Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Such estimates include, but are not limited to, the determination of the best estimated selling prices of deliverables included in multiple-deliverable revenue arrangements; the allowance for doubtful accounts; provision for excess or obsolete inventory; the useful lives of property and equipment; and the determination of the best estimated achievement of financial performance metrics related to the Company’s performance based stock awards. Actual results could differ from these estimates. Concentrations The Company’s financial instruments that are exposed to concentrations of credit risk are primarily cash and cash equivalents and trade accounts receivable. Cash and cash equivalents are maintained primarily at one financial institution, and deposits may exceed the amount of insurance provided on such deposits. Risks associated with cash and cash equivalents are mitigated by banking with a creditworthy institution. The Company has not experienced any losses on its deposits of cash and cash equivalents. The Company performs ongoing credit evaluations of its end-customers’ financial condition whenever deemed necessary and generally does not require collateral. The Company’s policy is to maintain an allowance for doubtful accounts based upon the expected collectability of its accounts receivable, which takes into consideration specific end-customer creditworthiness and current economic trends. During the third and fourth quarters of the year ended January 31, 2014, the Company consolidated the majority of its North American sales to three distributors, and as a result, accounts receivable and revenue increased in concentration. The majority of previous value added resellers, or VARs, are now purchasing from the Company’s distributors. Of all the Company’s customers, which include direct end-customers, VARs and distributors, the following distributors individually accounted for more than 10% of the Company’s accounts receivable and revenue at the end of and for each period presented: % of Accounts Receivable % of Revenue As of January 31, Year Ended January 31, 2016 2015 2016 2015 2014 Customer A 41 % 44 % 41 % 48 % 16 % Customer B 26 % 18 % 22 % * * Customer C * 16 % 16 % 21 % * * Represents less than 10%. There are no concentrations of business transacted with a particular market that would severely impact the Company’s business in the near term. However, the Company currently relies on one key contract manufacturer and supplier to produce most of its products; any disruption or termination of these arrangements could materially adversely affect the Company’s operating results. Foreign Currency Translation and Transactions The functional currency of each of the Company’s foreign subsidiaries is its respective local currency. The Company translates all monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies into U.S. dollars using the exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet dates and other assets and liabilities using historical exchange rates. Revenue and expenses are translated at average exchange rates in effect during the year. Translation adjustments are recorded within accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), a separate component of stockholders’ equity. Foreign currency denominated transactions are initially recorded and re-measured at the end of each period using the applicable exchange rate in effect. Foreign currency re-measurement losses are recognized in other expense, net, in the consolidated statements of operations. Foreign currency re-measurement net losses recognized were $0.7 million, $2.1 million, and $0.1 million for the years ended January 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014, respectively. For the year ended January 31, 2016 and 2015, the $0.7 million and $2.1 million net losses from foreign currency remeasurement included $0.2 million and $0.7 million gains related to foreign currency forward contracts, respectively. Fair Value The carrying value of the Company’s financial instruments, including cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued liabilities, approximates fair value. Cash and Cash Equivalents The Company considers all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of 90 days or less at the date of purchase to be cash equivalents. Cash and cash equivalents consist principally of cash accounts and investments in money market accounts. Restricted Cash Beginning January 2016, the Company was required to maintain a monthly balance of $0.8 million for its employee medical and dental self-funded reimbursement plan. This restricted cash balance has been excluded from the Company’s cash and cash equivalents balance and is classified as restricted cash, current on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. As of January 31, 2016, the amount of restricted cash, current was $0.8 million. As a condition of the Company’s headquarters facility lease agreement, the Company was required to maintain a letter of credit of $3.9 million, with the landlord named as the beneficiary. In January 2016, the Company cancelled the letter of credit and instead substituted the letter of credit through a line of credit obtained from Wells Fargo. As a consequence, the restricted cash was released. Accounts Receivable Accounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amounts and do not bear interest. The Company maintains an allowance for doubtful accounts for estimated losses inherent in its accounts receivable portfolio. An allowance for doubtful accounts is calculated based on the aging of the Company’s trade receivables, historical experience, and management judgment. The Company writes off trade receivables against the allowance when management determines a balance is uncollectible and no longer actively pursues collection of the receivable. As of January 31, 2016 and 2015, the allowance for doubtful accounts was $25,000 and $0, respectively. Inventories Inventories consist primarily of raw materials related to component parts, finished goods, which include both inventory held for sale and service inventory held at service depots in support of end-customer service agreements, and end-customer evaluation inventory. Service inventory held at service depots was $5.6 million and $4.1 million as of January 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. The following is a summary of the Company’s inventories, net of inventory provisions recorded to adjust inventory to its estimated realizable value, by major category (in thousands): As of January 31, 2016 2015 Raw materials $ 2,296 $ 2,383 Finished goods 9,005 6,871 Evaluation inventory 4,693 2,727 $ 15,994 $ 11,981 Inventory values are stated at the lower of cost (on a first-in, first-out method), or market value. A provision is recorded to adjust inventory to its estimated realizable value when inventory is determined to be in excess of anticipated demand or obsolete. In determining the provision, the Company also considers estimated recovery rates based on the nature of the inventory. Inventory write-downs are charged to the provision for inventory, which is a component of the Company’s cost of revenue. At the point of the loss recognition, a new, lower cost basis for that inventory is established, and subsequent changes in facts and circumstances do not result in the restoration or increase in that newly established cost basis. In addition, inventory reserves, which consist of mainly reserves for service inventory, were $4.5 million and $2.3 million as of January 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Property and Equipment Property and equipment are stated at cost, net of accumulated depreciation. Demonstration units are not sold and are transferred from inventory at cost. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the following estimated useful lives: Property and Equipment Useful Life Computer equipment, lab equipment, software and Storage on Demand equipment 3 years Furniture and fixtures 5 years Leasehold improvements Shorter of estimated useful life or remaining lease term Demonstration equipment 2 years Repairs and maintenance are expensed as incurred. The Company capitalizes eligible costs to acquire or develop internal-use software that are incurred subsequent to the preliminary project stage. Capitalized costs related to internal-use software are amortized using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, which is generally three years. Impairment of Long-Lived Assets The Company evaluates events and changes in circumstances that could indicate carrying amounts of long-lived assets, including property and equipment, may not be recoverable. When such events or changes in circumstances occur, the Company assesses the recoverability of long-lived assets by determining whether or not the carrying value of such assets will be recovered through undiscounted expected future cash flows. If the total of the future undiscounted cash flows is less than the carrying amount of an asset, the Company records an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying amount of the assets exceeds the fair value of the asset. Warranties The Company provides a standard one-year warranty for hardware components covering material defects in materials and workmanship. In addition, the Company provides a 90-day warranty on the embedded software in its products for non-conformance with documented specifications. The Company accrues for estimated warranty costs based upon historical experience, and periodically assesses the adequacy of its recorded warranty liability at the end of each period. These costs are expensed as incurred and included in cost of product revenue in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. In addition, failed parts recovered from end-customers are submitted to the Company’s suppliers for repair or replacement. These cost recoveries are offset against the Company’s warranty costs. The Company records warranty liability in other current liabilities in its consolidated balance sheet. As of January 31, 2016, the Company’s warranty liability was not material. Revenue Recognition The Company generates revenue from sales of software-enabled storage products and related support. The Company’s software that is integrated on the storage products is more than incidental, and functions together with the storage product to deliver its essential functionality. The Company also offers an optional support plan (typically one to five years). The support plan includes automated support (Proactive Wellness), bug fixes, updates and upgrades to product firmware and the Company’s management platform, including InfoSight, telephone support and expedited delivery times for replacement hardware parts. While support is not contractually mandatory, substantially all products shipped have been purchased together with a support plan. The Company also periodically sells optional installation services with its products that are not essential to the functionality of the storage product. Substantially all of the Company’s end-customer arrangements contain multiple deliverables. As a result, the Company accounts for the revenue for these sales in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 605-25 Revenue Recognition—Multiple Element Arrangements. Arrangements are divided into separate units of accounting based on whether the delivered items have stand-alone value. In its typical end-customer arrangements, the Company considers the following to be separate units of accounting: the storage product (together with the integrated software), support services and installation services. The Company has determined that each unit of accounting has stand-alone value because they are sold separately by the Company or could be resold by an end-customer on a stand-alone basis. The Company allocates the total consideration to all deliverables based on its determination of the units of accounting and their relative selling prices. As the Company has not yet established vendor-specific objective evidence, or VSOE, or identified third-party evidence of fair value for its storage product (together with the integrated software) and installation services, it uses the best estimate of the selling price, or BESP, of each deliverable to allocate the total arrangement fee among the separate units of accounting. The Company’s process to determine its BESP for its products and installation services is based on qualitative and quantitative considerations of multiple factors, which primarily include historical stand-alone sales, margin objectives, and discount behavior. Additional considerations are given to factors such as end-customer demographics, competitive alternatives, anticipated sales volume, costs to manufacture products or provide services, pricing practices, and market conditions. The Company has established VSOE of fair value for support services based on stand-alone renewals offered to its end-customers, and allocates the fair value of consideration related to support services based on VSOE of fair value for its support services. Revenue is recognized when all of the following criteria are met: • Persuasive Evidence of an Arrangement Exists • Delivery Has Occurred • The Fee Is Fixed or Determinable • Collectability Is Reasonably Assured It is the Company’s practice to identify an end-customer from its distributors prior to shipment. In the majority of instances, products are shipped directly to the end-customers. For certain end-customer orders, products are shipped to resellers, distributors and third-party systems integrators for various reasons including importing of products to non-U.S. countries and systems integration (e.g. SmartStack integrations) prior to shipment to the end-customer or the end-customer specified location. Assuming all other revenue recognition criteria have been met, the Company generally recognizes revenue upon shipment from its origin location in California, as title and risk of loss are transferred at that time. For certain distributors, title and risk of loss is transferred upon delivery to the end-customer and revenue is recognized after delivery has been completed. The Company’s arrangements with distributors do not contain rights of return, subsequent price discounts, price protection or other allowances for shipments completed. The majority of the Company’s deferred revenue consists of the unrecognized portion of revenue from sales of its support and service contracts. The Company records amounts to be recognized during the twelve months following the balance sheet date in deferred revenue, current portion in the consolidated balance sheets, and the remainder in deferred revenue, non-current portion in the consolidated balance sheets. As of January 31, 2016, the weighted average remaining contract period related to non-current deferred revenue was approximately 2.2 years. In November 2014, the Company announced its Storage on Demand, or SoD, service offering, for enterprises and service providers managing storage in cloud environments. Under this pay-as-you-go subscription model, end-customers are generally billed on a monthly basis based on the amount of data consumed during the month. The SoD service offering includes all support services such as InfoSight. Revenue is recognized as services are performed. SoD revenue is recognized in support and service revenue in the consolidated statements of operations. Shipping Costs Shipping charges billed to end-customers are included in product revenue and the related shipping and handling costs are included in cost of revenue. Research and Development Research and development expense consists of personnel costs, including stock-based compensation expense, for the Company’s research and development personnel and product development costs, including engineering services, development software and hardware tools, depreciation of capital equipment and facility costs. Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. Advertising Costs Advertising costs are expensed as incurred and are included in sales and marketing expense. Advertising costs for the years ended January 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 were $6.6 million, $3.0 million and $1.2 million, respectively. Stock-Based Compensation The Company determines the fair value of its stock options and shares of common stock to be issued related to its 2013 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, or the ESPP, on the date of grant utilizing the Black-Scholes-Merton option-pricing model, and is impacted by the fair value of its common stock, as well as changes in assumptions regarding a number of highly complex and subjective variables. These variables include, but are not limited to, the expected common stock price volatility over the term of the option awards, the expected term of the awards, risk-free interest rates and expected dividend yield. The Company generally recognizes compensation expense for stock option grants and ESPP on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period, which is generally four years for stock options, and six months to two years for ESPP. Stock-based compensation expense recognized at fair value includes the impact of estimated forfeitures. Stock-based compensation cost for restricted stock units, or RSUs, is measured based on the fair value of the underlying shares on the date of grant. The RSUs generally vest over the requisite service period. The fair value of RSUs is determined by the estimated fair value of the Company’s common stock at the time of grant. Stock-based compensation expense is recognized at fair value and includes the impact of estimated forfeitures. Income Taxes The Company accounts for income taxes under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the difference between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities using the enacted tax rates in effect for the years in which the temporary differences are expected to affect taxable income. Valuation allowances are established when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to the amounts expected to be realized. Derivative Financial Instruments During the year ended January 31, 2015, the Company entered into foreign currency forward contracts to minimize the short-term impact of foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations on cash and certain trade and inter-company receivables and payables. These contracts reduce the exposure to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rate movements as the gains and losses associated with foreign currency balances are offset with the gains and losses on the forward contracts. The Company does not enter into foreign currency forward contracts for trading or speculative purposes. These instruments are marked to market through earnings every period and generally are one month in original maturity. The net gains or losses from the settlement of these foreign currency forward contracts are recorded in other expense, net in the consolidated statements of operations. Net Loss Per Share Attributable to Common Stockholders Prior to the Company’s initial public offering on December 13, 2013, the Company calculated its basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders in conformity with the two-class method required for companies with participating securities. The Company considers all series of its redeemable convertible preferred stock to be participating securities. In the event a dividend is declared or paid on the Company’s common stock, holders of redeemable convertible preferred stock are entitled to a proportionate share of such dividend in proportion to the holders of common stock on an as-if converted basis. Under the two-class method, basic net loss per share attributable to common stockholders is calculated by dividing the net loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding for the period, less shares subject to repurchase. Net loss attributable to common stockholders is determined by allocating undistributed earnings between common and redeemable convertible preferred stockholders. The diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders is computed by giving effect to all potential dilutive common stock equivalents outstanding for the period. For purposes of this calculation, redeemable convertible preferred stock, options to purchase common stock, repurchasable shares from early exercised options, unvested RSUs and shares subject to ESPP withholding are considered common stock equivalents but have been excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders as their effect is antidilutive. Under the two-class method, the net loss attributable to common stockholders is not allocated to the convertible redeemable preferred stock as the convertible redeemable preferred stock do not have a contractual obligation to share in the Company’s losses. On December 13, 2013, all shares of redeemable convertible preferred stocks were converted to common stock. The following table sets forth the computation of net loss per share (in thousands, except per share amounts): Year Ended January 31, 2016 2015 2014 Numerator: Net loss $ (120,069 ) $ (98,846 ) $ (43,123 ) Add: accretion of redeemable convertible preferred stock — — (36 ) Net loss attributable to common stockholders $ (120,069 ) $ (98,846 ) $ (43,159 ) Denominator: Weighted-average number of shares outstanding—basic and diluted 78,932 72,304 26,772 Net loss per share—basic and diluted $ (1.52 ) $ (1.37 ) $ (1.61 ) The following potentially dilutive securities were excluded (as common stock equivalents) from the computation of diluted net loss per share for the periods presented as their effect would have been antidilutive (in thousands): As of January 31, 2016 2015 2014 Unvested restricted stock units 9,902 5,743 626 Shares subject to options to purchase common stock 8,593 12,360 16,329 Employee stock purchase plan 1,205 320 — Unvested early exercised common shares 184 704 1,593 Recent Accounting Pronouncements In February 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, released an Accounting Standard Update, or ASU, that requires the recognition of lease assets and lease liabilities by lessees for operating leases. The standard will be effective for the Company for its first quarter of fiscal 2020, and early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating adoption methods and whether this standard will have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. In November 2015, the FASB released an ASU, Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes In July 2015, the FASB issued amendments to simplify the measurement of inventory. Under the amendments, inventory will be measured at the “lower of cost and net realizable value” and options that currently exist for “market value” will be eliminated. The guidance defines net realizable value as the “estimated selling prices in the ordinary course of business, less reasonably predictable costs of completion, disposal and transportation”. No other changes were made to the current guidance on inventory measurement. The amendments are effective for the Company for its first quarter of fiscal 2018, although early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the effect of the updated standard on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. In April 2015, the FASB released an ASU on fees paid in a cloud computing arrangement. The standard requires customers in a cloud computing arrangement to evaluate whether the arrangement includes a software license. If the arrangement includes a software license, the customer should account for the software license element of the arrangement consistent with the acquisition of other software licenses. If the arrangement does not include a software license, the customer should account for the arrangement as a service contract. The standard will be effective for the Company for its first quarter of fiscal 2017, and will be applied on either a prospective or retrospective basis. The Company is currently evaluating adoption methods, but does not anticipate this standard will have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. In May 2014, the FASB released an ASU, Revenue from Contracts with Customers Revenue Recognition |