Mortgage-Backed and Credit Risk Transfer Securities | Mortgage-Backed and Credit Risk Transfer Securities The following tables summarize our MBS and GSE CRT portfolio by asset type at December 31, 2018 and 2017 . December 31, 2018 $ in thousands Principal/ Notional Unamortized Premium (Discount) Amortized Cost Unrealized Gain/ (Loss), net Fair Value Period- (1) Agency RMBS: 15 year fixed-rate 417,233 5,077 422,310 1,944 424,254 3.27 % 30 year fixed-rate 9,599,301 298,693 9,897,994 (125,225 ) 9,772,769 3.55 % ARM* 105,453 350 105,803 (56 ) 105,747 2.74 % Hybrid ARM* 548,133 13,425 561,558 (7,357 ) 554,201 2.80 % Total Agency RMBS pass-through 10,670,120 317,545 10,987,665 (130,694 ) 10,856,971 3.49 % Agency-CMO (2) 907,862 (631,180 ) 276,682 (8,991 ) 267,691 3.61 % Agency CMBS 973,122 15,058 988,180 14,330 1,002,510 3.54 % Non-Agency CMBS (3) 4,024,715 (727,307 ) 3,297,408 (10,949 ) 3,286,459 5.05 % Non-Agency RMBS (4)(5)(6) 2,800,335 (1,748,223 ) 1,052,112 111,570 1,163,682 7.24 % GSE CRT (7) 738,529 21,259 759,788 59,541 819,329 3.10 % Total 20,114,683 (2,752,848 ) 17,361,835 34,807 17,396,642 4.00 % *Adjustable-rate mortgage ("ARM") (1) Period-end weighted average yield is based on amortized cost as of December 31, 2018 and incorporates future prepayment and loss assumptions. (2) Agency collateralized mortgage obligation ("Agency-CMO") includes interest-only securities ("Agency IO"), which represent 73.6% of principal/notional balance, 13.5% of amortized cost and 12.4% of fair value. (3) Non-Agency CMBS includes interest-only securities which represent of 15.0% principal/notional balance, 0.4% of amortized cost and 0.5% of fair value. (4) Non-Agency RMBS held by us is 43.5% variable rate, 50.7% fixed rate and 5.8% floating rate based on fair value. (5) Of the total discount in non-Agency RMBS, $145.6 million is non-accretable calculated using the principal/notional balance and based on estimated future cash flows of the securities. (6) Non-Agency RMBS includes interest-only securities ("non-Agency IO") which represent 55.4% of principal/notional balance, 2.3% of amortized cost and 2.4% of fair value. (7) GSE CRT weighted average yield excludes coupon interest associated with embedded derivatives not accounted for under the fair value option that is recorded as realized and unrealized credit derivative income (loss), net. December 31, 2017 $ in thousands Principal/ Notional Balance Unamortized Premium (Discount) Amortized Cost Unrealized Gain/ (Loss), net Fair Value Period- end Weighted Average Yield (1) Agency RMBS: 15 year fixed-rate 2,917,307 119,120 3,036,427 (61,645 ) 2,974,782 2.17 % 30 year fixed-rate 7,354,211 295,977 7,650,188 (9,648 ) 7,640,540 3.09 % ARM* 238,486 1,609 240,095 1,105 241,200 2.60 % Hybrid ARM 1,696,148 26,066 1,722,214 (2,829 ) 1,719,385 2.54 % Total Agency RMBS pass-through 12,206,152 442,772 12,648,924 (73,017 ) 12,575,907 2.79 % Agency-CMO (2) 1,226,539 (942,290 ) 284,249 (10,306 ) 273,943 2.91 % Non-Agency CMBS (3) 3,879,775 (704,097 ) 3,175,678 40,739 3,216,417 4.92 % Non-Agency RMBS (4)(5)(6) 2,785,704 (1,661,683 ) 1,124,021 133,587 1,257,608 7.19 % GSE CRT (7) 757,183 24,306 781,489 85,390 866,879 2.45 % Total 20,855,353 (2,840,992 ) 18,014,361 176,393 18,190,754 3.42 % (1) Period-end weighted average yield based on amortized cost as of December 31, 2017 and incorporates future prepayment and loss assumptions. (2) Agency collateralized mortgage obligation ("Agency-CMO") includes interest-only securities ("Agency IO"), which represent 81.8% of principal/notional balance, 20.9% of amortized cost and 18.7% of fair value. (3) Non-Agency CMBS includes interest-only securities which represent 15.8% of principal/notional balance, 0.5% of amortized cost and 0.6% of fair value. (4) Non-Agency RMBS held by us is 52.2% variable rate, 37.8% fixed rate and 10.0% floating rate based on fair value. (5) Of the total discount in non-Agency RMBS, $195.3 million is non-accretable calculated using the principal/notional balance and based on estimated future cash flows of the securities. (6) Non-Agency RMBS includes interest-only securities ("non-Agency IO") which represent 51.5% of principal/notional balance, 2.0% of amortized cost and 1.8% of fair value. (7) GSE CRT weighted average yield excludes coupon interest associated with embedded derivatives not accounted for under the fair value option that is recorded as realized and unrealized credit derivative income (loss), net. The following table presents the fair value of our available-for-sale securities and securities accounted for under the fair value option by asset type as of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 . We have elected the fair value option for all of our RMBS IOs, our MBS purchased on or after September 1, 2016 and our GSE CRTs purchased on or after August 24, 2015. As of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 , approximately 67% and 36% , respectively, of our MBS and GSE CRTs are accounted for under the fair value option. December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 $ in thousands Available-for-sale Securities Securities under Fair Value Option Total Fair Value Available-for-sale Securities Securities under Fair Value Option Total Agency RMBS: 15 year fixed-rate 204,347 219,907 424,254 2,842,440 132,342 2,974,782 30 year fixed-rate 1,093,070 8,679,699 9,772,769 2,467,871 5,172,669 7,640,540 ARM 105,747 — 105,747 241,200 — 241,200 Hybrid ARM 521,199 33,002 554,201 1,719,385 — 1,719,385 Total Agency RMBS pass-through 1,924,363 8,932,608 10,856,971 7,270,896 5,305,011 12,575,907 Agency-CMO 168,385 99,306 267,691 203,351 70,592 273,943 Agency CMBS — 1,002,510 1,002,510 — — — Non-Agency CMBS 2,153,403 1,133,056 3,286,459 2,376,413 840,004 3,216,417 Non-Agency RMBS 961,445 202,237 1,163,682 1,236,178 21,430 1,257,608 GSE CRT 586,231 233,098 819,329 635,537 231,342 866,879 Total 5,793,827 11,602,815 17,396,642 11,722,375 6,468,379 18,190,754 The components of the carrying value of our MBS and GSE CRT portfolio at December 31, 2018 and 2017 are presented below. December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 $ in thousands MBS and GSE CRT Securities Interest-Only Securities Total MBS and GSE CRT Securities Interest-Only Securities Total Principal/ notional balance 17,442,367 2,672,316 20,114,683 17,974,390 2,880,963 20,855,353 Unamortized premium 395,907 — 395,907 521,626 — 521,626 Unamortized discount (549,988 ) (2,598,767 ) (3,148,755 ) (577,344 ) (2,785,274 ) (3,362,618 ) Gross unrealized gains (1) 238,579 7,448 246,027 336,543 5,113 341,656 Gross unrealized losses (1) (204,664 ) (6,556 ) (211,220 ) (155,146 ) (10,117 ) (165,263 ) Fair value 17,322,201 74,441 17,396,642 18,100,069 90,685 18,190,754 (1) Gross unrealized gains and losses includes gains (losses) recognized in net income for securities accounted for as derivatives or under the fair value option as well as gains (losses) for available-for-sale securities which are recognized as adjustments to other comprehensive income. Realization occurs upon sale or settlement of such securities. Further detail on the components of our total gains (losses) on investments, net for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 is provided below within this Note 4. The following table summarizes our MBS and GSE CRT portfolio according to estimated weighted average life classifications as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 . $ in thousands December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 Less than one year 110,020 135,559 Greater than one year and less than five years 3,508,100 7,934,836 Greater than or equal to five years 13,778,522 10,120,359 Total 17,396,642 18,190,754 The following tables present the estimated fair value and gross unrealized losses of our MBS and GSE CRTs by length of time that such securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position at December 31, 2018 and 2017 . December 31, 2018 Less than 12 Months 12 Months or More Total $ in thousands Fair Value Unrealized Losses Number of Securities Fair Value Unrealized Losses Number of Securities Fair Value Unrealized Losses Number of Securities Agency RMBS: 15 year fixed-rate 86,241 (814 ) 50 16,660 (189 ) 22 102,901 (1,003 ) 72 30 year fixed-rate 3,966,347 (49,182 ) 158 2,846,090 (94,716 ) 95 6,812,437 (143,898 ) 253 ARM 2,632 (28 ) 1 49,954 (785 ) 10 52,586 (813 ) 11 Hybrid ARM 6,758 (59 ) 2 453,463 (8,390 ) 71 460,221 (8,449 ) 73 Total Agency RMBS pass-through (1) 4,061,978 (50,083 ) 211 3,366,167 (104,080 ) 198 7,428,145 (154,163 ) 409 Agency-CMO (2) 152,962 (6,315 ) 34 101,705 (5,100 ) 19 254,667 (11,415 ) 53 Non-Agency CMBS (3) 1,214,691 (17,778 ) 94 659,298 (25,381 ) 52 1,873,989 (43,159 ) 146 Non-Agency RMBS (4) 87,850 (1,152 ) 19 89,265 (1,138 ) 16 177,115 (2,290 ) 35 GSE CRT (5) 9,639 (193 ) 1 — — — 9,639 (193 ) 1 Total 5,527,120 (75,521 ) 359 4,216,435 (135,699 ) 285 9,743,555 (211,220 ) 644 (1) Amounts disclosed includes Agency RMBS with a fair value of $ 6.1 billion for which the fair value option has been elected. Such securities have unrealized losses of $ 130.2 million . (2) Amounts disclosed includes Agency IO and Agency-CMO with fair value of $21.8 million and $66.0 million , respectively, for which the fair value option has been elected. These Agency IO and Agency-CMO securities have unrealized losses of $6.3 million and $845,000 , respectively. (3) Amounts disclosed includes non-Agency CMBS with a fair value of $831.3 million for which the fair value option has been elected. Such securities have unrealized losses of $26.3 million . (4) Amounts disclosed includes non-Agency RMBS and non-Agency IO with a fair value of $6.2 million and $3.7 million , respectively for which the fair value option has been elected. Such securities have unrealized losses of $79,000 and $269,000 , respectively. (5) Amounts disclosed includes GSE CRT with a fair value of $9.6 million for which fair value option has been elected. Such securities have unrealized losses of $193,000 . December 31, 2017 Less than 12 Months 12 Months or More Total $ in thousands Fair Value Unrealized Losses Number of Securities Fair Value Unrealized Losses Number of Securities Fair Value Unrealized Losses Number of Securities Agency RMBS: 15 year fixed-rate 111,020 (321 ) 26 2,406,021 (67,285 ) 133 2,517,041 (67,606 ) 159 30 year fixed-rate 3,677,576 (20,730 ) 107 963,547 (27,158 ) 56 4,641,123 (47,888 ) 163 ARM 101,173 (902 ) 12 — — — 101,173 (902 ) 12 Hybrid ARM 614,321 (4,189 ) 73 517,642 (8,091 ) 47 1,131,963 (12,280 ) 120 Total Agency RMBS pass-through (1) 4,504,090 (26,142 ) 218 3,887,210 (102,534 ) 236 8,391,300 (128,676 ) 454 Agency-CMO (2) 75,299 (10,433 ) 44 81,988 (2,309 ) 5 157,287 (12,742 ) 49 Non-Agency CMBS (3) 892,553 (17,612 ) 81 135,139 (3,792 ) 12 1,027,692 (21,404 ) 93 Non-Agency RMBS (4) 84,439 (709 ) 15 96,263 (1,732 ) 11 180,702 (2,441 ) 26 Total 5,556,381 (54,896 ) 358 4,200,600 (110,367 ) 264 9,756,981 (165,263 ) 622 (1) Amounts disclosed includes Agency RMBS with a fair value of $ 3.4 billion for which the fair value option has been elected. Such securities have unrealized losses of $ 22.8 million . (2) Fair value includes unrealized losses on Agency IO of $10.1 million and and unrealized losses on CMO of $2.7 million . (3) Amounts disclosed include non-Agency CMBS with a fair value of $596.0 million for which the fair value option has been elected. Such securities have unrealized losses of $8.9 million . (4) Amounts disclosed include non-Agency IO with a fair value of $530,000 for which the fair value option has been elected. Such securities have unrealized losses of $ 39,000 . Gross unrealized losses on our Agency RMBS and CMO were $159.3 million at December 31, 2018 ( December 31, 2017 : $131.3 million ). Due to the inherent credit quality of Agency RMBS and CMO, we determined that at December 31, 2018 , any unrealized losses on these securities are not other than temporary. Gross unrealized losses on our Agency IO, non-Agency CMBS, GSE CRT and non-Agency RMBS were $51.9 million at December 31, 2018 ( December 31, 2017 : $33.9 million ). We do not consider these unrealized losses to be credit related, but rather due to non-credit related factors such as interest rate spreads, prepayment speeds and market fluctuations. These investment securities are included in our assessment for other-than-temporary-impairment ("OTTI") on a quarterly basis. We assess our investment securities for OTTI on a quarterly basis. When the fair value of an investment is less than its amortized cost at the balance sheet date of the reporting period for which impairment is assessed, the impairment is designated as either "temporary" or "other-than-temporary." This analysis includes a determination of estimated future cash flows through an evaluation of the characteristics of the underlying loans and the structural features of the investment. Underlying loan characteristics reviewed include, but are not limited to, delinquency status, loan-to-value ratios, borrower credit scores, occupancy status and geographic concentration. The following table represents OTTI included in earnings for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 . We did not record any OTTI for the year ended December 31, 2016 . Years Ended December 31, $ in thousands 2018 2017 RMBS interest-only securities 7,761 11,208 Non-Agency RMBS (1) 85 754 Total 7,846 11,962 (1) Amounts disclosed relate to credit losses on debt securities for which a portion of an other-than-temporary impairment was recognized in other comprehensive income. OTTI on RMBS interest-only securities was recorded as a reclassification from an unrealized to realized loss within gain (loss) on investments, net on the consolidated statement of operations because we account for these securities under the fair value option. As of December 31, 2018 , we did not intend to sell the securities and determined that it was not more likely than not that we will be required to sell the securities. The following table summarizes the components of our total gain (loss) on investments, net for the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 and 2016 . As of December 31, 2018 , $11.6 billion ( December 31, 2017 : $6.5 billion ) or 67% ( December 31, 2017 : 36% ) of our MBS and GSE CRT are accounted for under the fair value option. Under the fair value option, changes in fair value are recognized as a component of gain (loss) on investments, net in our consolidated statements of operations. Years Ended December 31, $ in thousands 2018 2017 2016 Gross realized gains on sale of investments 774 2,208 14,196 Gross realized losses on sale of investments (218,910 ) (3,873 ) (21,635 ) Other-than-temporary impairment losses (7,846 ) (11,962 ) (8,909 ) Net unrealized gains and losses on MBS accounted for under the fair value option (95,327 ) (21,368 ) (5,791 ) Net unrealized gains and losses on GSE CRT accounted for under the fair value option (6,370 ) 15,269 4,598 Net unrealized gains and losses on trading securities (21 ) 22 (1 ) Total gain (loss) on investments, net (327,700 ) (19,704 ) (17,542 ) The following tables present components of interest income recognized on our MBS and GSE CRT portfolio for the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 and 2016 . GSE CRT interest income excludes coupon interest associated with embedded derivatives not accounted for under the fair value option that is recorded as realized and unrealized credit derivative income (loss), net. For the Year ended December 31, 2018 $ in thousands Coupon Interest Net (Premium Amortization)/ Discount Accretion Interest Income Agency RMBS and CMBS 452,303 (81,341 ) 370,962 Non-Agency CMBS 151,562 6,682 158,244 Non-Agency RMBS 55,116 19,968 75,084 GSE CRT 29,142 (3,071 ) 26,071 Other 1,117 — 1,117 Total 689,240 (57,762 ) 631,478 For the Year ended December 31, 2017 $ in thousands Coupon Interest Net (Premium Amortization)/Discount Accretion Interest Income Agency RMBS 392,248 (107,702 ) 284,546 Non-Agency CMBS 131,005 (4,268 ) 126,737 Non-Agency RMBS 70,849 18,769 89,618 GSE CRT 22,164 (1,949 ) 20,215 Other 431 — 431 Total 616,697 (95,150 ) 521,547 For the Year ended December 31, 2016 $ in thousands Coupon Interest Net (Premium Amortization)/Discount Accretion Interest Income Agency RMBS 346,783 (116,991 ) 229,792 Non-Agency CMBS 122,636 (11,536 ) 111,100 Non-Agency RMBS 94,206 13,529 107,735 GSE CRT 9,575 (3,192 ) 6,383 Other 1,492 (58 ) 1,434 Total 574,692 (118,248 ) 456,444 |