealized credit derivative income (loss), net. December 31, 2016 $ in thousands Principal/ Notional Balance Unamortized Premium (Discount) Amortized Cost Unrealized Gain/(Loss), net Fair Value Net Weighted Average Coupon (1) Period- end Weighted Average Yield (2) Quarterly Weighted Average Yield (3) Agency RMBS: 15 year fixed-rate 3,460,625 151,526 3,612,151 (54,223 ) 3,557,928 3.11 % 2.19 % 1.99 % 30 year fixed-rate 2,780,806 185,521 2,966,327 15,390 2,981,717 4.37 % 2.61 % 2.57 % ARM* 301,900 2,520 304,420 3,453 307,873 2.69 % 2.59 % 2.16 % Hybrid ARM 2,423,152 42,360 2,465,512 8,789 2,474,301 2.70 % 2.52 % 2.02 % Total Agency pass-through (4) 8,966,483 381,927 9,348,410 (26,591 ) 9,321,819 3.37 % 2.42 % 2.20 % Agency-CMO (5) 1,712,120 (1,368,916 ) 343,204 837 344,041 2.16 % 3.08 % 2.07 % CMBS (6)(7) 3,050,747 (559,857 ) 2,490,890 60,830 2,551,720 3.80 % 4.21 % 4.17 % Non-Agency RMBS (8)(9)(10) 3,838,314 (1,934,269 ) 1,904,045 91,506 1,995,551 2.21 % 5.22 % 5.22 % GSE CRT (11)(12) 707,899 24,320 732,219 35,981 768,200 2.38 % 1.51 % 1.24 % Total 18,275,563 (3,456,795 ) 14,818,768 162,563 14,981,331 3.05 % 3.05 % 2.87 % (1) Net weighted average coupon as of December 31, 2016 is based on principal/notional balance and is presented net of servicing and other fees. (2) Period-end weighted average yield is based on amortized cost as of December 31, 2016 and incorporates future prepayment and loss assumptions. (3) Quarterly weighted average yield for the period was calculated by dividing interest income, including amortization of premiums and discounts, by the average balance of the amortized cost of our investments. All yields are annualized. (4) We have elected the fair value option for Agency RMBS purchased on or after September 1, 2016 which represent 4.3% of principal/notional balance, 4.3% of amortized cost and 4.2% of fair value. (5) Agency collateralized mortgage obligation ("Agency CMO") includes interest-only securities ("Agency IO"), which represent 85.5% of principal/ notional balance, 26.8% of amortized cost and 27.1% of fair value. (6) CMBS includes interest-only securities which represent 20.3% of principal/notional balance, 0.8% of amortized cost and 0.9% of fair value. (7) We have elected the fair value option for CMBS purchased on or after September 1, 2016 which represent 0.4% of principal/notional balance, 0.6% of amortized cost and 0.5% of fair value. (8) Non-Agency RMBS held by us is 45.5% variable rate, 47.2% fixed rate, and 7.3% floating rate based on fair value. (9) Of the total discount in non-Agency RMBS, $252.5 million is non-accretable based on estimated future cash flows of the securities. (10) Non-Agency RMBS includes interest-only securities, which represent 43.5% of principal/notional balance, 1.5% of amortized cost and 1.3% of fair value. (11) We have elected the fair value option for GSE CRTs purchased on or after August 24, 2015, which represent 19.2% of the balance based on fair value. As a result, GSE CRTs accounted for under the fair value option are not bifurcated between the debt host contract and the embedded derivative. (12) GSE CRT weighted average coupon and weighted average yield excludes coupon interest associated with embedded derivatives not accounted for under the fair value option that is recorded as realized and unrealized credit derivative income (loss), net. The following table summarizes our non-Agency RMBS portfolio by asset type as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 . $ in thousands December 31, 2017 % of Non-Agency December 31, 2016 % of Non-Agency Prime 649,671 51.6 % 889,658 44.6 % Alt-A 393,899 31.3 % 447,213 22.4 % Re-REMIC 173,110 13.7 % 364,301 18.2 % Subprime/reperforming 40,928 3.4 % 294,379 14.8 % Total Non-Agency 1,257,608 100.0 % 1,995,551 100.0 % The following table summarizes the credit enhancement provided to our re-securitization of real estate mortgage investment conduit ("Re-REMIC") holdings as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 . Percentage of Re-REMIC Holdings at Fair Value Re-REMIC Subordination (1) December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 0% - 10% 34.5 % 17.6 % 10% - 20% 3.7 % 7.4 % 20% - 30% 12.3 % 13.5 % 30% - 40% 18.4 % 15.7 % 40% - 50% 9.6 % 27.0 % 50% - 60% 19.7 % 16.1 % 60% - 70% 1.8 % 2.7 % Total 100.0 % 100.0 % (1) Subordination refers to the credit enhancement provided to the Re-REMIC tranche held by us by any junior Re-REMIC tranche or tranches in a resecuritization. This figure reflects the percentage of the balance of the underlying securities represented by any junior tranche or tranches at the time of resecuritization. Generally, principal losses on the underlying securities in excess of the subordination amount would result in principal losses on the Re-REMIC tranche held by us. Approximately 57.5% of our Re-REMIC holdings are not senior tranches. The components of the carrying value of our MBS and GSE CRT portfolio at December 31, 2017 and 2016 are presented below. $ in thousands December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 Principal/ notional balance 20,855,353 18,275,563 Unamortized premium 521,626 476,314 Unamortized discount (3,362,618 ) (3,933,109 ) Gross unrealized gains 341,656 302,099 Gross unrealized losses (165,263 ) (139,536 ) Fair value 18,190,754 14,981,331 The following table summarizes our MBS and GSE CRT portfolio according to estimated weighted average life classifications as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 . $ in thousands December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 Less than one year 135,559 121,076 Greater than one year and less than five years 7,934,836 6,719,923 Greater than or equal to five years 10,120,359 8,140,332 Total 18,190,754 14,981,331 The following tables present the estimated fair value and gross unrealized losses of our MBS and GSE CRTs by length of time that such securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position at December 31, 2017 and 2016 . December 31, 2017 Less than 12 Months 12 Months or More Total $ in thousands Fair Value Unrealized Losses Number of Securities Fair Value Unrealized Losses Number of Securities Fair Value Unrealized Losses Number of Securities Agency RMBS: 15 year fixed-rate 111,020 (321 ) 26 2,406,021 (67,285 ) 133 2,517,041 (67,606 ) 159 30 year fixed-rate 3,677,576 (20,730 ) 107 963,547 (27,158 ) 56 4,641,123 (47,888 ) 163 ARM 101,173 (902 ) 12 — — — 101,173 (902 ) 12 Hybrid ARM 614,321 (4,189 ) 73 517,642 (8,091 ) 47 1,131,963 (12,280 ) 120 Total Agency pass through (1) 4,504,090 (26,142 ) 218 3,887,210 (102,534 ) 236 8,391,300 (128,676 ) 454 Agency-CMO (2) 75,299 (10,433 ) 44 81,988 (2,309 ) 5 157,287 (12,742 ) 49 CMBS (3) 892,553 (17,612 ) 81 135,139 (3,792 ) 12 1,027,692 (21,404 ) 93 Non-Agency RMBS 84,439 (709 ) 15 96,263 (1,732 ) 11 180,702 (2,441 ) 26 Total 5,556,381 (54,896 ) 358 4,200,600 (110,367 ) 264 9,756,981 (165,263 ) 622 (1) Amounts disclosed include Agency RMBS with a fair value of $3.4 billion for which the fair value option has been elected. Such securities have unrealized losses of $22.8 million . (2) Fair value includes unrealized losses on Agency IO of $10.1 million and unrealized losses on CMO of $2.7 million . (3) Amounts disclosed include CMBS with a fair value of $596.0 million for which the fair value option has been elected. Such securities have unrealized losses of $8.9 million . December 31, 2016 Less than 12 Months 12 Months or More Total $ in thousands Fair Value Unrealized Losses Number of Securities Fair Value Unrealized Losses Number of Securities Fair Value Unrealized Losses Number of Securities Agency RMBS: 15 year fixed-rate 2,781,777 (66,506 ) 127 65,964 (1,556 ) 17 2,847,741 (68,062 ) 144 30 year fixed-rate 747,719 (15,409 ) 45 547,763 (18,004 ) 27 1,295,482 (33,413 ) 72 ARM 120,540 (326 ) 9 1,091 (7 ) 1 121,631 (333 ) 10 Hybrid ARM 1,356,687 (9,922 ) 99 252 (4 ) 2 1,356,939 (9,926 ) 101 Total Agency pass through (1) 5,006,723 (92,163 ) 280 615,070 (19,571 ) 47 5,621,793 (111,734 ) 327 Agency-CMO (2) 163,114 (3,812 ) 28 22,792 (952 ) 3 185,906 (4,764 ) 31 CMBS (3) 401,016 (6,733 ) 36 47,219 (804 ) 6 448,235 (7,537 ) 42 Non-Agency RMBS 287,647 (7,861 ) 42 497,863 (6,671 ) 36 785,510 (14,532 ) 78 GSE CRT (4) — — — 35,935 (969 ) 3 35,935 (969 ) 3 Total 5,858,500 (110,569 ) 386 1,218,879 (28,967 ) 95 7,077,379 (139,536 ) 481 (1) Amounts disclosed include Agency RMBS with a fair value of $149.7 million for which the fair value option has been elected. Such securities have unrealized losses of $4.0 million . (2) Fair value includes unrealized losses on Agency IO of $3.0 million and unrealized losses on CMO of $1.7 million . (3) Amounts disclosed includes CMBS with a fair value of $13.9 million for which the fair value option has been elected. Such securities have unrealized losses of $613,000 . (4) Fair value includes unrealized losses on both the debt host contract and the embedded derivative. Gross unrealized losses on our Agency RMBS and CMO were $128.7 million and $2.7 million , respectively, at December 31, 2017 . Due to the inherent credit quality of Agency RMBS and CMO, we determined that at December 31, 2017 , any unrealized losses on our Agency RMBS and CMO portfolio are not other than temporary. Gross unrealized losses on our Agency IO, CMBS and non-Agency RMBS were $33.9 million at December 31, 2017 . We do not consider these unrealized losses to be credit related, but rather due to non-credit related factors such as interest rate spreads, prepayment speeds and market fluctuations. These investment securities are included in our assessment for other-than-temporary-impairment on a quarterly basis. We assess our investment securities for other-than-temporary impairment ("OTTI") on a quarterly basis. When the fair value of an investment is less than its amortized cost at the balance sheet date of the reporting period for which impairment is assessed, the impairment is designated as either "temporary" or "other-than-temporary." This analysis includes a determination of estimated future cash flows through an evaluation of the characteristics of the underlying loans and the structural features of the investment. Underlying loan characteristics reviewed include, but are not limited to, delinquency status, loan-to-value ratios, borrower credit scores, occupancy status and geographic concentration. The following table represents OTTI included in earnings for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 . We did not record any OTTI for the year ended December 31, 2015 . Years Ended December 31, $ in thousands 2017 2016 RMBS interest-only securities 11,208 8,334 Non-Agency RMBS (1) 754 575 Total 11,962 8,909 (1) Amounts disclosed relate to credit losses on debt securities for which a portion of an other-than-temporary impairment was recognized in other comprehensive income. OTTI on RMBS interest-only securities was recorded as a reclassification from an unrealized to realized loss within gain (loss) on investments, net on the consolidated statement of operations because we account for these securities under the fair value option. As of December 31, 2017 , we did not intend to sell the securities and determined that it was not more likely than not that we will be required to sell the securities. The following table summarizes the components of our total gain (loss) on investments, net for the years ended December 31, 2017 , 2016 and 2015 . As of December 31, 2017 , $6.5 billion ( December 31, 2016 : $427.5 million ) or 35.6% ( December 31, 2016 : 2.9% ) of our MBS and GSE CRT are accounted for under the fair value option. Under the fair value option, changes in fair value are recognized as a component of gain (loss) on investments, net in our consolidated statements of operations. Years Ended December 31, $ in thousands 2017 2016 2015 Gross realized gains on sale of investments 2,208 14,196 13,346 Gross realized losses on sale of investments (3,873 ) (21,635 ) (11,114 ) Other-than-temporary impairment losses (11,962 ) (8,909 ) — Net unrealized gains and losses on MBS accounted for under the fair value option (21,368 ) (5,791 ) (558 ) Net unrealized gains and losses on GSE CRT accounted for under the fair value option 15,269 4,598 (56 ) Net unrealized gains and losses on trading securities 22 (1 ) — Total gain (loss) on investments, net (1) (19,704 ) (17,542 ) 1,618 (1) Balance as of December 31, 2015 excludes the loss on deconsolidation of VIEs of $19.6 million . Refer to Note 3 - "Variable Interest Entities" for further discussion. The following tables present components of interest income recognized on our MBS and GSE CRT portfolio for the years ended December 31, 2017 , 2016 and 2015 . GSE CRT interest income excludes coupon interest associated with embedded derivatives not accounted for under the fair value option that is recorded as realized and unrealized credit derivative income (loss), net. For the Year ended December 31, 2017 $ in thousands Coupon Interest Net (Premium Amortization)/ Discount Accretion Interest Income Agency 392,248 (107,702 ) 284,546 CMBS 131,005 (4,268 ) 126,737 Non-Agency 70,849 18,769 89,618 GSE CRT 22,164 (1,949 ) 20,215 Other 431 — 431 Total 616,697 (95,150 ) 521,547 For the Year ended December 31, 2016 $ in thousands Coupon Interest Net (Premium Amortization)/Discount Accretion Interest Income Agency 346,783 (116,991 ) 229,792 CMBS 122,636 (11,536 ) 111,100 Non-Agency 94,206 13,529 107,735 GSE CRT 9,575 (3,192 ) 6,383 Other 1,492 (58 ) 1,434 Total 574,692 (118,248 ) 456,444 For the Year ended December 31, 2015 $ in thousands Coupon Interest Net (Premium Amortization)/Discount Accretion Interest Income Agency 372,610 (121,170 ) 251,440 CMBS 149,977 (11,322 ) 138,655 Non-Agency 110,885 18,287 129,172 GSE CRT 6,681 (3,088 ) 3,593 Other 1,028 5 1,033 Total 641,181 (117,288 ) 523,893 |