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GAAP andnon-GAAP gross profit of the online advertising business were both US$1 million, a decrease of 59% year-over-year and 46% quarter-over-quarter. GAAP andnon-GAAP gross margin of the online advertising business were both 53%, compared with 75% in the third quarter of 2018 and 68% in the second quarter of 2019. The year-over-year and quarter-over-quarter decreases in gross margin were mainly due to lower online advertising revenue in the third quarter of 2019.
Operating expenses
Total operating expenses were US$51 million, an increase of 18% year-over-year and 10% quarter-over-quarter.
Product development expenses were US$28 million, a decrease of 5% year-over-year and 8% quarter-over-quarter. The year-over-year and quarter-over-quarter decreases were mainly due to a decline in salary and benefit expenses as a result of a reduction in workforce.
Sales and marketing expenses were US$18 million, an increase of 149% year-over-year and 69% quarter-over-quarter. The year-over-year and quarter-over-quarter increases reflect higher marketing and promotional spending for new games launched during the quarter.
General and administrative expenses were US$6 million, a decrease of 20% year-over-year and an increase of 2% quarter-over-quarter. The year-over-year decrease was mainly due to a bad debt provision related to the online advertising business that was recognized during the third quarter of 2018.
Operating profit
Operating profit was US$35 million, compared with an operating profit of US$41 million in the third quarter of 2018 and US$40 million in the second quarter of 2019.
Non-GAAP operating profit was US$35 million, compared with anon-GAAP operating profit of US$40 million in the third quarter of 2018 and US$38 million in the second quarter of 2019.
Other income, net
Other income was US$6 million, compared with US$9 million in the third quarter of 2018 and US$2 million in the second quarter of 2019.
Income tax benefit/ (expense)
Income tax expense was US$12 million, compared with income tax benefit of US$12 million in the third quarter of 2018 and income tax expense of US$3 million in the second quarter of 2019. The income tax benefit in the third quarter of 2018 was mainly due to some of the Company’s subsidiaries having been granted preferential tax rates upon their receipt of 2017 Key National Software Enterprise status or 2017 Software Enterprise status.
Net income
Net income from continuing operations was US$34 million, compared with US$68 million in the third quarter of 2018 and US$43 million in the second quarter of 2019.
Non-GAAP net income from continuing operations was US$34 million, compared with US$67 million in the third quarter of 2018 and US$41 million in the second quarter of 2019.