Fair Value | Note 7—Fair Value The Company’s consolidated financial statements include assets and liabilities that are measured based on their fair values. Measurement at fair value may be on a recurring or nonrecurring basis depending on the accounting principles applicable to the specific asset or liability and whether the Manager has elected to carry the item at its fair value as discussed in the following paragraphs. Fair Value Accounting Elections The Manager identified all of the Company’s non-cash financial assets and MSRs relating to loans with initial interest rates of more than 4.5%, to be accounted for at fair value. The Manager has elected to account for these financial statement items at fair value so such changes in fair value will be reflected in income as they occur and more timely reflect the results of the Company’s performance. The Manager has also identified the Company’s CRT financing and asset-backed secured financing of the VIE to be accounted for at fair value to reflect the generally offsetting changes in fair value of these borrowings to changes in fair value of mortgage loans at fair value collateralizing these financings. The Company’s subsequent accounting for MSRs is based on the class of MSRs. Originated MSRs backed by mortgage loans with initial interest rates of less than or equal to 4.5% are accounted for using the amortization method. Originated MSRs backed by loans with initial interest rates of more than 4.5% are accounted for at fair value with changes in fair value recorded in current period income. For assets sold under agreements to repurchase, borrowings under forward purchase agreements and the Exchangeable Notes, the Manager has determined that historical cost accounting is more appropriate because under this method debt issuance costs are amortized over the term of the debt, thereby matching the debt issuance cost to the periods benefiting from the availability of the debt. Financial Statement Items Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis Following is a summary of financial statement items that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis: September 30, 2015 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total (in thousands) Assets: Short-term investments $ 31,518 $ — $ — $ 31,518 Mortgage-backed securities at fair value — 315,599 — 315,599 Mortgage loans acquired for sale at fair value — 1,050,296 — 1,050,296 Mortgage loans at fair value — 477,271 2,160,459 2,637,730 Excess servicing spread purchased from PFSI — — 418,573 418,573 Derivative assets: Interest rate lock commitments — — 9,109 9,109 Forward purchase contracts — 22,985 — 22,985 Forward sales contracts — 15 — 15 Net derivatives related to CRT Agreements — — 626 626 Put options on interest rate futures 693 — — 693 Call options on interest rate futures 3,270 — — 3,270 Total derivative assets before netting before netting 3,963 23,000 9,735 36,698 Netting (1) — — — (19,892 ) Total derivative assets after netting 3,963 23,000 9,735 16,806 Mortgage servicing rights at fair value — — 57,751 57,751 $ 35,481 $ 1,866,166 $ 2,646,518 $ 4,528,273 Liabilities: Asset-backed secured financing of a variable interest entity at fair value — 234,287 — 234,287 Derivative liabilities: Interest rate lock commitments — — 302 302 Forward purchase contracts — 6 — 6 Forward sales contracts — 21,794 — 21,794 Total derivative liabilities before netting — 21,800 302 22,102 Netting (1) — — — (19,316 ) Total derivative liabilities after netting — 21,800 302 2,786 $ — $ 256,087 $ 302 $ 237,073 (1) Derivatives are reported net of cash collateral received and paid and, to the extent that the criteria of the accounting guidance covering the offsetting of amounts related to certain contracts are met, positions with the same counterparty are netted as part of a legally enforceable master netting agreement. December 31, 2014 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total (in thousands) Assets: Short-term investments $ 139,900 $ — $ — $ 139,900 Mortgage-backed securities at fair value — 307,363 — 307,363 Mortgage loans acquired for sale at fair value — 637,722 — 637,722 Mortgage loans at fair value — 527,369 2,199,583 2,726,952 Excess servicing spread purchased from PFSI — — 191,166 191,166 Derivative assets: Interest rate lock commitments — — 5,678 5,678 MBS put options — 374 — 374 Forward purchase contracts — 3,775 — 3,775 Forward sales contracts — 52 — 52 Put options on interest rate futures 193 — — 193 Call options on interest rate futures 3,319 — — 3,319 Total derivative assets 3,512 4,201 5,678 13,391 Netting (1) — — — (2,284 ) Total derivative assets after netting 3,512 4,201 5,678 11,107 Mortgage servicing rights at fair value — — 57,358 57,358 $ 143,412 $ 1,476,655 $ 2,453,785 $ 4,071,568 Liabilities: Asset-backed secured financing of a variable interest entity at fair value $ — $ 165,920 $ — $ 165,920 Derivative liabilities: Interest rate lock commitments — — 17 17 MBS call options 478 — — 478 Forward purchase contracts — 34 — 34 Forward sales contracts — 6,649 — 6,649 Total derivative liabilities 478 6,683 17 7,178 Netting (1) — — — (4,748 ) Total derivative liabilities 478 6,683 17 2,430 Total liabilities $ 478 $ 172,603 $ 17 $ 168,350 (1) Derivatives are reported net of cash collateral received and paid and, to the extent that the criteria of the accounting guidance covering the offsetting of amounts related to certain contracts are met, positions with the same counterparty are netted as part of a legally enforceable master netting agreement. The following is a summary of changes in items measured using Level 3 inputs on a recurring basis: Quarter ended September 30, 2015 Mortgage Excess Interest rate Net derivatives Mortgage Total (in thousands) Assets: Balance, June 30, 2015 $ 2,246,944 $ 359,102 $ (267 ) $ — $ 57,343 $ 2,663,122 Purchases — 84,165 — — — 84,165 Repayments and sales (57,022 ) (24,717 ) — — — (81,739 ) Capitalization of interest 14,849 8,026 — — — 22,875 ESS received pursuant to a recapture agreement with PFSI — 2,268 — — — 2,268 Interest rate lock commitments issued, net — — 11,834 — — 11,834 Servicing received as proceeds from sales of mortgage loans 5,674 5,674 Changes in fair value included in income arising from: Changes in instrument-specific credit risk 9,255 — — — — 9,255 Other factors 22,638 (10,271 ) 16,458 626 (5,266 ) 24,185 31,893 (10,271 ) 16,458 626 (5,266 ) 33,440 Transfers of mortgage loans to REO (76,205 ) — — — — (76,205 ) Transfers of interest rate lock commitments to mortgage loans acquired for sale — — (19,218 ) — — (19,218 ) Balance, September 30, 2015 $ 2,160,459 $ 418,573 $ 8,807 $ 626 $ 57,751 $ 2,646,216 Changes in fair value recognized during the period relating to assets still held at September 30, 2015 $ 32,971 $ (10,271 ) $ 8,807 $ 626 $ (5,266 ) $ 26,867 (1) For the purpose of this table, the interest rate lock asset and liability positions are shown net. Quarter ended September 30, 2014 Mortgage Excess Net interest Mortgage Total (in thousands) Assets: Balance, June 30, 2014 $ 2,156,501 $ 190,244 $ 11,087 $ 46,802 $ 2,404,634 Purchases — 9,253 — — 9,253 Repayments and sales (126,413 ) (8,786 ) — (137 ) (135,336 ) Capitalization of interest 10,451 3,577 — — 14,028 ESS received pursuant to a recapture agreement with PFSI — 2,619 — — 2,619 Interest rate lock commitments issued, net — — 14,046 — 14,046 Servicing received as proceeds from sales of mortgage loans — — — 12,812 12,812 Changes in fair value included in income arising from: Changes in instrument-specific credit risk 13,850 — — — 13,850 Other factors 67,446 (9,539 ) 843 (1,606 ) 57,144 81,296 (9,539 ) 843 (1,606 ) 70,994 Transfers of mortgage loans to REO (90,733 ) — — — (90,733 ) Transfers of interest rate lock commitments to mortgage loans acquired for sale — — (20,585 ) — (20,585 ) Balance, September 30, 2014 $ 2,031,102 $ 187,368 $ 5,391 $ 57,871 $ 2,281,732 Changes in fair value recognized during the period relating to assets still held at September 30, 2014 $ 70,713 $ (9,539 ) $ 5,391 $ (1,606 ) $ 64,959 (1) For the purpose of this table, the interest rate lock asset and liability positions are shown net. Nine months ended September 30, 2015 Mortgage Excess Interest rate lock Net derivatives Mortgage Total (in thousands) Assets: Balance, December 31, 2014 $ 2,199,583 $ 191,166 $ 5,661 $ — $ 57,358 $ 2,453,768 Purchases 241,981 271,452 — — — 513,433 Repayments and sales (171,093 ) (55,800 ) — — — (226,893 ) Capitalization of interest 34,979 17,596 — — — 52,575 ESS received pursuant to a recapture agreement with PFSI — 4,833 — — — 4,833 Interest rate lock commitments issued, net — — 42,917 — — 42,917 Servicing received as proceeds from sales of mortgage loans — — — — 9,169 9,169 Charges in fair value included in income arising from: Changes in instrument-specific credit risk 29,563 — — — — 29,563 Other factors 49,584 (10,674 ) (6,941 ) 626 (8,776 ) 23,819 79,147 (10,674 ) (6,941 ) 626 (8,776 ) 53,382 Transfers of mortgage loans to REO (224,138 ) — — — — (224,138 ) Transfers of interest rate lock commitments to mortgage loans acquired for sale — — (32,830 ) — — (32,830 ) Balance, September 30, 2015 $ 2,160,459 $ 418,573 $ 8,807 $ 626 $ 57,751 $ 2,646,216 Changes in fair value recognized during the period relating to assets still held at September 30, 2015 $ 80,885 $ (10,674 ) $ 8,807 $ 626 $ (8,776 ) $ 70,868 (1) For the purpose of this table, the interest rate lock asset and liability positions are shown net. Nine months ended September 30, 2014 Mortgage Mortgage loans under Excess Net interest rate lock Mortgage Total (in thousands) Assets: Balance, December 31, 2013 $ 2,076,665 $ 218,128 $ 138,723 $ 1,249 $ 26,452 $ 2,461,217 Purchases 283,017 1,386 82,646 — — 367,049 Repayments and sales (513,843 ) (6,413 ) (25,280 ) — (137 ) (545,673 ) Capitalization of interest 39,005 1,800 9,578 — — 50,383 ESS received pursuant to a recapture agreement with PFSI — — 6,093 — — 6,093 Interest rate lock commitments issued, net — — — 45,800 — 45,800 Servicing received as proceeds from sales of mortgage loans — — — — 39,954 39,954 Changes in fair value included in income arising from: Changes in instrument-specific credit risk 54,612 2,269 — — 56,881 Other factors 139,393 (1,466 ) (24,392 ) 12,837 (8,398 ) 117,974 194,005 803 (24,392 ) 12,837 (8,398 ) 174,855 Transfers of mortgage loans under forward purchase agreements to mortgage loans 205,902 (205,902 ) — — — — Transfers of mortgage loans to REO (253,649 ) — — — — (253,649 ) Transfers of mortgage loans under forward purchase agreements to REO under forward purchase agreements — (9,802 ) — — — (9,802 ) Transfers of interest rate lock commitments to mortgage loans acquired for sale — — — (54,495 ) — (54,495 ) Balance, September 30, 2014 $ 2,031,102 $ — $ 187,368 $ 5,391 $ 57,871 $ 2,281,732 Changes in fair value recognized during the period relating to assets still held at September 30, 2014 $ 126,773 $ — $ (24,392 ) $ 5,391 $ (8,398 ) $ 99,374 (1) For purpose of this table, the interest rate lock asset and liability positions are shown net. Following are the fair values and related principal amounts due upon maturity of mortgage loans accounted for under the fair value option (including mortgage loans acquired for sale, mortgage loans at fair value and mortgage loans held in a consolidated VIE): September 30, 2015 Fair value Principal Difference (in thousands) Mortgage loans acquired for sale at fair value: Current through 89 days delinquent $ 1,050,006 $ 1,003,249 $ 46,757 90 or more days delinquent (1) Not in foreclosure 85 116 (31 ) In foreclosure 205 254 (49 ) 290 370 (80 ) $ 1,050,296 $ 1,003,619 $ 46,677 Mortgage loans at fair value: Mortgage loans held in a consolidated VIE: Current through 89 days delinquent $ 477,271 $ 471,496 $ 5,775 90 or more days delinquent (1) Not in foreclosure — — — In foreclosure — — — — — — 477,271 471,496 5,775 Other mortgage loans at fair value: Current through 89 days delinquent 801,018 1,049,502 (248,484 ) 90 or more days delinquent (1) Not in foreclosure 533,070 739,183 (206,113 ) In foreclosure 826,371 1,149,326 (322,955 ) 1,359,441 1,888,509 (529,068 ) 2,160,459 2,938,011 (777,552 ) $ 2,637,730 $ 3,409,507 $ (771,777 ) (1) Loans delinquent 90 or more days are placed on nonaccrual status and previously accrued interest is reversed. December 31, 2014 Fair value Principal Difference (in thousands) Mortgage loans acquired for sale: Current through 89 days delinquent $ 637,518 $ 610,372 $ 27,146 90 or more days delinquent (1) Not in foreclosure 204 255 (51 ) In foreclosure — — — 204 255 (51 ) $ 637,722 $ 610,627 $ 27,095 Mortgage loans at fair value: Mortgage loans held in a consolidated VIE: Current through 89 days delinquent $ 527,369 $ 517,500 $ 9,869 90 or more days delinquent (1) Not in foreclosure — — — In foreclosure — — — — — — 527,369 517,500 9,869 Other mortgage loans at fair value: Current through 89 days delinquent 664,266 935,385 (271,119 ) 90 or more days delinquent (1) Not in foreclosure 608,144 875,214 (267,070 ) In foreclosure 927,173 1,371,371 (444,198 ) 1,535,317 2,246,585 (711,268 ) 2,726,952 3,699,470 (972,518 ) $ 3,364,674 $ 4,310,097 $ (945,423 ) (1) Loans delinquent 90 or more days are placed on nonaccrual status and previously accrued interest is reversed. Following are the changes in fair value included in current period income by consolidated statement of income line item for financial statement items accounted for under the fair value option: Quarter ended September 30, 2015 Net gain on Net Net gain on Net loan Total (in thousands) Assets: Short-term investments $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Mortgage-backed securities at fair value — 91 3,564 — 3,655 Mortgage loans acquired for sale at fair value 39,504 — — — 39,504 Mortgage loans at fair value — 1,024 39,273 — 40,297 Excess servicing spread at fair value — — (7,844 ) — (7,844 ) Mortgage servicing rights at fair value — — — (5,266 ) (5,266 ) $ 39,504 $ 1,115 $ 34,993 $ (5,266 ) $ 70,346 Liabilities: Asset-backed secured financing at fair value — (351 ) (3,940 ) — (4,291 ) $ — $ (351 ) $ (3,940 ) $ — $ (4,291 ) Quarter ended September 30, 2014 Net gain on Net Net gain on Net loan Total (in thousands) Assets: Short-term investments $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Mortgage-backed securities at fair value — 108 (821 ) — (713 ) Mortgage loans acquired for sale at fair value 19,977 — — — 19,977 Mortgage loans at fair value — 385 78,717 — 79,102 Excess servicing spread at fair value — — (7,396 ) — (7,396 ) Mortgage servicing rights at fair value — — — (1,606 ) (1,606 ) $ 19,977 $ 493 $ 70,500 $ (1,606 ) $ 89,364 Liabilities: Asset-backed secured financing at fair value $ — $ (124 ) $ 696 $ — $ 572 $ — $ (124 ) $ 696 $ — $ 572 Nine months ended September 30, 2015 Net gain on Net Net gain on Net loan Total (in thousands) Assets: Short-term investments $ — $ — $ — $ — Mortgage-backed securities at fair value — 155 (1,622 ) — (1,467 ) Mortgage loans acquired for sale at fair value 57,568 — — — 57,568 Mortgage loans at fair value — 1,203 76,249 — 77,452 Excess servicing spread at fair value — — (5,502 ) — (5,502 ) Mortgage servicing rights at fair value — — — (8,776 ) (8,776 ) $ 57,568 $ 1,358 $ 69,125 $ (8,776 ) $ 119,275 Liabilities: Asset-backed secured financing at fair value — (474 ) (719 ) — (1,193 ) $ — $ (474 ) $ (719 ) $ — $ (1,193 ) Nine months ended September 30, 2014 Net gain on Net Net gain on Net loan Total (in thousands) Assets: Short-term investments $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Mortgage-backed securities at fair value — 296 6,096 — 6,392 Mortgage loans acquired for sale at fair value 69,812 — — — 69,812 Mortgage loans at fair value — 938 218,912 — 219,850 Mortgage loans under forward purchase agreements at fair value — — 803 — 803 Excess servicing spread at fair value — — (17,834 ) — (17,834 ) Mortgage servicing rights at fair value — — — (8,398 ) (8,398 ) $ 69,812 $ 1,234 $ 207,977 $ (8,398 ) $ 270,625 Liabilities: Asset-backed secured financing at fair value $ — $ (328 ) $ (7,258 ) $ — $ (7,586 ) $ — $ (328 ) $ (7,258 ) $ — $ (7,586 ) Financial Statement Items Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis Following is a summary of financial statement items that were re-measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis during the periods presented: September 30, 2015 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total (in thousands) Real estate asset acquired in settlement of loans $ — $ — $ 145,815 $ 145,815 Mortgage servicing rights at lower of amortized cost or fair value — — 125,952 125,952 $ — $ — $ 271,767 $ 271,767 December 31, 2014 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total (in thousands) Real estate asset acquired in settlement of loans $ — $ — $ 157,203 $ 157,203 Mortgage servicing rights at lower of amortized cost or fair value — — 91,990 91,990 $ — $ — $ 249,193 $ 249,193 The following table summarizes the fair value changes recognized during the period on assets held at period end that were measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis: Quarter ended Nine months ended September 30, 2015 2014 2015 2014 (in thousands) Real estate asset acquired in settlement of loans $ (8,182 ) $ (14,242 ) $ (18,308 ) $ (24,027 ) Mortgage servicing rights at lower of amortized cost or fair value (7,845 ) 602 (7,142 ) (2,249 ) $ (16,027 ) $ (13,640 ) $ (25,450 ) $ (26,276 ) Real Estate Acquired in Settlement of Loans The Company evaluates its REO for impairment with reference to the respective properties’ fair values less cost to sell on a nonrecurring basis. The initial carrying value of the REO is measured at cost as indicated by the purchase price in the case of purchased REO or as measured by the fair value of the mortgage loan immediately before acquisition in the case of acquisition in settlement of a loan. REO may be subsequently revalued due to the Company receiving greater access to the property, the property being held for an extended period or receiving indications that the property’s value may not be supported by developing market conditions. Any subsequent change in fair value to a level that is less than or equal to the property’s cost is recognized in Results of real estate acquired in settlement of loans Mortgage Servicing Rights at Lower of Amortized Cost or Fair Value The Company evaluates its MSRs at lower of amortized cost or fair value for impairment with reference to the asset’s fair value. For purposes of performing its MSR impairment evaluation, the Company stratifies its MSRs at lower of amortized cost or fair value based on the interest rates borne by the mortgage loans underlying the MSRs. Mortgage loans are grouped into pools with 50 basis point interest rate ranges for fixed-rate mortgage loans with interest rates between 3% and 4.5% and a single pool for mortgage loans with interest rates below 3%. MSRs relating to adjustable rate mortgage loans with initial interest rates of 4.5% or less are evaluated in a single pool. If the fair value of MSRs in any of the interest rate pools is below the amortized cost of the MSRs, those MSRs are impaired. When MSRs are impaired, the impairment is recognized in current-period income and the carrying value of the MSRs is adjusted using a valuation allowance. If the fair value of the MSRs subsequently increases, the increase in fair value is recognized in current period income only to the extent of the valuation allowance for the respective impairment stratum. The Manager periodically reviews the various impairment strata to determine whether the fair value of the impaired MSRs in a given stratum is likely to recover. When the Manager deems recovery of value to be unlikely in the foreseeable future, a write-down of the cost of the MSRs for that stratum to its estimated recoverable value is charged to the valuation allowance. Fair Value of Financial Instruments Carried at Amortized Cost The Company’s cash balances as well as certain of its borrowings are carried at amortized cost. Cash is measured using “Level 1” inputs. The Company’s assets sold under agreements to repurchase and mortgage loan participation and sale agreement are classified as “Level 3” financial statement instruments as of September 30, 2015 due to the lack of current market activity and the Company’s reliance on unobservable inputs to estimate these instruments’ fair values. The Manager has concluded that the fair values of Cash Assets sold under agreements to repurchase Mortgage loan participation and sale agreement The Exchangeable Notes are carried at amortized cost. The fair value of the Exchangeable Notes at September 30, 2015 and December 31, 2014 was $225.0 million and $239.0 million, respectively. The fair value of the Exchangeable Notes is estimated using a broker indication of value. The Company has classified the Exchangeable Notes as “Level 3” financial statement items as of September 30, 2015 due to the lack of current market activity. Valuation Techniques and Inputs Most of the Company’s assets and asset-backed financing of a VIE are carried at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in current period income. A substantial portion of these items are “Level 3” financial statement items which require the use of unobservable inputs that are significant to the estimation of the items’ fair values. Unobservable inputs reflect the Company’s own judgments about the factors that market participants use in pricing an asset or liability, and are based on the best information available under the circumstances. Due to the difficulty in estimating the fair values of “Level 3” financial statement items, the Manager has assigned the responsibility for estimating fair value of these items to specialized staff and subjects the valuation process to significant executive management oversight. The Manager’s Financial Analysis and Valuation group (the “FAV group”) is responsible for estimating the fair values of “Level 3” financial statement items other than IRLCs and maintaining its valuation policies and procedures. With respect to the Level 3 valuations, the FAV group reports to the Manager’s senior management valuation committee, which oversees and approves the valuations. The FAV group monitors the models used for valuation of the Company’s “Level 3” financial statement items, including the models’ performance versus actual results, and reports those results to the Manager’s senior management valuation committee. The Manager’s senior management valuation committee includes PFSI’s chief executive, financial, operating, risk and asset/liability management officers. The FAV group is responsible for reporting to the Manager’s senior management valuation committee on a monthly basis on the changes in the valuation of the financial statement items, including major factors affecting the valuation and any changes in model methods and inputs. To assess the reasonableness of its valuations, the FAV group presents an analysis of the effect on the valuation of changes to the significant inputs to the models. With respect to IRLCs, the Manager has assigned responsibility for developing fair values to its capital markets risk management staff. The fair values developed by the capital markets risk management staff are submitted to the Manager’s senior management secondary marketing working group. The Manager’s secondary marketing working group includes PFSI’s chief executive, operating, institutional mortgage banking, capital markets, asset/liability, portfolio risk, and capital markets operations officers. The following is a description of the techniques and inputs used in estimating the fair values of “Level 2” and “Level 3” financial statement items: Mortgage-Backed Securities The Company’s MBS include Agency and senior non-agency MBS. The Company categorized its current holdings of MBS as “Level 2” financial statement items. Fair value of Agency and senior non-Agency MBS is established based on quoted market prices for the Company’s MBS or similar securities. Mortgage Loans Fair value of mortgage loans is estimated based on whether the mortgage loans are saleable into active markets: • Mortgage loans that are saleable into active markets, comprised of the Company’s mortgage loans acquired for sale at fair value and mortgage loans at fair value held in a VIE, are categorized as “Level 2” financial statement items. The fair values of mortgage loans acquired for sale at fair value are estimated using their quoted market or contracted price or market price equivalent. For the mortgage loans at fair value held in a VIE, the fair values of all of the individual securities issued by the securitization trust are used to derive a fair value for the mortgage loans. The Company obtains indications of fair value from nonaffiliated brokers based on comparable securities and validates the brokers’ indications of fair value using pricing models and inputs the Manager believes are similar to the models and inputs used by other market participants. • Loans that are not saleable into active markets, comprised of the Company’s mortgage loans at fair value held outside the VIE and mortgage loans under forward purchase agreements at fair value, are categorized as “Level 3” financial statement items and their fair values are estimated using a discounted cash flow approach. Inputs to the discounted cash flow model include current interest rates, loan amount, payment status, property type or contracted selling price, discount rates and forecasts of future interest rates, home prices, prepayment speeds, default speeds and loss severities. The valuation process includes the computation by stratum of the mortgage loans’ fair values and a review for reasonableness of various measures such as weighted average life, projected prepayment and default speeds, and projected default and loss percentages. The FAV group computes the effect on the valuation of changes in input variables such as interest rates, home prices, and delinquency status to assess the reasonableness of changes in the loan valuation. The results of the estimates of fair value of “Level 3” mortgage loans are reported to the Manager’s valuation committee as part of its review and approval of monthly valuation results. Changes in fair value attributable to changes in instrument-specific credit risk are measured by the effect on fair value of the change in the respective loan’s delinquency status and history at period-end from the later of the beginning of the period or acquisition date. The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the Company’s mortgage loans at fair value are discount rate, home price projections, voluntary prepayment speeds and default speeds. Significant changes in any of those inputs in isolation could result in a significant change to the loans’ fair value measurement. Increases in home price projections are generally accompanied by an increase in voluntary prepayment speeds. Following is a quantitative summary of key inputs used in the valuation of mortgage loans at fair value: Range (Weighted average) Key inputs September 30, 2015 December 31, 2014 Discount rate Range 2.5% – 15.0% 2.3% – 15.0% Weighted average 6.9% 7.7% Twelve-month projected housing price index change Range 2.0% – 4.3% 4.0% – 5.3% Weighted average 3.9% 4.8% Prepayment speed (1) Range 0.1% – 4.6% 0.0% – 6.5% Weighted average 3.6% 3.1% Total prepayment speed (2) Range 3.6% – 27.3% 0.0% – 27.9% Weighted average 20.5% 21.6% (1) Prepayment speed is measured using Life Voluntary Conditional Prepayment Rate (“CPR”). (2) Total prepayment speed is measured using Life Total CPR. Excess Servicing Spread Purchased from PennyMac Financial Services, Inc. The Company categorizes ESS as a “Level 3” financial statement item. The Company uses a discounted cash flow approach to estimate the fair value of ESS. The key inputs used in the estimation of the fair value of ESS include prepayment speed and discount rate. Significant changes to those inputs in isolation may result in a significant change in the ESS fair value measurement. Changes in these key inputs are not necessarily directly related. ESS is generally subject to loss in fair value when interest rates decrease. Decreasing mortgage rates normally encourage increased mortgage refinancing activity. Increased refinancing activity reduces the life of the mortgage loans underlying the ESS, thereby reducing the fair value of ESS. Reductions in the fair value of ESS affect income primarily through change in fair value. Interest income for ESS is accrued using the interest method, based upon the expected interest yield from the ESS through the expected life of the underlying mortgages. Changes to expected interest yield result in a change in Interest income Net gain (loss) on investments Following are the key inputs used in determining the fair value of ESS: Range (Weighted average) Key inputs September 30, 2015 December 31, 2014 Unpaid principal balance of underlying mortgage loans (in thousands) $54,189,421 $28,227,340 Average servicing fee rate (in basis points) 32 31 Average ESS rate (in basis points) 17 16 Pricing spread (1) Range 4.8% – 6.5% 1.7% – 12.0% Weighted average 5.7% 5.3% Life (in years) Range 1.5 – 8.9 0.4 – 7.3 Weighted average 6.7 5.8 Annual total prepayment speed (2) Range 5.5% – 50.3% 7.6% – 74.6% Weighted average 10.4% 11.2% (1) Pricing spread represents a margin that is applied to a reference interest rate’s forward rate curve to develop periodic discount rates. The Company applies a pricing spread to the United States Dollar London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) curve for purposes of discounting cash flows relating to ESS. (2) Prepayment speed is measured using Life Total CPR. Derivative Financial Instruments The Company categorizes IRLCs as a “Level 3” financial statement item. The Company estimates the fair value of IRLCs based on quoted Agency MBS prices, its estimate of the fair value of the MSRs it expects to receive in the sale of the mortgage loans and the probability that the mortgage loan will be purchased as a percentage of the commitments it has made (the “pull-through rate”). The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the Company’s IRLCs are the pull-through rate and the MSR component of the Company’s estimate of the fair value of the mortgage loans it has committed to purchase. Significant changes in the pull-through rate or the MSR component of the IRLCs, in isolation, may result in a significant change in fair value. The financial effects of changes in these inputs are generally inversely correlated as increasing interest rates have a positive effect on the fair value of the MSR component of IRLC value, but increase the pull-through rate for mortgage loans whose payments cash flows have decreased in fair value. Following is a quantitative summary of key unobservable inputs used in the valuation of IRLCs: Range (Weighted average) Key inputs September 30, 2015 December 31, 2014 Pull-through rate Range 44.8% – 99.9% 65.0% – 98.0% Weighted average 88.6% 94.9% MSR value expressed as: Servicing fee multiple Range 1.9 – 6.0 0.7 – 5.2 Weighted average 4.5 4.3 Percentage of unpaid principal balance Range 0.5% – 3.7% 0.2% – 1.3% Weighted average 1.2% 1.1% The Company estimates the fair value of commitments to sell loans based on quoted MBS prices. The Company estimates the fair value of the interest rate options and futures it uses as hedging derivatives based on observed interest rate volatilities in the MBS market. These derivative financial instruments are categorized by the Company as “Level 2” financial statement items. Real Estate Acquired in Settlement of Loans REO is measured based on its fair value on a nonrecurring basis and is categorized as a “Level 3” financial statement item. Fair value of REO is established by using a current estimate of fair value from a broker’s price opinion or a full appraisal, or the price given in a current contract of sale. REO fair values are reviewed by the Manager’s staff appraisers when the Company obtains multiple indications of fair value and there is a significant difference between the fair values received. PCM’s staff appraisers will attempt to resolve the difference between the indications of fair value. In circumstances where the appraisers are not able to generate adequate data to support a fair value conclusion, the staff appraisers will order an additional appraisal to determine the fair value. Mortgage Servicing Rights MSRs are categorized as “Level 3” financial statement items. The Company uses a discounted cash flow approach to estimate the fair value of MSRs. The key inputs used in the estimation of the fair value of MSRs include prepayment and default rates of the underlying mortgage loans, the applicable pricing spread or discount rate, and annual per-loan cost to servi |