Fair Value | Note 7— Fair Value The Company’s consolidated financial statements include assets and liabilities that are measured at or based on their fair values. Measurement at or based on fair value may be on a recurring or nonrecurring basis depending on the accounting principles applicable to the specific asset or liability and whether the Company has elected to carry the item at its fair value as discussed in the following paragraphs. The Company groups its assets and liabilities at fair value in three levels, based on the markets in which the assets and liabilities are traded and the observability of the inputs used to determine fair value. These levels are: • Level 1—Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. • Level 2—Prices determined using other significant observable inputs. Observable inputs are inputs that other market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability and are developed based on market data obtained from sources independent of the Company. • Level 3—Prices determined using significant unobservable inputs. In situations where significant observable inputs are unavailable, unobservable inputs may be used. Unobservable inputs reflect the Company’s own judgments about the factors that market participants use in pricing an asset or liability, and are based on the best information available in the circumstances. As a result of the difficulty in observing certain significant valuation inputs affecting “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities, the Company is required to make judgments regarding these items’ fair values. Different persons in possession of the same facts may reasonably arrive at different conclusions as to the inputs to be applied in valuing these assets and liabilities and their fair values. Such differences may result in significantly different fair value measurements. Likewise, due to the general illiquidity of some of these assets and liabilities, subsequent transactions may be at values significantly different from those reported. The Company reclassifies its assets and liabilities between levels of the fair value hierarchy when the inputs required to establish fair value at a level of the fair value hierarchy are no longer readily available, requiring the use of lower-level inputs, or when the inputs required to establish fair value at a higher level of the hierarchy become available. Fair Value Accounting Elections The Company identified all of PMT’s non-cash financial assets and MSRs to be accounted for at fair value. The Company has elected to account for these assets at fair value so such changes in fair value will be reflected in income as they occur and more timely reflect the results of the Company’s performance. The Company identified PMT’s asset-backed financings of VIEs and interest only security payable to be accounted for at fair value to reflect the generally offsetting changes in fair value of these borrowings to changes in fair value of the assets at fair value collateralizing these financings. For other borrowings, the Company has determined that historical cost accounting is more appropriate because under this method debt issuance costs are amortized over the term of the debt facilities, thereby matching the debt issuance cost to the periods benefiting from the availability of these facilities. Financial Statement Items Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis Following is a summary of financial statement items that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis: September 30, 2023 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total (in thousands) Assets: Short-term investments $ 150,059 $ — $ — $ 150,059 Mortgage-backed securities at fair value — 4,562,437 103,533 4,665,970 Loans acquired for sale at fair value — 1,020,848 4,882 1,025,730 Loans at fair value — 1,370,021 2,097 1,372,118 Derivative assets: Call options on interest rate futures purchase contracts 641 — — 641 Put options on interest rate futures purchase contracts 19,256 — — 19,256 Forward purchase contracts — 1,287 — 1,287 Forward sale contracts — 30,348 — 30,348 MBS put options — 169 — 169 CRT derivatives — — 7,010 7,010 Interest rate lock commitments — — 1,970 1,970 Total derivative assets before netting 19,897 31,804 8,980 60,681 Netting — — — ( 30,931 ) Total derivative assets after netting 19,897 31,804 8,980 29,750 Mortgage servicing rights at fair value — — 4,108,661 4,108,661 $ 169,956 $ 6,985,110 $ 4,228,153 $ 11,352,288 Liabilities: Asset-backed financings at fair value $ — $ 1,279,059 $ — $ 1,279,059 Interest-only security payable at fair value — — 28,288 28,288 Derivative and credit risk transfer strip liabilities: Put options on interest rate futures sell contracts 1,688 — — 1,688 Forward purchase contracts — 9,994 — 9,994 Forward sales contracts — 1,464 — 1,464 CRT derivatives — — 2,268 2,268 Interest rate lock commitments — — 5,318 5,318 Total derivative liabilities before netting 1,688 11,458 7,586 20,732 Netting — — — 51,170 Total derivative liabilities after netting 1,688 11,458 7,586 71,902 Credit risk transfer strips — — 68,592 68,592 Total derivative and credit risk transfer strip liabilities 1,688 11,458 76,178 140,494 $ 1,688 $ 1,290,517 $ 104,466 $ 1,447,841 December 31, 2022 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total (in thousands) Assets: Short-term investments $ 252,271 $ — $ — $ 252,271 Mortgage-backed securities at fair value — 4,462,601 — 4,462,601 Loans acquired for sale at fair value — 1,811,225 10,708 1,821,933 Loans at fair value — 1,509,942 3,457 1,513,399 Derivative assets: Call options on interest rate futures purchase contracts 2,906 — — 2,906 Put options on interest rate futures purchase contracts 8,130 — — 8,130 Forward purchase contracts — 418 — 418 Forward sale contracts — 43,435 — 43,435 MBS put options — 2,783 — 2,783 CRT derivatives — — 1,262 1,262 Interest rate lock commitments — — 3,877 3,877 Total derivative assets before netting 11,036 46,636 5,139 62,811 Netting — — — 22,129 Total derivative assets after netting 11,036 46,636 5,139 84,940 Mortgage servicing rights at fair value — — 4,012,737 4,012,737 $ 263,307 $ 7,830,404 $ 4,032,041 $ 12,147,881 Liabilities: Asset-backed financings at fair value $ — $ 1,414,955 $ — $ 1,414,955 Interest-only security payable at fair value — — 21,925 21,925 Derivative liabilities and credit risk transfer strips: Forward purchase contracts — 15,196 — 15,196 Forward sales contracts — 17,279 — 17,279 CRT derivatives — — 23,360 23,360 Interest rate lock commitments — — 4,355 4,355 Total derivative liabilities before netting — 32,475 27,715 60,190 Netting — — — ( 30,157 ) Total derivative liabilities after netting — 32,475 27,715 30,033 Credit risk transfer strips — — 137,193 137,193 Total derivative and credit risk transfer strip — 32,475 164,908 167,226 $ — $ 1,447,430 $ 186,833 $ 1,604,106 The following is a summary of changes in items measured at fair value on a recurring basis using Level 3 inputs that are significant to the estimation of the fair values of the assets and liabilities at either the beginning or end of the periods presented: Quarter ended September 30, 2023 Assets (1) Interest-only stripped securities Loans Loans at CRT Interest rate CRT Mortgage Total (in thousands) Balance, June 30, 2023 $ — $ 6,630 $ 2,665 $ ( 4,394 ) $ ( 1,298 ) $ ( 78,569 ) $ 3,977,938 $ 3,902,972 Purchases and issuances — — — — 6,618 — 16,263 22,881 Repayments and sales — ( 1,383 ) ( 510 ) ( 4,028 ) — ( 11,241 ) — ( 17,162 ) Amounts received pursuant to sales — ( 496 ) — — — — 58,560 58,064 Changes in fair value included in results arising from: Changes in instrument - — — — — — — — — Other factors ( 14 ) 131 ( 58 ) 13,164 ( 16,255 ) 21,218 160,926 179,112 ( 14 ) 131 ( 58 ) 13,164 ( 16,255 ) 21,218 160,926 179,112 Exchange of mortgage servicing spread 103,547 — — — — — ( 105,096 ) ( 1,549 ) Transfers of: — Interest rate lock commitments to loans — — — — 7,587 — — 7,587 Mortgage servicing rights relating to — — — — — — 70 70 Balance, September 30, 2023 $ 103,533 $ 4,882 $ 2,097 $ 4,742 $ ( 3,348 ) $ ( 68,592 ) $ 4,108,661 $ 4,151,975 Changes in fair value recognized during $ ( 14 ) $ ( 104 ) $ ( 74 ) $ 9,113 $ ( 3,348 ) $ 9,977 $ 160,926 $ 176,476 (1) For the purpose of this table, CRT derivative, interest rate lock commitment (“IRLC”), and CRT strip asset and liability positions are shown net. (2) The Company had transfers among the fair value levels arising from transfers of IRLCs to loans acquired for sale at fair value upon purchase of the respective loans. Liabilities Quarter ended September 30, 2023 (in thousands) Interest-only security payable: Balance, June 30, 2023 $ 24,060 Changes in fair value included in results of operations arising from: Changes in instrument - specific credit risk — Other factors 4,228 4,228 Balance, September 30, 2023 $ 28,288 Changes in fair value recognized during the quarter relating $ 4,228 Quarter ended September 30, 2022 Assets (1) Loans Loans at CRT Interest CRT Mortgage Total (in thousands) Balance, June 30, 2022 $ 20,376 $ 3,979 $ ( 22,511 ) $ ( 1,656 ) $ ( 118,333 ) $ 3,695,609 $ 3,577,464 Purchases and issuances 20,803 — — ( 19,218 ) — — 1,585 Repayments and sales ( 30,170 ) ( 47 ) ( 4,223 ) — ( 13,589 ) — ( 48,029 ) Amounts received pursuant to sales — — — — — 178,001 178,001 Changes in fair value included in results Changes in instrument - specific credit — — — — — — — Other factors ( 1,230 ) 56 4,259 ( 71,443 ) 1,801 66,974 417 ( 1,230 ) 56 4,259 ( 71,443 ) 1,801 66,974 417 Transfers of interest rate lock — — — 49,474 — — 49,474 Balance, September 30, 2022 $ 9,779 $ 3,988 $ ( 22,475 ) $ ( 42,843 ) $ ( 130,121 ) $ 3,940,584 $ 3,758,912 Changes in fair value recognized during $ ( 813 ) $ 44 $ ( 365 ) $ ( 42,843 ) $ ( 11,788 ) $ 66,974 $ 11,209 (1) For the purpose of this table, CRT derivative, IRLC, and CRT strip asset and liability positions are shown net. (2) The Company had transfers among the fair value levels arising from transfers of IRLCs to loans acquired for sale at fair value upon purchase of the respective loans. Liabilities Quarter ended September 30, 2022 (in thousands) Interest-only security payable: Balance, June 30, 2022 $ 19,485 Changes in fair value included in income arising from: Changes in instrument-specific credit risk — Other factors 1,701 1,701 Balance, September 30, 2022 $ 21,186 Changes in fair value recognized during the quarter relating $ 1,701 Nine months ended September 30, 2023 Assets (1) Interest-only stripped securities Loans Loans at CRT Interest rate CRT Mortgage Total (in thousands) Balance, December 31, 2022 $ — $ 10,708 $ 3,457 $ ( 22,098 ) $ ( 478 ) $ ( 137,193 ) $ 4,012,737 $ 3,867,133 Purchases and issuances — 4,262 119 — 2,687 — 16,263 23,331 Repayments and sales — ( 9,787 ) ( 534 ) ( 12,283 ) — ( 35,529 ) — ( 58,133 ) Amounts received pursuant to sales of loans — ( 496 ) — — — — 249,925 249,429 Changes in fair value included in results Changes in instrument - specific — — — — — — — — Other factors ( 14 ) 195 ( 485 ) 39,123 ( 3,578 ) 104,130 ( 64,515 ) 74,856 ( 14 ) 195 ( 485 ) 39,123 ( 3,578 ) 104,130 ( 64,515 ) 74,856 Exchange of mortgage servicing spread 103,547 — — — — — ( 105,096 ) ( 1,549 ) Transfers of: — Loans to REO — — ( 460 ) — — — — ( 460 ) Interest rate lock commitments to loans — — — — ( 1,979 ) — — ( 1,979 ) Mortgage servicing rights relating to — — — — — — ( 653 ) ( 653 ) Balance, September 30, 2023 $ 103,533 $ 4,882 $ 2,097 $ 4,742 $ ( 3,348 ) $ ( 68,592 ) $ 4,108,661 $ 4,151,975 Changes in fair value recognized during $ ( 14 ) $ ( 74 ) $ ( 1,011 ) $ 26,619 $ ( 3,348 ) $ 68,601 $ ( 64,515 ) $ 26,258 (1) For the purpose of this table, CRT derivative, IRLC, and CRT strip asset and liability positions are shown net. (2) The Company had transfers among the fair value levels arising from transfers of IRLCs to loans acquired for sale at fair value upon purchase of the respective loans. Liabilities Nine months ended September 30, 2023 (in thousands) Interest-only security payable: Balance, December 31, 2022 $ 21,925 Changes in fair value included in results of operations arising from: Changes in instrument - specific credit risk — Other factors 6,363 6,363 Balance, September 30, 2023 $ 28,288 Changes in fair value recognized during the period relating $ 6,363 Nine months ended September 30, 2022 Assets (1) Loans Loans at CRT Interest CRT strips Mortgage Total (in thousands) Balance, December 31, 2021 $ 30,129 $ 4,161 $ 18,964 $ 2,451 $ ( 26,837 ) $ 2,892,855 $ 2,921,723 Purchases and issuances 72,365 — — ( 88,901 ) — — ( 16,536 ) Repayments and sales ( 89,310 ) ( 677 ) ( 34,267 ) — ( 47,430 ) — ( 171,684 ) Amounts received pursuant to sales — — — — — 543,255 543,255 Changes in fair value included in results Changes in instrument - specific credit — — — — — — — Other factors ( 3,405 ) 504 ( 7,172 ) ( 250,913 ) ( 55,854 ) 504,474 187,634 ( 3,405 ) 504 ( 7,172 ) ( 250,913 ) ( 55,854 ) 504,474 187,634 Transfers of interest rate lock — — — 294,520 — — 294,520 Balance, September 30, 2022 $ 9,779 $ 3,988 $ ( 22,475 ) $ ( 42,843 ) $ ( 130,121 ) $ 3,940,584 $ 3,758,912 Changes in fair value recognized during $ ( 1,121 ) $ 159 $ ( 42,154 ) $ ( 42,843 ) $ ( 103,284 ) $ 504,474 $ 315,231 (1) For the purpose of this table, CRT derivative, IRLC, and CRT strip asset and liability positions are shown net. (2) The Company had transfers among the fair value levels arising from transfers of IRLCs to loans acquired for sale at fair value upon purchase of the respective loans. Liabilities Nine months ended September 30, 2022 (in thousands) Interest-only security payable: Balance, December 31, 2021 $ 10,593 Changes in fair value included in results of operations arising from: Changes in instrument-specific credit risk — Other factors 10,593 10,593 Balance, September 30, 2022 $ 21,186 Changes in fair value recognized during the period relating $ 10,593 Financial Statement Items Measured at Fair Value under the Fair Value Option Following are the fair values and related principal amounts due upon maturity of loans accounted for under the fair value option: September 30, 2023 December 31, 2022 Fair value Principal Difference Fair value Principal Difference (in thousands) Loans acquired for sale at fair value: Current through 89 days delinquent $ 1,025,027 $ 1,015,017 $ 10,010 $ 1,819,551 $ 1,795,445 $ 24,106 90 or more days delinquent: Not in foreclosure 427 618 ( 191 ) 1,666 1,927 ( 261 ) In foreclosure 276 397 ( 121 ) 716 809 ( 93 ) 703 1,015 ( 312 ) 2,382 2,736 ( 354 ) $ 1,025,730 $ 1,016,032 $ 9,698 $ 1,821,933 $ 1,798,181 $ 23,752 Loans at fair value: Held in consolidated VIEs: Current through 89 days delinquent $ 1,369,087 $ 1,718,390 $ ( 349,303 ) $ 1,508,540 $ 1,788,911 $ ( 280,371 ) 90 or more days delinquent: Not in foreclosure 934 1,276 ( 342 ) 1,231 1,642 ( 411 ) In foreclosure — — — 171 226 ( 55 ) 934 1,276 ( 342 ) 1,402 1,868 ( 466 ) 1,370,021 1,719,666 ( 349,645 ) 1,509,942 1,790,779 ( 280,837 ) Distressed: Current through 89 days delinquent 564 775 ( 211 ) 498 682 ( 184 ) 90 or more days delinquent: Not in foreclosure 401 1,989 ( 1,588 ) 1,230 2,964 ( 1,734 ) In foreclosure 1,132 2,546 ( 1,414 ) 1,729 2,728 ( 999 ) 1,533 4,535 ( 3,002 ) 2,959 5,692 ( 2,733 ) 2,097 5,310 ( 3,213 ) 3,457 6,374 ( 2,917 ) $ 1,372,118 $ 1,724,976 $ ( 352,858 ) $ 1,513,399 $ 1,797,153 $ ( 283,754 ) Following are the changes in fair value included in current period results of operations by consolidated statement of operations line item for financial statement items accounted for under the fair value option: Quarter ended September 30, 2023 Net loan Net gains on loans acquired for sale Net (losses) gains on investments and financings Net interest Total (in thousands) Assets: Mortgage-backed securities at fair value $ — $ — $ ( 144,031 ) $ 1,048 $ ( 142,983 ) Loans acquired for sale at fair value — ( 13,106 ) — — ( 13,106 ) Loans at fair value — — ( 54,141 ) ( 5,153 ) ( 59,294 ) Credit risk transfer strips — — 21,218 — 21,218 MSRs at fair value 160,926 — — — 160,926 $ 160,926 $ ( 13,106 ) $ ( 176,954 ) $ ( 4,105 ) $ ( 33,239 ) Liabilities: Interest-only security payable at fair value $ — $ — $ ( 4,228 ) $ — $ ( 4,228 ) Asset-backed financing of VIEs at fair value — — 58,474 1,132 59,606 $ — $ — $ 54,246 $ 1,132 $ 55,378 Quarter ended September 30, 2022 Net loan Net gains on loans acquired for sale Net (losses) gains on investments and financings Net interest Total (in thousands) Assets: Mortgage-backed securities at fair value $ — $ — $ ( 251,477 ) $ 229 $ ( 251,248 ) Loans acquired for sale at fair value — ( 129,873 ) — — ( 129,873 ) Loans at fair value — — ( 99,211 ) 533 ( 98,678 ) Credit risk transfer strips — — 1,801 — 1,801 MSRs at fair value 66,974 — — — 66,974 $ 66,974 $ ( 129,873 ) $ ( 348,887 ) $ 762 $ ( 411,024 ) Liabilities: Interest-only security payable at fair value $ — $ — $ ( 1,701 ) $ — $ ( 1,701 ) Asset-backed financings at fair value — — 92,993 993 93,986 $ — $ — $ 91,292 $ 993 $ 92,285 Nine months ended September 30, 2023 Net loan Net gains on loans acquired for sale Net (losses) gains on investments and financings Net interest Total (in thousands) Assets: Mortgage-backed securities at fair value $ — $ — $ ( 127,434 ) $ ( 1,172 ) $ ( 128,606 ) Loans acquired for sale at fair value — ( 7,215 ) — — ( 7,215 ) Loans at fair value — — ( 61,803 ) ( 6,212 ) ( 68,015 ) Credit risk transfer strips — — 104,130 — 104,130 MSRs at fair value ( 64,515 ) — — — ( 64,515 ) $ ( 64,515 ) $ ( 7,215 ) $ ( 85,107 ) $ ( 7,384 ) $ ( 164,221 ) Liabilities: Interest-only security payable at fair value $ — $ — $ ( 6,363 ) $ — $ ( 6,363 ) Asset-backed financings at fair value — — 66,108 666 66,774 $ — $ — $ 59,745 $ 666 $ 60,411 Nine months ended September 30, 2022 Net loan Net gains on loans acquired for sale Net (losses) gains on investments and financings Net interest Total (in thousands) Assets: Mortgage-backed securities at fair value $ — $ — $ ( 620,500 ) $ 13,481 $ ( 607,019 ) Loans acquired for sale at fair value — ( 510,250 ) — — ( 510,250 ) Loans at fair value — — ( 317,796 ) ( 543 ) ( 318,339 ) Credit risk transfer strips — — ( 55,854 ) — ( 55,854 ) MSRs at fair value 504,474 — — — 504,474 $ 504,474 $ ( 510,250 ) $ ( 994,150 ) $ 12,938 $ ( 986,988 ) Liabilities: Interest-only security payable at fair value $ — $ — $ ( 10,593 ) $ — $ ( 10,593 ) Asset-backed financings at fair value — — 298,834 1,583 300,417 $ — $ — $ 288,241 $ 1,583 $ 289,824 Financial Statement Item Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis Following is a summary of the carrying value of assets that were remeasured during the period based on fair value on a nonrecurring basis: Real estate acquired in settlement of loans Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total (in thousands) September 30, 2023 $ — $ — $ 1,114 $ 1,114 December 31, 2022 $ — $ — $ 1,292 $ 1,292 The following table summarizes the fair value changes recognized during the periods on assets held at period end that were remeasured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis: Quarter ended September 30, Nine months ended September 30, 2023 2022 2023 2022 (in thousands) Real estate asset acquired in settlement of loans $ ( 258 ) $ ( 119 ) $ ( 288 ) $ ( 199 ) The Company remeasures its REO based on fair value when it evaluates the REO for impairment. The Company evaluates its REO for impairment with reference to the respective properties’ fair values less costs to sell. REO may be revalued after acquisition due to the Company receiving greater access to the property, the property being held for an extended period or receiving indications that the property’s fair value may not be supported by developing market conditions. Any subsequent change in fair value to a level that is less than or equal to the property’s cost is recognized in Results of real estate acquired in settlement of loans in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. Fair Value of Financial Instruments Carried at Amortized Cost Most of the Company’s borrowings are carried at amortized cost. The Company’s Assets sold under agreements to repurchase , Mortgage loan participation purchase and sale agreements, Notes payable secured by credit risk transfer and mortgage servicing assets and the Exchangeable Notes defined in Note 15 are classified as “Level 3” fair value liabilities due to the Company’s reliance on unobservable inputs to estimate these instruments’ fair values. The Company classifies the 2023 Senior Notes, defined in Note 15, as “Level 2” fair value liabilities. The Company has concluded that the fair values of these borrowings other than term notes and term loans included in Notes payable secured by credit risk transfer and mortgage servicing assets and Unsecured senior notes approximate the agreements’ carrying values due to the borrowing agreements’ variable interest rates and short maturities. The Company estimates the fair value of the term notes and term loans included in Notes payable secured by credit risk transfer and mortgage servicing assets indications of fair value provided by nonaffiliate brokers for the term notes and pricing services for Unsecured senior notes and internal estimates of fair value for the term loans. The fair value and carrying value of these liabilities are summarized below: September 30, 2023 December 31, 2022 Instrument Carrying value Fair value Carrying value Fair value (in thousands) Notes payable secured by credit risk transfer $ 2,825,591 $ 2,804,737 $ 2,804,028 $ 2,721,391 Unsecured senior notes $ 599,754 $ 567,189 $ 546,254 $ 471,781 Valuation Governance Most of the Company’s assets, its Asset-backed financings at fair value, Interest-only security payable at fair value and Derivative and credit risk transfer strip liabilities at fair value are carried at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in current period results of operations. A substantial portion of these items are “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities which require the use of unobservable inputs that are significant to the estimation of the fair values of the assets and liabilities. Unobservable inputs reflect the Company’s own judgments about the factors that market participants use in pricing an asset or liability and are based on the best information available under the circumstances. Due to the difficulty in estimating the fair values of “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities, the Company has assigned responsibility for estimating the fair value of these assets and liabilities to specialized staff within its capital markets group and subjects the valuation process to significant senior management oversight. With respect to “Level 3” valuations other than IRLCs, the capital markets valuation staff reports to PFSI’s senior management valuation committee, which oversees the valuations. The capital markets valuation staff monitors the models used for valuation of the Company’s “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities other than IRLCs, including the models’ performance versus actual results, and reports those results to PFSI’s senior management valuation committee. PFSI’s senior management valuation committee includes the Company’s chief financial, risk, credit, and capital markets officers as well as other senior members of the Company’s finance, capital markets and risk management staffs. The capital markets valuation staff is responsible for reporting to PFSI’s senior management valuation committee on the changes in the valuation of the non-IRLC “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities, including major factors affecting the valuation and any changes in model methods and inputs. To assess the reasonableness of its valuations, the capital markets valuation staff presents an analysis of the effect on the valuation of changes to the significant inputs to the models and, for MSRs, comparisons of its estimates of fair value and key inputs to those procured from nonaffiliate brokers and published surveys. The fair value of the Company’s IRLCs is developed by its capital markets risk management staff and is reviewed by capital markets operations staff. Valuation Techniques and Inputs The following is a description of the techniques and inputs used in estimating the fair values of “Level 2” and “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities: Mortgage-Backed Securities The Company’s categorization of its current holdings of MBS is based on whether the respective security is a pass-through security or an IO security: • The Company categorizes the majority of its current holdings of MBS as “Level 2” fair value assets. Fair value of these securities is established based on quoted market prices for the Company’s MBS holdings or similar securities. • The Company categorizes its current holdings of interest-only stripped ("IO") securities as “Level 3” fair value assets. The Company uses a discounted cash flow approach to estimate the fair value of its IO securities. The key inputs used in the estimation of the fair value of IO securities include discount rate (pricing spread) and prepayment rate (prepayment speed). Significant changes to those inputs in isolation may result in a significant change in the IO securities fair value measurement. Changes in these key inputs are not directly related. Following are the key inputs used in determining the fair value of IO securities: September 30, 2023 Fair value (in thousands) $ 103,533 UPB of securities (in thousands) $ 425,682 Weighted average interest rate 4.9 % Key inputs (1) Pricing spread (2) Range 5.6 % – 5.6 % Weighted average 5.6 % Annual total prepayment speed (3) Range 8.1 % – 8.2 % Weighted average 8.1 % Equivalent life (in years) Range 5.4 - 8.8 Weighted average 8.7 (1) Weighted-average inputs are based on the UPB of the underlying loans. (2) Pricing spread represents a margin that is applied to a reference forward rate to develop periodic discount rates. The Company uses the pricing spread over the United States Treasury (“Treasury”) securities yield curve for the purpose of discounting cash flows relating to IO securities. (3) Prepayment speed is measured using Life Total Conditional Prepayment Rate (“CPR”). Equivalent life is provided as supplementary information. Changes in the fair value of MBS are included in Net (losses) gains on investments and financings in the consolidated statements of operations. Loans Fair value of loans is estimated based on whether the loans are saleable into active markets: • Loans that are saleable into active markets, comprised of most of the Company’s loans acquired for sale at fair value and all of the loans at fair value held in VIEs, are categorized as “Level 2” fair value assets: • For loans acquired for sale, the fair values are established using the loans’ contracted selling price or quoted market price or market price equivalent. • For the loans at fair value held in VIEs, the quoted indications of fair value of all of the individual securities issued by the securitization trusts are used to derive fair values for the loans. The Company obtains indications of fair value from nonaffiliate brokers based on comparable securities and validates the brokers’ indications of fair value using pricing models and inputs the Company believes are similar to the pricing models and inputs used by other market participants. The Company adjusts the fair values received from brokers to include the fair value of MSRs attributable to the loans included in the VIEs. • Loans that are not saleable into active markets, comprised of previously sold loans that the Company repurchased pursuant to the representation and warranties it provided to the purchaser and distressed loans, are categorized as “Level 3” fair value assets: • Fair value for loans acquired for sale categorized as “Level 3” assets is estimated using a discounted cash flow approach or their contracted selling price when applicable. Inputs to the discounted cash flow model include current interest rates, payment status, property types, discount rates and forecasts of future interest rates, home prices, prepayment speeds, default speeds and loss severities. • Distressed loans’ fair values are estimated based on the expected resolution from the individual asset’s disposition strategy. When a cash flow projection is used to estimate the fair value, those cash flows are discounted at annual rates up to 20 %. Derivative and Credit Risk Transfer Strip Assets and Liabilities CRT Derivatives The Company categorizes CRT derivatives as “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities. The fair value of CRT derivatives is based on indications of fair value provided to the Company by nonaffiliate brokers for the certificates representing the beneficial interests in the trusts holding the Deposits securing credit risk transfer arrangements pledged to creditors , the recourse obligations and the IO ownership interests. Together, the recourse obligation and the IO ownership interest comprise the CRT derivative. Fair value of the CRT derivatives is derived by deducting the balance of the Deposits securing credit risk transfer arrangements pledged to creditors from the fair value of the certificates. The Company assesses the fair values it receives from nonaffiliate brokers using the discounted cash flow approach. The significant unobservable inputs used by the Company in its review and approval of the valuation of CRT derivatives are the discount rates, voluntary and involuntary prepayment speeds and the remaining loss expectations of the reference loans. Changes in fair value of CRT derivatives are included in Net (losses) gains on investments and financings in the consolidated statements of operations. Following is a quantitative summary of key unobservable inputs used in the Company’s review and approval of broker-provided fair values for CRT derivatives: September 30, 2023 December 31, 2022 (dollars in thousands) Fair value CRT derivatives Assets $ 7,010 $ 1,262 Liabilities $ 2,268 $ 23,360 UPB of loans in reference pools $ 5,556,206 $ 5,972,060 Key inputs (1) Discount rate Range 10.1 % – 11.4 % 8.7 % – 11.1 % Weighted average 11.0 % 10.8 % Voluntary prepayment speed (2) Range 6.7 % – 7.4 % 7.5 % – 8.3 % Weighted average 7.3 % 7.6 % Involuntary prepayment speed (3) Range 0.2 % – 0.8 % 0.5 % – 1.3 % Weighted average 0.4 % 0.6 % Remaining loss expectation Range 0.3 % – 0.4 % 0.4 % – 0.7 % Weighted average 0.3 % 0.6 % (1) Weighted average inputs are based on fair value amounts of the CRT Agreements, except for remaining loss expectation which is based on the UPB of the loans in the reference pools. (2) Voluntary prepayment speed is measured using Life Voluntary CPR. (3) Involuntary prepayment speed is measured using Life Involuntary CPR. Interest Rate Lock Commitments The Company categorizes IRLCs as “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities. The Company estimates the fair value of IRLCs based on quoted Agency MBS prices, the probability that the loans will be purchased under the commitments (the “pull-through rate”) and the Company’s estimate of the fair value of the MSRs it expects to receive upon sale of the loans. The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the Company’s IRLCs are the pull-through rates and the estimated MSRs attributed to the mortgage loans subject to the commitments. Significant changes in the pull-through rate or the MSR component of the IRLCs, in isolation, may result in a significant change in the IRLCs’ fair value. The financial effects of changes in these inputs are generally inversely correlated as increasing interest rates have a positive effect on the fair value of the MSR component of an IRLC’s fair value, but also increase the pull-through rate for the loan principal and interest payment cash flow component that has decreased in fair value. Changes in fair value of IRLCs are included in Net gains on loans acquired for sale in the consolidated statements of operations. Following is a quantitative summary of key unobservable inputs used in the valuation of IRLCs: September 30, 2023 December 31, 2022 Fair value (in thousands) (1) $ ( 3,348 ) $ ( 478 ) Committed amount (in thousands) $ 1,459,919 $ 1,484,384 Key inputs (2) Pull-through rate Range 62.6 % – 100 % 54.8 % – 100 % Weighted average 85.4 % 92.1 % MSR fair value expressed as Servicing fee multiple Range 3.6 – 7.0 1.9 – 7.1 Weighted average 5.3 4.7 Percentage of UPB Range 0.9 % – 2.8 % 0.7 % – 3.1 % Weighted average 1.9 % 1.9 % (1) For purposes of this table, IRLC asset and liability positions are shown net. (2) Weighted-average inputs are based on the committed amounts. Hedging Derivatives Fair value of derivative financial instruments actively traded on exchanges are categorized by the Company as “Level 1” fair value assets and liabilities. Fa |