Fair Value | Note 6—Fair Value The Company’s consolidated financial statements include assets and liabilities that are measured based on their fair values. Measurement at fair value may be on a recurring or nonrecurring basis depending on the accounting principles applicable to the specific asset or liability and whether the Manager has elected to carry the item at its fair value as discussed in the following paragraphs. The Company groups its assets and liabilities at fair value in three levels, based on the markets in which the assets and liabilities are traded and the observability of the inputs used to determine fair value. These levels are: • Level 1—Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. • Level 2—Prices determined or determinable using other significant observable inputs. Observable inputs are inputs that other market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability and are developed based on market data obtained from sources independent of the Company. These may include quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities, interest rates, prepayment speeds, credit risk and other inputs. • Level 3—Prices determined using significant unobservable inputs. In situations where significant observable inputs are unavailable unobservable inputs may be used. Unobservable inputs reflect the Company’s own judgments about the factors that market participants use in pricing assets and liabilities, and are based on the best information available in the circumstances. As a result of the difficulty in observing certain significant valuation inputs affecting “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities, the Manager is required to make judgments regarding these items’ fair values. Different persons in possession of the same facts may reasonably arrive at different conclusions as to the inputs to be applied in valuing these assets and liabilities and to their fair values. Likewise, due to the general illiquidity of some of these assets and liabilities, subsequent transactions may be at values significantly different from those reported. Fair Value Accounting Elections The Manager identified all of the Company’s non-cash financial assets and MSRs relating to non-commercial real estate secured mortgage loans with initial interest rates of more than 4.5%, to be accounted for at fair value. The Manager has elected to account for these assets at fair value so such changes in fair value will be reflected in income as they occur and more timely reflect the results of the Company’s performance. The Manager has also identified the Company’s asset-backed financing of a VIE and interest only security payable at fair value to be accounted for at fair value to reflect the generally offsetting changes in fair value of these borrowings to changes in fair value of mortgage loans at fair value or other assets collateralizing these financings. For other borrowings, the Manager has determined that historical cost accounting is more appropriate because under this method debt issuance costs are amortized over the term of the debt, thereby matching the debt issuance cost to the periods benefiting from the availability of the debt. Financial Statement Items Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis Following is a summary of financial statement items that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis: September 30, 2017 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total (in thousands) Assets: Short-term investments $ 5,646 $ — $ — $ 5,646 Mortgage-backed securities at fair value — 1,036,669 — 1,036,669 Mortgage loans acquired for sale at fair value — 1,270,340 — 1,270,340 Mortgage loans at fair value — 331,941 1,016,002 1,347,943 Excess servicing spread purchased from PFSI — — 248,763 248,763 Derivative assets: Interest rate lock commitments — — 2,789 2,789 CRT Agreements — — 56,878 56,878 Repurchase agreement derivatives — — 181 181 Forward sales contracts — 8,861 — 8,861 MBS put options — 1,503 — 1,503 MBS call options — 171 — 171 Call options on interest rate futures 438 — — 438 Put options on interest rate futures 1,258 — — 1,258 Total derivative assets before netting 1,696 10,535 59,848 72,079 Netting — — — (4,791 ) Total derivative assets after netting 1,696 10,535 59,848 67,288 Mortgage servicing rights at fair value — — 82,312 82,312 $ 7,342 $ 2,649,485 $ 1,406,925 $ 4,058,961 Liabilities: Asset-backed financing of a VIE at fair value $ — $ 318,404 $ — $ 318,404 Interest-only security payable at fair value — — 6,386 6,386 Derivative liabilities: Interest rate lock commitments — — 1,514 1,514 Forward purchase contracts — 6,616 — 6,616 Forward sales contracts — 165 — 165 Total derivative liabilities before netting — 6,781 1,514 8,295 Netting — — — (3,395 ) Total derivative liabilities after netting — 6,781 1,514 4,900 $ — $ 325,185 $ 7,900 $ 329,690 December 31, 2016 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total (in thousands) Assets: Short-term investments $ 122,088 $ — $ — $ 122,088 Mortgage-backed securities at fair value — 865,061 — 865,061 Mortgage loans acquired for sale at fair value — 1,673,112 — 1,673,112 Mortgage loans at fair value — 367,169 1,354,572 1,721,741 Excess servicing spread purchased from PFSI — — 288,669 288,669 Derivative assets: Interest rate lock commitments — — 7,069 7,069 CRT Agreements — — 15,610 15,610 Forward purchase contracts — 30,879 — 30,879 Forward sales contracts — 13,164 — 13,164 MBS put options — 1,697 — 1,697 MBS call options — 142 — 142 Call options on interest rate futures 63 — — 63 Put options on interest rate futures 2,469 — — 2,469 Total derivative assets 2,532 45,882 22,679 71,093 Netting — — — (37,384 ) Total derivative assets after netting 2,532 45,882 22,679 33,709 Mortgage servicing rights at fair value — — 64,136 64,136 $ 124,620 $ 2,951,224 $ 1,730,056 $ 4,768,516 Liabilities: Asset-backed financing of the VIE at fair value $ — $ 353,898 $ — $ 353,898 Interest-only security payable at fair value — — 4,114 4,114 Derivative liabilities: Interest rate lock commitments — — 3,292 3,292 Forward purchase contracts — 7,619 — 7,619 Forward sales contracts — 17,974 — 17,974 Total derivative liabilities — 25,593 3,292 28,885 Netting — — — (19,312 ) Total derivative liabilities after netting — 25,593 3,292 9,573 $ — $ 379,491 $ 7,406 $ 367,585 The following is a summary of changes in items measured using Level 3 inputs on a recurring basis: Quarter ended September 30, 2017 Mortgage Excess Interest Repurchase Mortgage loans servicing rate lock CRT agreement servicing at fair value spread commitments (1) Agreements derivatives rights Total (in thousands) Assets: Balance, June 30, 2017 $ 1,184,620 $ 261,796 $ 395 $ 52,716 $ — $ 77,624 $ 1,577,151 Purchases and issuances — — 9,264 — 181 10 9,455 Repayments and sales (156,821 ) (13,410 ) — (10,798 ) — — (181,029 ) Capitalization of interest 7,020 3,998 — — — — 11,018 Capitalization of advances 4,611 — — — — — 4,611 ESS received pursuant to a recapture agreement with PFSI — 1,207 — — — — 1,207 Servicing received as proceeds from sales of mortgage loans — — — — — 8,655 8,655 Changes in fair value included in income arising from: Changes in instrument-specific credit risk 6,035 — — — — — 6,035 Other factors (2,758 ) (4,828 ) 15,430 14,960 — (3,977 ) 18,827 3,277 (4,828 ) 15,430 14,960 — (3,977 ) 24,862 Transfers of mortgage loans to REO and real estate held for investment (26,705 ) — — — — — (26,705 ) Transfers of interest rate lock commitments to mortgage loans acquired for sale — — (23,814 ) — — — (23,814 ) Balance, September 30, 2017 $ 1,016,002 $ 248,763 $ 1,275 $ 56,878 $ 181 $ 82,312 $ 1,405,411 Changes in fair value recognized during the period relating to assets still held at September 30, 2017 $ (7,302 ) $ (4,828 ) $ 1,275 $ 4,162 $ — $ (3,977 ) $ (10,670 ) (1) For the purpose of this table, the IRLC asset and liability positions are shown net. Quarter ended September 30, 2017 Interest-only security payable (in thousands) Liabilities: Balance, June 30, 2017 $ 6,577 Changes in fair value included in income arising from: Changes in instrument- specific credit risk — Other factors (191 ) (191 ) Balance, September 30, 2017 $ 6,386 Changes in fair value recognized during the period relating to liability outstanding at September 30, 2017 $ (191 ) Quarter ended September 30, 2016 Mortgage Excess Interest Mortgage loans servicing rate lock CRT servicing at fair value spread commitments (1) Agreements rights Total (in thousands) Assets: Balance, June 30, 2016 $ 1,608,906 $ 294,551 $ 16,757 $ (199 ) $ 57,977 $ 1,977,992 Purchases and issuances — — 30,429 — — 30,429 Repayments and sales (29,921 ) (16,342 ) — (6,206 ) — (52,469 ) Capitalization of interest 23,068 4,827 — — — 27,895 ESS received pursuant to a recapture agreement with PFSI — 1,438 — — — 1,438 Servicing received as proceeds from sales of mortgage loans — — — — 1,068 1,068 Changes in fair value included in income arising from: Changes in instrument-specific credit risk 9,699 — — — — 9,699 Other factors (13,099 ) (4,107 ) 23,390 23,067 (3,202 ) 26,049 (3,400 ) (4,107 ) 23,390 23,067 (3,202 ) 35,748 Transfers of mortgage loans to REO (39,276 ) — — — — (39,276 ) Transfers of interest rate lock commitments to mortgage loans acquired for sale — — (55,248 ) — — (55,248 ) Balance, September 30, 2016 $ 1,559,377 $ 280,367 $ 15,328 $ 16,662 $ 55,843 $ 1,927,577 Changes in fair value recognized during the period relating to assets still held at September 30, 2016 $ (820 ) $ (4,107 ) $ 15,328 $ 16,662 $ (3,202 ) $ 23,861 (1) For the purpose of this table, the IRLC and CRT Agreement asset and liability positions are shown net. Quarter ended September 30, 2016 Interest-only security payable (in thousands) Liabilities: Balance, June 30, 2016 $ 1,663 Changes in fair value included in income arising from: Changes in instrument- specific credit risk — Other factors 36 36 Balance, September 30, 2016 $ 1,699 Changes in fair value recognized during the period relating to liability outstanding at September 30, 2016 $ 36 Nine months ended September 30, 2017 Mortgage Excess Interest Repurchase Mortgage loans servicing rate lock CRT agreement servicing at fair value spread commitments (1) Agreements (1) derivatives rights Total (in thousands) Assets: Balance, December 31, 2016 $ 1,354,572 $ 288,669 $ 3,777 $ 15,610 $ — $ 64,136 $ 1,726,764 Purchases and issuances — — 26,185 — 181 79 26,445 Repayments and sales (302,829 ) (42,320 ) — (27,595 ) — — (372,744 ) Capitalization of interest 27,737 13,011 — — — — 40,748 Capitalization of advances 17,759 — — — — — 17,759 ESS received pursuant to a recapture agreement with PFSI — 4,160 — — — — 4,160 Servicing received as proceeds from sales of mortgage loans — — — — — 28,467 28,467 Changes in fair value included in income arising from: Changes in instrument-specific credit risk 23,498 — — — — — 23,498 Other factors (15,975 ) (14,757 ) 43,946 68,863 — (10,370 ) 71,707 7,523 (14,757 ) 43,946 68,863 — (10,370 ) 95,205 Transfers of mortgage loans to REO and real estate held for investment (88,760 ) — — — — — (88,760 ) Transfers of interest rate lock commitments to mortgage loans acquired for sale — — (72,633 ) — — — (72,633 ) Balance, September 30, 2017 $ 1,016,002 $ 248,763 $ 1,275 $ 56,878 $ 181 $ 82,312 $ 1,405,411 Changes in fair value recognized during the period relating to assets still held at September 30, 2017 $ (6,650 ) $ (14,757 ) $ 1,275 $ 41,268 $ — $ (10,370 ) $ 10,766 (1) For the purpose of this table, the IRLC and CRT Agreement asset and liability positions are shown net. Nine months ended September 30, 2017 Interest-only security payable (in thousands) Liabilities: Balance, December 31, 2016 $ 4,114 Changes in fair value included in income arising from: Changes in instrument- specific credit risk — Other factors 2,272 2,272 Balance, September 30, 2017 $ 6,386 Changes in fair value recognized during the period relating to liability outstanding at September 30, 2017 $ 2,272 Nine months ended September 30, 2016 Mortgage Excess Interest Mortgage loans servicing rate lock CRT servicing at fair value spread commitments (1) Agreements rights Total (in thousands) Assets: Balance, December 31, 2015 $ 2,100,394 $ 412,425 $ 4,646 $ 593 $ 66,584 $ 2,584,642 Purchases and issuances — — 58,475 — 2,602 61,077 Repayments and sales (449,647 ) (113,668 ) — (12,601 ) — (575,916 ) Capitalization of interest 62,783 17,555 — — — 80,338 ESS received pursuant to a recapture agreement with PFSI — 5,039 — — — 5,039 Servicing received as proceeds from sales of mortgage loans — — — — 6,215 6,215 Changes in fair value included in income arising from: Changes in instrument-specific credit risk 29,480 — — — — 29,480 Other factors (31,948 ) (40,984 ) 71,286 28,670 (19,558 ) 7,466 (2,468 ) (40,984 ) 71,286 28,670 (19,558 ) 36,946 Transfers of mortgage loans to REO (151,685 ) — — — — (151,685 ) Transfers of interest rate lock commitments to mortgage loans acquired for sale — — (119,079 ) — — (119,079 ) Balance, September 30, 2016 $ 1,559,377 $ 280,367 $ 15,328 $ 16,662 $ 55,843 $ 1,927,577 Changes in fair value recognized during the period relating to assets still held at September 30, 2016 $ (2,399 ) $ (33,774 ) $ 15,328 $ 16,662 $ (19,558 ) $ (23,741 ) (1) For the purpose of this table, the IRLC and CRT Agreement asset and liability positions are shown net. Nine months ended September 30, 2016 Interest-only security payable (in thousands) Liabilities: Balance, December 31, 2015 $ — Issuances 2,136 Changes in fair value included in income arising from: Changes in instrument- specific credit risk — Other factors (437 ) (437 ) Balance, September 30, 2016 1,699 Changes in fair value recognized during the period relating to liability outstanding at September 30, 2016 $ (437 ) The information used in the preceding roll forwards represents activity for financial statement items measured at fair value on a recurring basis and identified as using “Level 3” fair value inputs that are significant to the estimation of the fair values of the assets and liabilities at either the beginning or the end of the periods presented. The Company had transfers among the fair value levels arising from transfers of IRLCs to mortgage loans held for sale at fair value upon purchase of the respective mortgage loans. Following are the fair values and related principal amounts due upon maturity of mortgage loans accounted for under the fair value option (including mortgage loans acquired for sale, mortgage loans held in a consolidated VIE, and distressed mortgage loans at fair value): September 30, 2017 December 31, 2016 Fair value Principal amount due upon maturity Difference Fair value Principal amount due upon maturity Difference (in thousands) Mortgage loans acquired for sale at fair value: Current through 89 days delinquent: $ 1,269,137 $ 1,220,098 $ 49,039 $ 1,672,181 $ 1,633,569 $ 38,612 90 or more days delinquent: Not in foreclosure 759 954 (195 ) 145 189 (44 ) In foreclosure 444 497 (53 ) 786 717 69 1,203 1,451 (248 ) 931 906 25 $ 1,270,340 $ 1,221,549 $ 48,791 $ 1,673,112 $ 1,634,475 $ 38,637 Mortgage loans at fair value: Mortgage loans held in a consolidated VIE: Current through 89 days delinquent: $ 331,941 $ 325,529 $ 6,412 $ 367,169 $ 368,524 $ (1,355 ) 90 or more days delinquent: Not in foreclosure — — — — — — In foreclosure — — — — — — — — — — — — 331,941 325,529 6,412 367,169 368,524 (1,355 ) Distressed mortgage loans at fair value: Current through 89 days delinquent: 527,874 667,649 (139,775 ) 611,584 818,665 (207,081 ) 90 or more days delinquent: Not in foreclosure 210,783 319,417 (108,634 ) 305,431 425,460 (120,029 ) In foreclosure 277,345 397,909 (120,564 ) 437,557 595,534 (157,977 ) 488,128 717,326 (229,198 ) 742,988 1,020,994 (278,006 ) 1,016,002 1,384,975 (368,973 ) 1,354,572 1,839,659 (485,087 ) $ 1,347,943 $ 1,710,504 $ (362,561 ) $ 1,721,741 $ 2,208,183 $ (486,442 ) Following are the changes in fair value included in current period income by consolidated statement of income line item for financial statement items accounted for under the fair value option: Quarter ended September 30, 2017 Net gain on Net mortgage mortgage loans Net loan Net gain acquired interest servicing on for sale income fees investments Total (in thousands) Assets: Short-term investments $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Mortgage-backed securities at fair value — (1,481 ) — 5,001 3,520 Mortgage loans acquired for sale at fair value 32,935 — — — 32,935 Mortgage loans at fair value — 7,617 — 5,415 13,032 ESS at fair value — 3,998 — (4,828 ) (830 ) MSRs at fair value — — (3,977 ) — (3,977 ) $ 32,935 $ 10,134 $ (3,977 ) $ 5,588 $ 44,680 Liabilities: Interest-only security payable $ — $ — $ — $ 191 $ 191 Asset-backed financing of a VIE at fair value — (735 ) — (2,158 ) (2,893 ) $ — $ (735 ) $ — $ (1,967 ) $ (2,702 ) Quarter ended September 30, 2016 Net gain on Net mortgage mortgage loans Net loan Net gain acquired interest servicing on for sale income (1) fees investments Total (in thousands) Assets: Short-term investments $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Mortgage-backed securities at fair value — (1,193 ) — 517 (676 ) Mortgage loans acquired for sale at fair value 58,128 — — — 58,128 Mortgage loans at fair value — 23,261 — (3,936 ) 19,325 ESS at fair value — 4,827 — (4,107 ) 720 MSRs at fair value — — (3,202 ) — (3,202 ) $ 58,128 $ 26,895 $ (3,202 ) $ (7,526 ) $ 74,295 Liabilities: Asset-backed financing of a VIE at fair value $ — $ (2,520 ) $ — $ 2,990 $ 470 $ — $ (2,520 ) $ — $ 2,990 $ 470 (1) The amounts in the above table have been expanded to conform with current period presentation. The table includes the effect of capitalization of interest and accrual of unearned discounts on fair value. Nine months ended September 30, 2017 Net gain on Net mortgage mortgage loans Net loan Net gain acquired interest servicing on for sale income fees investments Total (in thousands) Assets: Short-term investments $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Mortgage-backed securities at fair value — (4,276 ) — 9,168 4,892 Mortgage loans acquired for sale at fair value 83,839 — — — 83,839 Mortgage loans at fair value — 29,195 — 13,832 43,027 ESS at fair value — 13,011 — (14,757 ) (1,746 ) MSRs at fair value — — (10,370 ) — (10,370 ) $ 83,839 $ 37,930 $ (10,370 ) $ 8,243 $ 119,642 Liabilities: Interest-only security payable $ — $ — $ — $ (2,272 ) $ (2,272 ) Asset-backed financing of a VIE at fair value — (1,807 ) — (5,581 ) (7,388 ) $ — $ (1,807 ) $ — $ (7,853 ) $ (9,660 ) Nine months ended September 30, 2016 Net gain on Net mortgage mortgage loans Net loan Net gain acquired interest servicing on for sale income (1) fees investments Total (in thousands) Assets: Short-term investments $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Mortgage-backed securities at fair value — (1,930 ) — 9,948 8,018 Mortgage loans acquired for sale at fair value 147,135 — — — 147,135 Mortgage loans at fair value — 65,070 — 5,342 70,412 ESS at fair value — 17,555 — (40,984 ) (23,429 ) MSRs at fair value — — (19,558 ) — (19,558 ) $ 147,135 $ 80,695 $ (19,558 ) $ (25,694 ) $ 182,578 Liabilities: Asset-backed financing of a VIE at fair value $ — $ (1,985 ) $ — $ (5,974 ) $ (7,959 ) $ — $ (1,985 ) $ — $ (5,974 ) $ (7,959 ) (1) The amounts in the above table have been expanded to conform with current period presentation. The table includes the effect of capitalization of interest and accrual of unearned discounts on fair value. Financial Statement Items Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis Following is a summary of financial statement items that were re-measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis during the periods presented: September 30, 2017 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total (in thousands) Real estate acquired in settlement of loans $ — $ — $ 60,805 $ 60,805 MSRs at lower of amortized cost or fair value — — 277,260 277,260 $ — $ — $ 338,065 $ 338,065 December 31, 2016 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total (in thousands) Real estate acquired in settlement of loans $ — $ — $ 125,683 $ 125,683 MSRs at lower of amortized cost or fair value — — 173,765 173,765 $ — $ — $ 299,448 $ 299,448 The following table summarizes the fair value changes recognized during the period on assets held at period end that were measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis: Quarter ended September 30, Nine months ended September 30, 2017 2016 2017 2016 (in thousands) Real estate asset acquired in settlement of loans $ (5,666 ) $ (6,940 ) $ (7,454 ) $ (14,552 ) MSRs at lower of amortized cost or fair value (1,702 ) (3,460 ) (4,287 ) (44,336 ) $ (7,368 ) $ (10,400 ) $ (11,741 ) $ (58,888 ) Real Estate Acquired in Settlement of Loans The Company evaluates its REO for impairment with reference to the respective properties’ fair values less cost to sell on a nonrecurring basis. The initial carrying value of the REO is measured at cost as indicated by the purchase price in the case of purchased REO or as measured by the fair value of the mortgage loan immediately before REO acquisition in the case of acquisition in settlement of a mortgage loan. REO may be subsequently revalued due to the Company receiving greater access to the property, the property being held for an extended period or receiving indications that the property’s fair value may not be supported by developing market conditions. Any subsequent change in fair value to a level that is less than or equal to the property’s cost is recognized in Results of real estate acquired in settlement of loans Mortgage Servicing Rights at Lower of Amortized Cost or Fair Value The Company evaluates its MSRs at lower of amortized cost or fair value for impairment with reference to the asset’s fair value. For purposes of performing its MSR impairment evaluation, the Company stratifies its MSRs at lower of amortized cost or fair value based on the interest rates borne by the mortgage loans underlying the MSRs. Mortgage loans are grouped into pools with 50 basis point interest rate ranges for fixed-rate mortgage loans with interest rates between 3.0% and 4.5% and a single pool for mortgage loans with interest rates below 3.0%. MSRs relating to adjustable rate mortgage loans with initial interest rates of 4.5% or less are evaluated in a single pool. If the fair value of MSRs in any of the interest rate pools is below the amortized cost of the MSRs, those MSRs are impaired. When MSRs are impaired, the impairment is recognized in current-period income and the carrying value of the MSRs is adjusted using a valuation allowance. If the fair value of the MSRs subsequently increases, the increase in fair value is recognized in current period income only to the extent of the valuation allowance for the respective impairment stratum. The Manager periodically reviews the various impairment strata to determine whether the fair value of the impaired MSRs in a given stratum is likely to recover. When the Manager deems recovery of fair value to be unlikely in the foreseeable future, a write-down of the cost of the MSRs for that stratum to its estimated recoverable value is charged to the valuation allowance. Fair Value of Financial Instruments Carried at Amortized Cost Certain of the Company’s borrowings are carried at amortized cost. The Company’s Assets sold under agreements to repurchase Mortgage loan participation purchase and sale agreements Notes payable, Exchangeable senior notes Assets sold to PennyMac Financial Services, Inc. under agreements to repurchase The Manager has concluded that the fair values of Assets sold under agreements to repurchase Mortgage loan participation purchase and sale agreements Notes payable Assets sold to PennyMac Financial Services, Inc. under agreements to repurchase Exchangeable senior notes Exchangeable senior notes Valuation Techniques and Inputs Most of the Company’s assets, its Asset-backed financing of a VIE, Interest-only security payable Derivative liabilities Due to the difficulty in estimating the fair values of “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities, the Manager has assigned responsibility for estimating fair value of these assets and liabilities to specialized staff and subjects the valuation process to significant executive management oversight. The Manager’s Financial Analysis and Valuation group (the “FAV group”) is responsible for estimating the fair values of “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities other than IRLCs and maintaining its valuation policies and procedures. With respect to the Company’s non-IRLC “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities, the FAV group reports to PCM’s valuation committee, which oversees and approves the valuations. The FAV group monitors the models used for valuation of the Company’s non-IRLC “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities, including the models’ performance versus actual results, and reports those results to PCM’s valuation committee. PCM’s valuation committee includes PFSI’s executive chairman, and chief executive, chief financial, chief enterprise operations, chief risk and deputy chief financial officers. The FAV group is responsible for reporting to PCM’s valuation committee on a monthly basis on the changes in the valuation of the non-IRLC “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities, including major factors affecting the valuation and any changes in model methods and inputs. To assess the reasonableness of its valuations, the FAV group presents an analysis of the effect on the valuation of changes to the significant inputs to the models. The fair value of the Company’s IRLCs is developed by the Manager’s Capital Markets Risk Management staff and is reviewed by the Manager’s Capital Markets Operations group. The following is a description of the techniques and inputs used in estimating the fair values of “Level 2” and “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities: Mortgage-Backed Securities The Company categorizes its current holdings of MBS as “Level 2” fair value assets. Fair value of these MBS is established based on quoted market prices for the Company’s MBS or similar securities. Changes in the fair value of MBS are included in Net gain (loss) on investments Mortgage Loans Fair value of mortgage loans is estimated based on whether the mortgage loans are saleable into active markets: • Mortgage loans that are saleable into active markets, comprised of the Company’s mortgage loans acquired for sale at fair value and mortgage loans at fair value held in a VIE, are categorized as “Level 2” fair value assets. The fair values of mortgage loans acquired for sale at fair value are established using their quoted market or contracted price or market price equivalent. For the mortgage loans at fair value held in a VIE, the quoted fair values of all of the individual securities issued by the securitization trust are used to derive a fair value for the mortgage loans. The Company obtains indications of fair value from nonaffiliated brokers based on comparable securities and validates the brokers’ indications of fair value using pricing models and inputs the Manager believes are similar to the models and inputs used by other market participants. • Mortgage loans that are not saleable into active markets, comprised of distressed mortgage loans are categorized as “Level 3” fair value assets and their fair values are estimated using a discounted cash flow approach. Inputs to the discounted cash flow model include current interest rates, loan amount, payment status, property type, discount rates and forecasts of future interest rates, home prices, prepayment speeds, default speeds, loss severities or contracted selling price when applicable. The valuation process for “Level 3” fair value mortgage loans includes the computation by stratum of the mortgage loans’ fair values and a review for reasonableness of various measures such as weighted average life, projected prepayment and default speeds, and projected default and loss percentages. The FAV group computes the effect on the valuation of changes in inputs such as interest rates, home prices, and delinquency status to assess the reasonableness of changes in the mortgage loan valuation. Changes in fair value attributable to changes in instrument-specific credit risk are measured by the effect on fair value of the change in the respective mortgage loan’s delinquency status and performance history at period-end from the later of the beginning of the period or acquisition date. The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the Company’s mortgage loans at fair value are discount rate, home price projections, voluntary prepayment speeds and default speeds. Significant changes in any of those inputs in isolation could result in a significant change to the mortgage loans’ fair value measurement. Increases in home price projections are generally accompanied by an increase in voluntary prepayment speeds. Changes in the fair value of mortgage loans at fair value are included in Net gain (loss) on investments Following is a quantitative summary of key inputs used in the valuation of mortgage loans at fair value: Key inputs September 30, 2017 December 31, 2016 Discount rate Range 2.9% – 15.0% 2.6% – 15.0% Weighted average 6.7% 7.1% Twelve-month projected housing price index change Range 3.4% – 4.9% 2.5% – 4.8% Weighted average 4.6% 3.7% Prepayment speed (1) Range 3.0% – 6.9% 0.1% – 10.9% Weighted average 4.1% 4.0% Total prepayment speed (2) Range 4.7% – 24.0% 2.9% – 24.6% Weighted average 16.7% 17.7% (1) Prepayment speed is measured using Life Voluntary Conditional Prepayment Rate (“CPR”). (2) Total prepayment speed is measured using Life Total CPR. Excess Servicing Spread Purchased from PFSI The Company categorizes ESS as a “Level 3” fair value asset. The Company uses a discounted cash flow approach to estimate the fair value of ESS. The key inputs used in the estimation of the fair value of ESS include prepayment speed and discount rate. Significant changes to those inputs in isolation may result in a significant change in the ESS fair value measurement. Changes in these key inputs are not necessarily directly related. ESS is generally subject to loss in fair value when interest rates decrease. Decreasing mortgage rates normally encourage increased mortgage refinancing activity. Increased refinancing activity reduces the expected life of the mortgage loans underlying the ESS, thereby reducing the cash flows expected to accrue to ESS. Reductions in the fair value of ESS affect income primarily through change in fair value. Changes in the fair value of ESS are included in Net gain (loss) on investments Following are the key inputs used in determining the fair value of ESS: Key inputs September 30, 2017 December 31, 2016 UPB of underlying mortgage loans (in thousands) $ 28,385,316 $ 32,376,359 Average servicing fee rate (in basis points) 34 34 Average ESS rate (in basis points) 19 19 Pricing spread (1) Range 3.8% - 4.4% 3.8% - 4.8% Weighted average 4.2% 4.4% Annual total prepayment speed (2) Range 7.7% - 37.2% 7.0% - 41.3% Weighted average 10.7% 10.5% Life (in years) Range 1.5 - 8.1 1.4 - 8.6 Weighted average 6.6 6.8 (1) Pricing spread represents a margin that is applied to a reference interest rate’s forward rate curve to develop periodic discount rates. The Company applies a pricing spread to the United States Dollar London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) curve for purposes of discounting cash flows relating to ESS. (2) Prepayment speed is measured using Life Total CPR. Derivative Financial Instruments Interest Rate Lock Commitments The Company categorizes IRLCs as “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities. The Company estimates the fair value of IRLCs based on quoted Agency MBS prices, its estimate of the fair value of the MSRs it expects to receive in the sale of the mortgage loan and the probability that the mortgage loan will be purchased under the commitment (the “pull-through rate”). The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the Company’s IRLCs are the pull-through rate and the MSR component of the Company’s estimate of the fair value of the mortgage loans it has committed to purchase. Significant changes in the pull-through rate or the MSR component of the IRLCs, in isolation, may result in a significant change in fair value. The financial effects of changes in these inputs are generally inversely correlated as increasing interest rates have a positive effect on the fair value of the MSR component of IRLC value, but increase the pull-through rate for the mortgage loan principal and interest payment cash flow component that has decreased in fair value. Changes in fair value of IRLCs are included in Net gain on mortgage loans acquired for sale Following is a quantitative summary of key unobservable inputs used in the valuation of IRLCs: Key inputs September 30, 2017 December 31, 2016 P |