Stock-Based Compensation | 5. Stock-Based Compensation Stock-based compensation includes expense charges for all stock-based awards to employees and directors. These awards include stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units and performance stock units. Stock-based compensation expense related to internal labor is capitalized to software and patent costs based on direct labor hours charged to capitalized software and patent costs. Determining Fair Value Stock Options The Company estimates the fair value of stock options on the date of grant (measurement date) using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The Company recognizes the fair value of stock option awards on a straight-line basis over the service period of the award. There were 1 stock options granted during the six months ended June 30, 2022, as replacement equity awards for vested stock options held by EVRYTHNG employees. No stock options were granted during the six months ended June 30, 2021 . Restricted Stock The fair value of restricted stock awards that vest upon meeting a service condition, is based on the fair market value of the Company’s common stock on the date of the grant (measurement date) and is recognized on a straight-line basis over the service period of the award, which is generally three to four years for employee grants and one to three years for director grants. Restricted Stock Units The fair value of restricted stock unit (“RSU”) awards that vest upon meeting a service condition, is based on the fair market value of the Company’s common stock on the date of the grant (measurement date) and is recognized on a straight-line basis over the service period of the award, which is generally three to four years for employee grants. Performance Stock Units The fair value of performance stock unit (“PSU”) awards that vest upon meeting a performance condition, such as the Company exceeding a future annual recurring revenue target, and a service condition, is determined based on the probability of achievement of the performance criteria as of each reporting date (measurement date). The probability of achievement is subject to judgment, and could change from period to period, impacting the fair value of the award. The fair value of PSU awards that vest upon meeting a market condition, such as the Company exceeding shareholder returns as compared to an index of peer companies, and a service condition, is determined on the date of grant (measurement date) using the Monte Carlo valuation model. The Company recognizes the fair value of the award on a straight-line basis over the service period of the award, which is generally three years for employee grants. The following inputs are used in the Monte Carlo valuation model to estimate the fair value: Stock Price. The stock price represents the fair market value of the Company’s common stock on the date of the grant. Expected Volatility. The Company estimates the volatility of its common stock at the date of grant based on the historical volatility of its common stock based on historical prices over the most recent period commensurate with the term of the award. Risk-Free Interest Rate. The Company determines the risk-free interest rate using current U.S. treasury yields for bonds with a maturity commensurate with the term of the award. Monte Carlo valuation inputs: Three Three Six Six Months Months Months Months Ended Ended Ended Ended June 30, June 30, June 30, June 30, 2022 2021 2022 2021 Stock price $ — $ — $ 32.02 $ — Expected volatility — — 82.8 % — Risk-free interest rate — — 1.8 % — Stock-Based Compensation Three Three Six Six Months Months Months Months Ended Ended Ended Ended June 30, June 30, June 30, June 30, 2022 2021 2022 2021 Stock-based compensation: Cost of revenue $ 265 $ 178 $ 466 $ 351 Sales and marketing 1,149 1,550 1,893 1,990 Research, development and engineering 643 405 1,150 801 General and administrative 1,217 4,604 2,233 5,605 Stock-based compensation expense 3,274 6,737 5,742 8,747 Capitalized to software and patent costs 44 38 80 74 Total stock-based compensation $ 3,318 $ 6,775 $ 5,822 $ 8,821 The following table sets forth total unrecognized compensation costs related to non-vested stock-based awards granted under the Company’s equity compensation plan: As of As of June 30, December 31, 2022 2021 Total unrecognized compensation costs $ 22,060 $ 11,301 Total unrecognized compensation costs will be adjusted for any future forfeitures if and when they occur. The Company expects to recognize the total unrecognized compensation costs as of June 30, 2022, for all non-vested stock-based awards over weighted average periods through June 30, 2026, as follows: Restricted Stock RSUs PSUs Weighted average period 1.23 years 1.64 years 1.89 years As of June 30, 2022, under the Company’s stock-based compensation plan, an additional 430 shares remained available for future grants. The Company issues new shares upon exercises of stock options, grants of restricted stock awards and vesting of RSU and PSU awards. Stock Option Activity The following tables present the outstanding stock option activity: Weighted Weighted Average Average Aggregate Number of Exercise Grant Date Intrinsic Three months ended June 30, 2022: Options Price Fair Value Value Outstanding at March 31, 2022 51 $ 39.14 $ 21.72 Granted — $ — $ — Exercised — $ — $ — Forfeited or expired — $ — $ — Outstanding at June 30, 2022 51 $ 39.14 $ 21.72 $ — Weighted Weighted Average Average Aggregate Number of Exercise Grant Date Intrinsic Six months ended June 30, 2022: Options Price Fair Value Value Outstanding at December 31, 2021 50 $ 39.54 $ 22.23 Granted 1 $ 22.15 $ — Exercised — $ — $ — Forfeited or expired — $ — $ — Outstanding at June 30, 2022 51 $ 39.14 $ 21.72 $ — Exercisable at June 30, 2022 51 $ 39.14 $ — The aggregate intrinsic value is based on the closing price of $14.14 per share of Digimarc common stock on June 30, 2022, which would have been received by the optionees had all of the options with exercise prices less than $14.14 per share been exercised on that date. Restricted Stock Activity The following tables present the unvested restricted stock activity: Weighted Average Number of Grant Date Three months ended June 30, 2022: Shares Fair Value Unvested balance, March 31, 2022 302 $ 35.29 Granted 40 $ 19.82 Vested (56 ) $ 31.49 Forfeited (13 ) $ 38.09 Unvested balance, June 30, 2022 273 $ 33.65 Weighted Average Number of Grant Date Six months ended June 30, 2022: Shares Fair Value Unvested balance, December 31, 2021 360 $ 34.90 Granted 40 $ 19.82 Vested (106 ) $ 31.85 Forfeited (21 ) $ 37.60 Unvested balance, June 30, 2022 273 $ 33.65 The fair value of restricted stock awards vested is as follows: Three Three Six Six Months Months Months Months Ended Ended Ended Ended June 30, June 30, June 30, June 30, 2022 2021 2022 2021 Fair value of restricted stock awards vested $ 1,175 $ 2,285 $ 2,778 $ 4,460 Restricted Stock Units Activity The following tables present the unvested RSU activity: Weighted Average Number of Grant Date Three months ended June 30, 2022: Shares Fair Value Unvested balance, March 31, 2022 308 $ 32.31 Granted 163 $ 18.31 Vested (16 ) $ 32.13 Forfeited (18 ) $ 28.37 Unvested balance, June 30, 2022 437 $ 27.25 Weighted Average Number of Grant Date Six months ended June 30, 2022: Shares Fair Value Unvested balance, December 31, 2021 — $ — Granted 472 $ 27.50 Vested (17 ) $ 32.88 Forfeited (18 ) $ 28.39 Unvested balance, June 30, 2022 437 $ 27.25 The fair value of RSU awards vested is as follows: Three Three Six Six Months Months Months Months Ended Ended Ended Ended June 30, June 30, June 30, June 30, 2022 2021 2022 2021 Fair value of RSU awards vested $ 286 $ 1,050 $ 333 $ 1,050 Performance Stock Units Activity The following tables present the unvested PSU activity: Weighted Average Number of Grant Date Three months ended June 30, 2022: Shares Fair Value Unvested balance, March 31, 2022 144 $ 32.02 Granted — $ — Vested — $ — Forfeited — $ — Unvested balance, June 30, 2022 144 $ 32.02 Weighted Average Number of Grant Date Six months ended June 30, 2022: Shares Fair Value Unvested balance, December 31, 2021 — $ — Granted 144 $ 32.02 Vested — $ — Forfeited — $ — Unvested balance, June 30, 2022 144 $ 32.02 The fair value of PSU awards vested is as follows: Three Three Six Six Months Months Months Months Ended Ended Ended Ended June 30, June 30, June 30, June 30, 2022 2021 2022 2021 Fair value of PSU awards vested $ — $ 2,886 $ — $ 2,886 |