Qualigen Therapeutics (QLGN) 10-K 1 Apr 19 2018 FY Annual report Financial data

Document and Entity Information

Document and Entity Information - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Mar. 10, 2019	Jun. 29, 2018
Document And Entity Information
Entity Registrant Name	RITTER PHARMACEUTICALS INC
Entity Central Index Key	0001460702
Document Type	10-K
Document Period End Date	Dec. 31, 2018
Amendment Flag	false
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Entity a Well-known Seasoned Issuer	No
Entity a Voluntary Filer	No
Entity's Reporting Status Current	Yes
Entity Filer Category	Non-accelerated Filer
Entity Small Business Flag	true
Entity Emerging Growth Company	true
Entity Ex Transition Period	false
Entity Shell Company	false
Entity Public Float			$ 5,200,000
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		9,042,332
Trading Symbol	RTTR
Document Fiscal Period Focus	FY
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2018

Balance Sheets

Balance Sheets - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Current assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 7,812,259	$ 22,631,971
Accrued interest receivable	54,456
Investment in marketable securities	6,988,780
Prepaid expenses	421,522	167,400
Total current assets	15,277,017	22,799,371
Other assets	22,725	10,326
Property and equipment, net	20,160	23,873
Total Assets	15,319,902	22,833,570
Current liabilities
Accounts payable	4,512,316	2,237,579
Accrued expenses	1,407,843	454,252
Other liabilities	13,359	15,757
Total current liabilities	5,933,518	2,707,588
Stockholders' equity
Common stock, $0.001 par value; 225,000,000 and 25,000,000 shares authorized; 6,036,562 and 4,940,652 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively	6,037	4,940
Additional paid-in capital	71,505,160	68,323,940
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(923)
Accumulated deficit	(70,200,145)	(53,331,434)
Total stockholders' equity	9,386,384	20,125,982
Total Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity	15,319,902	22,833,570
Series A Preferred Stock [Member]
Stockholders' equity
Preferred stock, value	2,289,324	5,128,536
Series B Preferred Stock [Member]
Stockholders' equity
Preferred stock, value	3,906,931
Series C Preferred Stock [Member]
Stockholders' equity
Preferred stock, value	$ 1,880,000

Balance Sheets (Parenthetical)

Balance Sheets (Parenthetical) - $ / shares	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Common stock, par value	$ 0.001	$ 0.001
Common stock, shares authorized	225,000,000	25,000,000
Common stock, shares issued	6,036,562	4,940,652
Common stock, shares outstanding	6,036,562	4,940,652
Series A Preferred Stock [Member]
Preferred stock, par value	$ 0.001	$ 0.001
Preferred stock, shares authorized	15,000,000	15,000,000
Preferred stock, shares issued	4,080	9,140
Preferred stock, shares outstanding	4,080	9,140
Series B Preferred Stock [Member]
Preferred stock, par value	$ 0.001	$ 0.001
Preferred stock, shares authorized	6,000	6,000
Preferred stock, shares issued	5,608	0
Preferred stock, shares outstanding	5,608	0
Series C Preferred Stock [Member]
Preferred stock, par value	$ 0.001	$ 0.001
Preferred stock, shares authorized	1,880	1,880
Preferred stock, shares issued	1,880	0
Preferred stock, shares outstanding	1,880	0

Statements of Operations and Co

Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Operating costs and expenses:
Research and development	$ 11,366,117	$ 2,874,184
Patent costs	204,396	250,372
General and administrative	5,425,033	4,777,902
Total operating costs and expenses	16,995,546	7,902,458
Operating loss	(16,995,546)	(7,902,458)
Other income (expense):
Interest income	126,835	40,227
Other expense		(1,627)
Total other income	126,835	38,600
Net loss	(16,868,711)	(7,863,858)
Other comprehensive loss:
Unrealized loss on debt securities	(923)
Comprehensive loss	(16,869,634)	(7,863,858)
Net loss	(16,868,711)	(7,863,858)
Deemed dividend of preferred stock	2,537,844	(3,111,020)
Net loss applicable to common stockholders	$ (19,406,555)	$ (10,974,878)
Net loss per common share - basic and diluted	$ (3.66)	$ (4.95)
Weighted average common shares outstanding - basic and diluted	5,304,667	2,214,951

Statements of Changes in Stockh

Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity - USD ($)	Series A Preferred Stock [Member]	Series B Preferred Stock [Member]	Series C Preferred Stock [Member]	Common Stock [Member]	Paid-in Capital [Member]	Accumulated Deficit [Member]	Other Comprehensive Loss [Member]	Total
Balance at Dec. 31, 2016				$ 1,162	$ 49,603,487	$ (45,467,576)		$ 4,137,073
Balance, shares at Dec. 31, 2016				1,161,920
Issuance of shares upon follow-on offering	$ 5,150,980			$ 3,454	17,844,220			22,998,654
Issuance of shares upon follow-on offering, shares	9,180			3,453,987
Commissions and offering costs of follow-on offering					(2,038,471)			(2,038,471)
Issuance of shares under common stock purchase agreement				$ 314	1,996,862			1,997,176
Issuance of shares under common stock purchase agreement, shares				313,732
Stock-based compensation					895,498			895,498
Conversion of series A preferred shares	$ (22,444)			$ 10	22,344			(90)
Conversion of series A preferred shares, shares	(40)			10,000
Unrealized loss on investment in marketable debt securities
Net loss						(7,863,858)		(7,863,858)
Balance at Dec. 31, 2017	$ 5,128,536			$ 4,940	68,323,940	(53,331,434)		20,125,982
Balance, shares at Dec. 31, 2017	9,140			4,939,639
Stock-based compensation					645,823			645,823
Payout to shareholders for fractional shares					(3,256)			(3,256)
Issuance of Series B preferred shares upon closing of private placement		$ 4,570,848			792,037			5,362,885
Issuance of Series B preferred shares upon closing of private placement, shares		6,000
Commissions and offering costs of private placement		$ (390,449)			(122,081)			(512,530)
Commissions and offering costs of private placement, shares
Deemed dividend of preferred stock	$ (1,054,886)		$ 1,880,000		(188,000)			637,114
Deemed dividend of preferred stock, shares	(1,880)		1,880
Conversion of Series A preferred shares into common stock, shares	(3,180)			795,000
Conversion of Series B preferred shares into common stock		$ (273,468)		$ 302	273,166
Conversion of Series B preferred shares into common stock, shares		(392)		301,923
Unrealized loss on investment in marketable debt securities							(923)	(923)
Net loss						(16,868,711)		(16,868,711)
Balance at Dec. 31, 2018	$ 2,289,324	$ 3,906,931	$ 1,880,000	$ 6,037	$ 71,505,160	$ (70,200,145)	$ (923)	$ 9,386,384
Balance, shares at Dec. 31, 2018	4,080	5,608	1,880	6,036,562

Statements of Cash Flows

Statements of Cash Flows - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Cash flows from operating activities
Net loss	$ (16,868,711)	$ (7,863,858)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation	5,721	5,720
Stock-based compensation	645,823	895,498
Loss on disposal of equipment		1,627
Settlement of accounts payable	(893,823)
Amortization of discount on available-for-sale debt securities	(19,789)
Unrealized loss on investment in marketable debt securities	(923)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accrued interest receivable	(54,456)
Prepaid expenses and other assets	(254,122)	(10,648)
Other assets	(12,399)
Accounts payable	3,168,559	341,211
Accrued expenses	953,591	(768,483)
Other liabilities	(2,398)	1,021
Net cash used in operating activities	(13,332,927)	(7,397,912)
Cash flows from investing activities
Purchase of property and equipment	(2,008)	(7,678)
Purchase of investment in marketable securities	(6,968,991)
Net cash used in investing activities	(6,970,999)	(7,678)
Cash flows from financing activities
Proceeds from the issuance of preferred shares upon closing of private placement	6,000,000
Commission and issuance costs of private placement	(512,530)
Proceeds from the issuance of shares upon closing of follow-on offering		23,029,750
Commission and issuance costs of follow-on offering		(2,038,471)
Proceeds from the issuance of shares from common stock purchase agreement		2,000,000
Payout to shareholders for fractional shares	(3,256)
Net cash provided by financing activities	5,484,214	22,991,279
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents	(14,819,712)	15,585,689
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period	22,631,971	7,046,282
Cash and cash equivalents at ending of period	7,812,259	22,631,971
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow activities:
Cash paid for taxes	2,233	800
Supplemental disclosure of non-cash financing activities:
Deemed dividend on preferred stock	2,537,844	3,111,020
Conversion of Series A and Series B preferred stock to common stock	2,057,794
Conversion of Series A preferred stock to Series C preferred stock	$ 1,880,000

Organization and Principal Acti

Organization and Principal Activities	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018
Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]
Organization and Principal Activities	NOTE 1 — ORGANIZATION AND PRINCIPAL ACTIVITIES Ritter Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (“Ritter” or the “Company”) is a Delaware corporation headquartered in Los Angeles, California. The Company was formed as a Nevada limited liability company in March 2004, under the name Ritter Natural Sciences, LLC, and converted into a Delaware corporation in September 2008. Ritter Pharmaceuticals, Inc. develops novel therapeutic products that modulate the gut microbiome to treat digestive disorders and gastrointestinal diseases. The Company’s lead product candidate, RP-G28, is an orally administered, high purity galacto-oligosaccharide, currently in Phase 3 clinical development for the treatment of lactose intolerance (“LI”), a condition that affects millions of people worldwide. RP-G28 is designed to selectively stimulate the growth of lactose-metabolizing bacteria in the colon, thereby effectively adapting the gut microbiome to assist in digesting lactose (the sugar found in milk) that reaches the large intestine. RP-G28 has the potential to become the first drug approved by the Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) for the treatment of LI. The Company is further exploring the functionality and discovering the therapeutic potential that gut microbiome changes may have on treating/preventing a variety of conditions including gastrointestinal diseases, cancer, metabolic, and liver diseases. The Company intends to expand its product pipeline and create added value in the future by evaluating RP-G28 in other indications, developing additional products based on its underlying, microbiome-modulating technology or in-licensing complementary products to treat these, or other, conditions. The Company currently operates in one business segment focusing on the development and commercialization of RP-G28. The Company is not organized by market and is managed and operated as one business. A single management team reports to the chief operating decision maker, the Chief Executive Officer. The Company does not currently operate any separate lines of business or separate business entities.

Basis of Presentation

Basis of Presentation	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018
Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]
Basis of Presentation	NOTE 2 — BASIS OF PRESENTATION The accompanying financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) and include all adjustments necessary for the fair presentation of the Company’s financial position for the periods presented. Going Concern and Liquidity The accompanying financial statements have been prepared assuming the Company will continue as a going concern, which contemplates, among other things, the realization of assets and satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business. The Company has not generated any product revenue and has not achieved profitable operations. The Company had net losses of approximately $16.9 million and $7.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and had net cash used in operating activities of approximately $13.3 million and $7.4 million, for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. At December 31, 2018, the Company had working capital of approximately $9.3 million, an accumulated deficit of approximately $70.2 million, cash and cash equivalents of approximately $7.8 million and investment in short-term marketable debt securities of $7.0 million. There is no assurance that profitable operations will ever be achieved, and, if achieved, could be sustained on a continuing basis. In addition, development activities, clinical and pre-clinical testing, and commercialization of the Company’s products will require significant financing. These matters, among others, raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. Since inception, the operations of the Company have been funded through the sale of common shares, preferred shares, warrants and convertible debt. Management cannot be certain that additional funding will be available on acceptable terms, or at all. To the extent that the Company raises additional funds by issuing equity securities, the Company’s stockholders may experience significant dilution. Any debt financing, if available, may involve restrictive covenants that could impact the Company’s ability to conduct business. If the Company is not able to raise additional capital when required or on acceptable terms, the Company may have to (i) significantly delay, scale back or discontinue the development and/or commercialization of one or more product candidates; (ii) seek collaborators for product candidates at an earlier stage than otherwise would be desirable and on terms that are less favorable than might otherwise be available; or (iii) relinquish or otherwise dispose of rights to technologies, product candidates or products that the Company would otherwise seek to develop or commercialize. The financial statements do not include any adjustments that might be necessary if the Company is unable to continue as a going concern.

Summary of Significant Accounti

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies	NOTE 3 — SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates and such differences may be material to the financial statements. The more significant estimates and assumptions by management include among others; the valuation allowance of deferred tax assets resulting from net operating losses and the valuation of options on the Company’s common stock. Cash and Cash Equivalents Cash consists of amounts held in financial institutions and consists of immediately available fund balances. The funds are maintained at stable financial institutions, generally at amounts in excess of federally insured limits. Cash equivalents include money market funds and held-to-maturity securities with a maturity date of 90 days or less. As of December 31, 2018, cash and cash equivalents consisted of bank deposits, cash and investments in money market funds and held-to-maturity securities. The Company has not realized any losses. Investment in Marketable Securities Investment in Marketable Securities is held in a custodial account at a financial institution and managed by the Company’s capital advisors based on the Company’s investment guidelines. All of the Company’s investments in marketable securities are classified as available-for-sale debt securities and are carried at fair value. Interest on these securities, as well as the amortization of discounts and premiums, is included in interest income in the Statements of Operations. The unrealized gains and losses on these securities are excluded from earnings and reported in other comprehensive income until realized, except when it considers declines in value to be other than temporary. Other than temporary impairment losses related to credit losses are considered to be realized losses. When available-for-sale debt securities are sold, the cost of the securities is specifically identified and is used to determine the realized gain or loss. Securities classified as current assets have maturity dates of less than or equal to one year from the balance sheet date. Property and Equipment Property and equipment are recorded at cost and depreciated over their estimated useful lives using the straight-line method (see Note 4). Upon retirement or sale, the cost of assets disposed of and the related accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts and any resulting gain or loss is credited or charged to income. Maintenance and repairs are charged to expense as incurred while expenditures for refurbishments and improvements that significantly add to the productive capacity or extend the useful life of an asset are capitalized. Impairment of Long-Lived Assets The Company periodically assesses the impairment of long-lived assets in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 360, Property Plant and Equipment. Clinical Trial and Pre-Clinical Study Accruals The Company makes estimates of accrued expenses as of each balance sheet date in its financial statements based on the facts and circumstances known to it at that time. Accrued expenses for pre-clinical studies and clinical trials are based on estimates of costs incurred and fees that may be associated with services provided by contract research organizations, clinical trial investigational sites, and other related vendors. Payments under certain contracts with such parties depend on factors such as successful enrollment of patients, site initiation and the completion of milestones. In accruing service fees, management estimates the time period over which services will be performed and the level of effort to be expended in each period. If possible, the Company obtains information regarding unbilled services directly from these service providers. However, the Company may be required to estimate these services based on other information available to it. If the Company underestimates or overestimates the activity or fees associated with a study or service at a given point in time, adjustments to research and development expenses may be necessary in future periods. Historically, estimated accrued liabilities have approximated actual expense incurred. Subsequent changes in estimates may result in a material change in the Company’s accruals. Research and Development The Company expenses the cost of research and development as incurred. Research and development expenses comprise costs incurred in performing research and development activities, including clinical trial costs, manufacturing costs for both clinical and pre-clinical materials as well as other contracted services, license fees, and other external costs. Nonrefundable advance payments for goods and services that will be used in future research and development activities are expensed when the activity is performed or when the goods have been received, rather than when payment is made, in accordance with ASC Topic 730, Research and Development Patent Costs The Company has no historical data to support a probable future economic benefit for the arising patent applications, filing and prosecution costs. Therefore, patent costs are expensed as incurred. Should the Company experience a legal cost to defend a patent in the future, that cost would be capitalized only when it is part of the cost of retaining and obtaining the future economic benefit of the patent. Costs related to an unsuccessful outcome would be expensed. Stock-based Compensation Stock-based compensation cost for stock awards issued to employees, members of the Company’s board of directors and non-employees, is measured at the grant date based on the fair value of the award and is recognized as expense over the required service period, which is generally equal to the vesting period. Stock-based compensation is recognized only for those awards that are ultimately expected to vest. Common stock, stock options or warrants issued to non-employees, including consultants and members of the Company’s Scientific Advisory Board as consideration for goods or services received by the Company, are accounted for based on the fair value of the equity instruments issued unless the fair value consideration received can be more reliably measured. The fair value of stock options is determined using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The fair value of any options issued to non-employees is recorded as expense over the vesting period. See Note 8 for further information. Fair Value Measurements The fair value of the Company’s financial instruments reflects the amounts that it estimates it would receive in connection with the sale of an asset or pay in connection with the transfer of a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date (exit price). The Company discloses and recognizes the fair value of its assets and liabilities using a hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to valuations based upon unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1 measurements) and the lowest priority to valuations based upon unobservable inputs that are significant to the valuation (Level 3 measurements). The guidance establishes three levels of the fair value hierarchy as follows: Level 1 - Inputs that reflect unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that we have the ability to access at the measurement date; Level 2 - Inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the assets or liability either directly or indirectly, including inputs in markets that are not considered to be active; Level 3 - Inputs that are unobservable. Assets and liabilities measured at fair value are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The Company’s assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires management to make judgments and consider factors specific to the asset or liability. The Company recognizes transfers between levels of the fair value hierarchy as of the end of the reporting period. There were no transfers within the hierarchy during the year ended December 31, 2018. A summary of the assets and liabilities carried at fair value in accordance with the hierarchy defined above is as follows: Fair Value Measurements Using Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total December 31, 2018 Assets: Cash and money market fund $ 2,353,825 $ ― $ ― $ 2,353,825 Corporate debt securities ― 6,908,710 ― 6,908,710 Commercial paper ― 2,979,213 ― 2,979,213 Total assets $ 2,353,825 $ 9,887,923 $ ― $ 12,241,748 The Company uses a market approach for determining the fair value of all its Level 1 and Level 2 money market funds and marketable securities. To value its money market funds, the Company values the funds at $1 stable net asset value, which is the market pricing convention for identical assets that the Company has the ability to access. The investments are classified as available-for-sale debt securities. At December 31, 2018, the balance in the Company’s accumulated other comprehensive loss was comprised primarily of activity related to the Company’s available-for-sale debt securities and some activity related to held-to-maturity debt securities. There were no realized gains or losses recognized on the sale or maturity of available-for-sale debt securities for the years ended December 31, 2018 and as a result, the Company did not reclassify any amounts out of accumulated other comprehensive loss for the year. The Company has a limited number of available-for-sale debt securities in insignificant loss positions as of December 31, 2018, which the Company does not intend to sell and has concluded it will not be required to sell before recovery of the amortized cost for the investment at maturity. The following table summarizes the available-for-sale debt securities at December 31, 2018: Amortized Cost Unrealized Gains Unrealized Losses Fair Value Corporate debt securities $ 4,010,003 $ 27 $ (463 ) $ 4,009,567 Commercial paper 2,979,583 72 (442 ) 2,979,213 Total available-for-sale debt securities $ 6,989,586 $ 99 $ (905 ) $ 6,988,780 Convertible Preferred Stock The Company follows authoritative accounting guidance to distinguish liabilities from equity when assessing the classification and measurement of preferred stock. Preferred shares subject to mandatory redemptions are considered liabilities and measured at fair value. Conditionally redeemable preferred shares are considered temporary equity. All other preferred shares are considered as stockholders’ equity. Derivative Financial Instruments The Company does not use derivative instruments to hedge exposures to cash flow, market, or foreign currency risks. Management evaluates all of the Company’s financial instruments, including warrants, to determine if such instruments are derivatives or contain features that qualify as embedded derivatives. The Company generally uses either the Black-Scholes option-pricing model or a Monte Carlo simulation, as applicable, to value the derivative instruments at inception and subsequent valuation dates when needed. The classification of derivative instruments, including whether such instruments should be recorded as liabilities or as equity, is re-assessed at the end of each reporting period. Accounting for Income Taxes Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the expected future consequences of events that have been reflected in the financial statements. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the differences between the book and tax basis of assets and liabilities and operating loss carryforwards, using tax rates expected to be in effect for the years in which the differences are expected to reverse. Such differences arise primarily from stock-based compensation and net operating loss carryforwards. The Company records a valuation allowance to reduce deferred income tax assets when it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax asset will not be realized. Prior to September 15, 2008, the Company was a limited liability company and the Company’s tax losses and credits generally flowed directly to the members. Net Loss Per Share The Company determines basic net loss per share and diluted net loss per share in accordance with the provisions of ASC 260, “Earnings per Share.” Basic net loss per share was calculated by dividing net loss by the weighted-average common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted net loss per share was calculated by dividing net loss by the weighted-average common shares outstanding during the period using the treasury stock method or the two-class method, whichever is more dilutive. The potentially dilutive stock options issued under the 2015 Stock Plan (described in Note 8), Series A, Series B and Series C Convertible Preferred Stock (described in Note 6) and warrants on the Company’s common stock (described in Notes 6 and 7) were not considered in the computation of diluted net loss per share because they would be anti-dilutive. Comprehensive Income (Loss) Comprehensive income (loss) is defined as the change in equity during a period from transactions and other events and circumstances from non-owner sources. The Company is required to record all components of comprehensive loss in the financial statements in the period in which they are recognized. Net income (loss) and other comprehensive loss, including foreign currency translation adjustments and unrealized gains and losses on investments are reported, net of their related tax effect, to arrive at a comprehensive loss. For the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, comprehensive loss comprised of unrealized losses on investments in available-for-sale debt securities and held-to-maturity debt securities. Recent Accounting Pronouncements In February 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) Leases (Topic 842) Targeted Improvements The Company will elect the available package of practical expedients, but not the hindsight practical expedient, and implemented internal controls to enable the preparation of financial information on adoption as of January 1, 2019. The standard will have a material impact on the Company’s balance sheets but will not have an impact on its statements of operations. The most significant impact will be the recognition of a ROU asset and lease liability for the Company’s sole operating lease—the Company has no finance leases. Adoption of the standard will not require the Company to restate previously reported results as it will elect to apply a modified retrospective approach at the beginning of the period of adoption rather than at the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented. In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (“ASU 2016-13”), an amendment which modifies the measurement recognition of credit losses for most financial assets and certain other instruments. The amendment updates the guidance for measuring and recording credit losses on financial assets measured at amortized cost by replacing the “incurred loss” model with an “expected loss” model. Accordingly, these financial assets will be presented at the net amount expected to be collected. The amendment also requires that credit losses related to available-for-sale debt securities be recorded as an allowance through net income rather than reducing the carrying amount under the current, other-than-temporary-impairment model. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted for annual periods after December 15, 2018. The Company does not expect the adoption of this guidance will have a material impact on its financial statements. In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-02, Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220), which allows a reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings for stranded tax effects resulting from the passing of H.R. 1/Public Law No. 115-97, commonly known as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Act”) and requires certain disclosures about stranded tax effects. The amendments in ASU No. 2018-02 are effective beginning in 2019, with early adoption permitted, and may be applied either in the period of adoption or retrospectively to each period in which the effect of the change in the U.S. Federal corporate tax rate in the Act is recognized. The Company does not expect the adoption of this guidance will have an impact on its financial statements. In June 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-07, Improvements to Nonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting Compensation—Stock Compensation Equity—Equity-Based Payments to Non-Employees Revenue from Contracts with Customers In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-13, “Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework — Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement”, an amendment to the accounting guidance on fair value measurements. The guidance modifies the disclosure requirements on fair value measurements, including the removal of disclosures of the amount of and reasons for transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy, the policy for timing of transfers between levels, and the valuation processes for Level 3 fair value measurements. The guidance also adds certain disclosure requirements related to Level 3 fair value measurements. The guidance is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019. The Company does not expect the adoption of this guidance will have a material impact on its financial statements. In August 2018, the SEC adopted the final rule under SEC Release No. 33-10532, Disclosure Update and Simplification, amending certain disclosure requirements that were redundant, duplicative, overlapping, outdated or superseded. In addition, the amendments expanded the disclosure requirements on the analysis of stockholders’ equity for interim financial statements. Under the amendments, an analysis of changes in each caption of stockholders’ equity presented in the balance sheets must be provided in a note or separate statement. The analysis should present a reconciliation of the beginning balance to the ending balance of each period for which a statement of comprehensive income is required to be filed. This final rule is effective on November 5, 2018. However, as provided for by the SEC in Q&A 105.09, the Company will defer presenting its analysis of stockholders’ equity in its quarterly report in Form 10-Q until its quarter ended March 31, 2019. The Company does not expect the adoption of SEC Release No. 33-10532 to have a material impact on its financial position, results of operations or cash flows. Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-01, Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities (“ASU 2016-01”). The amendments in ASU 2016-01 address certain aspects of recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of financial instruments. The Company adopted ASU 2016-01 in the first quarter of 2018. The adoption of this new standard did not have a material impact on the Company’s financial statements. On August 26, 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230), In July 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-11, Earnings Per Share (Topic 260); Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity (Topic 480); Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): (Part I) Accounting for Certain Financial Instruments with Down Round Features, (Part II) Replacement of the Indefinite Deferral for Mandatorily Redeemable Financial Instruments of Certain Nonpublic Entities and Certain Mandatorily Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests with a Scope Exception. In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-04 “ Intangibles – Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Accounting for Goodwill Impairment In May 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-09, “ Stock Compensation – Scope of Modification Accounting” In March 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-05, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Amendments to SEC Paragraphs Pursuant to SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118 Note 7. Income Taxes

Property and Equipment

Property and Equipment	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018
Property, Plant and Equipment [Abstract]
Property and Equipment	NOTE 4 — PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT Property and equipment consists of the following: Estimated Life December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 Computer equipment 5 years $ 15,589 $ 13,582 Furniture and fixtures 7 years 19,158 19,158 Total property and equipment 34,747 32,740 Accumulated depreciation (14,587 ) (8,867 ) Property and equipment, net $ 20,160 $ 23,873 Depreciation expense of approximately $5,700 was recognized for each of the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, and is classified in general and administrative expense in the accompanying Statements of Operations.

Commitments and Contingencies

Commitments and Contingencies	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018
Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]
Commitments and Contingencies	NOTE 5 — COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES Master Services Agreement In May 2018, the Company entered into an Amended and Restated Master Services Agreement (“Service Agreement”) with a clinical research organization (“CRO”), pursuant to which the CRO will perform certain services related to the management and execution of certain clinical trials involving the Company’s lead product candidate, RP-G28. The Services Agreement supersedes the Master Service Agreement, dated August 30, 2016, by and between the Company and the CRO. The precise services to be performed by the CRO under the Services Agreement will be mutually agreed upon by the parties in writing and set forth in one or more task orders. The Company is not obligated to purchase any minimum or specific volume or dollar amount of services under the Services Agreement. The term of the Services Agreement is four years from the effective date of the Service Agreement unless earlier terminated. The Company may terminate the Services Agreement or any task without cause immediately upon giving the CRO notice of such termination. The CRO may terminate a task order if the Company has materially defaulted on its obligations under the Services Agreement or any task order and has not cured such material default with advance notice to the Company, as described in the Services Agreement. Lease Agreement In July 2015, the Company entered into a lease with Century Park, a California limited partnership, pursuant to which we are leasing approximately 2,780 square feet of office space in Los Angeles, California for our headquarters. The lease provides for a term of sixty-one (61) months, commencing on October 1, 2015. We paid no rent for the first month of the term and will pay base rent of $9,174 per month for months 2 through 13 of the term, with increasing base rent for each twelve-month period thereafter under the term of the lease to a maximum of $10,325 per month for months 50 through 61. The base rent payments do not include our proportionate share of any operating expenses, including real estate taxes. We have the option to extend the term of the lease for one five-year term, provided that the rent would be subject to market adjustment at the beginning of the renewal term. We will recognize rent expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Rent expense, recognized on a straight-line basis, was approximately $118,000 and $115,000 for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and is recorded in general and administrative expenses in the accompanying statements of operations. The following table summarizes our lease obligations at December 31, 2018: LEASE COMMITMENTS Years ended December 31, Operating Lease 2019 $ 120,898 2020 103,254 Total minimum lease payments $ 224,152 Legal From time to time, we are party to legal claims and proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of business, which may relate to our operations or assets. These may include disputes and lawsuits related to intellectual property, licensing, contract law and employee relations matters. Periodically, the Company reviews the status of significant matters, if any exist, and assesses its potential financial exposure. If the potential loss from any claim or legal claim is considered probable and the amount can be estimated, the Company accrues a liability for the estimated loss. Legal proceedings are subject to uncertainties, and the outcomes are difficult to predict. Because of such uncertainties, accruals are based on the best information available at the time. As additional information becomes available, the Company reassesses the potential liability related to pending claims and litigation. We do not believe that any individual legal claim or proceeding that is currently pending is material to the Company or that these claims and proceedings in the aggregate are material to the Company.

Stockholders' Equity

Stockholders' Equity	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018
Equity [Abstract]
Stockholders' Equity	NOTE 6— STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY Authorized Shares In September 2017, the Company amended its Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation to authorize the issuance of up to 225,000,000 shares of common stock, $0.001 par value per share, and 15,000,000 shares of preferred stock, $0.001 par value per share. All common share amounts and per share amounts were retroactively restated to reflect a 1-for-10 reverse stock split that was effective March 23, 2018. As of December 31, 2018, the Company had 6,036,562 shares of common stock, 4,080 shares of Series A convertible preferred stock, 5,608 shares of Series B convertible preferred stock and 1,880 shares of Series C convertible preferred stock issued and outstanding. Each share of the Company’s common stock is entitled to one vote, and all shares rank equally as to voting and other matters. Each share of Series A preferred stock is convertible by the holder at $4.00 per share; subject to adjustment for stock splits, stock dividends, subsequent rights offerings, pro rata distributions, and fundamental transactions. Each share of Series B preferred stock is convertible by the holder at $1.30 per share; subject to customary adjustment in the event of future stock dividends and stock splits. Each share of Series C preferred stock is convertible by the holder at $1.64 per share; subject to customary adjustment in the event of future stock dividends and stock splits. Holders are entitled to receive, and the Company shall pay, dividends on outstanding shares of Series A preferred stock, on an as-if-converted-to-common-stock basis, equal to and in the same form as dividends actually paid on outstanding common shares when, as and if such dividends are paid on outstanding common shares. Upon any liquidation, dissolution or winding-up of the Company, whether voluntary or involuntary, the holders of Series A, Series B and Series C preferred stock shall be entitled to receive out of the assets, whether capital or surplus, of the Company the same amount that a holder of common stock would receive if the Series A, Series B and Series C preferred stock were fully converted to common stock, which amounts shall be paid pari passu with all common stockholders. Holders of Series A, Series B and Series C preferred stock have no voting rights. However, as long as any shares of Series A, Series B and Series C preferred stock are outstanding, the Company shall not, without the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the then outstanding shares of Series A, Series B and Series C preferred stock, (a) alter or change adversely the powers, preferences or rights given to the Series A, Series B and Series C preferred stock or alter or amend the applicable Certificate of Designation, (b) amend the Company’s certificate of incorporation or other charter documents in any manner that adversely affects any rights of the holders of Series A, Series B and Series C preferred stock, (c) increase the number of authorized shares of Series A, Series B and Series C preferred stock, or (d) enter into any agreement with respect to any of the foregoing. Aspire Capital Common Stock Purchase Agreement On May 4, 2017, the Company entered into a common stock purchase agreement with Aspire Capital Fund, LLC (“Aspire Capital”), which the Company and Aspire amended and restated on March 29, 2019 (as amended and restated, the “Aspire Purchase Agreement”). The Aspire Purchase Agreement was amended and restated to adjust certain provisions to improve the Company’s access to funding under the agreement. The Company was not required to pay a commitment fee to Aspire Capital to affect the amendment to the Aspire Purchase Agreement. The Company has not made any sales to Aspire under the Aspire Purchase Agreement as of March 29, 2019. The Aspire Purchase Agreement provides access to the Company of up to an aggregate of $6.5 million in proceeds through the sale of shares of its common stock through March 31, 2021. Under the Aspire Purchase Agreement, as amended, on any trading day the Company selects,it has the right, in its sole discretion, to present Aspire Capital with a purchase notice (each, a “Purchase Notice”), directing Aspire Capital (as principal) to purchase up to 100,000 shares of its common stock per trading day (which could be increased by as much as an additional 2,000,000 shares per trading day by mutual agreement), up to an aggregate of $6,500,000 of its common stock, at a per share price (the “Purchase Price”) equal to the lesser of: (i) the lowest sale price of the Company’s common stock on the sale date, or (ii) the arithmetic average of the three lowest closing sale prices for the Company’s common stock during the ten (10) consecutive trading days ending on the trading day immediately preceding the sale date. The aggregate purchase price payable by Aspire Capital on any one purchase date cannot exceed $500,000, unless otherwise mutually agreed. In addition, on any date on which the Company submits a Purchase Notice to Aspire Capital in an amount of at least 100,000 shares and its stock price is not less than $0.25 per share, the Company can also, in its sole discretion, present Aspire Capital with a volume-weighted average price purchase notice (each, a “VWAP Purchase Notice”) directing Aspire Capital to purchase an amount of its common stock equal to up to 30% of the aggregate shares of the Company’s common stock traded on its principal market on the next trading day (the “VWAP Purchase Date”), as determined by the Company. Under the terms of the Aspire Purchase Agreement, the number of shares that can be sold pursuant to Aspire Capital is limited to 1,807,562 (the “Exchange Cap”), which represented 19.99% of the Company’s outstanding shares of common stock as of March 29, 2019, the date the agreement was amended and restated, unless stockholder approval or an exception pursuant to the rules of the NASDAQ Capital Market was obtained to issue more than 19.99%. This limitation would not apply if, at any time the Exchange Cap was reached and at all times thereafter, the average price paid for all shares issued under the Aspire Purchase Agreement was equal to or greater than $0.86 (the “Minimum Price”), which was the closing price of eth Company’s common stock immediately preceding the signing of the agreement. As of March 29, 2019, no shares of common stock have been sold or issued to Aspire Capital under the Aspire Purchase Agreement since May 5, 2017. October 2017 Public Offering On October 3, 2017, the Company closed a public offering, selling an aggregate of (i) 3,455,000 Class A Units consisting of 3,455,000 shares of the Company’s common stock and warrants to purchase 3,455,000 shares of the Company’s common stock at a public offering price of $4.00 per unit, and (ii) 9,180 Class B Units consisting of 9,180 shares of Series A convertible preferred stock, with a stated value of $1,000 per unit, and convertible into an aggregate of 2,295,000 shares of the Company’s common stock, and warrants to purchase an aggregate of 2,295,000 shares of the Company’s common stock. The securities were offered by the Company pursuant to a registration statement filed with the SEC that was declared effective on September 28, 2017. The final prospectus relating to the offering was filed with the SEC on October 2, 2017. The warrants initially had an exercise price of $4.40, were exercisable upon issuance and expire five years from the date of issuance. The warrant agreements provide for an adjustment to the number of common shares issuable under the warrants and/or adjustment to the exercise price, including but not limited to, if: (a) the Company issues shares of common stock as a dividend or distribution to holders of its common stock; (b) the Company subdivides or combines its common stock; or (c) the Company issues new securities at a price less than the exercise price of the warrants. In November 2018, the Company closed a private placement (“PIPE financing”) at a price per share below the exercise price of the warrants resulting in an adjustment of their exercise price from $4.40 to $1.30. In accordance with ASC 2017-11, the Company treated the value of the effect of this down round as a deemed dividend of $1.6 million recognized on the closing date and recorded as a reduction of income available to common stockholders in computing basic and diluted loss per share. The Company granted the underwriters a 45-day option to purchase an additional 862,500 shares of the Company’s common stock and/or warrants to purchase an additional 862,500 shares of the Company’s common stock. At the closing of the offering, the underwriters exercised their over-allotment option for warrants to purchase 297,500 shares of the Company’s common stock. Aggregate gross proceeds to the Company from the public offering were approximately $23.0 million. The Company paid underwriting discounts and commissions of approximately $1.6 million in connection with the offering, and approximately $0.4 million of other expenses in connection with the offering. The Company early adopted the provisions of ASU 2017-11 in recognizing the warrants. As a result, the exercise price reset provisions were excluded from the assessment of whether the warrants are considered indexed to the Company’s own stock. The warrants otherwise meet the requirements for equity classification, and as such were initially classified in Stockholders’ Equity. The Company will recognize the value of the exercise price reset provision if and when it becomes triggered, by recognizing the value of the effect of the exercise price reset as a deemed dividend and a reduction of income available to common stockholders in computing basic earnings per share. The proceeds received in the October 2017 Public Offering were allocated to each instrument on a relative fair value basis. Total proceeds of $23.0 million were allocated as follows: $10.1 million to warrants issued, $7.8 million to Common Stock, and $5.1 million to Series A convertible preferred stock. The allocation resulted in an effective conversion price for the Series A preferred stock that was below the quoted market price of the Company’s common stock on the closing date. As such, the Company recognized a beneficial conversion feature equal to the intrinsic value of the conversion feature on the closing date, resulting in a deemed dividend for the Series A convertible preferred stock of approximately $3.1 million recognized on the closing date. In the nine-month period ended September 30, 2018, holders of 3,180 shares of Series A convertible preferred stock converted their shares of preferred stock into an aggregate of 795,000 shares of common stock at the stated conversion price of $4.00 per share November 2018 Private Placement Financing On November 5, 2018, the Company closed a PIPE financing with certain institutional investors, a key vendor and a member of its board of directors. Net proceeds from the PIPE financing were approximately $5.5 million, after deducting placement agent fees and other offering expenses. The securities sold by the Company consisted of 6,000 shares of a newly designated class of Series B convertible preferred stock of the Company, with a stated value of $1,000 per share and an initial conversion price per share of $1.30 ( subject to customary adjustment for stock dividends and stock splits) and warrants to purchase an aggregate of 2,307,685 shares of the Company’s common stock. Each investor received a warrant to purchase a number of shares of common stock equal to one half the number of shares of common stock into which their Series B convertible preferred stock is initially convertible. The warrants are exercisable immediately for a five-year period and have an exercise price of $1.30 per share (subject to customary adjustment for stock dividends and stock splits but without the down-round protective provisions of previously issued warrants). The proceeds received in the PIPE financing were allocated to each instrument on a relative fair value basis. Total proceeds of $6.0 million were allocated as follows: $1.4 million to warrants issued and $4.6 million to Series B convertible preferred stock. The allocation resulted in an effective conversion price for the Series B preferred stock that was below the quoted market price of the Company’s common stock on the closing date. As such, the issuance was considered a beneficial conversion feature equal to the intrinsic value of the conversion feature on the closing date, resulting in a deemed dividend for the Series B convertible preferred stock of approximately $0.7 million, recognized on the closing date and recorded as a reduction of income available to common stockholders in computing basic and diluted loss per share. Certain investors in the PIPE financing who at the time of closing of the PIPE financing owned shares of the Company’s Series A convertible preferred stock, exchanged, on a 1 for 1 share basis, their shares of Series A convertible preferred stock for shares of a newly designated class of Series C convertible preferred stock of the Company, with a stated value of $1,000 per share and convertible into shares of the Company’s common stock at an initial conversion price per share of $1.64 (subject to customary adjustment for stock dividends and stock splits), (“the Exchange”). As the Series A convertible preferred stock contained a beneficial conversion feature, the Exchange was considered an extinguishment equal to the excess of (a) the fair value of the consideration transferred to the holders of the Series A convertible preferred stock over (b) the carrying amount of the Series A convertible preferred stock on the Company’s balance sheet plus (c) the amount previously recognized for the beneficial conversion feature, or approximately $0.2 million, which was recognized on the closing date and recorded as a reduction of income available to common stockholders in computing basic and diluted loss per share.

Warrants

Warrants	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018
Warrants and Rights Note Disclosure [Abstract]
Warrants	NOTE 7 — WARRANTS Warrants to purchase an aggregate of 8,413,017 shares of the Company’s common stock were outstanding at December 31, 2018. These warrants are all vested and exercisable, have exercise prices ranging from $1.30 to $93.00 per share, with a weighted average exercise price of $1.78, and expire at various dates through November 2023.

Stock-Based Compensation

Stock-Based Compensation	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018
Disclosure of Compensation Related Costs, Share-based Payments [Abstract]
Stock-Based Compensation	NOTE 8 — STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION Equity Incentive Plans The Company has issued equity awards pursuant to its 2015 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2015 Plan”), 2009 Stock Plan and 2008 Stock Plan (collectively the “Plans”). The Plans permit the Company to grant non-statutory stock options, incentive stock options and other equity awards to the Company’s employees, outside directors and consultants; however, incentive stock options may only be granted to the Company’s employees. Beginning June 29, 2015, no further awards may be granted under the 2009 Stock Plan or 2008 Stock Plan. However, to the extent awards under the 2008 Plan or 2009 Plan are forfeited or lapse unexercised or are settled in cash, the common stock subject to such awards will be available for future issuance under the 2015 Plan. In June 2017, the stockholders of the Company approved an amendment to the 2015 Plan at the 2017 annual meeting of stockholders, which among other things, increased the number of shares that may be issued pursuant to awards under the 2015 Plan by 83,800 shares of common stock. In September 2017, the stockholders of the Company approved an amendment to the 2015 Plan at a special meeting of stockholders, which among other things, increased the number of shares that may be issued pursuant to awards under the 2015 Plan by 2,585,871 shares of common stock. As of December 31, 2018, the aggregate number of shares of common stock authorized for issuance under the 2015 Plan, as amended, was 2,750,000, and 2,263,374 shares were available for issuance as of December 31, 2018. The following represents a summary of the options granted to employees and non-employees that are outstanding at December 31, 2018 and changes during the period then ended: Number of Shares Weighted- Average Exercise Price Aggregate Intrinsic Value Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Life (in years) Outstanding at December 31, 2017 254,171 $ 47.43 $ ― 7.3 Options granted 456,718 3.16 ― 8.6 Options forfeited (37,004 ) 3.90 ― ― Outstanding at December 31, 2018 673,885 19.82 ― 8.2 Exercisable at December 31, 2018 290,818 $ 50.19 $ ― 6.9 The exercise price for an option issued under the Plans is determined by the Board of Directors, but will be (i) in the case of an incentive stock option (A) granted to an employee who, at the time of grant of such option, is a 10% stockholder, no less than 110% of the fair market value per share on the date of grant; or (B) granted to any other employee, no less than 100% of the fair market value per share on the date of grant; and (ii) in the case of a non-statutory stock option, no less than 100% of the fair market value per share on the date of grant. The options awarded under the Plans will vest as determined by the Board of Directors but will not exceed a ten-year period. The weighted average grant date fair value per share of options granted during the year ended December 31, 2018 was $0.90. Fair Value of Equity Awards The Company utilizes the Black-Scholes option pricing model to value awards under its Plans. Key valuation assumptions include: ● Expected dividend yield. ● Expected stock-price volatility. ● Risk-free interest rate. ● Expected term. The material factors incorporated in the Black-Scholes model in estimating the fair value of the options granted for the periods presented were as follows (adjusted for 1-for-10 reverse stock split): For the year ended December 31, 2018 2017 Expected dividend yield 0.00 % 0.00 % Expected stock-price volatility 46.47% - 53.11 % 53.08% - 54.08 % Risk-free interest rate 2.46% - 3.07 % 1.89% - 2.58 % Term of options 5 - 10 10 Stock price $ 1.85 - $3.40 $ 0.30 - $3.48 Stock-Based Compensation The Company recognized stock-based compensation expense for services within general and administrative expense in the accompanying statements of operations of approximately $646,000 and $895,000 for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. As of December 31, 2018, there was approximately $469,000 of total unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested stock-based compensation arrangements. This cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.6 years. No stock options were exercised during the year ended December 31, 2018 and 2017.

Related Party Transactions

Related Party Transactions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018
Related Party Transactions [Abstract]
Related Party Transactions	NOTE 10 — RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS A director of the Company is a managing director of Javelin Venture Partners GP, LLC, the general partner of Javelin Venture Partners GP, L.P., which holds a significant investment in the Company’s common stock and warrants. Two directors of the Company have acted as a managing director of Stonehenge Partners, LLC, which holds significant investment in the Company’s common stock. Other than disclosed, the Company has not entered into or been a participant in any transaction in which a related party had or will have a direct or indirect material interest.

Income Taxes

Income Taxes	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
Income Taxes	NOTE 11 — INCOME TAXES As of December 31, 2018, the Company has net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $54 million available to reduce future taxable income, if any, for Federal and state income tax purposes. The U.S. federal and state net operating loss carryforwards will begin to expire in 2028. As of December 31, 2018, the Company has Federal and state research and development credit carryforwards of approximately $2.8 million and $2.3 million, respectively, available to reduce future taxable income, if any, for Federal and state income tax purposes. The Federal credit carryforwards begin to expire in 2029. California credits have no expiration date. Under the Internal Revenue Code (“IRC”) Sections 382 and 383, annual use of the Company’s net operating loss and research tax credit carryforwards to offset taxable income may be limited based on cumulative changes in ownership. The Company has not completed an analysis to determine whether any such limitations have been triggered as of December 31, 2018. The Company has no income tax affect due to the recognition of a full valuation allowance on the expected tax benefits of future loss carry forwards based on uncertainty surrounding realization of such assets. A reconciliation of the statutory income tax rates and the Company’s effective tax rate is as follows: December 31, 2018 2017 Statutory U.S. federal rate 21.0 % 34.0 % State income tax, net of federal benefit 7.0 % 5.8 % Meals & entertainment (0.1 )% (0.2 )% Valuation allowance (27.96 )% (39.76 )% Provision for income taxes 0.0 % 0.0 % The tax effects of the temporary differences and carry forwards that give rise to deferred tax assets consist of the following: As of December 31, 2018 2017 Deferred tax assets: Net operating loss carry forwards $ 15,108,073 $ 10,853,800 Patent costs 382,812 325,615 Accrued Vacation 11,516 21,019 Research and development credit 4,314,813 3,047,985 Stock-based compensation 1,903,104 1,722,380 Other 8,495 6,894 Gross deferred tax assets 21,728,813 15,977,693 Valuation allowance (21,728,813 ) (15,977,693 ) Net deferred tax assets $ — $ — The Company did not record any accruals for income tax accounting uncertainties for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 . Authoritative guidance requires companies to accrue interest and related penalties, if applicable, on all tax positions for which reserves have been established consistent with jurisdictional tax laws. The Company’s policy is to recognize interest and penalties that would be assessed in relation to the settlement value of unrecognized tax benefits as a component of income tax expense. The Company did not accrue either interest or penalties from inception through December 31, 2018. The Company does not have any unrecognized tax benefits that will significantly decrease or increase within 12 months of December 31, 2018. The Company’s major tax jurisdictions are the United States and California. All of the Company’s tax years will remain open three and four years for examination by the Federal and state tax authorities, respectively, from the date of utilization of the net operating loss. The Company does not have any tax audits pending. Regarding 2018 federal tax reform, the Company re-measured certain deferred tax assets and liabilities based on the rates at which they are expected to reverse in the future, which is generally 21%. For certain deferred tax assets, the Company has recorded a decrease of approximately $5.5 million, with a corresponding adjustment to valuation allowance for the year ended December 31, 2018. There is no impact on the tax expense.

Subsequent Event

Subsequent Event	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018
Subsequent Events [Abstract]
Subsequent Event	NOTE 12 — SUBSEQUENT EVENT On May 4, 2017, the Company entered into a common stock purchase agreement with Aspire Capital, which the Company and Aspire amended and restated on March 29, 2019 (as amended and restated, the “Aspire Purchase Agreement”). The Aspire Purchase Agreement was amended and restated to adjust certain provisions to improve the Company’s access to funding under the agreement (see footnote 6).

Summary of Significant Accoun_2

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Use of Estimates	Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates and such differences may be material to the financial statements. The more significant estimates and assumptions by management include among others; the valuation allowance of deferred tax assets resulting from net operating losses and the valuation of options on the Company’s common stock.
Cash and Cash Equivalents	Cash and Cash Equivalents Cash consists of amounts held in financial institutions and consists of immediately available fund balances. The funds are maintained at stable financial institutions, generally at amounts in excess of federally insured limits. Cash equivalents include money market funds and held-to-maturity securities with a maturity date of 90 days or less. As of December 31, 2018, cash and cash equivalents consisted of bank deposits, cash and investments in money market funds and held-to-maturity securities. The Company has not realized any losses.
Investment in Marketable Securities	Investment in Marketable Securities Investment in Marketable Securities is held in a custodial account at a financial institution and managed by the Company’s capital advisors based on the Company’s investment guidelines. All of the Company’s investments in marketable securities are classified as available-for-sale debt securities and are carried at fair value. Interest on these securities, as well as the amortization of discounts and premiums, is included in interest income in the Statements of Operations. The unrealized gains and losses on these securities are excluded from earnings and reported in other comprehensive income until realized, except when it considers declines in value to be other than temporary. Other than temporary impairment losses related to credit losses are considered to be realized losses. When available-for-sale debt securities are sold, the cost of the securities is specifically identified and is used to determine the realized gain or loss. Securities classified as current assets have maturity dates of less than or equal to one year from the balance sheet date.
Property and Equipment	Property and Equipment Property and equipment are recorded at cost and depreciated over their estimated useful lives using the straight-line method (see Note 4). Upon retirement or sale, the cost of assets disposed of and the related accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts and any resulting gain or loss is credited or charged to income. Maintenance and repairs are charged to expense as incurred while expenditures for refurbishments and improvements that significantly add to the productive capacity or extend the useful life of an asset are capitalized.
Impairment of Long-Lived Assets	Impairment of Long-Lived Assets The Company periodically assesses the impairment of long-lived assets in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 360, Property Plant and Equipment.
Clinical Trial and Pre-Clinical Study Accruals	Clinical Trial and Pre-Clinical Study Accruals The Company makes estimates of accrued expenses as of each balance sheet date in its financial statements based on the facts and circumstances known to it at that time. Accrued expenses for pre-clinical studies and clinical trials are based on estimates of costs incurred and fees that may be associated with services provided by contract research organizations, clinical trial investigational sites, and other related vendors. Payments under certain contracts with such parties depend on factors such as successful enrollment of patients, site initiation and the completion of milestones. In accruing service fees, management estimates the time period over which services will be performed and the level of effort to be expended in each period. If possible, the Company obtains information regarding unbilled services directly from these service providers. However, the Company may be required to estimate these services based on other information available to it. If the Company underestimates or overestimates the activity or fees associated with a study or service at a given point in time, adjustments to research and development expenses may be necessary in future periods. Historically, estimated accrued liabilities have approximated actual expense incurred. Subsequent changes in estimates may result in a material change in the Company’s accruals.
Research and Development	Research and Development The Company expenses the cost of research and development as incurred. Research and development expenses comprise costs incurred in performing research and development activities, including clinical trial costs, manufacturing costs for both clinical and pre-clinical materials as well as other contracted services, license fees, and other external costs. Nonrefundable advance payments for goods and services that will be used in future research and development activities are expensed when the activity is performed or when the goods have been received, rather than when payment is made, in accordance with ASC Topic 730, Research and Development
Patent Costs	Patent Costs The Company has no historical data to support a probable future economic benefit for the arising patent applications, filing and prosecution costs. Therefore, patent costs are expensed as incurred. Should the Company experience a legal cost to defend a patent in the future, that cost would be capitalized only when it is part of the cost of retaining and obtaining the future economic benefit of the patent. Costs related to an unsuccessful outcome would be expensed.
Stock-based Compensation	Stock-based Compensation Stock-based compensation cost for stock awards issued to employees, members of the Company’s board of directors and non-employees, is measured at the grant date based on the fair value of the award and is recognized as expense over the required service period, which is generally equal to the vesting period. Stock-based compensation is recognized only for those awards that are ultimately expected to vest. Common stock, stock options or warrants issued to non-employees, including consultants and members of the Company’s Scientific Advisory Board as consideration for goods or services received by the Company, are accounted for based on the fair value of the equity instruments issued unless the fair value consideration received can be more reliably measured. The fair value of stock options is determined using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The fair value of any options issued to non-employees is recorded as expense over the vesting period. See Note 8 for further information.
Fair Value Measurements	Fair Value Measurements The fair value of the Company’s financial instruments reflects the amounts that it estimates it would receive in connection with the sale of an asset or pay in connection with the transfer of a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date (exit price). The Company discloses and recognizes the fair value of its assets and liabilities using a hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to valuations based upon unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1 measurements) and the lowest priority to valuations based upon unobservable inputs that are significant to the valuation (Level 3 measurements). The guidance establishes three levels of the fair value hierarchy as follows: Level 1 - Inputs that reflect unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that we have the ability to access at the measurement date; Level 2 - Inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the assets or liability either directly or indirectly, including inputs in markets that are not considered to be active; Level 3 - Inputs that are unobservable. Assets and liabilities measured at fair value are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The Company’s assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires management to make judgments and consider factors specific to the asset or liability. The Company recognizes transfers between levels of the fair value hierarchy as of the end of the reporting period. There were no transfers within the hierarchy during the year ended December 31, 2018. A summary of the assets and liabilities carried at fair value in accordance with the hierarchy defined above is as follows: Fair Value Measurements Using Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total December 31, 2018 Assets: Cash and money market fund $ 2,353,825 $ ― $ ― $ 2,353,825 Corporate debt securities ― 6,908,710 ― 6,908,710 Commercial paper ― 2,979,213 ― 2,979,213 Total assets $ 2,353,825 $ 9,887,923 $ ― $ 12,241,748 The Company uses a market approach for determining the fair value of all its Level 1 and Level 2 money market funds and marketable securities. To value its money market funds, the Company values the funds at $1 stable net asset value, which is the market pricing convention for identical assets that the Company has the ability to access. The investments are classified as available-for-sale debt securities. At December 31, 2018, the balance in the Company’s accumulated other comprehensive loss was comprised primarily of activity related to the Company’s available-for-sale debt securities and some activity related to held-to-maturity debt securities. There were no realized gains or losses recognized on the sale or maturity of available-for-sale debt securities for the years ended December 31, 2018 and as a result, the Company did not reclassify any amounts out of accumulated other comprehensive loss for the year. The Company has a limited number of available-for-sale debt securities in insignificant loss positions as of December 31, 2018, which the Company does not intend to sell and has concluded it will not be required to sell before recovery of the amortized cost for the investment at maturity. The following table summarizes the available-for-sale debt securities at December 31, 2018: Amortized Cost Unrealized Gains Unrealized Losses Fair Value Corporate debt securities $ 4,010,003 $ 27 $ (463 ) $ 4,009,567 Commercial paper 2,979,583 72 (442 ) 2,979,213 Total available-for-sale debt securities $ 6,989,586 $ 99 $ (905 ) $ 6,988,780
Convertible Preferred Stock	Convertible Preferred Stock The Company follows authoritative accounting guidance to distinguish liabilities from equity when assessing the classification and measurement of preferred stock. Preferred shares subject to mandatory redemptions are considered liabilities and measured at fair value. Conditionally redeemable preferred shares are considered temporary equity. All other preferred shares are considered as stockholders’ equity.
Derivative Financial Instruments	Derivative Financial Instruments The Company does not use derivative instruments to hedge exposures to cash flow, market, or foreign currency risks. Management evaluates all of the Company’s financial instruments, including warrants, to determine if such instruments are derivatives or contain features that qualify as embedded derivatives. The Company generally uses either the Black-Scholes option-pricing model or a Monte Carlo simulation, as applicable, to value the derivative instruments at inception and subsequent valuation dates when needed. The classification of derivative instruments, including whether such instruments should be recorded as liabilities or as equity, is re-assessed at the end of each reporting period.
Accounting for Income Taxes	Accounting for Income Taxes Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the expected future consequences of events that have been reflected in the financial statements. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the differences between the book and tax basis of assets and liabilities and operating loss carryforwards, using tax rates expected to be in effect for the years in which the differences are expected to reverse. Such differences arise primarily from stock-based compensation and net operating loss carryforwards. The Company records a valuation allowance to reduce deferred income tax assets when it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax asset will not be realized. Prior to September 15, 2008, the Company was a limited liability company and the Company’s tax losses and credits generally flowed directly to the members.
Net Loss Per Share	Net Loss Per Share The Company determines basic net loss per share and diluted net loss per share in accordance with the provisions of ASC 260, “Earnings per Share.” Basic net loss per share was calculated by dividing net loss by the weighted-average common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted net loss per share was calculated by dividing net loss by the weighted-average common shares outstanding during the period using the treasury stock method or the two-class method, whichever is more dilutive. The potentially dilutive stock options issued under the 2015 Stock Plan (described in Note 8), Series A, Series B and Series C Convertible Preferred Stock (described in Note 6) and warrants on the Company’s common stock (described in Notes 6 and 7) were not considered in the computation of diluted net loss per share because they would be anti-dilutive.
Comprehensive Income (Loss)	Comprehensive Income (Loss) Comprehensive income (loss) is defined as the change in equity during a period from transactions and other events and circumstances from non-owner sources. The Company is required to record all components of comprehensive loss in the financial statements in the period in which they are recognized. Net income (loss) and other comprehensive loss, including foreign currency translation adjustments and unrealized gains and losses on investments are reported, net of their related tax effect, to arrive at a comprehensive loss. For the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, comprehensive loss comprised of unrealized losses on investments in available-for-sale debt securities and held-to-maturity debt securities.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements	Recent Accounting Pronouncements In February 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) Leases (Topic 842) Targeted Improvements The Company will elect the available package of practical expedients, but not the hindsight practical expedient, and implemented internal controls to enable the preparation of financial information on adoption as of January 1, 2019. The standard will have a material impact on the Company’s balance sheets but will not have an impact on its statements of operations. The most significant impact will be the recognition of a ROU asset and lease liability for the Company’s sole operating lease—the Company has no finance leases. Adoption of the standard will not require the Company to restate previously reported results as it will elect to apply a modified retrospective approach at the beginning of the period of adoption rather than at the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented. In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (“ASU 2016-13”), an amendment which modifies the measurement recognition of credit losses for most financial assets and certain other instruments. The amendment updates the guidance for measuring and recording credit losses on financial assets measured at amortized cost by replacing the “incurred loss” model with an “expected loss” model. Accordingly, these financial assets will be presented at the net amount expected to be collected. The amendment also requires that credit losses related to available-for-sale debt securities be recorded as an allowance through net income rather than reducing the carrying amount under the current, other-than-temporary-impairment model. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted for annual periods after December 15, 2018. The Company does not expect the adoption of this guidance will have a material impact on its financial statements. In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-02, Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220), which allows a reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings for stranded tax effects resulting from the passing of H.R. 1/Public Law No. 115-97, commonly known as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Act”) and requires certain disclosures about stranded tax effects. The amendments in ASU No. 2018-02 are effective beginning in 2019, with early adoption permitted, and may be applied either in the period of adoption or retrospectively to each period in which the effect of the change in the U.S. Federal corporate tax rate in the Act is recognized. The Company does not expect the adoption of this guidance will have an impact on its financial statements. In June 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-07, Improvements to Nonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting Compensation—Stock Compensation Equity—Equity-Based Payments to Non-Employees Revenue from Contracts with Customers In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-13, “Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework — Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement”, an amendment to the accounting guidance on fair value measurements. The guidance modifies the disclosure requirements on fair value measurements, including the removal of disclosures of the amount of and reasons for transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy, the policy for timing of transfers between levels, and the valuation processes for Level 3 fair value measurements. The guidance also adds certain disclosure requirements related to Level 3 fair value measurements. The guidance is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019. The Company does not expect the adoption of this guidance will have a material impact on its financial statements. In August 2018, the SEC adopted the final rule under SEC Release No. 33-10532, Disclosure Update and Simplification, amending certain disclosure requirements that were redundant, duplicative, overlapping, outdated or superseded. In addition, the amendments expanded the disclosure requirements on the analysis of stockholders’ equity for interim financial statements. Under the amendments, an analysis of changes in each caption of stockholders’ equity presented in the balance sheets must be provided in a note or separate statement. The analysis should present a reconciliation of the beginning balance to the ending balance of each period for which a statement of comprehensive income is required to be filed. This final rule is effective on November 5, 2018. However, as provided for by the SEC in Q&A 105.09, the Company will defer presenting its analysis of stockholders’ equity in its quarterly report in Form 10-Q until its quarter ended March 31, 2019. The Company does not expect the adoption of SEC Release No. 33-10532 to have a material impact on its financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements	Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-01, Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities (“ASU 2016-01”). The amendments in ASU 2016-01 address certain aspects of recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of financial instruments. The Company adopted ASU 2016-01 in the first quarter of 2018. The adoption of this new standard did not have a material impact on the Company’s financial statements. On August 26, 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230), In July 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-11, Earnings Per Share (Topic 260); Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity (Topic 480); Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): (Part I) Accounting for Certain Financial Instruments with Down Round Features, (Part II) Replacement of the Indefinite Deferral for Mandatorily Redeemable Financial Instruments of Certain Nonpublic Entities and Certain Mandatorily Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests with a Scope Exception. In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-04 “ Intangibles – Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Accounting for Goodwill Impairment In May 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-09, “ Stock Compensation – Scope of Modification Accounting” In March 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-05, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Amendments to SEC Paragraphs Pursuant to SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118 Note 7. Income Taxes

Summary of Significant Accoun_3

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Schedule of Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities	A summary of the assets and liabilities carried at fair value in accordance with the hierarchy defined above is as follows: Fair Value Measurements Using Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total December 31, 2018 Assets: Cash and money market fund $ 2,353,825 $ ― $ ― $ 2,353,825 Corporate debt securities ― 6,908,710 ― 6,908,710 Commercial paper ― 2,979,213 ― 2,979,213 Total assets $ 2,353,825 $ 9,887,923 $ ― $ 12,241,748
Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities	The following table summarizes the available-for-sale debt securities at December 31, 2018: Amortized Cost Unrealized Gains Unrealized Losses Fair Value Corporate debt securities $ 4,010,003 $ 27 $ (463 ) $ 4,009,567 Commercial paper 2,979,583 72 (442 ) 2,979,213 Total available-for-sale debt securities $ 6,989,586 $ 99 $ (905 ) $ 6,988,780

Property and Equipment (Tables)

Property and Equipment (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018
Property, Plant and Equipment [Abstract]
Schedule of Property and Equipment	Property and equipment consists of the following: Estimated Life December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 Computer equipment 5 years $ 15,589 $ 13,582 Furniture and fixtures 7 years 19,158 19,158 Total property and equipment 34,747 32,740 Accumulated depreciation (14,587 ) (8,867 ) Property and equipment, net $ 20,160 $ 23,873

Commitments and Contingencies (

Commitments and Contingencies (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018
Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]
Summarized Operating Lease Obligations	The following table summarizes our lease obligations at December 31, 2018: LEASE COMMITMENTS Years ended December 31, Operating Lease 2019 $ 120,898 2020 103,254 Total minimum lease payments $ 224,152

Stock-Based Compensation (Table

Stock-Based Compensation (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018
Disclosure of Compensation Related Costs, Share-based Payments [Abstract]
Summary of Stock Option Activity	The following represents a summary of the options granted to employees and non-employees that are outstanding at December 31, 2018 and changes during the period then ended: Number of Shares Weighted- Average Exercise Price Aggregate Intrinsic Value Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Life (in years) Outstanding at December 31, 2017 254,171 $ 47.43 $ ― 7.3 Options granted 456,718 3.16 ― 8.6 Options forfeited (37,004 ) 3.90 ― ― Outstanding at December 31, 2018 673,885 19.82 ― 8.2 Exercisable at December 31, 2018 290,818 $ 50.19 $ ― 6.9
Schedule of Assumptions Used in Black-Scholes Option-pricing Method	The material factors incorporated in the Black-Scholes model in estimating the fair value of the options granted for the periods presented were as follows (adjusted for 1-for-10 reverse stock split): For the year ended December 31, 2018 2017 Expected dividend yield 0.00 % 0.00 % Expected stock-price volatility 46.47% - 53.11 % 53.08% - 54.08 % Risk-free interest rate 2.46% - 3.07 % 1.89% - 2.58 % Term of options 5 - 10 10 Stock price $ 1.85 - $3.40 $ 0.30 - $3.48

Income Taxes (Tables)

Income Taxes (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
Schedule of Reconciliation of Statutory Income Tax Rate	A reconciliation of the statutory income tax rates and the Company’s effective tax rate is as follows: December 31, 2018 2017 Statutory U.S. federal rate 21.0 % 34.0 % State income tax, net of federal benefit 7.0 % 5.8 % Meals & entertainment (0.1 )% (0.2 )% Valuation allowance (27.96 )% (39.76 )% Provision for income taxes 0.0 % 0.0 %
Schedule of Deferred Tax Assets	The tax effects of the temporary differences and carry forwards that give rise to deferred tax assets consist of the following: As of December 31, 2018 2017 Deferred tax assets: Net operating loss carry forwards $ 15,108,073 $ 10,853,800 Patent costs 382,812 325,615 Accrued Vacation 11,516 21,019 Research and development credit 4,314,813 3,047,985 Stock-based compensation 1,903,104 1,722,380 Other 8,495 6,894 Gross deferred tax assets 21,728,813 15,977,693 Valuation allowance (21,728,813 ) (15,977,693 ) Net deferred tax assets $ — $ —

Basis of Presentation (Details

Basis of Presentation (Details Narrative) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]
Net loss	$ (16,868,711)	$ (7,863,858)
Net cash used in operating activities	(13,332,927)	(7,397,912)
Working capital	9,300,000
Accumulated deficit	(70,200,145)	(53,331,434)
Cash and cash equivalents	7,812,259	$ 22,631,971	$ 7,046,282
Investment in short-term marketable debt securities	$ 7,000,000

Summary of Significant Accoun_4

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Details Narrative) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Estimated useful lives for plant and equipment, description	straight-line method
Impairment charges

Summary of Significant Accoun_5

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Schedule of Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities (Details)	Dec. 31, 2018USD ($)
Total assets	$ 12,241,748
Cash and Money Market Fund [Member]
Total assets	2,353,825
Corporate Debt Securities [Member]
Total assets	6,908,710
Commercial Paper [Member]
Total assets	2,979,213
Level 1 [Member]
Total assets	2,353,825
Level 1 [Member] | Cash and Money Market Fund [Member]
Total assets	2,353,825
Level 1 [Member] | Corporate Debt Securities [Member]
Total assets
Level 1 [Member] | Commercial Paper [Member]
Total assets
Level 2 [Member]
Total assets	9,887,923
Level 2 [Member] | Cash and Money Market Fund [Member]
Total assets
Level 2 [Member] | Corporate Debt Securities [Member]
Total assets	6,908,710
Level 2 [Member] | Commercial Paper [Member]
Total assets	2,979,213
Level 3 [Member]
Total assets
Level 3 [Member] | Cash and Money Market Fund [Member]
Total assets
Level 3 [Member] | Corporate Debt Securities [Member]
Total assets
Level 3 [Member] | Commercial Paper [Member]
Total assets

Summary of Significant Accoun_6

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Schedule of Available-for-sale Securities (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018USD ($)
Corporate Debt Securities [Member]
Amortized Cost	$ 4,010,003
Unrealized Gains	27
Unrealized Losses	(463)
Fair Value	4,009,567
Commercial Paper [Member]
Amortized Cost	2,979,583
Unrealized Gains	72
Unrealized Losses	(442)
Fair Value	2,979,213
Available-for-sale Securities [Member]
Amortized Cost	6,989,586
Unrealized Gains	99
Unrealized Losses	(905)
Fair Value	$ 6,988,780

Property and Equipment (Details

Property and Equipment (Details Narrative) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Property, Plant and Equipment [Abstract]
Depreciation expense	$ 5,721	$ 5,720

Property and Equipment - Schedu

Property and Equipment - Schedule of Property and Equipment (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Total property and equipment	$ 34,747	$ 32,740
Accumulated depreciation	(14,587)	(8,867)
Property and equipment, net	$ 20,160	23,873
Computers Equipment [Member]
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Estimated Life	5 years
Total property and equipment	$ 15,589	13,582
Furniture and Fixtures [Member]
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Estimated Life	7 years
Total property and equipment	$ 19,158	$ 19,158

Commitments and Contingencies_2

Commitments and Contingencies (Details Narrative)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2017USD ($)	Jul. 09, 2015ft²
Lease agreement term	5 years
Rent expense	$ 118,000	$ 115,000
Lease, option to extend	We have the option to extend the term of the lease for one five-year term, provided that the rent would be subject to market adjustment at the beginning of the renewal term. We will recognize rent expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term.
Century Park [Member]
Area of lease | ft²			2,780
Lease agreement term			61 months
Months 2 Through 13 [Member]
Rent expense	$ 9,174
Lease term description	Months 2 through 13 of the term
Months 50 Through 61 [Member]
Rent expense	$ 10,325
Lease term description	Months 50 through 61

Commitments and Contingencies -

Commitments and Contingencies - Summarized Operating Lease Obligations (Details)	Dec. 31, 2018USD ($)
Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]
2019	$ 120,898
2020	103,254
Total minimum lease payments	$ 224,152

Stockholders' Equity (Details N

Stockholders' Equity (Details Narrative) - USD ($)	Nov. 05, 2018	Mar. 23, 2018	Oct. 03, 2017	Sep. 30, 2018	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2018	Oct. 31, 2017	Sep. 30, 2017
Common stock, shares authorized					225,000,000	25,000,000	225,000,000		225,000,000
Common stock, par value					$ 0.001	$ 0.001	$ 0.001		$ 0.001
Preferred stock, shares authorized									15,000,000
Preferred stock, par value									$ 0.001
Reverse split stock		1-for-10 reverse stock split			1-for-10 reverse stock
Common stock, shares issued					6,036,562	4,940,652	6,036,562
Preferred stock voting, description					Each share of the Company's common stock is entitled to one vote, and all shares rank equally as to voting and other matters.
Payments to acquire common stock					$ 6,968,991
Warrant exercise price per share					$ 1.78		$ 1.78
Number of options granted to purchase shares of common stock					456,718
Additional warrants to purchase					8,413,017		8,413,017
Number of options exercised to purchase shares of common stock
Proceeds from public offering						$ 23,029,750
Deemed dividend on preferred stock					2,537,844	3,111,020
Gross proceeds from closing of private placement					$ 6,000,000
Exercise price per share					$ 1.78		$ 1.78
October 2017 Public Offering [Member]
Number of options granted to purchase shares of common stock			862,500
Number of options exercised to purchase shares of common stock			297,500
Proceeds from public offering			$ 23,000,000
Underwriting discounts and commissions			1,600,000
Other expenses with offering			400,000
Deemed dividend			$ 1,600,000
October 2017 Public Offering [Member] | Capital Unit, Class A [Member]
Shares of common stock sold, per share			$ 4
Number of common shares sold			3,455,000
Number of warrants to purchase common stock			3,455,000
October 2017 Public Offering [Member] | Capital Unit, Class B [Member]
Number of common shares sold			9,180
PIPE Financing [Member] | November 2018 Private Placement Financing [Member]
Number of warrants to purchase common stock	2,307,685
Gross proceeds from closing of private placement	$ 5,500,000
2017 Aspire Purchase Agreement [Member] | March 2019 [Member]
Shares of common stock sold, per share					$ 0.25		$ 0.25
Number of common shares sold					100,000
Number of common shares sold, value					$ 6,500,000
Number of shares possible increase per trading day					2,000,000
Aggreegate percentage of shares, direction under purchase notice					$ 30
Number of common stock may be sold					1,807,562
Percentage for common stock outstanding					19.99%
2017 Aspire Purchase Agreement [Member] | March 2019 [Member] | Maximum [Member]
Maximum purchase price payable on one purchase date					$ 500,000		$ 500,000
Percentage for common stock outstanding					19.99%
2017 Aspire Purchase Agreement [Member] | March 2019 [Member] | Minimum [Member]
Minimum number of shares to be purchased under purchase notice					100,000
Minimum stock price under purchase notice					$ 0.25
Average price paid					$ 0.86
2017 Aspire Purchase Agreement [Member] | Aspire Capital Fund LLC [Member]
Aggregate of shares issued during period
2017 Aspire Purchase Agreement [Member] | Aspire Capital Fund LLC [Member] | March 31, 20121 [Member]
Payments to acquire common stock					$ 6,500,000
Warrant [Member] | October 2017 Public Offering [Member]
Number of common shares sold			3,455,000
Number of warrants to purchase common stock			2,295,000
Warrant exercise price per share			$ 4.40
Additional warrants to purchase			862,500
Proceeds from public offering			$ 10,100,000
Warrant term			5 years
Exercise price per share			$ 4.40
Warrant [Member] | PIPE Financing [Member] | November 2018 Private Placement Financing [Member]
Warrant exercise price per share	$ 1.30
Warrant term	5 years
Exercise price per share	$ 1.30
Warrant [Member] | Private Placement [Member] | Maximum [Member] | October 2017 Public Offering [Member]
Warrant exercise price per share								$ 4.40
Exercise price per share								4.40
Warrant [Member] | Private Placement [Member] | Minimum [Member] | October 2017 Public Offering [Member]
Warrant exercise price per share								1.30
Exercise price per share								$ 1.30
Series A Preferred Stock [Member]
Preferred stock, shares authorized					15,000,000	15,000,000	15,000,000
Preferred stock, par value					$ 0.001	$ 0.001	$ 0.001
Preferred stock, shares issued					4,080	9,140	4,080
Preferred stock, shares outstanding					4,080	9,140	4,080
Preferred stock convertible into common stock conversion price per share					$ 4
Conversion of stock, shares converted						(40)
Series B Preferred Stock [Member]
Preferred stock, shares authorized					6,000	6,000	6,000
Preferred stock, par value					$ 0.001	$ 0.001	$ 0.001
Preferred stock, shares issued					5,608	0	5,608
Preferred stock, shares outstanding					5,608	0	5,608
Preferred stock convertible into common stock conversion price per share					$ 1.30
Conversion of stock, shares converted
Series C Preferred Stock [Member]
Preferred stock, shares authorized					1,880	1,880	1,880
Preferred stock, par value					$ 0.001	$ 0.001	$ 0.001
Preferred stock, shares issued					1,880	0	1,880
Preferred stock, shares outstanding					1,880	0	1,880
Preferred stock convertible into common stock conversion price per share					$ 1.64
Conversion of stock, shares converted
Series A Convertible Preferred Stock [Member]
Preferred stock convertible into common stock conversion price per share				$ 4
Number of common shares sold				3,180
Conversion of stock, shares converted				795,000
Series A Convertible Preferred Stock [Member] | October 2017 Public Offering [Member]
Preferred stock, par value			$ 1,000
Number of common shares sold			9,180
Conversion of stock, shares converted			2,295,000
Proceeds from public offering			$ 5,100,000
Series A Convertible Preferred Stock [Member] | PIPE Financing [Member] | November 2018 Private Placement Financing [Member]
Preferred stock exchange description	Certain investors in the PIPE financing who at the time of closing of the PIPE financing owned shares of the Company's Series A convertible preferred stock, exchanged, on a 1 for 1 share basis, their shares of Series A convertible preferred stock for shares of a newly designated class of Series C convertible preferred stock of the Company, with a stated value of $1,000 per share and convertible into shares of the Company's common stock at an initial conversion price per share of $1.64 (subject to customary adjustment for stock dividends and stock splits), ("the Exchange")..
Common Stock [Member] | October 2017 Public Offering [Member]
Proceeds from public offering			$ 7,800,000
Series A Convertible Preferred Stock [Member] | PIPE Financing [Member] | November 2018 Private Placement Financing [Member]
Preferred stock, par value	$ 1,000
Preferred stock convertible into common stock conversion price per share	$ 1.30
Number of common shares sold	6,000
Series C Convertible Preferred Stock [Member] | PIPE Financing [Member] | November 2018 Private Placement Financing [Member]
Preferred stock, par value	$ 1,000
Preferred stock convertible into common stock conversion price per share	$ 1.64
Deemed dividend on preferred stock	$ 700,000
Beneficial conversion feature price	$ 200,000

Warrants (Details Narrative)

Warrants (Details Narrative) - $ / shares	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Issuance of warrants to purchase of common stock shares	8,413,017
Weighted average exercise price	$ 1.78
Warrant expiration date	Nov. 30, 2023
Minimum [Member]
Warrants exercise prices ranging	$ 1.30
Maximum [Member]
Warrants exercise prices ranging		$ 93

Stock-Based Compensation (Detai

Stock-Based Compensation (Details Narrative) - USD ($)	Mar. 23, 2018	Sep. 30, 2017	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Jun. 30, 2017
Weighted average grant date fair value per share of options granted			$ 0.90
Expected dividend yield			$ 0
Reverse split stock	1-for-10 reverse stock split		1-for-10 reverse stock
Stock based compensation expense			$ 645,823	$ 895,498
Unrecognized compensation cost related to un-vested stock based compensation			$ 469,000
Weighted average period of compensation cost expected to be recognized			1 year 6 months
Number of stock options exercised
2015 Equity Incentive Plan [Member]
Number of common stock shares authorized for issuance			2,750,000
Number of common stock available for issuance			2,697,950
2015 Equity Incentive Plan [Member] | Employee Stock Option [Member]
Aggregate number of shares of common stock authorized to issue					83,800
Common stock shares issued		2,585,871
2015 Stock Plan [Member] | Employee Stock Option [Member]
Stock option description			The exercise price for an option issued under the Plans is determined by the Board of Directors, but will be (i) in the case of an incentive stock option (A) granted to an employee who, at the time of grant of such option, is a 10% stockholder, no less than 110% of the fair market value per share on the date of grant; or (B) granted to any other employee, no less than 100% of the fair market value per share on the date of grant; and (ii) in the case of a non-statutory stock option, no less than 100% of the fair market value per share on the date of grant. The options awarded under the Plans will vest as determined by the Board of Directors but will not exceed a ten-year period.
Vesting period of options			10 years

Stock-Based Compensation - Summ

Stock-Based Compensation - Summary of Stock Option Activity (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018USD ($)$ / sharesshares
Disclosure of Compensation Related Costs, Share-based Payments [Abstract]
Number of Shares, Options Outstanding, Beginning | shares	254,171
Number of Shares, Options Granted | shares	456,718
Number of Shares, Options Forfeited | shares	(37,004)
Number of Shares, Options Outstanding at Ending | shares	673,885
Number of Shares, Options Exercisable | shares	290,818
Weighted Average Exercise Price, Outstanding, Beginning	$ 47.43
Weighted Average Exercise Price, Options Granted	3.16
Weighted Average Exercise Price, Options Forfeited	3.90
Weighted Average Exercise Price, Outstanding at Ending	19.82
Weighted Average Exercise Price, Options Exercisable	$ 50.19
Aggregate Intrinsic Value, Outstanding, Beginning | $
Aggregate Intrinsic Value, Options Granted
Aggregate Intrinsic Value, Options Forfeited
Aggregate Intrinsic Value, Outstanding at Ending | $
Aggregate Intrinsic Value, Options Exercisable | $
Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Life (in Years), Outstanding, Beginning	7 years 3 months 19 days
Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Life (in Years), Options Granted	8 years 7 months 6 days
Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Life (in Years), Outstanding at Ending	8 years 2 months 12 days
Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Life (in Years), Options Exercisable	6 years 10 months 25 days

Stock-Based Compensation - Sche

Stock-Based Compensation - Schedule of Assumptions Used in Black-Scholes Option-pricing Method (Details) - $ / shares	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Expected dividend yield	0.00%	0.00%
Expected stock-price volatility, minimum	46.47%	53.08%
Expected stock-price volatility, maximum	53.11%	54.08%
Risk-free interest rate, minimum	2.46%	1.89%
Risk-free interest rate, maximum	3.07%	2.58%
Term of options		10 years
Minimum [Member]
Term of options	5 years
Stock price	$ 1.85	$ 0.30
Maximum [Member]
Term of options	10 years
Stock price	$ 3.40	$ 3.48

Income Taxes (Details Narrative

Income Taxes (Details Narrative) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Operating loss carryforwards	$ 54,000,000
Operating loss carryforwards expire year	2028
Accruals for income tax accounting uncertainties
Interest or penalties
Unrecognized tax benefits decrease or increase during period
Deferred tax assets percentage	21.00%
Valuation allowance deferred tax assets	$ 5,500,000
Federal [Member]
Research and development credit carryforwards	$ 2,800,000
Research and development credit carryforwards expire year	2029
State [Member]
Research and development credit carryforwards	$ 2,300,000

Income Taxes - Schedule of Reco

Income Taxes - Schedule of Reconciliation of Statutory Income Tax Rate (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
Statutory U.S. federal rate	21.00%	34.00%
State income tax, net of federal benefit	7.00%	5.80%
Meals & entertainment	(0.10%)	(0.20%)
Valuation allowance	(27.96%)	(39.76%)
Provision for income taxes	0.00%	0.00%

Income Taxes - Schedule of Defe

Income Taxes - Schedule of Deferred Tax Assets (Details) - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
Net operating loss carry forwards	$ 15,108,073	$ 10,853,800
Patent costs	382,812	325,615
Accrued vacation	11,516	21,019
Research and development credit	4,314,813	3,047,985
Stock based compensation	1,903,104	1,722,380
Other	8,495	6,894
Gross deferred tax assets	21,728,813	15,977,693
Valuation allowance	(21,728,813)	(15,977,693)
Net deferred tax assets