Fair Value | Note 7— Fair Value The Company’s consolidated financial statements include assets and liabilities that are measured at or based on their fair values. Measurement at or based on fair value may be on a recurring or nonrecurring basis depending on the accounting principles applicable to the specific asset or liability and whether the Company has elected to carry the item at its fair value as discussed in the following paragraphs. The Company groups its assets and liabilities at fair value in three levels, based on the markets in which the assets and liabilities are traded and the observability of the inputs used to determine fair value. These levels are: • Level 1—Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. • Level 2—Prices determined or determinable using other significant observable inputs. Observable inputs are inputs that other market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability and are developed based on market data obtained from sources independent of the Company. • Level 3—Prices determined using significant unobservable inputs. In situations where significant observable inputs are unavailable, unobservable inputs may be used. Unobservable inputs reflect the Company’s own judgments about the factors that market participants use in pricing an asset or liability, and are based on the best information available in the circumstances. As a result of the difficulty in observing certain significant valuation inputs affecting “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities, the Company is required to make judgments regarding these items’ fair values. Different persons in possession of the same facts may reasonably arrive at different conclusions as to the inputs to be applied in valuing these assets and liabilities and their fair values. Such differences may result in significantly different fair value measurements. Likewise, due to the general illiquidity of some of these assets and liabilities, subsequent transactions may be at values significantly different from those reported. The Company reclassifies its assets and liabilities between levels of the fair value hierarchy when the inputs required to establish fair value at a level of the fair value hierarchy are no longer readily available, requiring the use of lower-level inputs, or when the inputs required to establish fair value at a higher level of the hierarchy become available. Fair Value Accounting Elections The Company identified all of PMT’s non-cash financial assets and MSRs to be accounted for at fair value. The Company has elected to account for these assets at fair value so such changes in fair value will be reflected in income as they occur and more timely reflect the results of the Company’s performance. The Company has also identified its Asset-backed financings at fair value and Interest-only security payable at fair value to be accounted for at fair value to reflect the generally offsetting changes in fair value of these borrowings to changes in fair value of the assets at fair value collateralizing these financings. For other borrowings, the Company has determined that historical cost accounting is more appropriate because under historical cost accounting debt issuance costs are amortized over the term of the debt facility, thereby matching the debt issuance costs to the periods benefiting from the availability of the debt. Financial Statement Items Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis Following is a summary of financial statement items that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis: June 30, 2024 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total (in thousands) Assets: Short-term investments $ 336,296 $ — $ — $ 336,296 Mortgage-backed securities at fair value — 3,980,496 87,841 4,068,337 Loans acquired for sale at fair value — 686,397 7,994 694,391 Loans at fair value — 1,375,838 1,998 1,377,836 Derivative assets: Call options on interest rate futures purchase contracts 10,324 — — 10,324 Put options on interest rate futures purchase contracts 4,474 — — 4,474 Forward purchase contracts — 3,812 — 3,812 Forward sale contracts — 26,971 — 26,971 MBS put options — 1,421 — 1,421 CRT derivatives — — 24,305 24,305 Interest rate lock commitments — — 2,587 2,587 Total derivative assets before netting 14,798 32,204 26,892 73,894 Netting — — — 16,859 Total derivative assets after netting 14,798 32,204 26,892 90,753 Mortgage servicing rights at fair value — — 3,941,861 3,941,861 $ 351,094 $ 6,074,935 $ 4,066,586 $ 10,509,474 Liabilities: Asset-backed financings at fair value $ — $ 1,288,180 $ — $ 1,288,180 Interest-only security payable at fair value — — 32,708 32,708 Derivative and credit risk transfer strip liabilities: Forward purchase contracts — 8,661 — 8,661 Forward sales contracts — 3,693 — 3,693 Interest rate lock commitments — — 1,035 1,035 Total derivative liabilities before netting — 12,354 1,035 13,389 Netting — — — ( 11,471 ) Total derivative liabilities after netting — 12,354 1,035 1,918 Credit risk transfer strips — — 16,974 16,974 Total derivative and credit risk transfer strip liabilities — 12,354 18,009 18,892 $ — $ 1,300,534 $ 50,717 $ 1,339,780 December 31, 2023 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total (in thousands) Assets: Short-term investments $ 128,338 $ — $ — $ 128,338 Mortgage-backed securities at fair value — 4,742,061 94,231 4,836,292 Loans acquired for sale at fair value — 662,700 6,318 669,018 Loans at fair value — 1,431,689 2,131 1,433,820 Derivative assets: Call options on interest rate futures purchase contracts 41,712 — — 41,712 Put options on interest rate futures purchase contracts 4,324 — — 4,324 Forward purchase contracts — 15,905 — 15,905 Forward sale contracts — 671 — 671 MBS call options — 3,218 — 3,218 MBS put options — 5 — 5 CRT derivatives — — 16,160 16,160 Interest rate lock commitments — — 7,596 7,596 Total derivative assets before netting 46,036 19,799 23,756 89,591 Netting — — — 88,393 Total derivative assets after netting 46,036 19,799 23,756 177,984 Mortgage servicing rights at fair value — — 3,919,107 3,919,107 $ 174,374 $ 6,856,249 $ 4,045,543 $ 11,164,559 Liabilities: Asset-backed financings at fair value $ — $ 1,336,731 $ — $ 1,336,731 Interest-only security payable at fair value — — 32,667 32,667 Derivative liabilities and credit risk transfer strips: Call options on interest rate futures purchase contracts 2,005 — — 2,005 Call options on interest rate futures sell contracts 1,328 — — 1,328 Forward purchase contracts — 490 — 490 Forward sales contracts — 50,363 — 50,363 Interest rate lock commitments — — 64 64 Total derivative liabilities before netting 3,333 50,853 64 54,250 Netting — — — ( 49,561 ) Total derivative liabilities after netting 3,333 50,853 64 4,689 Credit risk transfer strips — — 46,692 46,692 Total derivative and credit risk transfer strip 3,333 50,853 46,756 51,381 $ 3,333 $ 1,387,584 $ 79,423 $ 1,420,779 The following is a summary of changes in items measured at fair value on a recurring basis using Level 3 inputs that are significant to the estimation of the fair values of the assets and liabilities at either the beginning or end of the periods presented: Quarter ended June 30, 2024 Assets (1) Interest-only stripped mortgage-backed securities Loans Loans at CRT Interest rate CRT Mortgage Total (in thousands) Balance, March 31, 2024 $ 94,667 $ 5,096 $ 2,034 $ 22,899 $ 4,845 $ ( 17,352 ) $ 3,951,737 $ 4,063,926 Purchases issuances and (purchase — 4,013 — — 4,760 — ( 13 ) 8,760 Repayments and sales ( 4,984 ) ( 1,018 ) ( 32 ) ( 3,633 ) — ( 11,693 ) — ( 21,360 ) Accrual of unearned discount 2,390 — — — — — — 2,390 Amounts received pursuant to sales — — — — — — 40,619 40,619 Changes in fair value included in results arising from: Changes in instrument - — — — — — — — — Other factors ( 4,232 ) ( 97 ) ( 4 ) 5,039 ( 4,147 ) 12,071 ( 50,556 ) ( 41,926 ) ( 4,232 ) ( 97 ) ( 4 ) 5,039 ( 4,147 ) 12,071 ( 50,556 ) ( 41,926 ) Transfers of: Interest rate lock commitments to loans — — — — ( 3,906 ) — — ( 3,906 ) Mortgage servicing rights relating to — — — — — — 74 74 Balance, June 30, 2024 $ 87,841 $ 7,994 $ 1,998 $ 24,305 $ 1,552 $ ( 16,974 ) $ 3,941,861 $ 4,048,577 Changes in fair value recognized during $ ( 4,232 ) $ ( 112 ) $ ( 11 ) $ 5,039 $ 1,552 $ 378 $ ( 50,556 ) $ ( 47,942 ) (1) For the purpose of this table, CRT derivative, interest rate lock commitment (“IRLC”), and CRT strip asset and liability positions are shown net. (2) The Company had transfers among the fair value levels arising from transfers of IRLCs to loans acquired for sale at fair value upon purchase of the respective loans. Liabilities Quarter ended June 30, 2024 (in thousands) Interest-only security payable: Balance, March 31, 2024 $ 32,227 Changes in fair value included in income arising from: Changes in instrument - specific credit risk — Other factors 481 481 Balance, June 30, 2024 $ 32,708 Changes in fair value recognized during the quarter relating $ 481 Quarter ended June 30, 2023 Assets (1) Loans Loans at CRT Interest CRT Mortgage Total (in thousands) Balance, March 31, 2023 $ 10,109 $ 3,548 $ ( 13,860 ) $ 8,549 $ ( 113,065 ) $ 3,975,076 $ 3,870,357 Purchases and issuances 767 — — 3,756 — — 4,523 Repayments and sales ( 4,637 ) ( 4 ) ( 5,367 ) — ( 11,984 ) — ( 21,992 ) Amounts received pursuant to sales — — — — — 90,747 90,747 Changes in fair value included in results of Changes in instrument - — — — — — — — Other factors 391 ( 879 ) 14,833 ( 14,355 ) 46,480 ( 87,997 ) ( 41,527 ) 391 ( 879 ) 14,833 ( 14,355 ) 46,480 ( 87,997 ) ( 41,527 ) Transfers of: Interest rate lock commitments — — — 752 — — 752 Mortgage servicing rights relating to — — — — — 112 112 Balance, June 30, 2023 $ 6,630 $ 2,665 $ ( 4,394 ) $ ( 1,298 ) $ ( 78,569 ) $ 3,977,938 $ 3,902,972 Changes in fair value recognized during $ ( 193 ) $ ( 879 ) $ 9,410 $ ( 1,298 ) $ 34,496 $ ( 87,997 ) $ ( 46,461 ) (1) For the purpose of this table, CRT derivative, IRLC, and CRT strip asset and liability positions are shown net. (2) The Company had transfers among the fair value levels arising from transfers of IRLCs to loans acquired for sale at fair value upon purchase of the respective loans. Liabilities Quarter ended June 30, 2023 (in thousands) Interest-only security payable: Balance, March 31, 2023 $ 23,205 Changes in fair value included in results of operations arising from: Changes in instrument - specific credit risk — Other factors 855 855 Balance, June 30, 2023 $ 24,060 Changes in fair value recognized during the quarter relating $ 855 Six months ended June 30, 2024 Assets (1) Interest-only stripped mortgage-backed securities Loans Loans at CRT Interest rate CRT Mortgage Total (in thousands) Balance, December 31, 2023 $ 94,231 $ 6,318 $ 2,131 $ 16,160 $ 7,532 $ ( 46,692 ) $ 3,919,107 $ 3,998,787 Purchases and issuances — 5,497 — — 7,871 — 29,428 42,796 Repayments and sales ( 10,054 ) ( 3,676 ) ( 91 ) ( 7,084 ) — ( 23,378 ) — ( 44,283 ) Accrual of unearned discounts 4,606 — — — — — — 4,606 Amounts received pursuant to sales — — — — — — 71,868 71,868 Changes in fair value included in results arising from: Changes in instrument - specific — — — — — — — — Other factors ( 942 ) ( 145 ) ( 42 ) 15,229 ( 5,002 ) 53,096 ( 78,758 ) ( 16,564 ) ( 942 ) ( 145 ) ( 42 ) 15,229 ( 5,002 ) 53,096 ( 78,758 ) ( 16,564 ) Transfers of: Interest rate lock commitments to loans — — — — ( 8,849 ) — — ( 8,849 ) Mortgage servicing rights relating to — — — — — — 216 216 Balance, June 30, 2024 $ 87,841 $ 7,994 $ 1,998 $ 24,305 $ 1,552 $ ( 16,974 ) $ 3,941,861 $ 4,048,577 Changes in fair value recognized during $ ( 942 ) $ ( 199 ) $ ( 52 ) $ 8,256 $ 1,552 $ 29,718 $ ( 78,758 ) $ ( 40,425 ) (1) For the purpose of this table, CRT derivative, IRLC, and CRT strip asset and liability positions are shown net. (2) The Company had transfers among the fair value levels arising from transfers of IRLCs to loans acquired for sale at fair value upon purchase of the respective loans. Liabilities Six months ended June 30, 2024 (in thousands) Interest-only security payable: Balance, December 31, 2023 $ 32,667 Changes in fair value included in income arising from: Changes in instrument - specific credit risk — Other factors 41 41 Balance, June 30, 2024 $ 32,708 Changes in fair value recognized during the period relating $ 41 Six months ended June 30, 2023 Assets (1) Loans Loans at CRT Interest CRT strips Mortgage Total (in thousands) Balance, December 31, 2022 $ 10,708 $ 3,457 $ ( 22,098 ) $ ( 478 ) $ ( 137,193 ) $ 4,012,737 $ 3,867,133 Purchases and issuances 4,262 119 — ( 3,931 ) — — 450 Repayments and sales ( 8,404 ) ( 24 ) ( 8,255 ) — ( 24,288 ) — ( 40,971 ) Amounts received pursuant to sales — — — — — 191,365 191,365 Changes in fair value included in results Changes in instrument - specific credit — — — — — — — Other factors 64 ( 427 ) 25,959 12,677 82,912 ( 225,441 ) ( 104,256 ) 64 ( 427 ) 25,959 12,677 82,912 ( 225,441 ) ( 104,256 ) Transfers of: Loans to REO — ( 460 ) — — — — ( 460 ) Interest rate lock commitments — — — ( 9,566 ) — — ( 9,566 ) Mortgage servicing rights relating to — — — — — ( 723 ) ( 723 ) Balance, June 30, 2023 $ 6,630 $ 2,665 $ ( 4,394 ) $ ( 1,298 ) $ ( 78,569 ) $ 3,977,938 $ 3,902,972 Changes in fair value recognized during $ ( 176 ) $ ( 886 ) $ 17,506 $ ( 1,298 ) $ 58,624 $ ( 225,441 ) $ ( 151,671 ) (1) For the purpose of this table, CRT derivative, IRLC, and CRT strip asset and liability positions are shown net. (2) The Company had transfers among the fair value levels arising from transfers of IRLCs to loans acquired for sale at fair value upon purchase of the respective loans. Liabilities Six months ended June 30, 2023 (in thousands) Interest-only security payable: Balance, December 31, 2022 $ 21,925 Changes in fair value included in results of operations arising from: Changes in instrument - specific credit risk — Other factors 2,135 2,135 Balance, June 30, 2023 $ 24,060 Changes in fair value recognized during the period relating $ 2,135 Financial Statement Items Measured at Fair Value under the Fair Value Option Following are the fair values and related principal amounts due upon maturity of loans accounted for under the fair value option (including loans acquired for sale, loans held in consolidated VIEs, and distressed loans): June 30, 2024 December 31, 2023 Fair value Principal Difference Fair value Principal Difference (in thousands) Loans acquired for sale at fair value: Current through 89 days delinquent $ 693,724 $ 678,677 $ 15,047 $ 667,857 $ 648,283 $ 19,574 90 or more days delinquent: Not in foreclosure 594 864 ( 270 ) 433 617 ( 184 ) In foreclosure 73 96 ( 23 ) 728 845 ( 117 ) 667 960 ( 293 ) 1,161 1,462 ( 301 ) $ 694,391 $ 679,637 $ 14,754 $ 669,018 $ 649,745 $ 19,273 Loans at fair value: Held in consolidated VIEs: Current through 89 days delinquent $ 1,375,028 $ 1,646,940 $ ( 271,912 ) $ 1,430,427 $ 1,697,305 $ ( 266,878 ) 90 or more days delinquent: Not in foreclosure 481 607 ( 126 ) 1,262 1,582 ( 320 ) In foreclosure 329 423 ( 94 ) — — — 810 1,030 ( 220 ) 1,262 1,582 ( 320 ) 1,375,838 1,647,970 ( 272,132 ) 1,431,689 1,698,887 ( 267,198 ) Distressed: Current through 89 days delinquent 461 672 ( 211 ) 569 728 ( 159 ) 90 or more days delinquent: Not in foreclosure 277 1,398 ( 1,121 ) 393 2,023 ( 1,630 ) In foreclosure 1,260 2,934 ( 1,674 ) 1,169 2,546 ( 1,377 ) 1,537 4,332 ( 2,795 ) 1,562 4,569 ( 3,007 ) 1,998 5,004 ( 3,006 ) 2,131 5,297 ( 3,166 ) $ 1,377,836 $ 1,652,974 $ ( 275,138 ) $ 1,433,820 $ 1,704,184 $ ( 270,364 ) Following are the changes in fair value included in current period income by consolidated statement of income line item for financial statement items accounted for under the fair value option: Quarter ended June 30, 2024 Net loan Net gains on loans acquired for sale Net (losses) gains on investments and financings Net interest Total (in thousands) Assets: Mortgage-backed securities at fair value $ — $ — $ ( 34,925 ) $ 6,586 $ ( 28,339 ) Loans acquired for sale at fair value — 1,969 — — 1,969 Loans at fair value — — ( 2,742 ) ( 605 ) ( 3,347 ) Credit risk transfer strips — — 12,071 — 12,071 MSRs at fair value ( 50,556 ) — — — ( 50,556 ) $ ( 50,556 ) $ 1,969 $ ( 25,596 ) $ 5,981 $ ( 68,202 ) Liabilities: Interest-only security payable at fair value $ — $ — $ ( 481 ) $ — $ ( 481 ) Asset-backed financing of VIEs at fair value — — 1,295 ( 604 ) 691 $ — $ — $ 814 $ ( 604 ) $ 210 Quarter ended June 30, 2023 Net loan Net gains on loans acquired for sale Net (losses) gains on investments and financings Net interest Total (in thousands) Assets: Mortgage-backed securities at fair value $ — $ — $ ( 61,621 ) $ ( 264 ) $ ( 61,885 ) Loans acquired for sale at fair value — ( 9,424 ) — — ( 9,424 ) Loans at fair value — — ( 19,130 ) ( 1,185 ) ( 20,315 ) Credit risk transfer strips — — 46,480 — 46,480 MSRs at fair value ( 87,997 ) — — — ( 87,997 ) $ ( 87,997 ) $ ( 9,424 ) $ ( 34,271 ) $ ( 1,449 ) $ ( 133,141 ) Liabilities: Interest-only security payable at fair value $ — $ — $ ( 855 ) $ — $ ( 855 ) Asset-backed financings at fair value — — 17,794 76 17,870 $ — $ — $ 16,939 $ 76 $ 17,015 Six months ended June 30, 2024 Net loan Net gains on loans acquired for sale Net (losses) gains on investments and financings Net interest Total (in thousands) Assets: Mortgage-backed securities at fair value $ — $ — $ ( 73,123 ) $ 9,677 $ ( 63,446 ) Loans acquired for sale at fair value — 1,632 — — 1,632 Loans at fair value — — ( 4,020 ) ( 2,740 ) ( 6,760 ) Credit risk transfer strips — — 53,096 — 53,096 MSRs at fair value ( 78,758 ) — — — ( 78,758 ) $ ( 78,758 ) $ 1,632 $ ( 24,047 ) $ 6,937 $ ( 94,236 ) Liabilities: Interest-only security payable at fair value $ — $ — $ ( 41 ) $ — $ ( 41 ) Asset-backed financings at fair value — — 8,771 ( 112 ) 8,659 $ — $ — $ 8,730 $ ( 112 ) $ 8,618 Six months ended June 30, 2023 Net loan Net gains on loans acquired for sale Net (losses) gains on investments and financings Net interest Total (in thousands) Assets: Mortgage-backed securities at fair value $ — $ — $ 16,597 $ ( 2,220 ) $ 14,377 Loans acquired for sale at fair value — 5,891 — — 5,891 Loans at fair value — — ( 7,662 ) ( 1,059 ) ( 8,721 ) Credit risk transfer strips — — 82,912 — 82,912 MSRs at fair value ( 225,441 ) — — — ( 225,441 ) $ ( 225,441 ) $ 5,891 $ 91,847 $ ( 3,279 ) $ ( 130,982 ) Liabilities: Interest-only security payable at fair value $ — $ — $ ( 2,135 ) $ — $ ( 2,135 ) Asset-backed financings at fair value — — 7,634 ( 466 ) 7,168 $ — $ — $ 5,499 $ ( 466 ) $ 5,033 Financial Statement Item Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis Following is a summary of the carrying value of assets that were remeasured during the period based on fair value on a nonrecurring basis: Real estate acquired in settlement of loans Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total (in thousands) June 30, 2024 $ — $ — $ 713 $ 713 December 31, 2023 $ — $ — $ 753 $ 753 The following table summarizes the fair value changes recognized during the periods on assets held at period end that were remeasured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis: Quarter ended June 30, Six months ended June 30, 2024 2023 2024 2023 (in thousands) Real estate acquired in settlement of loans $ ( 246 ) $ ( 124 ) $ ( 150 ) $ ( 62 ) The Company remeasures its REO based on fair value when it evaluates the REO properties for impairment. The Company evaluates its REO for impairment with reference to the respective properties’ fair values less costs to sell. REO may be revalued after acquisition due to the Company receiving greater access to the property, the property being held for an extended period or receiving indications that the property’s fair value may not be supported by developing market conditions. Any subsequent change in fair value to a level that is less than or equal to the property’s cost is recognized in Results of real estate acquired in settlement of loans in the Company’s consolidated statements of income. Fair Value of Financial Instruments Carried at Amortized Cost Most of the Company’s borrowings are carried at amortized cost. The Company’s Assets sold under agreements to repurchase , Mortgage loan participation purchase and sale agreements, Notes payable secured by credit risk transfer and mortgage servicing assets and the Exchangeable Notes, defined in Note 15 – Long-Term Debt , are classified as “Level 3” fair value liabilities due to the Company’s reliance on unobservable inputs to estimate these instruments’ fair values. The Company classifies the 2028 Senior Notes, defined in Note 15 – Long-Term Debt , as “Level 2” fair value liabilities. The Company has concluded that the fair values of these borrowings other than term notes and term loans included in Notes payable secured by credit risk transfer and mortgage servicing assets and the Unsecured senior notes approximate the agreements’ carrying values due to the borrowing agreements’ variable interest rates and short maturities. The Company estimates the fair values of the term notes and term loans included in Notes payable secured by credit risk transfer and mortgage servicing assets using indications of fair value provided by nonaffiliate brokers for the term notes and internal estimates of fair value for the term loans, and uses pricing services for estimates of fair value of its Unsecured senior notes. The fair values and carrying values of these liabilities are summarized below: June 30, 2024 December 31, 2023 Instrument Carrying value Fair value Carrying value Fair value (in thousands) Notes payable secured by credit risk transfer $ 2,933,845 $ 2,942,231 $ 2,910,605 $ 2,904,678 Unsecured senior notes $ 813,838 $ 800,382 $ 600,458 $ 580,090 Valuation Governance Most of the Company’s assets, its Asset-backed financings at fair value, Interest-only security payable at fair value and Derivative and credit risk transfer strip liabilities at fair value are carried at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in current period income. A substantial portion of these items are “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities which require the use of unobservable inputs that are significant to the estimation of the fair values of the assets and liabilities. Unobservable inputs reflect the Company’s own judgments about the factors that market participants use in pricing an asset or liability and are based on the best information available under the circumstances. Due to the difficulty in estimating the fair values of “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities, the Company has assigned responsibility for estimating the fair values of these assets and liabilities to specialized staff within PFSI's capital markets group and subjects the valuation process to significant senior management oversight. With respect to “Level 3” valuations other than IRLCs, the capital markets valuation staff reports to PFSI’s senior management valuation committee, which oversees the valuations. The capital markets valuation staff monitors the models used for valuation of the Company’s “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities other than IRLCs, including the models’ performance versus actual results, and reports those results to PFSI’s senior management valuation committee. PFSI’s senior management valuation committee includes the Company’s chief financial and investment officers as well as other senior members of PFSI’s finance, risk management and capital markets staffs. The capital markets valuation staff is responsible for reporting to PFSI’s senior management valuation committee on the changes in the valuation of the non-IRLC “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities, including major factors affecting the valuation and any changes in model methods and inputs. To assess the reasonableness of its valuations, the capital markets valuation staff presents an analysis of the effect on the valuation of changes to the significant inputs to the models and, for MSRs, comparisons of its estimates of fair value and key inputs to those procured from nonaffiliate brokers and published surveys. The fair values of the Company’s IRLCs are developed by PFSI's capital markets risk management staff and are reviewed by its capital markets operations staff. Valuation Techniques and Inputs The following is a description of the techniques and inputs used in estimating the fair values of “Level 2” and “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities: Mortgage-Backed Securities The Company’s categorization of its current holdings of MBS is based on whether the respective security is an IO security: • The Company categorizes the majority of its current holdings of MBS as “Level 2” fair value assets. Fair value of these securities is established based on quoted market prices for the Company’s MBS holdings or similar securities. • The Company categorizes its current holdings of IO securities as “Level 3” fair value assets. The Company uses a discounted cash flow approach to estimate the fair values of its IO securities. The key inputs used in the estimation of the fair value of IO securities include discount rate (pricing spread) and prepayment speed. Significant changes to those inputs in isolation may result in significant changes in the IO securities' fair value measurements. Changes in these key inputs are not directly related. Following are the key inputs used in determining the fair value of IO securities: June 30, 2024 December 31, 2023 Fair value (in thousands) $ 87,841 $ 94,231 Key inputs (1) Pricing spread (2) Range 5.9 % - 6.4 % 5.1 % – 5.1 % Weighted average 6.4 % 5.1 % Annual total prepayment speed (3) Range 10.1 % - 10.3 % 10.9 % – 11.0 % Weighted average 10.1 % 10.9 % Equivalent life (in years) Range 4.7 - 7.5 4.7 – 7.2 Weighted average 7.4 7.1 (1) Weighted-average inputs are based on the UPB of the underlying loans. (2) Pricing spread represents a margin that is applied to a reference forward rate to develop periodic discount rates. The Company uses the pricing spread over a derived United States Treasury Securities (“Treasury”) yield curve for the purpose of discounting cash flows relating to IO securities. (3) Prepayment speed is measured using life total Conditional Prepayment Rate (“CPR”). Equivalent life is provided as supplementary information. Changes in the fair value of MBS are included in Net (losses) gains on investments and financings in the consolidated statements of income. Loans Fair value of loans is estimated based on whether the loans are saleable into active markets: • Loans that are saleable into active markets, comprised of most of the Company’s loans acquired for sale at fair value and all of the loans at fair value held in VIEs, are categorized as “Level 2” fair value assets: • For loans acquired for sale, the fair values are established using the loans’ contracted selling prices, quoted market prices or market price equivalents. • For the loans at fair value held in VIEs, the quoted indications of fair value of all of the individual securities issued by the securitization trusts are used to derive fair values for the loans. The Company obtains indications of fair value from nonaffiliate brokers based on comparable securities and validates the brokers’ indications of fair value using pricing models and inputs the Company believes are similar to the pricing models and inputs used by other market participants. The Company adjusts the fair values received from brokers to include the fair value of MSRs attributable to the loans included in the VIEs. • Loans that are not saleable into active markets, comprised of previously sold loans that the Company repurchased pursuant to the representation and warranties it provided to the purchaser and distressed loans, are categorized as “Level 3” fair value assets: • Fair values for loans acquired for sale categorized as “Level 3” assets are estimated using a discounted cash flow approach or the loans' contracted selling prices when applicable. Inputs to the discounted cash flow model include current interest rates, payment statuses, property types, discount rates and forecasts of future interest rates, home prices, prepayment speeds, default speeds and loss severities. • Distressed loans’ fair values are estimated based on the expected resolution from the individual asset’s disposition strategy. When a cash flow projection is used to estimate fair values, those cash flows are discounted at annual rates up to 20 %. Derivative and Credit Risk Transfer Strip Assets and Liabilities CRT Derivatives The Company categorizes CRT derivatives as “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities. The fair values of CRT derivatives are based on indications of fair value provided to the Company by nonaffiliate brokers for the certificates representing the beneficial interests in the trusts holding the Deposits securing credit risk transfer arrangements pledged to creditors , the recourse obligations and the IO ownership interests. Together, the recourse obligation and the IO ownership interest comprise the CRT derivative. Fair values of the CRT derivatives are derived by deducting the balance of the Deposits securing credit risk transfer arrangements pledged to creditors from the fair values of the certificates. The Company assesses the fair values it receives from nonaffiliate brokers using the discounted cash flow approach. The significant unobservable inputs used by the Company in its review and approval of the valuation of CRT derivatives are the discount rates, voluntary and involuntary prepayment speeds and the remaining loss expectations of the reference loans. Changes in fair value of CRT derivatives are included in Net (losses) gains on investments and financings in the consolidated statements of income. Following is a quantitative summary of key unobservable inputs used in the Company’s review and approval of broker-provided fair values for CRT derivatives: June 30, 2024 December 31, 2023 (dollars in thousands) Fair value $ 24,305 $ 16,160 UPB of loans in reference pools $ 5,198,283 $ 5,437,551 Key inputs (1) Discount rate Range 9.7 % – 11.9 % 9.0 % – 9.7 % Weighted average 9.9 % 9.6 % Voluntary prepayment speed (2) Range 7.0 % – 7.4 % 6.9 % – 7.6 % Weighted average 7.2 % 7.4 % Involuntary prepayment speed (3) Range 0.1 % – 0.1 % 0.2 % – 0.8 % Weighted average 0.1 % 0.3 % Remaining loss expectation Range 0.0 % – 0.2 % 0.2 % – 0.3 % Weighted average 0.1 % 0.3 % (1) Weighted average inputs are based on fair value amounts of the CRT Agreements, except for remaining loss expectation which is based on the UPB of the loans in the reference pools. (2) Voluntary prepayment speed is measured using life voluntary CPR. (3) Involuntary prepayment speed is measured using life involuntary CPR. Interest Rate Lock Commitments The Company categorizes IRLCs as “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities. The Company estimates the fair values of IRLCs based on quoted Agency MBS prices, the probability that the loans will be purchased under the commitments (the “pull-through rate”) and the Company’s estimate of the fair values of the MSRs it expects to receive upon sale of the loans. The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the Company’s IRLCs are the pull-through rates and the estimated MSRs attributed to the mortgage loans subject to the commitments. Significant changes in the pull-through rates or the MSR components of the IRLCs, in isolation, may result in a significant change in the IRLCs’ fair values. The financial effects of changes in these inputs are generally inversely correlated as increasing interest rates have a positive effect on the fair value of the MSR component of an IRLC’s fair value, but also increase the pull-through rate for the loan principal and interest payment cash flow component that has decreased in fair value. Changes in fair value of IRLCs are included in Net gains on loans acquired for sale in the consolidated statements of income. Following is a quantitative summary of key unobservable inputs used in the valuation of IRLCs: June 30, 2024 December 31, 2023 Fair value (in thousands) (1) $ 1,552 $ 7,532 Committed amount (in thousands) $ 1,006,730 $ 874,017 Key inputs (2) Pull-through rate Range 56.5 % – 99.0 % 50.0 % - 98.0 % Weighted average 83.9 % 82.5 % MSR fair value expressed as Servicing fee multiple Range 3.0 – 7.0 1.7 - 6.5 Weighted average 5.1 4.6 Percentage of unpaid principal balance Range 0.8 % – 2.4 % 0.4 % - 2.4 % Weighted average 1.9 % 1.7 % (1) For purposes of this table, IRLC asset and liability positions are shown net. (2) Weighted-average inputs are based on the committed amounts. Hedging Derivatives Fair values of derivative financial instruments actively traded on exchanges are categorized by the Company as “Level 1” fair value assets and liabilities. Fair values of derivative financial instruments |