Significant Accounting Policies | Significant Accounting Policies Cash, Cash Equivalents and Marketable Securities Cash and cash equivalents include all cash balances and highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less from the date of purchase. Cash equivalents and marketable securities consist of money market funds, U.S. government and agency securities, commercial paper, and corporate notes and bonds. The Company’s marketable securities are classified as available-for-sale as of the balance sheet date and are reported at fair value with unrealized gains and losses reported, net of tax, as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive income in stockholders’ equity. Because the Company views marketable securities as available to support current operations as needed, it has classified all available-for-sale securities as current assets. Realized gains or losses and other-than-temporary impairments, if any, on available-for-sale securities are reported in other expense, net as incurred. Realized gains and losses on the sale of securities are determined by specific identification of each security’s cost basis. Investments are reviewed periodically to identify possible other-than-temporary impairments. No impairment loss has been recorded on the securities as the Company believes that any decrease in fair value of these securities is temporary and expects to recover up to, or beyond, the initial cost of investment for these securities. Fair Value of Financial Instruments Assets and liabilities recorded at fair value on a recurring basis are categorized based upon the level of judgment associated with inputs used to measure their fair values. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the reporting date. The Company estimates fair value by applying the following hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value into three levels and bases the categorization within the hierarchy upon the lowest level of input that is available and significant to the fair value measurement: Level 1 —Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities; Level 2 —Observable inputs other than quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in inactive markets, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities; and Level 3 —Inputs that are generally unobservable and typically reflect management’s estimate of assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability. Foreign Currencies The Company and certain of the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiaries use the U.S. dollar as their functional currency. The Company’s subsidiaries that use the U.S. dollar as their functional currency remeasure local currency denominated monetary assets and liabilities at exchange rates in effect at the end of each period, and inventories, property, plant and equipment and other nonmonetary assets and liabilities at historical rates. Gains and losses from these remeasurements have been included in the Company’s operating results within other income (expense), net. Local currency transactions of these international operations are remeasured into U.S. dollars at the rates of exchange in effect at the date of the transaction. Foreign currency transaction gains (losses) were $ 11.7 million , $(1.3) million , and $(2.7) million for 2016 , 2015 , and 2014 , respectively. The Company translates the assets and liabilities of its non-U.S. dollar functional currency subsidiaries into U.S. dollars using exchange rates in effect at the end of each period. Revenue and expenses for these subsidiaries are translated using rates that approximate those in effect during the related period. Gains and losses from translations are recognized in foreign currency translation included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). Derivative Instruments The Company accounts for its derivative instruments as either assets or liabilities and carries them at fair value. Derivatives held by the Company that are not designated as hedges are adjusted to fair value through earnings at each reporting date. In addition, the Company enters into derivatives that are accounted for as cash flow hedges. The Company records the gains or losses, net of tax, related to the effective portion of its cash flow hedges as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income in stockholders’ equity and subsequently reclassifies the gains or losses into revenue and operating expenses when the underlying hedged transactions are recognized. The Company periodically assesses the effectiveness of its cash flow hedges. The fair value of derivative assets and liabilities are included in prepaid expenses and other current assets and accrued liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. Concentration of Credit Risk Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash, cash equivalents, accounts receivables, and derivative instruments. Cash and cash equivalents are deposited with high quality financial institutions and may, at times, exceed federally insured limits. Management believes that the financial institutions that hold the Company’s deposits are financially credit worthy and, accordingly, minimal credit risk exists with respect to those balances. Generally, these deposits may be redeemed upon demand and, therefore, bear minimal interest rate risk. The Company’s accounts receivable are derived from customers located principally in the United States. The Company maintains credit insurance for the majority of its customer balances, performs ongoing credit evaluations of its customers, and maintains allowances for potential credit losses on customers’ accounts when deemed necessary. Credit losses historically have not been significant. The Company continuously monitors customer payments and maintains an allowance for doubtful accounts based on its assessment of various factors including historical experience, age of the receivable balances, and other current economic conditions or other factors that may affect customers’ ability to pay. The Company’s derivative instruments expose it to credit risk to the extent that its counterparties may be unable to meet the terms of the agreements. The Company seeks to mitigate this risk by limiting counterparties to major financial institutions and by spreading the risk across several major financial institutions. In addition, the potential risk of loss with any one counterparty resulting from this type of credit risk is monitored on an ongoing basis. Supplier Concentration The Company relies on third parties for the supply and manufacture of its products, as well as third-party logistics providers. In instances where these parties fail to perform their obligations, the Company may be unable to find alternative suppliers or satisfactorily deliver its products to its customers on time, if at all. Inventories Inventories consist of finished goods and component parts, which are purchased from contract manufacturers and component suppliers. Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or market on a first-in, first-out basis. The Company assesses the valuation of inventory and periodically writes down the value for estimated excess and obsolete inventory based upon estimates of future demand and market conditions. Property and Equipment, Net Property and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization of property and equipment is calculated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Cost of maintenance and repairs that do not improve or extend the lives of the respective assets are expensed as incurred. The useful lives of the property and equipment are as follows: Tooling and manufacturing equipment One to three years Furniture and office equipment Three years Purchased software Three years Capitalized internally-developed software Two to eight years Leasehold improvements Shorter of remaining lease term or ten years Internally-Developed Software Costs The Company capitalizes eligible costs to acquire, develop, or modify internal-use software that are incurred subsequent to the preliminary project stage. Capitalized internally-developed software costs, net, were $6.3 million as of December 31, 2016 and were immaterial as of December 31, 2015. Research and Development Research and development expenses consist primarily of personnel-related expenses, consulting and contractor expenses, tooling and prototype materials, and allocated overhead costs. Substantially all of the Company’s research and development expenses are related to developing new products and services and improving existing products and services. To date, research and development expenses have been expensed as incurred, because the period between achieving technological feasibility and the release of products and services for sale has been short and development costs qualifying for capitalization have been insignificant. Business Combinations, Goodwill, and Intangible Assets The Company allocates the fair value of purchase consideration to tangible assets, liabilities assumed, and intangible assets acquired based on their estimated fair values. The excess of the fair value of purchase consideration over the fair values of these identifiable assets and liabilities is allocated to goodwill. The allocation of the purchase consideration requires management to make significant estimates and assumptions, especially with respect to intangible assets. These estimates can include, but are not limited to, future expected cash flows from acquired customers, acquired technology, and trade names from a market participant perspective, useful lives, and discount rates. Management’s estimates of fair value are based upon assumptions believed to be reasonable, but which are inherently uncertain and unpredictable and, as a result, actual results may differ from estimates. During the measurement period, which is up to one year from the acquisition date, the Company may record adjustments to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed, with the corresponding offset to goodwill. Upon the conclusion of the measurement period, any subsequent adjustments are recorded to earnings. The Company assesses goodwill for impairment at least annually during the fourth quarter and whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the asset may not be recoverable. Consistent with the determination that the Company has one operating segment, the Company has determined that there is one reporting unit and tests goodwill for impairment at the entity level. Goodwill is tested using the two-step process in accordance with ASC 350, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other . In the first step, the carrying amount of the reporting unit is compared to the fair value based on the fair value of the Company’s common stock. If the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds the carrying value, goodwill is not considered impaired and no further testing is required. If the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds the fair value, goodwill is potentially impaired and the second step of the impairment test must be performed. In the second step, the implied fair value of the goodwill, as defined by ASC 350, is compared to its carrying amount to determine the amount of impairment loss, if any. The Company tested goodwill for impairment as of October 31, 2016, and 2015, and the fair value of the reporting unit exceeded the carrying value. Acquired finite-lived intangible assets are amortized over their estimated useful lives. The Company evaluates the recoverability of intangible assets for possible impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of such assets may not be recoverable. Recoverability of these assets is measured by a comparison of the carrying amounts to the future undiscounted cash flows the assets are expected to generate. If such review indicates that the carrying amount of intangible assets is not recoverable, the carrying amount of such assets is reduced to fair value. The Company has not recorded any such impairment charge during the years presented. Impairment of Long-Lived Assets The Company evaluates its long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability is measured by comparison of the carrying amounts to the expected future undiscounted cash flows attributable to these assets. If it is determined that an asset is not recoverable, an impairment loss is recorded in the amount by which the carrying amount of the assets exceeds the expected discounted future cash flows arising from those assets. Revenue Recognition The Company derives substantially all of its revenue from sales of connected health and fitness devices and accessories. The Company also generates a small portion of revenue from its subscription-based services. The Company recognizes revenue when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, delivery has occurred, the sales price is fixed or determinable, and collection is reasonably assured. The Company considers delivery of its products to have occurred once title and risk of loss has been transferred. For customers where transfer of risk of loss is at the customer’s destination, the Company uses estimates to defer sales at the end of the reporting period based on historical experience of average transit time. The Company recognizes revenue, net of estimated sales returns, sales incentives, discounts, and sales tax. The Company generally recognizes revenue for products sold through retailers and distributors on a sell-in basis. The Company enters into multiple element arrangements that include hardware, software, and services. The first deliverable is the hardware and firmware essential to the functionality of the connected health and fitness device delivered at the time of sale. The second deliverable is the software services included with the products, which are provided free of charge and enable users to sync, view, and access real-time data on the Company’s online dashboard and mobile apps. The third deliverable is the embedded right included with the purchase of the device to receive, on a when-and-if-available basis, future unspecified firmware upgrades and features relating to the product’s essential firmware. Commencing in the first quarter of 2015, the Company began accounting for the embedded right as a separate unit of accounting, which is when it believes, through public announcements, it had created an implied obligation to, from time to time, provide future unspecified firmware upgrades and features to the firmware to improve and add new functionality to the health and fitness devices. In addition, the Company occasionally offers a fourth deliverable in bundled arrangements that allows access to subscription-based services related to the Company’s FitStar offering. The Company allocates revenue to all deliverables based on their relative selling prices. The Company uses a hierarchy to determine the selling price to be used for allocating revenue to deliverables: (i) vendor-specific objective evidence (“VSOE”) of fair value, (ii) third-party evidence (“TPE”), and (iii) best estimate of the selling price (“BESP”). The Company’s process for determining its BESP considers multiple factors including consumer behaviors and the Company’s internal pricing model and may vary depending upon the facts and circumstances related to each deliverable. BESP for the health and fitness devices and unspecified upgrade rights reflect the Company’s best estimate of the selling prices if they were sold regularly on a stand-alone basis and comprise the majority of the arrangement consideration. BESP for upgrade rights currently ranges from $1 to $3 . TPE for the online dashboard and mobile apps is currently estimated at $0.99 . VSOE for access to FitStar subscription-based services is based on the price charged when sold separately. Amounts allocated to the delivered health and fitness devices are recognized at the time of delivery, provided the other conditions for revenue recognition have been met. Amounts allocated to the online dashboard and mobile apps and unspecified upgrade rights are deferred and recognized on a straight-line basis over the estimated usage period. The Company offers its users the ability to purchase subscription-based services, through which the users receive incremental features, including access to a digital personal trainer, in-depth analytics regarding the user’s personal metrics, or video-based customized workouts. Amounts paid for subscriptions are deferred and recognized ratably over the service period which is typically one year. Revenue from subscription-based services was less than 1% of revenue for all periods presented. In addition, the Company offers access to software and services to certain customers in the corporate wellness program, which includes distribution capabilities, a real-time dashboard, and support services. The Company is currently unable to establish VSOE or TPE for the corporate wellness software and services. BESP for the corporate wellness software and services is determined based on the Company’s internal pricing model for anticipated renewals for existing customers and pricing for new customers. Revenue allocated to the corporate wellness software and services is deferred and recognized on a straight-line basis over the estimated access period of one year, which is the typical service period. Revenue for corporate wellness software and services was less than 1% of revenue for all periods presented. The Company accounts for shipping and handling fees billed to customers as revenue. Sales taxes and value added taxes (“VAT”) collected from customers are remitted to governmental authorities are not included in revenue, and are reflected as a liability on the consolidated balance sheets. Rights of Return, Stock Rotation Rights, and Price Protection The Company offers limited rights of return, stock rotation rights, and price protection under various policies and programs with its retailer and distributor customers and end-users. The Company estimates reserves for these policies and programs based on historical experience, and records the reserves as a reduction of revenue and accounts receivable. Through December 31, 2016 , actual returns have primarily been open-box returns. When necessary, the Company also provides a specific reserve for products in the distribution channel in excess of estimated requirements. This estimate can be affected by the amount of a particular product in the channel, the rate of sell-through, product plans, and other factors. The Company also considers whether there are circumstances which may result in anticipated returns higher than the historical return rate from direct customers and records an additional specific reserve as necessary. Sales Incentives The Company offers sales incentives through various programs, consisting primarily of cooperative advertising and marketing development fund programs. The Company records advertising and marketing development fund programs with customers as a reduction to revenue unless it receives an identifiable benefit in exchange for credits claimed by the customer and can reasonably estimate the fair value of the identifiable benefit received, in which case the Company records it as a marketing expense. The Company recognizes a liability and reduces revenue for rebates or other incentives based on the estimated amount of rebates or credits that will be claimed by customers. Cost of Revenue Cost of revenue consists of product costs, including costs of contract manufacturers for production, shipping and handling costs, packaging, warranty replacement costs, fulfillment costs, manufacturing and tooling equipment depreciation, warehousing costs, excess and obsolete inventory write-downs, costs related to the Fitbit Force product recall, and certain allocated costs related to management, facilities, and personnel-related expenses and other expenses associated with supply chain logistics. Advertising Costs and Point of Purchase (“POP”) Displays Costs related to advertising and promotions, excluding cooperative advertising costs, are expensed to sales and marketing as incurred. Advertising and promotion expenses, including expenses for POP displays, for 2016 , 2015 , and 2014 were $316.8 million , $237.0 million , and $71.9 million , respectively. Co-op advertising costs are recorded as a reduction to revenue, and for 2016 , 2015 , and 2014 were $52.9 million , $38.3 million , and $12.7 million , respectively. The Company provides retailers with POP displays, generally free of charge, in order to facilitate the marketing of the Company’s products within retail stores. Any amounts capitalized related to the costs of the POP displays are recorded as prepaid expenses and other current assets on the consolidated balance sheets and recognized as expense over the expected period of the benefit provided by these assets, which is generally 12 months. The related expenses are included in sales and marketing expenses on the consolidated statements of operations. Product Warranty The Company offers a standard product warranty that the product will operate under normal use for a period of one year from date of original purchase except in the European Union where the Company provides a two -year warranty. The Company has the obligation, at its option, to either repair or replace the defective product. At the time revenue is recognized, an estimate of future warranty costs is recorded as a component of cost of revenues. Factors that affect the warranty obligation include product failure rates, service delivery costs incurred in correcting the product failures, and warranty policies. The warranty obligation does not consider historical experience of the Fitbit Force product as a separate reserve has been established for the Fitbit Force recall. The Company’s products are manufactured by third-party contract manufacturers, and in certain cases, the Company may have recourse to such third-party contract manufacturers. Fitbit Force Product Recall The Company established reserves for the Fitbit Force recall when circumstances giving rise to the recall became known. It considered various factors in estimating the product recall exposure. These include estimates for: • refunds and product returns from retailer and distributor customers and end-users, which were charged to revenue and cost of revenue on the consolidated statements of operations; • logistics and handling fees for managing product returns and processing refunds, obsolescence of on-hand inventory, cancellation charges for existing purchase commitments and rework of component inventory by the Company’s contract manufacturers, accelerated depreciation of tooling and manufacturing equipment, which were charged to cost of revenue on the consolidated statements of operations; and • legal fees and settlement costs, which were charged to general and administrative expenses on the consolidated statements of operations. These factors above are updated and reevaluated each period and the related reserves are adjusted when factors indicate that the recall reserves are either insufficient to cover or exceed the estimated product recall expenses. Stock-Based Compensation Stock-based compensation is measured at the grant date based on the fair value of the award and is recognized as expense, net of estimated forfeitures, over the requisite service period, which is generally the vesting period of the respective award. Determining the fair value of stock-based awards at the grant date requires judgment. The fair value of restricted stock units, or RSUs, is the fair value of the Company’s common stock on the grant date. The Company uses the Black-Scholes option-pricing model to determine the fair value of stock options and shares issued under our 2015 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, or 2015 ESPP. The Company recognizes tax benefits related to stock-based compensation to the extent that the total reduction to its income tax liability from stock-based compensation is greater than the amount of the deferred tax assets previously recorded in anticipation of these benefits. The Company recognizes a benefit from stock-based compensation in equity to the extent that an incremental tax benefit is realized by following the ordering provisions of the tax laws. Segment Information The Company operates as one operating segment as it only reports financial information on an aggregate and consolidated basis to its Chief Executive Officer, who is the Company’s chief operating decision maker. Income Taxes The Company utilizes the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes, which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for expected future consequences of temporary differences between the financial reporting and income tax bases of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates. The Company makes estimates, assumptions, and judgments to determine its expense for income taxes and also for deferred tax assets and liabilities and any valuation allowances recorded against its deferred tax assets. The Company assesses the likelihood that its deferred tax assets will be recovered from future taxable income and, to the extent it believes that recovery is not likely, the Company establishes a valuation allowance. The calculation of the Company’s income tax expense involves the use of estimates, assumptions, and judgments while taking into account current tax laws, its interpretation of current tax laws, and possible outcomes of future tax audits. The Company has established reserves to address potential exposures related to tax positions that could be challenged by tax authorities. Although the Company believes its estimates, assumptions, and judgments to be reasonable, any changes in tax law or its interpretation of tax laws and the resolutions of potential tax audits could significantly impact the amounts provided for income taxes in its consolidated financial statements. The calculation of the Company’s deferred tax asset balance involves the use of estimates, assumptions, and judgments while taking into account estimates of the amounts and type of future taxable income. Actual future operating results and the underlying amount and type of income could differ materially from the Company’s estimates, assumptions, and judgments, thereby impacting its financial position and operating results. The Company includes interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits within income tax expense. Interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits have been recognized in the appropriate periods presented. Net Income (Loss) per Share Attributable to Common Stockholders Basic and diluted net income per share attributable to common stockholders is presented in conformity with the two-class method required for participating securities. The Company considers its redeemable convertible preferred stock to be participating securities. The holders of the redeemable convertible preferred stock did not have a contractual obligation to share in losses. In accordance with the two-class method, earnings allocated to these participating securities and the related number of outstanding shares of the participating securities, which include contractual participation rights in undistributed earnings, have been excluded from the computation of basic and diluted net income per share attributable to common stockholders. For the calculation of diluted EPS, net income attributable to common stockholders for basic EPS is adjusted by the effect of dilutive securities. Diluted net income per share attributable to common stockholders is computed by dividing the net income attributable to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding, including all potentially dilutive common shares, if the effect of such shares is dilutive. In connection with the IPO in 2015, the Company established two classes of authorized common stock: Class A common stock and Class B common stock. As a result, all then-outstanding shares of common stock were converted into shares of Class B common stock. The rights of the holders of Class A common stock and Class B common stock are identical, except with respect to voting and conversion. Each share of Class A common stock is entitled to one vote per share and each share of Class B common stock is entitled to ten votes per share. Each share of Class B common stock is convertible at any time at the option of the stockholder into one share of Class A common stock, generally automatically converts into Class A common stock upon a transfer, and has no expiration date. The Company applies the two-class method of calculating earnings per share, but as the dividend rights of both classes are identical, basic and diluted earnings per share are the same for both classes. In 2016, basic net loss per share attributable to common stockholders is calculated by dividing the net loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period without consideration of common stock equivalents or the participation rights of the preferred stock as they do not share in losses. As the Company was in a net loss position in 2016, basic net loss per share attributable to common stockholders is the same as diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders as the inclusion of all potential shares of common stock outstanding would have been anti-dilutive. Recent Accounting Pronouncements In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, issued ASU 2014-09 (ASC 606), Revenue from Contracts with Customers , which affects any entity that either enters into contracts with customers to transfer goods and services or enters into contracts for the transfer of nonfinancial assets. ASU 2014-09 will replace most existing revenue recognition guidance in U.S. GAAP when it becomes effective. The standard’s core principle is that a company will recognize revenue when it transfers promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. In doing so, companies will need to use more judgment and make more estimates than under the currently effective guidance. This may include identifying performance obligations in the contract, estimating the amount of variable consideration to include in the transaction price and allocating the transaction price to each separate performance obligation. ASU 2014-09 will become effective for the Company on January 1, 2018 and can be adopted either retrospectively to each prior reporting period presented or as a cumulative effect adjustment as of the date of adoption. In April 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-10, which clarifies guidance on identifying performance obligations and licensing implementation. The Company currently expects to adopt the revenue standards as of January 1, 2018, utilizing the modified retrospective transition method. Although the new standard may, in certain circumstances, impact the timing of when revenue is recognized for product shipped, and the timing and classification of certain sales incentives, the Company believes the new guidance is consistent with its current revenue policy. Therefore, the Company does not currently expect adoption to have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements. The Company is continuing to evaluate the impact of the adoption and preliminary assessments are subject to change. In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases . This ASU requires lease assets and lease liabilities arising from leases, including operating leases, to be recognized on the balance sheet. ASU 2016-02 will become effective for the Company on January 1, 2019, and requires adoption using a modified retrospective approach. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this guidance on its consolidated financial statements. The Company anticipates that the adoption will have a material impact on its consolidated balance sheets; however, the Company does not expect th |