Fair Value | Note 8—Fair Value The Company’s consolidated financial statements include assets and liabilities that are measured based on their fair values. Measurement at fair value may be on a recurring or nonrecurring basis depending on the accounting principles applicable to the specific asset or liability and whether the Manager has elected to carry the item at its fair value as discussed in the following paragraphs. Fair Value Accounting Elections The Manager identified all of the Company’s non-cash financial assets and MSRs relating to loans with initial interest rates of more than 4.5%, to be accounted for at fair value. The Manager has elected to account for these financial statement items at fair value so such changes in fair value will be reflected in income as they occur and more timely reflect the results of the Company’s performance. The Manager has also identified the Company’s CRT financing and asset-backed financing of the VIE to be accounted for at fair value to reflect the generally offsetting changes in fair value of these borrowings to changes in fair value of mortgage loans at fair value collateralizing these financings. The Company’s accounting for MSRs is based on the class of MSRs. Originated MSRs backed by mortgage loans with initial interest rates of less than or equal to 4.5% are accounted for using the amortization method. Originated MSRs backed by loans with initial interest rates of more than 4.5% are accounted for at fair value with changes in fair value recorded in current period income. For assets sold under agreements to repurchase, borrowings under forward purchase agreements and the Exchangeable Notes, the Manager has determined that historical cost accounting is more appropriate because under this method debt issuance costs are amortized over the term of the debt, thereby matching the debt issuance cost to the periods benefiting from the availability of the debt. Financial Statement Items Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis Following is a summary of financial statement items that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis: December 31, 2015 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total (in thousands) Assets: Short-term investments $ 41,865 $ — $ — $ 41,865 Mortgage-backed securities at fair value — 322,473 — 322,473 Mortgage loans acquired for sale at fair value — 1,283,795 — 1,283,795 Mortgage loans at fair value — 455,394 2,100,394 2,555,788 Excess servicing spread purchased from PFSI — — 412,425 412,425 Derivative assets: Interest rate lock commitments — — 4,983 4,983 MBS put options — 93 — 93 Forward purchase contracts — 2,444 — 2,444 Forward sales contracts — 2,604 — 2,604 Put options on interest rate futures 1,512 — — 1,512 Call options on interest rate futures 1,156 — — 1,156 CRT Agreements — — 593 593 Total derivative assets before netting before netting 2,668 5,141 5,576 13,385 Netting — — — (3,300 ) Total derivative assets after netting 2,668 5,141 5,576 10,085 Mortgage servicing rights at fair value — — 66,584 66,584 $ 44,533 $ 2,066,803 $ 2,584,979 $ 4,693,015 Liabilities: Asset-backed financing of a VIE at fair value $ — $ 247,690 $ — $ 247,690 Derivative liabilities: Interest rate lock commitments — — 337 337 Put options on interest rate futures 39 — — 39 Call options on interest rate futures 305 — — 305 Forward purchase contracts — 3,774 — 3,774 Forward sales contracts — 2,680 — 2,680 Total derivative liabilities before netting 344 6,454 337 7,135 Netting — — — (3,978 ) Total derivative liabilities after netting 344 6,454 337 3,157 $ 44,877 $ 2,073,257 $ 2,585,316 $ 4,696,172 December 31, 2014 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total (in thousands) Assets: Short-term investments $ 139,900 $ — $ — $ 139,900 Mortgage-backed securities at fair value — 307,363 — 307,363 Mortgage loans acquired for sale at fair value — 637,722 — 637,722 Mortgage loans at fair value — 527,369 2,199,583 2,726,952 Excess servicing spread purchased from PFSI — — 191,166 191,166 Derivative assets: Interest rate lock commitments — — 5,678 5,678 MBS put options — 374 — 374 Forward purchase contracts — 3,775 — 3,775 Forward sales contracts — 52 — 52 Put options on interest rate futures 193 — — 193 Call options on interest rate futures 3,319 — — 3,319 Total derivative assets 3,512 4,201 5,678 13,391 Netting — — — (2,284 ) Total derivative assets after netting 3,512 4,201 5,678 11,107 Mortgage servicing rights at fair value — — 57,358 57,358 $ 143,412 $ 1,476,655 $ 2,453,785 $ 4,071,568 Liabilities: Asset-backed financing of the VIE at fair value $ — $ 165,920 $ — $ 165,920 Derivative liabilities: Interest rate lock commitments — — 17 17 MBS call options 478 — — 478 Forward purchase contracts — 34 — 34 Forward sales contracts — 6,649 — 6,649 Total derivative liabilities 478 6,683 17 7,178 Netting — — — (4,748 ) Total derivative liabilities after netting 478 6,683 17 2,430 $ 478 $ 172,603 $ 17 $ 168,350 The following is a summary of changes in items measured using Level 3 inputs on a recurring basis: Year ended December 31, 2015 Mortgage at fair value Excess Interest rate lock commitments (1) Net derivative related to CRT Mortgage Total (in thousands) Assets: Balance, December 31, 2014 $ 2,199,583 $ 191,166 $ 5,661 $ — $ 57,358 $ 2,453,768 Purchases and issuances 241,981 271,554 — — 2,335 515,870 Repayments and sales (218,585 ) (78,578 ) — — — (297,163 ) Capitalization of interest 57,754 25,365 — — — 83,119 ESS received pursuant to a recapture agreement with PFSI — 6,728 — — — 6,728 Interest rate lock commitments issued, net — — 50,536 — — 50,536 Servicing received as proceeds from sales of mortgage loans — — — — 13,963 13,963 Changes in fair value included in income arising from: Changes in instrument-specific credit risk 42,267 — — — — 42,267 Other factors 38,866 (3,810 ) (12,811 ) 593 (7,072 ) 15,766 81,133 (3,810 ) (12,811 ) 593 (7,072 ) 58,033 Transfers of mortgage loans to REO (285,331 ) — — — — (285,331 ) Transfers of mortgage loans at fair value from “Level 2” to “Level 3” (2) 23,859 — — — — 23,859 Transfers of interest rate lock commitments to mortgage loans acquired for sale — — (38,740 ) — — (38,740 ) Balance, December 31, 2015 $ 2,100,394 $ 412,425 $ 4,646 $ 593 $ 66,584 $ 2,584,642 Changes in fair value recognized during the period relating to assets still held at December 31, 2015 $ 77,867 $ (3,810 ) $ 4,646 $ 593 $ (7,072 ) $ 72,224 (1) For the purpose of this table, the interest rate lock asset and liability positions are shown net. (2) During the year ended December 31, 2015, the Manager identified certain “Level 2” mortgage loans that were not salable into the prime mortgage market and therefore transferred them to “Level 3”. Year ended December 31, 2014 Mortgage at fair value Mortgage under forward Excess Interest rate lock Mortgage Total (in thousands) Assets: Balance, December 31, 2013 $ 2,076,665 $ 218,128 $ 138,723 $ 1,249 $ 26,452 $ 2,461,217 Purchases 554,604 1,386 99,728 — — 655,718 Repayments and sales (572,586 ) (6,413 ) (39,257 ) — (139 ) (618,395 ) Accrual of interest — — 13,292 — — 13,292 ESS received pursuant to a recapture agreement with PFSI — — 7,342 — — 7,342 Interest rate lock commitments issued, net — — — 56,367 — 56,367 Capitalization of interest 65,050 1,800 — — — 66,850 Sales — — — — — — Servicing received as proceeds from sales of mortgage loans — — — — 47,693 47,693 Changes in fair value included in income arising from: Changes in instrument-specific credit risk 34,785 1,815 — — — 36,600 Other factors 179,896 (1,012 ) (28,662 ) 17,326 (16,648 ) 150,900 214,681 803 (28,662 ) 17,326 (16,648 ) 187,500 Transfers of mortgage loans under forward purchase agreements to mortgage loans 205,902 (205,902 ) — — — — Transfers of mortgage loans to REO (344,733 ) — — — — (344,733 ) Transfers of mortgage loans under forward purchase agreements to REO under forward purchase agreements — (9,802 ) — — — (9,802 ) Transfers of interest rate lock commitments to mortgage loans acquired for sale — — — (69,281 ) — (69,281 ) Balance, December 31, 2014 $ 2,199,583 $ — $ 191,166 $ 5,661 $ 57,358 $ 2,453,768 Changes in fair value recognized during the period relating to assets still held at December 31, 2014 $ 134,724 $ — $ (28,662 ) $ 5,661 $ (16,648 ) $ 95,075 (1) For the purpose of this table, the interest rate lock asset and liability positions are shown net. Year ended December 31, 2013 Mortgage at fair value Agency Mortgage loans Excess Net interest rate lock Mortgage Total (in thousands) Assets: Balance, December 31, 2012 $ 1,189,971 $ — $ — $ — $ 19,479 $ 1,346 $ 1,210,796 Purchases 1,063,162 12,000 246,525 139,028 — 1,419 1,462,134 Repayments and sales (255,210 ) (13,725 ) (15,319 ) (4,076 ) — — (288,330 ) Capitalization of interest 43,481 — — 1,348 — — 44,829 ESS received pursuant to a recapture agreement with PFSI — — — — — — Interest rate lock commitments issued, net — — — — 83,515 — 83,515 Servicing received as proceeds from sales of mortgage loans — — — — — 23,071 23,071 Changes in fair value included in income arising from: Changes in instrument-specific credit risk 44,018 — 2,305 — — — 46,323 Other factors 153,639 1,725 9,415 2,423 (26,674 ) 616 141,144 197,657 1,725 11,720 2,423 (26,674 ) 616 187,467 Transfers of mortgage loans under forward purchase agreements to mortgage loans 15,347 — (15,347 ) — — — — Transfers of mortgage loans to REO (177,743 ) — — — — — (177,743 ) Transfers of mortgage loans under forward purchase agreements to REO under forward purchase agreements — — (9,451 ) — — — (9,451 ) Transfers of interest rate lock commitments to mortgage loans acquired for sale — — — — (75,071 ) — (75,071 ) Balance, December 31, 2013 $ 2,076,665 $ — $ 218,128 $ 138,723 $ 1,249 $ 26,452 $ 2,461,217 Changes in fair value recognized during the period relating to assets still held at December 31, 2013 $ 132,339 $ 1,725 $ 7,244 $ 2,423 $ 1,249 $ 616 $ 145,596 (1) For the purpose of this table, the interest rate lock asset and liability positions are shown net. Following are the fair values and related principal amounts due upon maturity of mortgage loans accounted for under the fair value option (including mortgage loans acquired for sale, mortgage loans at fair value and mortgage loans held in a consolidated VIE): December 31, 2015 December 31, 2014 Fair value Principal Difference Fair value Principal Difference (in thousands) (in thousands) Mortgage loans acquired for sale at fair value: Current through 89 days delinquent $ 1,283,275 $ 1,235,433 $ 47,842 $ 637,518 $ 610,372 $ 27,146 90 or more days delinquent Not in foreclosure 304 333 (29 ) 204 255 (51 ) In foreclosure 216 253 (37 ) — — — 520 586 (66 ) 204 255 (51 ) $ 1,283,795 $ 1,236,019 $ 47,776 $ 637,722 $ 610,627 $ 27,095 Mortgage loans at fair value: Mortgage loans held in a consolidated VIE Current through 89 days delinquent $ 455,394 $ 454,935 $ 459 $ 527,369 $ 517,500 $ 9,869 90 or more days delinquent Not in foreclosure — — — — — — In foreclosure — — — — — — — — — — — — 455,394 454,935 459 527,369 517,500 9,869 Other mortgage loans at fair value: Current through 89 days delinquent 877,438 1,134,560 (257,122 ) 664,266 935,385 (271,119 ) 90 or more days delinquent Not in foreclosure 459,060 640,343 (181,283 ) 608,144 875,214 (267,070 ) In foreclosure 763,896 1,062,205 (298,309 ) 927,173 1,371,371 (444,198 ) 1,222,956 1,702,548 (479,592 ) 1,535,317 2,246,585 (711,268 ) 2,100,394 2,837,108 (736,714 ) 2,199,583 3,181,970 (982,387 ) $ 2,555,788 $ 3,292,043 $ (736,255 ) $ 2,726,952 $ 3,699,470 $ (972,518 ) Following are the changes in fair value included in current year income by consolidated statement of income line item for financial statement items accounted for under the fair value option: Year ended December 31, 2015 Net gain on mortgage loans Net interest Net gain on investments Net loan servicing fees Total (in thousands) Assets: Short-term investments $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Mortgage-backed securities at fair value — (35 ) (5,224 ) — (5,259 ) Mortgage loans acquired for sale at fair value 71,880 — — — 71,880 Mortgage loans at fair value — 1,253 70,470 — 71,723 Excess servicing spread at fair value — — 3,239 — 3,239 Mortgage servicing rights at fair value — — — (7,072 ) (7,072 ) $ 71,880 $ 1,218 $ 68,485 $ (7,072 ) $ 134,511 Liabilities: Asset-backed financing of VIEs at fair value $ — $ (499 ) $ 4,260 $ — $ 3,761 $ — $ (499 ) $ 4,260 $ — $ 3,761 Year ended December 31, 2014 Net gain on mortgage loans Net interest income Net gain on investments Net loan servicing fees Total (in thousands) Assets: Short-term investments $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Mortgage-backed securities at fair value — 357 10,416 — 10,773 Mortgage loans acquired for sale at fair value 100,213 — — — 100,213 Mortgage loans at fair value — 1,848 242,449 — 244,297 Mortgage loans under forward purchase agreements at fair value — — 803 — 803 Excess servicing spread at fair value — — (20,834 ) — (20,834 ) Mortgage servicing rights at fair value — — — (16,648 ) (16,648 ) $ 100,213 $ 2,205 $ 232,834 $ (16,648 ) $ 318,604 Liabilities: Asset-backed financing of a VIE at fair value $ — $ (617 ) $ (8,459 ) $ — $ (9,076 ) $ — $ (617 ) $ (8,459 ) $ — $ (9,076 ) Year ended December 31, 2013 Net gain on mortgage loans Net interest income Net gain on investments Net loan servicing fees Total (in thousands) Assets: Short-term investments $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Mortgage-backed securities at fair value — 46 (3,946 ) — (3,900 ) Mortgage loans acquired for sale at fair value (30,696 ) — — — (30,696 ) Mortgage loans at fair value — 232 191,356 — 191,588 Agency debt security — — 1,725 — 1,725 Mortgage loans under forward purchase agreements at fair value — — 11,720 — 11,720 Excess servicing spread at fair value — — 2,423 — 2,423 Mortgage servicing rights at fair value — — — 616 616 $ (30,696 ) $ 278 $ 203,278 $ 616 $ 173,476 Liabilities: Asset-backed financing of a VIE at fair value $ — $ (92 ) $ 2,279 $ — $ 2,187 $ — $ (92 ) $ 2,279 $ — $ 2,187 Financial Statement Items Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis Following is a summary of financial statement items that were re-measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis during the years presented: December 31, 2015 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total (in thousands) Real estate acquired in settlement of loans $ — $ — $ 173,662 $ 173,662 Mortgage servicing rights at lower of amortized cost or fair value — — 145,187 145,187 $ — $ — $ 318,849 $ 318,849 December 31, 2014 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total (in thousands) Real estate acquired in settlement of loans $ — $ — $ 157,203 $ 157,203 Mortgage servicing rights at lower of amortized cost or fair value — — 91,990 91,990 $ — $ — $ 249,193 $ 249,193 Following is a summary of the related gains (losses) recognized as a result of remeasurement from financial statement items that were re-measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis during the years presented: Year ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 (in thousands) Real estate asset acquired in settlement of loans $ (24,546 ) $ (24,896 ) $ (11,856 ) Real estate asset acquired in settlement of loans under forward purchase agreements — — (86 ) Mortgage servicing rights at lower of amortized cost or fair value (3,229 ) (5,138 ) 4,970 $ (27,775 ) $ (30,034 ) $ (6,972 ) Real Estate Acquired in Settlement of Loans The Company evaluates its REO for impairment with reference to the respective properties’ fair values less cost to sell on a nonrecurring basis. The initial carrying value of the REO is measured at cost as indicated by the purchase price in the case of purchased REO or as measured by the fair value of the mortgage loan immediately before REO acquisition in the case of acquisition in settlement of a loan. REO may be subsequently revalued due to the Company receiving greater access to the property, the property being held for an extended period or receiving indications that the property’s value may not be supported by developing market conditions. Any subsequent change in fair value to a level that is less than or equal to the property’s cost is recognized in Results of real estate acquired in settlement of loans Mortgage Servicing Rights at Lower of Amortized Cost or Fair Value The Company evaluates its MSRs at lower of amortized cost or fair value for impairment with reference to the asset’s fair value. For purposes of performing its MSR impairment evaluation, the Company stratifies its MSRs at lower of amortized cost or fair value based on the interest rates borne by the mortgage loans underlying the MSRs. Mortgage loans are grouped into pools with 50 basis point interest rate ranges for fixed-rate mortgage loans with interest rates between 3.0% and 4.5% and a single pool for mortgage loans with interest rates below 3.0%. MSRs relating to adjustable rate mortgage loans with initial interest rates of 4.5% or less are evaluated in a single pool. If the fair value of MSRs in any of the interest rate pools is below the amortized cost of the MSRs, those MSRs are impaired. When MSRs are impaired, the impairment is recognized in current-period income and the carrying value of the MSRs is adjusted using a valuation allowance. If the fair value of the MSRs subsequently increases, the increase in fair value is recognized in current period income only to the extent of the valuation allowance for the respective impairment stratum. The Manager periodically reviews the various impairment strata to determine whether the fair value of the impaired MSRs in a given stratum is likely to recover. When the Manager deems recovery of value to be unlikely in the foreseeable future, a write-down of the cost of the MSRs for that stratum to its estimated recoverable value is charged to the valuation allowance. Fair Value of Financial Instruments Carried at Amortized Cost The Company’s Cash The Manager has concluded that the fair values of Cash Assets sold under agreements to repurchase Federal Home Loan Bank Advances Mortgage loan participation and sale agreement Notes payable The Exchangeable Notes are carried at amortized cost. The fair value of the Exchangeable Notes at December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014 was $230.0 million and $239.0 million, respectively. The fair value of the Exchangeable Notes is estimated using a broker indication of value. The Company has classified the Exchangeable Notes as “Level 3” financial statement items as of December 31, 2015 due to the lack of current market activity. Valuation Techniques and Inputs Most of the Company’s assets and the Asset-backed financing of a VIE Due to the difficulty in estimating the fair values of “Level 3” financial statement items, the Manager has assigned responsibility for estimating fair value of these items to specialized staff and subjects the valuation process to significant executive management oversight. The Manager’s Financial Analysis and Valuation group (the “FAV group”) is responsible for estimating the fair values of “Level 3” financial statement items other than IRLCs and maintaining its valuation policies and procedures. With respect to its Level 3 valuations, the FAV group reports to PCM’s valuation committee, which oversees and approves the valuations. The FAV group monitors the models used for valuation of the Company’s non-IRLC “Level 3” financial statement items, including the models’ performance versus actual results, and reports those results to the Manager’s senior management valuation committee. The Manager’s senior management valuation committee includes PFSI’s chief executive, financial, operating, risk and asset/liability management officers. The FAV group is responsible for reporting to PCM’s valuation committee on a monthly basis on the changes in the valuation of the financial statement items, including major factors affecting the valuation and any changes in model methods and inputs. To assess the reasonableness of its valuations, the FAV group presents an analysis of the effect on the valuation of changes to the significant inputs to the models. The fair value of our IRLCs is developed by the Manager’s Capital Markets Risk Management Staff and is reviewed by the Manager’s Capital Markets Operations group. The following is a description of the techniques and inputs used in estimating the fair values of “Level 2” and “Level 3” financial statement items: Mortgage-Backed Securities The Company’s MBS include Agency and senior non-agency MBS. The Company categorizes its current holdings of MBS as “Level 2” financial statement items. Fair value of these MBS is established based on quoted market prices for the Company’s MBS or similar securities. Mortgage Loans Fair value of mortgage loans is estimated based on whether the mortgage loans are saleable into active markets: • Mortgage loans that are saleable into active markets, comprised of the Company’s mortgage loans acquired for sale at fair value and mortgage loans at fair value held in a VIE, are categorized as “Level 2” financial statement items. The fair values of mortgage loans acquired for sale at fair value are established using their quoted market or contracted price or market price equivalent. For the mortgage loans at fair value held in a VIE, the fair values of all of the individual securities issued by the securitization trust are used to derive a fair value for the mortgage loans. The Company obtains indications of fair value from nonaffiliated brokers based on comparable securities and validates the brokers’ indications of fair value using pricing models and inputs the Manager believes are similar to the models and inputs used by other market participants. • Loans that are not saleable into active markets, comprised of the Company’s mortgage loans at fair value held outside the VIE and mortgage loans under forward purchase agreements at fair value, are categorized as “Level 3” financial statement items and their fair values are estimated using a discounted cash flow approach. Inputs to the discounted cash flow model include current interest rates, loan amount, payment status, property type, discount rates and forecasts of future interest rates, home prices, prepayment speeds, default speeds and loss severities or contracted selling price. The valuation process includes the computation by stratum of the mortgage loans’ fair values and a review for reasonableness of various measures such as weighted average life, projected prepayment and default speeds, and projected default and loss percentages. The FAV group computes the effect on the valuation of changes in input variables such as interest rates, home prices, and delinquency status to assess the reasonableness of changes in the mortgage loan valuation. Changes in fair value attributable to changes in instrument-specific credit risk are measured by the effect on fair value of the change in the respective mortgage loan’s delinquency status and history at period-end from the later of the beginning of the period or acquisition date. The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the Company’s mortgage loans at fair value are discount rate, home price projections, voluntary prepayment speeds and default speeds. Significant changes in any of those inputs in isolation could result in a significant change to the mortgage loans’ fair value measurement. Increases in home price projections are generally accompanied by an increase in voluntary prepayment speeds. Following is a quantitative summary of key inputs used in the valuation of mortgage loans at fair value: Key inputs December 31, 2015 December 31, 2014 Discount rate Range 2.5% – 15.0% 2.3% – 15.0% Weighted average 7.1% 7.7% Twelve-month projected housing price index change Range 1.5% – 5.1% 4.0% – 5.3% Weighted average 3.6% 4.8% Prepayment speed (1) Range 0.1% – 9.6% 0.0% – 6.5% Weighted average 3.7% 3.1% Total prepayment speed (2) Range 0.5% – 27.2% 0.0% – 27.9% Weighted average 19.6% 21.6% (1) Prepayment speed is measured using Life Voluntary Conditional Prepayment Rate (“CPR”). (2) Total prepayment speed is measured using Life Total CPR. Excess Servicing Spread Purchased from PennyMac Financial Services, Inc. The Company categorizes ESS as a “Level 3” financial statement item. The Company uses a discounted cash flow approach to estimate the fair value of ESS. The key inputs used in the estimation of the fair value of ESS include prepayment speed and discount rate. Significant changes to those inputs in isolation may result in a significant change in the ESS fair value measurement. Changes in these key inputs are not necessarily directly related. ESS is generally subject to loss in fair value when interest rates decrease. Decreasing mortgage rates normally encourage increased mortgage refinancing activity. Increased refinancing activity reduces the life of the mortgage loans underlying the ESS, thereby reducing the fair value of ESS. Reductions in the fair value of ESS affect income primarily through change in fair value. Following are the key inputs used in determining the fair value of ESS: Key inputs December 31, 2015 December 31, 2014 Unpaid principal balance of underlying mortgage loans (in thousands) $51,966,405 $28,227,340 Average servicing fee rate (in basis points) 32 31 Average ESS rate (in basis points) 17 16 Pricing spread (1) Range 4.8% – 6.5% 1.7% – 12.0% Weighted average 5.7% 5.3% Life (in years) Range 1.4 – 9.0 0.4 – 7.3 Weighted average 6.9 5.8 Annual total prepayment speed (2) Range 5.2% – 52.4% 7.6% – 74.6% Weighted average 9.6% 11.2% (1) Pricing spread represents a margin that is applied to a reference interest rate’s forward rate curve to develop periodic discount rates. The Company applies a pricing spread to the United States Dollar London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) curve for purposes of discounting cash flows relating to ESS. (2) Prepayment speed is measured using Life Total CPR. Derivative Financial Instruments The Company categorizes IRLCs as a “Level 3” financial statement item. The Company estimates the fair value of IRLCs based on quoted Agency MBS prices, its estimate of the fair value of the MSRs it expects to receive in the sale of the mortgage loans and the probability that the mortgage loan will be purchased under the commitment as a percentage of the commitments it has made (the “pull-through rate”). The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the Company’s IRLCs are the pull-through rate and the MSR component of the Company’s estimate of the fair value of the mortgage loans it has committed to purchase. Significant changes in the pull-through rate or the MSR component of the IRLCs, in isolation, may result in a significant change in fair value. The financial effects of changes in these inputs are generally inversely correlated as increasing interest rates have a positive effect on the fair value of the MSR component of IRLC value, but increase the pull-through rate for mortgage loan principal and interest payment cash flows that have decreased in fair value. Following is a quantitative summary of key unobservable inputs used in the valuation of IRLCs: Key inputs December 31, 2015 December 31, 2014 Pull-through rate Range 60.2% – 100.0% 65.0% – 98.0% Weighted average 92.4% 94.9% MSR value expressed as: Servicing fee multiple Range 2.1 – 6.2 0.7 – 5.2 Weighted average 4.9 4.3 Percentage of unpaid principal balance Range 0.5% – 3.8% 0.2% – 1.3% Weighted average 1.2% 1.1% The Company estimates the fair value of commitments to sell loans based on quoted MBS prices. The Company estimates the fair value of the interest rate options and futures it uses as hedging derivatives based on observed interest rate volatilities in the MBS market. These derivative financial instruments are categorized by the Company as “Level 2” financial statement items. Real Estate Acquired in Settlement of Loans REO is measured based on its fair value on a nonrecurring basis and is categorized as a “Level 3” financial statement item. Fair value of REO is established by using a current estimate of fair value from a broker’s price opinion or a full appraisal, or the price given in a current contract of sale. REO fair values are reviewed by the Manager’s staff appraisers when the Company obtains multiple indications of fair value and there is a significant difference between the fair values received. PCM’s staff appraisers will attempt to resolve the difference between the indications of fair value. In circumstances where the appraisers are not able to generate adequate data to support a fair value conclusion, the staff appraisers will order an additional appraisal to determine the fair value. Mortgage Servicing Rights MSRs are categorized as “Level 3” financial statement items. The Company uses a discounted cash flow approach to estimate the fair value of MSRs. The key inputs used in the estimation of the fair value of MSRs include the applicable pricing spread, prepayment and default rates of the underlying mortgage loans, and annual per-loan cost to service mortgage loans, all of which are unobservable. Significant changes to any of those inputs in isolation could result in a significant change in the MSR fair value measurement. Changes in these key inputs are not necessarily directly related. MSRs are generally subject to loss in fair value when mortgage interest rates decrease. Decreasing mortgage interest rates normally encourage increased mortgage refinancing activity. Increased refinancing activity reduces the life of the underlying mortgage loans, thereby reducing MSR fair value. Reductions in the fair value of MSRs affect income primarily through change in fair value and change in impairment. For MSRs backed by mortgage loans with historically low interest rates, factors other than interest rates (such as housing price changes) take on increasing influence on prepayment behavior of the underlying mortgage loans. Following are the key inputs used in determining the fair value of MSRs at the time of initial recognition: Year ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 Key inputs Amortized cost Fair value Amortized cost Fair value Amortized cost Fair value (MSR recognized and unpaid principal balance of underlying mortgage loan amounts in thousands) MSR recognized $140,511 $13,963 $73,640 $47,693 $159,961 $23,071 Unpaid principal balance of underlying mortgage loans $12,195,574 $1,430,795 $6,800,637 $4,573,369 $13,343,793 $2,148,185 Weighted-average annual servicing fee rate (in basis points) 25 25 25 25 26 26 Pricing spread (1) Range 6.5% – 17.5% 7.2% – 16.3% 6.3% – 17.5% 8.5% – 14.3% 5.4% – 17.5% 7.4% – 14.4% Weighted average 7.9% 8.5% 8.6% 9.1% 6.7% 8.2% Life (in years) Range 1.3 – 12.0 2.2 – 9.4 1.1 – 7.3 1.6 – 7.3 1.3 – 7.3 2.7 – 7.3 Weighted average 6.9 6.4 6.4 7.1 6.4 6.9 Annual total prepayment speed (2) Range 3.5% – 51.0% 6.8% – 34.2% 7.6% – 56.4% 8.0% – 42.7% 7.6% – 51.8% 7.9% – 27.0% Weighted average 9.0% 12.3% 9.6% 9.7% 9.1% 10.0% Annual per-loan cost of servicing Range $62 – $134 $62 – $68 $59 – $140 $59 – $140 $68 – $140 $68 – $68 Weighted average $64 $65 $69 $68 $68 $68 (1) Pricing spread represents a margin that is applied to a reference interest rate’s forward rate curve to develop periodic discount rates. The Company applies a pricing spread to the United States Dollar LIBOR curve for purposes of discounting cash flows relating to MSRs acquired as proceeds from the sale of mortgage loans. (2) Annual total prepayment speed is measured using Life Total CPR. Following is a quantitative summary of key inputs used in the valuation of MSRs as of the dates presented, and the effect on fair value from adverse changes in those inputs: December 31, 2015 December 31, 2014 Amortized cost (1) Fair value Amortized cost (1) Fair value (Carrying value, unpaid principal balance and effect on fair value amounts in Carrying value $393,157 $66,584 $300,422 $57,358 Key inputs: Unpaid principal balance of underlying mortgage loans $35,841,654 $6,458,684 $28,006,797 $6,278,676 Weighted-average annual servicing fee rate (in basis points) 26 25 26 25 Weighted-average note interest rate 3.9% 4.7% 3.8% 4.8% Pricing spread (2) Range 7.2% – 10.7% 7.2% – 10.2% 6.3% – 17.5% 8.1% – 16.3% Weighted average 7.3% 7.2% 7.9% 10.3% Effect on fair value of a: 5% adverse change $(6,411) $(944) $(5,801) $(937) 10% adverse change $(12,635) $(1,862) $(11,410) $(1,845) 20% adverse change $(24,553) $(3,621) $(22,086) $(3,577) Weighted average life (in years) Range 1.3 – 7.7 2.5 – 6.1 1.8 – 7.2 1.8 – 7.2 Weighted average 7.2 6.1 6.4 6.7 Prepayment speed (3) Range 8.1% – 51.5% 9.2% – 32.5% 7.8% – 47.9% 8.0% – 39.6% Weighted average 9.6% 13.2% 8.8% 11.4% Effect on fair value of a: 5% adverse change $(8,159) $(1,793) $(6,166) $(1,430) 10% adverse change $(16,024) $(3,502) $(12,138) $(2,803) 20% adverse change $(30,938) $( |