Fair Value | Note 6—Fair Value The Company’s consolidated financial statements include assets and liabilities that are measured based on their fair values. Measurement at fair value may be on a recurring or nonrecurring basis depending on the accounting principles applicable to the specific asset or liability and whether the Manager has elected to carry the item at its fair value as discussed in the following paragraphs. The Company groups its assets and liabilities at fair value in three levels, based on the markets in which the assets and liabilities are traded and the observability of the inputs used to determine fair value. These levels are: • Level 1—Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. • Level 2—Prices determined or determinable using other significant observable inputs. Observable inputs are inputs that other market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability and are developed based on market data obtained from sources independent of the Company. These may include quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities, interest rates, prepayment speeds, credit risk and other inputs. • Level 3—Prices determined using significant unobservable inputs. In situations where significant observable inputs are unavailable, unobservable inputs may be used. Unobservable inputs reflect the Company’s own judgments about the factors that market participants use in pricing assets and liabilities, and are based on the best information available in the circumstances. As a result of the difficulty in observing certain significant valuation inputs affecting “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities, the Manager is required to make judgments regarding these items’ fair values. Different persons in possession of the same facts may reasonably arrive at different conclusions as to the inputs to be applied in valuing these assets and liabilities and to their fair values. Likewise, due to the general illiquidity of some of these assets and liabilities, subsequent transactions may be at values significantly different from those reported. Fair Value Accounting Elections The Manager identified all of the Company’s non-cash financial assets and MSRs to be accounted for at fair value. The Manager has elected to account for these assets at fair value so such changes in fair value will be reflected in income as they occur and more timely reflect the results of the Company’s performance. The Manager has also identified the Company’s asset-backed financing of a VIE and interest only security payable at fair value to be accounted for at fair value to reflect the generally offsetting changes in fair value of these borrowings to changes in fair value of assets at fair value collateralizing these financings. For other borrowings, the Manager has determined that historical cost accounting is more appropriate because under this method debt issuance costs are amortized over the term of the debt facility, thereby matching the debt issuance cost to the periods benefiting from the availability of the debt. Before January 1, 2018, originated MSRs backed by mortgage loans with initial interest rates of less than or equal to 4.5% were accounted for using the amortization method. Beginning January 1, 2018, the Company elected to account for all MSRs at fair value prospectively. Financial Statement Items Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis Following is a summary of financial statement items that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis: March 31, 2018 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total (in thousands) Assets: Short-term investments $ 71,044 $ — $ — $ 71,044 Mortgage-backed securities at fair value — 1,436,456 — 1,436,456 Mortgage loans acquired for sale at fair value — 1,107,844 7,690 1,115,534 Mortgage loans at fair value — 311,102 468,387 779,489 Excess servicing spread purchased from PFSI — — 236,002 236,002 Derivative assets: Interest rate lock commitments — — 3,220 3,220 CRT Agreements — — 103,995 103,995 Repurchase agreement derivatives — — 5,892 5,892 Forward purchase contracts 11,400 — 11,400 Forward sale contracts — 6 — 6 MBS put options — 4,086 — 4,086 Call options on interest rate futures 492 — — 492 Put options on interest rate futures 367 — — 367 Total derivative assets before netting 859 15,492 113,107 129,458 Netting — — — (6,940 ) Total derivative assets after netting 859 15,492 113,107 122,518 Mortgage servicing rights at fair value — — 957,013 957,013 $ 71,903 $ 2,870,894 $ 1,782,199 $ 4,718,056 Liabilities: Asset-backed financing of a VIE at fair value $ — $ 296,982 $ — $ 296,982 Interest-only security payable at fair value — — 7,796 7,796 Derivative liabilities: Interest rate lock commitments — — 511 511 Forward purchase contracts — 1 — 1 Forward sales contracts — 8,345 — 8,345 Total derivative liabilities before netting — 8,346 511 8,857 Netting — — — (5,221 ) Total derivative liabilities after netting — 8,346 511 3,636 $ — $ 305,328 $ 8,307 $ 308,414 December 31, 2017 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total (in thousands) Assets: Short-term investments $ 18,398 $ — $ — $ 18,398 Mortgage-backed securities at fair value — 989,461 — 989,461 Mortgage loans acquired for sale at fair value — 1,261,380 8,135 1,269,515 Mortgage loans at fair value — 321,040 768,433 1,089,473 Excess servicing spread purchased from PFSI — — 236,534 236,534 Derivative assets: Interest rate lock commitments — — 4,859 4,859 CRT Agreements — — 98,640 98,640 Repurchase agreement derivatives — — 3,748 3,748 Forward purchase contracts — 4,343 — 4,343 Forward sale contracts — 387 — 387 MBS put options — 3,170 — 3,170 Put options on interest rate futures 656 — — 656 Total derivative assets before netting 656 7,900 107,247 115,803 Netting — — — (1,922 ) Total derivative assets after netting 656 7,900 107,247 113,881 Mortgage servicing rights at fair value — — 91,459 91,459 $ 19,054 $ 2,579,781 $ 1,211,808 $ 3,808,721 Liabilities: Asset-backed financing of a VIE at fair value $ — $ 307,419 $ — $ 307,419 Interest-only security payable at fair value — — 7,070 7,070 Derivative liabilities: Interest rate lock commitments — — 227 227 Forward purchase contracts — 248 — 248 Forward sales contracts — 2,830 — 2,830 Total derivative liabilities before netting — 3,078 227 3,305 Netting — — — (1,999 ) Total derivative liabilities after netting — 3,078 227 1,306 $ — $ 310,497 $ 7,297 $ 315,795 The following is a summary of changes in items measured at fair value on a recurring basis using Level 3 inputs that are significant to the estimation of the fair values of the assets and liabilities at either the beginning or end of the years presented: Quarter ended March 31, 2018 Mortgage loans acquired for sale at fair value Mortgage loans at fair value Excess servicing spread Interest rate lock commitments (1) CRT Agreements Repurchase agreement derivatives Mortgage servicing rights Total (in thousands) Assets: Balance, December 31, 2017 $ 8,135 $ 768,433 $ 236,534 $ 4,632 $ 98,640 $ 3,748 $ 91,459 $ 1,211,581 Cumulative effect of a change in accounting principle — Adoption of fair value accounting for mortgage servicing rights — — — — — — 773,035 773,035 Balance, January 1, 2018 8,135 768,433 236,534 4,632 98,640 3,748 864,494 1,984,616 Purchases and issuances 2,831 — — 4,609 — 2,164 — 9,604 Repayments and sales (3,539 ) (272,513 ) (12,291 ) — (19,329 ) (8 ) — (307,680 ) Capitalization of interest — 2,180 3,934 — — — — 6,114 Capitalization of advances — 1,677 — — — — — 1,677 ESS received pursuant to a recapture agreement with PFSI — — 904 — — — — 904 Servicing received as proceeds from sales of mortgage loans — — — — — — 66,546 66,546 Changes in fair value included in income arising from: Changes in instrument-specific credit risk — 2,681 — — — — — 2,681 Other factors 103 (12,632 ) 6,921 (19,467 ) 24,684 (12 ) 25,973 25,570 103 (9,951 ) 6,921 (19,467 ) 24,684 (12 ) 25,973 28,251 Transfers of mortgage loans to REO and real estate held for investment — (21,439 ) — — — — — (21,439 ) Transfers of mortgage loans acquired for sale at fair value from "Level 2" to "Level 3" (2) 160 — — — — — — 160 Transfers of interest rate lock commitments to mortgage loans acquired for sale — — — 12,935 — — — 12,935 Balance, March 31, 2018 $ 7,690 $ 468,387 $ 236,002 $ 2,709 $ 103,995 $ 5,892 $ 957,013 $ 1,781,688 Changes in fair value recognized during the quarter relating to assets still held at March 31, 2018 $ (14 ) $ (9,040 ) $ 6,921 $ 2,709 $ 5,355 $ 77 $ 25,973 $ 31,981 (1) For the purpose of this table, the interest rate lock commitment (“IRLC”) asset and liability positions are shown net. (2) During the quarter ended March 31, 2018, the Manager identified certain “Level 2” fair value mortgage loans that were not salable into the prime mortgage market and therefore transferred them to “Level 3”. Quarter ended March 31, 2018 Interest-only security payable (in thousands) Liabilities: Balance, December 31, 2017 $ 7,070 Changes in fair value included in income arising from: Changes in instrument-specific credit risk — Other factors 726 726 Balance, March 31, 2018 $ 7,796 Changes in fair value recognized during the quarter relating to liability outstanding at March 31, 2018 $ 726 Quarter ended March 31, 2017 Mortgage Excess Interest Mortgage loans servicing rate lock CRT servicing at fair value spread commitments (1) Agreements rights Total (in thousands) Assets: Balance, December 31, 2016 $ 1,354,572 $ 288,669 $ 3,777 $ 15,610 $ 64,136 $ 1,726,764 Purchases and issuances — — 17,762 — 62 17,824 Repayments and sales (113,576 ) (14,632 ) — (10,288 ) — (138,496 ) Capitalization of interest 9,903 4,647 — — — 14,550 Capitalization of advances 6,349 — — — — 6,349 ESS received pursuant to a recapture agreement with PFSI — 1,573 — — — 1,573 Servicing received as proceeds from sales of mortgage loans — — — — 7,478 7,478 Changes in fair value included in income arising from: Changes in instrument-specific credit risk 4,970 — — — — 4,970 Other factors (1,754 ) (2,773 ) 11,171 20,307 (1,993 ) 24,958 3,216 (2,773 ) 11,171 20,307 (1,993 ) 29,928 Transfers of mortgage loans to REO and real estate held for investment (30,911 ) — — — — (30,911 ) Transfers of interest rate lock commitments to mortgage loans acquired for sale — — (23,989 ) — — (23,989 ) Balance, March 31, 2017 $ 1,229,553 $ 277,484 $ 8,721 $ 25,629 $ 69,683 $ 1,611,070 Changes in fair value recognized during the quarter relating to assets still held at March 31, 2017 $ 485 $ (2,773 ) $ 8,721 $ 10,019 $ (1,993 ) $ 14,459 (1) For the purpose of this table, the IRLC asset and liability positions are shown net. Quarter ended March 31, 2017 Interest-only security payable (in thousands) Liabilities: Balance, December 31, 2016 $ 4,114 Changes in fair value included in income arising from: Changes in instrument-specific credit risk — Other factors 487 487 Balance, March 31, 2017 $ 4,601 Changes in fair value recognized during the quarter relating to liability outstanding at March 31, 2017 $ 487 The Company had transfers among the fair value levels arising from transfers of IRLCs to mortgage loans held for sale at fair value upon purchase of the respective mortgage loans. Following are the fair values and related principal amounts due upon maturity of mortgage loans accounted for under the fair value option (including mortgage loans acquired for sale, mortgage loans held in a consolidated VIE, and distressed mortgage loans at fair value): March 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 Fair value Principal amount due upon maturity Difference Fair value Principal amount due upon maturity Difference (in thousands) Mortgage loans acquired for sale at fair value: Current through 89 days delinquent: $ 1,114,282 $ 1,084,121 $ 30,161 $ 1,268,121 $ 1,221,125 $ 46,996 90 or more days delinquent: Not in foreclosure 606 725 (119 ) 950 1,120 (170 ) In foreclosure 646 683 (37 ) 444 496 (52 ) 1,252 1,408 (156 ) 1,394 1,616 (222 ) $ 1,115,534 $ 1,085,529 $ 30,005 $ 1,269,515 $ 1,222,741 $ 46,774 Mortgage loans at fair value: Mortgage loans held in a consolidated VIE: Current through 89 days delinquent: $ 311,102 $ 312,730 $ (1,628 ) $ 321,040 $ 316,684 $ 4,356 90 or more days delinquent: Not in foreclosure — — — — — — In foreclosure — — — — — — — — — — — — 311,102 312,730 (1,628 ) 321,040 316,684 4,356 Distressed mortgage loans at fair value: Current through 89 days delinquent: 263,263 334,185 (70,922 ) 414,785 519,009 (104,224 ) 90 or more days delinquent: Not in foreclosure 97,971 155,224 (57,253 ) 166,749 257,038 (90,289 ) In foreclosure 107,153 156,812 (49,659 ) 186,899 267,911 (81,012 ) 205,124 312,036 (106,912 ) 353,648 524,949 (171,301 ) 468,387 646,221 (177,834 ) 768,433 1,043,958 (275,525 ) $ 779,489 $ 958,951 $ (179,462 ) $ 1,089,473 $ 1,360,642 $ (271,169 ) Following are the changes in fair value included in current period income by consolidated statement of income line item for financial statement items accounted for under the fair value option: Quarter ended March 31, 2018 Net gain on Net mortgage mortgage loans Net gain loan Net acquired (loss) on servicing interest for sale investments fees income Total (in thousands) Assets: Short-term investments $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Mortgage-backed securities at fair value — (22,397 ) — 440 (21,957 ) Mortgage loans acquired for sale at fair value (23,678 ) — — — (23,678 ) Mortgage loans at fair value — (15,530 ) — 1,774 (13,756 ) ESS at fair value — 6,921 — 3,934 10,855 MSRs at fair value — — 25,973 — 25,973 $ (23,678 ) $ (31,006 ) $ 25,973 $ 6,148 $ (22,563 ) Liabilities: Interest-only security payable $ — $ 726 $ — $ — $ 726 Asset-backed financing of a VIE at fair value — 6,183 — 339 6,522 $ — $ 6,909 $ — $ 339 $ 7,248 Quarter ended March 31, 2017 Net gain on Net mortgage mortgage loans Net gain loan Net acquired on servicing interest for sale investments fees income Total (in thousands) Assets: Short-term investments $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Mortgage-backed securities at fair value — 140 — (1,318 ) (1,178 ) Mortgage loans acquired for sale at fair value 14,158 — — — 14,158 Mortgage loans at fair value — 3,532 — 10,201 13,733 ESS at fair value — (2,773 ) — 4,647 1,874 MSRs at fair value — — (1,993 ) — (1,993 ) $ 14,158 $ 899 $ (1,993 ) $ 13,530 $ 26,594 Liabilities: Interest-only security payable $ — $ (487 ) $ — $ — $ (487 ) Asset-backed financing of a VIE at fair value — (24 ) — (387 ) (411 ) $ — $ (511 ) $ — $ (387 ) $ (898 ) Financial Statement Items Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis Following is a summary of the carrying value at year end for financial statement items that were re-measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis during the periods presented: March 31, 2018 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total (in thousands) Real estate acquired in settlement of loans $ — $ — $ 57,675 $ 57,675 $ — $ — $ 57,675 $ 57,675 December 31, 2017 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total (in thousands) Real estate acquired in settlement of loans $ — $ — $ 71,380 $ 71,380 MSRs at lower of amortized cost or fair value — — 312,995 312,995 $ — $ — $ 384,375 $ 384,375 The following table summarizes the fair value changes recognized during the period on assets held at period end that were remeasured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis: Quarter ended March 31, 2018 2017 (in thousands) Real estate asset acquired in settlement of loans $ (4,769 ) $ (7,060 ) MSRs at lower of amortized cost or fair value — 1,504 $ (4,769 ) $ (5,556 ) Real Estate Acquired in Settlement of Loans The Company evaluates its REO for impairment with reference to the respective properties’ fair values less cost to sell. The initial carrying value of the REO is measured at cost as indicated by the purchase price in the case of purchased REO or as measured by the fair value of the mortgage loan immediately before REO acquisition in the case of acquisition in settlement of a mortgage loan. REO may be subsequently revalued due to the Company receiving greater access to the property, the property being held for an extended period or receiving indications that the property’s fair value may not be supported by developing market conditions. Any subsequent change in fair value to a level that is less than or equal to the property’s cost is recognized in Results of real estate acquired in settlement of loans Mortgage Servicing Rights at Lower of Amortized Cost or Fair Value Before the Company adopted fair value accounting for all of its existing classes of MSRs on January 1, 2018, the Company evaluated its MSRs at lower of amortized cost or fair value for impairment with reference to the asset’s fair value. For purposes of performing its MSR impairment evaluation, the Company stratified its MSRs at lower of amortized cost or fair value based on the interest rates borne by the mortgage loans underlying the MSRs. Mortgage loans were grouped into pools with 50 basis point interest rate ranges for fixed-rate mortgage loans with interest rates between 3.0% and 4.5% and a single pool for mortgage loans with interest rates below 3.0%. MSRs relating to adjustable rate mortgage loans with initial interest rates of 4.5% or less were evaluated in a single pool. If the fair value of MSRs in any of the interest rate pools was below the amortized cost of the MSRs, those MSRs were impaired. When MSRs were impaired, the impairment was recognized in current-period income and the carrying value of the MSRs was adjusted using a valuation allowance. If the fair value of the MSRs subsequently increased, the increase in fair value was recognized in current period income only to the extent of the valuation allowance for the respective impairment stratum. Before the adoption of fair value accounting for all MSRs, the Manager periodically reviewed the various impairment strata to determine whether the fair value of the impaired MSRs in a given stratum was likely to recover. When the Manager deemed recovery of fair value to be unlikely in the foreseeable future, a write-down of the cost of the MSRs for that stratum to its estimated recoverable value was charged to the valuation allowance. Fair Value of Financial Instruments Carried at Amortized Cost Certain of the Company’s borrowings are carried at amortized cost. The Company’s Assets sold under agreements to repurchase Mortgage loan participation purchase and sale agreements Exchangeable senior notes Assets sold to PennyMac Financial Services, Inc. under agreements to repurchase The Manager has concluded that the fair values of Assets sold under agreements to repurchase Mortgage loan participation purchase and sale agreements Assets sold to PennyMac Financial Services, Inc. under agreements to repurchase Exchangeable senior notes Exchangeable senior notes Valuation Techniques and Inputs Most of the Company’s assets, its Asset-backed financing of a VIE, Interest-only security payable Derivative liabilities Due to the difficulty in estimating the fair values of “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities, the Manager has assigned responsibility for estimating fair value of these assets and liabilities to specialized staff and subjects the valuation process to significant executive management oversight. The Manager’s Financial Analysis and Valuation group (the “FAV group”) is responsible for estimating the fair values of “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities other than IRLCs and maintaining its valuation policies and procedures. With respect to the Company’s non-IRLC “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities, the FAV group reports to the Manager’s valuation committee, which oversees and approves the valuations. The FAV group monitors the models used for valuation of the Company’s non-IRLC “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities, including the models’ performance versus actual results, and reports those results to the Manager’s valuation committee. The Manager’s valuation committee includes PFSI’s executive chairman, chief executive, chief financial, chief risk and deputy chief financial officers. The FAV group is responsible for reporting to the Manager’s valuation committee on the changes in the valuation of the non-IRLC “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities, including major factors affecting the valuation and any changes in model methods and inputs. To assess the reasonableness of its valuations, the FAV group presents an analysis of the effect on the valuation of changes to the significant inputs to the models. The fair value of the Company’s IRLCs is developed by the Manager’s Capital Markets Risk Management staff and is reviewed by the Manager’s Capital Markets Operations group. The following is a description of the techniques and inputs used in estimating the fair values of “Level 2” and “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities: Mortgage-Backed Securities The Company categorizes its current holdings of MBS as “Level 2” fair value assets. Fair value of these MBS is established based on quoted market prices for the Company’s MBS or similar securities. Changes in the fair value of MBS are included in Net gain (loss) on investments Mortgage Loans Fair value of mortgage loans is estimated based on whether the mortgage loans are saleable into active markets: • Mortgage loans that are saleable into active markets, comprised of most of the Company’s mortgage loans acquired for sale at fair value and mortgage loans at fair value held in a VIE, are categorized as “Level 2” fair value assets. The fair values of mortgage loans acquired for sale at fair value are established using their quoted market or contracted price or market price equivalent. For the mortgage loans at fair value held in a VIE, the quoted fair values of all of the individual securities issued by the securitization trust are used to derive a fair value for the mortgage loans. The Company obtains indications of fair value from nonaffiliated brokers based on comparable securities and validates the brokers’ indications of fair value using pricing models and inputs the Manager believes are similar to the models and inputs used by other market participants. • Mortgage loans that are not saleable into active markets, comprised primarily of distressed mortgage loans, are categorized as “Level 3” fair value assets and their fair values are estimated using a discounted cash flow approach. Inputs to the discounted cash flow model include current interest rates, loan amount, payment status, property type, discount rates and forecasts of future interest rates, home prices, prepayment speeds, default speeds, loss severities or contracted selling price when applicable. The valuation process for “Level 3” fair value mortgage loans includes the computation by stratum of the mortgage loans’ fair values and a review for reasonableness of various measures such as weighted average life, projected prepayment and default speeds, and projected default and loss percentages. The FAV group computes the effect on the valuation of changes in inputs such as interest rates, home prices, and delinquency status to assess the reasonableness of changes in the mortgage loan valuation. Changes in fair value attributable to changes in instrument-specific credit risk are measured by the effect on fair value of the change in the respective mortgage loan’s delinquency status and performance history at period-end from the later of the beginning of the period or acquisition date. The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the Company’s mortgage loans at fair value are discount rate, home price projections, voluntary prepayment speeds and default speeds. Significant changes in any of those inputs in isolation could result in a significant change to the mortgage loans’ fair value measurement. Increases in home price projections are generally accompanied by an increase in voluntary prepayment speeds. Changes in the fair value of mortgage loans at fair value are included in Net gain (loss) on investments Following is a quantitative summary of key inputs used in the valuation of mortgage loans at fair value (excluding loans held in a VIE): Key inputs March 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 Discount rate Range 3.2% – 15.0% 2.9% – 15.0% Weighted average 6.7% 6.9% Twelve-month projected housing price index change Range 2.2% – 3.3% 3.6% – 4.6% Weighted average 3.1% 4.4% Prepayment speed (1) Range 3.1% – 6.6% 3.2% – 11.0% Weighted average 4.2% 4.2% Total prepayment speed (2) Range 10.6% – 22.8% 10.8% – 23.8% Weighted average 16.2% 16.5% (1) Prepayment speed is measured using Life Voluntary Conditional Prepayment Rate (“CPR”). (2) Total prepayment speed is measured using Life Total CPR. Excess Servicing Spread Purchased from PFSI The Company categorizes ESS as a “Level 3” fair value asset. The Company uses a discounted cash flow approach to estimate the fair value of ESS. The key inputs used in the estimation of the fair value of ESS include prepayment speed and pricing spread (discount rate). Significant changes to those inputs in isolation may result in a significant change in the ESS fair value measurement. Changes in these key inputs are not necessarily directly related. Changes in the fair value of ESS are included in Net gain (loss) on investments Following are the key inputs used in determining the fair value of ESS: Key inputs March 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 UPB of underlying mortgage loans (in thousands) $ 26,236,839 $ 27,217,199 Average servicing fee rate (in basis points) 34 34 Average ESS rate (in basis points) 19 19 Pricing spread (1) Range 3.6% - 4.1% 3.8% - 4.3% Weighted average 3.9% 4.1% Annual total prepayment speed (2) Range 8.0% - 52.4% 8.4% - 41.4% Weighted average 9.9% 10.8% Life (in years) Range 1.1 - 7.8 1.4 - 7.7 Weighted average 6.8 6.5 (1) Pricing spread represents a margin that is applied to a reference interest rate’s forward rate curve to develop periodic discount rates. The Company applies a pricing spread to the United States Dollar London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) curve for purposes of discounting cash flows relating to ESS. (2) Prepayment speed is measured using Life Total CPR. Derivative Financial Instruments Interest Rate Lock Commitments The Company categorizes IRLCs as “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities. The Company estimates the fair value of IRLCs based on quoted Agency MBS prices, its estimate of the fair value of the MSRs it expects to receive in the sale of the mortgage loan and the probability that the mortgage loan will be purchased under the commitment (the “pull-through rate”). The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the Company’s IRLCs are the pull-through rate and the MSR component of the Company’s estimate of the fair value of the mortgage loans it has committed to purchase. Significant changes in the pull-through rate or the MSR component of the IRLCs, in isolation, may result in a significant change in fair value. The financial effects of changes in these inputs are generally inversely correlated as increasing interest rates have a positive effect on the fair value of the MSR component of IRLC fair value, but also increase the pull-through rate for the mortgage loan principal and interest payment cash flow component that has decreased in fair value. Changes in fair value of IRLCs are included in Net gain on mortgage loans acquired for sale Following is a quantitative summary of key unobservable inputs used in the valuation of IRLCs: Key inputs March 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 Pull-through rate Range 57.5% – 100% 58.0% - 100% Weighted average 88.0% 90.3% MSR value expressed as Servicing fee multiple Range 2.6 - 5.9 2.1 - 5.8 Weighted average 4.7 4.9 Percentage of UPB Range 0.0% – 2.6% 0.0% - 2.4% Weighted average 1.2% 1.3% CRT Agreements The fair value of CRT Agreements is established based on whether the aggregation period has been completed and the CRT Agreements have been securitized. For securitized CRT Agreements, fair value is based on indications of fair value provided to the Company by nonaffiliated brokers for the certificates representing the beneficial deposits securing the CRT Agreements, the Recourse Obligation and the IO ownership interest in these items. Fair value of the CRT derivative is derived by deducting the balance of the Deposits securing CRT Agreements Net gain (loss) on investments Following is a quantitative summary of key unobservable inputs used in the valuation of CRT Agreements: Key inputs March 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 Discount rate Range 5.6% – 6.6% 5.1% – 6.2% Weighted average 6.1% 5.6% Voluntary Prepayment speed (1) Range 8.6% – 10.4% 12.1% – 15.0% Weighted average 9.1% 13.0% Involuntary prepayment speed (2) Range 0.3% – 0.3% 0.3% – 0.3% Weighted average 0.3% 0.3% (1) Voluntary prepayment speed is measured using Life Voluntary CPR. (2) Involuntary prepayment speed is measured using Life Involuntary CPR. Repurchase Agreement Derivatives The Company has a master repurchase agreement that includes incentives for financing mortgage loans approved for satisfying certain consumer relief characteristics. These incentives are classified as embedded derivatives for financial reporting purposes and are accounted for separate from the related repurchase agreements. The Company classifies these derivatives as “Level 3” fair value assets. The significant unobservable input into the valuation of these derivative assets is the Company’s ratio of derivative value to outstanding receivable due to the time value of money and the expected approval rate of the mortgage loans financed under the master repurchase agreement. The ratio included in the Company’s fair value estimate was 97% at both March 31, 2018, and December 31, 2017. Hedging Derivatives Fair values of derivative financial instruments based on exchange traded market prices are categorized by the Company as “Level 1” fair value assets and liabilities; fair values of derivative financial instruments based on observable interest rates, volatilities and prices in the MBS market are categorized by the Company as “Level 2” fair value assets and liabilities. Changes in the fair value of hedging derivatives are included in Net gain on mortgage loans acquired for sale Net gain (loss) on investments, Net mortgage loan servicing fees Real Estate Acquired in Settlement of Loans REO is measured based on its fair value on a nonrecurring basis and is categorized as a “Level 3” fair value asset. Fair value of REO is established by using a current estimate of fair value from a broker’s price opinion or a full appraisal, or the price given in a current contract of sale. REO fair values are reviewed by the Manager’s staff appraisers when the Company obtains multiple indications of fair value and there is a significant difference between the fair values received. The Manager’s staff appraisers will attempt to resolve the difference between the indications of fair value. In circumstances where the appraisers are not able to generate adequate data to support a fair value conclusion, the staff appraisers will order an additional appraisal to determine fair value. Changes in the fair value of REO are included in Results of real estate acquired in settlement of loans Mortgage Servicing Rights MSRs are categorized as “Level 3” fair value assets. The Company uses a discounted cash flow approach to estimate the fair value of MSRs. The key inputs used in the estimation of the fair value of MSRs include the applicable pricing spread, prepayment and default rates of the underlying mortgage loans, and annual per-loan cost to service mortgage loans, all of which are unobservable. Significant changes to any of those inputs in isolation could result in a significant change in the MSR fair value measurement. Changes in these key inputs are not necessarily directly related. Recognized changes in the fair value of MSRs are included in Net mortgage loan servicing fees MSRs are generally subject to loss in fair value when mortgage interest rates decrease. Decreasing mortgage interest rates normally encourage increased mortgage refinancing activity. Increased refinancing activity reduces the expected life of the underlying mortgage loans, thereby reducing the cash flows expected to accrue to the MSRs. Reductions in the fair value of MSRs affect income primarily through change in fair value and change in impairment. Through December 31, 2017, the Company accounted for certain of its MSRs using the amortization method. Beginning January 1, 2018, the Company accounts for all MSRs at fair value prospectively. Following are the key inputs used in determining the fair value of MSRs at the time of initial recognition: Quarter ended March 31, 2018 2017 Fair value Amortized cost Fair value (MSR recognized and UPB of underlying mortgage loan amounts in thousands) MSR recognized $ 66,546 $ 51, |