Fair Value | Note 7—Fair Value The Company’s consolidated financial statements include assets and liabilities that are measured based on their fair values. Measurement at fair value may be on a recurring or nonrecurring basis depending on the accounting principles applicable to the specific asset or liability and whether the Manager has elected to carry the item at its fair value as discussed in the following paragraphs. The Company groups its assets and liabilities at fair value in three levels, based on the markets in which the assets and liabilities are traded and the observability of the inputs used to determine fair value. These levels are: • Level 1—Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. • Level 2—Prices determined or determinable using other significant observable inputs. Observable inputs are inputs that other market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability and are developed based on market data obtained from sources independent of the Company. These may include quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities, interest rates, prepayment speeds, credit risk and other inputs. • Level 3—Prices determined using significant unobservable inputs. In situations where significant observable inputs are unavailable, unobservable inputs may be used. Unobservable inputs reflect the Company’s own judgments about the factors that market participants use in pricing assets and liabilities, and are based on the best information available in the circumstances. • As a result of the difficulty in observing certain significant valuation inputs affecting “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities, the Manager is required to make judgments regarding these items’ fair values. Different persons in possession of the same facts may reasonably arrive at different conclusions as to the inputs to be applied in valuing these assets and liabilities and to their fair values. Such differences may result in significantly different fair value measurements. Likewise, due to the general illiquidity of some of these assets and liabilities, subsequent transactions may be at values significantly different from those reported. Fair Value Accounting Elections The Manager identified all of the Company’s non-cash financial assets, firm commitment to purchase credit risk transfer securities and MSRs to be accounted for at fair value. The Manager has elected to account for these assets at fair value so such changes in fair value will be reflected in income as they occur and more timely reflect the results of the Company’s performance. Before January 1, 2018, originated MSRs backed by mortgage loans with initial interest rates of less than or equal to 4.5% were accounted for using the amortization method. Beginning January 1, 2018, the Company elected to account for all MSRs at fair value prospectively. The Manager determined that this change makes the accounting treatment for MSRs consistent with lender valuation under financing arrangements and simplifies hedging activities. The Manager has also identified the Company’s asset-backed financing of a VIE and interest only security payable at fair value to be accounted for at fair value to reflect the generally offsetting changes in fair value of these borrowings to changes in fair value of the assets at fair value collateralizing these financings. For other borrowings, the Manager has determined that historical cost accounting is more appropriate because under this method debt issuance costs are amortized over the term of the debt facility, thereby matching the debt issuance cost to the periods benefiting from the availability of the debt. Financial Statement Items Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis Following is a summary of financial statement items that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis: September 30, 2018 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total (in thousands) Assets: Short-term investments $ 26,736 $ — $ — $ 26,736 Mortgage-backed securities at fair value — 2,126,507 — 2,126,507 Mortgage loans acquired for sale at fair value — 1,942,335 7,097 1,949,432 Mortgage loans at fair value — 292,174 340,994 633,168 Excess servicing spread purchased from PFSI — — 223,275 223,275 Derivative assets: Interest rate lock commitments — — 2,317 2,317 CRT Agreements — — 126,354 126,354 Repurchase agreement derivatives — — 9,415 9,415 Forward purchase contracts — 1,761 — 1,761 Forward sale contracts — 19,238 — 19,238 MBS call options — 7 — 7 MBS put options — 2,302 — 2,302 Put options on interest rate futures 141 — — 141 Total derivative assets before netting 141 23,308 138,086 161,535 Netting — — — (17,958 ) Total derivative assets after netting 141 23,308 138,086 143,577 Firm commitment to purchase credit risk transfer security at fair value — — 18,749 18,749 Mortgage servicing rights at fair value — — 1,109,741 1,109,741 $ 26,877 $ 4,384,324 $ 1,837,942 $ 6,231,185 Liabilities: Asset-backed financing of a VIE at fair value $ — $ 278,113 $ — $ 278,113 Interest-only security payable at fair value — — 8,821 8,821 Derivative liabilities: Interest rate lock commitments — — 3,418 3,418 Forward purchase contracts — 11,964 — 11,964 Forward sales contracts — 1,719 — 1,719 Total derivative liabilities before netting — 13,683 3,418 17,101 Netting — — — (5,221 ) Total derivative liabilities after netting — 13,683 3,418 11,880 $ — $ 291,796 $ 12,239 $ 298,814 December 31, 2017 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total (in thousands) Assets: Short-term investments $ 18,398 $ — $ — $ 18,398 Mortgage-backed securities at fair value — 989,461 — 989,461 Mortgage loans acquired for sale at fair value — 1,261,380 8,135 1,269,515 Mortgage loans at fair value — 321,040 768,433 1,089,473 Excess servicing spread purchased from PFSI — — 236,534 236,534 Derivative assets: Interest rate lock commitments — — 4,859 4,859 CRT Agreements — — 98,640 98,640 Repurchase agreement derivatives — — 3,748 3,748 Forward purchase contracts — 4,343 — 4,343 Forward sale contracts — 387 — 387 MBS put options — 3,170 — 3,170 Put options on interest rate futures 656 — — 656 Total derivative assets before netting 656 7,900 107,247 115,803 Netting — — — (1,922 ) Total derivative assets after netting 656 7,900 107,247 113,881 Mortgage servicing rights at fair value — — 91,459 91,459 $ 19,054 $ 2,579,781 $ 1,211,808 $ 3,808,721 Liabilities: Asset-backed financing of a VIE at fair value $ — $ 307,419 $ — $ 307,419 Interest-only security payable at fair value — — 7,070 7,070 Derivative liabilities: Interest rate lock commitments — — 227 227 Forward purchase contracts — 248 — 248 Forward sales contracts — 2,830 — 2,830 Total derivative liabilities before netting — 3,078 227 3,305 Netting — — — (1,999 ) Total derivative liabilities after netting — 3,078 227 1,306 $ — $ 310,497 $ 7,297 $ 315,795 The following is a summary of changes in items measured at fair value on a recurring basis using Level 3 inputs that are significant to the estimation of the fair values of the assets and liabilities at either the beginning or end of the years presented: Quarter ended September 30, 2018 Mortgage loans acquired for sale at fair value Mortgage loans at fair value Excess servicing spread Interest rate lock commitments (1) CRT Agreements Repurchase agreement derivatives Firm commitment to purchase CRT security Mortgage servicing rights Total (in thousands) Assets: Balance, June 30, 2018 $ 6,540 $ 447,473 $ 229,470 $ 2,807 $ 119,169 $ 6,912 $ 4,426 $ 1,010,507 $ 1,827,304 Purchases and issuances 2,640 — — (3,699 ) — 5,671 — — 4,612 Repayments and sales (2,481 ) (98,622 ) (11,543 ) — (23,367 ) (3,131 ) — (100 ) (139,244 ) Capitalization of interest — 2,297 3,740 — — — — — 6,037 Capitalization of advances — 1,373 — — — — — — 1,373 ESS received pursuant to a recapture agreement with PFSI — — 499 — — — — — 499 Amounts received as proceeds from sales of mortgage loans — — — — — — 12,311 96,383 108,694 Changes in fair value included in income arising from: Changes in instrument- specific credit risk — 4,407 — — — — — — 4,407 Other factors (324 ) (7,458 ) 1,109 (4,001 ) 30,552 (37 ) 2,012 2,951 24,804 (324 ) (3,051 ) 1,109 (4,001 ) 30,552 (37 ) 2,012 2,951 29,211 Transfers of mortgage loans to REO and real estate held for investment — (8,476 ) — — — — — — (8,476 ) Transfers of mortgage loans acquired for sale at fair value from "Level 2" to "Level 3" (2) 722 — — — — — — — 722 Transfers of interest rate lock commitments to mortgage loans acquired for sale — — — 3,792 — — — — 3,792 Balance, September 30, 2018 $ 7,097 $ 340,994 $ 223,275 $ (1,101 ) $ 126,354 $ 9,415 $ 18,749 $ 1,109,741 $ 1,834,524 Changes in fair value recognized during the quarter relating to assets still held at September 30, 2018 $ (257 ) $ (6,711 ) $ 1,109 $ (1,101 ) $ 7,185 $ — $ 2,012 $ 2,951 $ 5,188 (1) For the purpose of this table, the interest rate lock commitment (“IRLC”) asset and liability positions are shown net. (2) During the quarter ended September 30, 2018, the Manager identified certain “Level 2” fair value mortgage loans acquired for sale that were not saleable into the prime mortgage market and therefore transferred them to “Level 3”. Quarter ended September 30, 2018 Interest-only security payable (in thousands) Liabilities: Balance, June 30, 2018 $ 7,652 Changes in fair value included in income arising from: Changes in instrument-specific credit risk — Other factors 1,169 1,169 Balance, September 30, 2018 $ 8,821 Changes in fair value recognized during the quarter relating to liability outstanding at September 30, 2018 $ 1,169 Quarter ended September 30, 2017 Mortgage loans at fair value Excess servicing spread Interest rate lock commitments (1) CRT Agreements Repurchase agreement derivatives Mortgage servicing rights Total (in thousands) Assets: Balance, June 30, 2017 $ 1,184,620 $ 261,796 $ 395 $ 52,716 $ — $ 77,624 $ 1,577,151 Purchases and issuances — — 9,264 — 181 10 9,455 Repayments and sales (156,821 ) (13,410 ) — (10,798 ) — — (181,029 ) Capitalization of interest 7,020 3,998 — — — — 11,018 Capitalization of advances 4,611 — — — — — 4,611 ESS received pursuant to a recapture agreement with PFSI — 1,207 — — — — 1,207 Amounts received as proceeds from sales of mortgage loans — — — — — 8,655 8,655 Changes in fair value included in income arising from: Changes in instrument-specific credit risk 6,035 — — — — — 6,035 Other factors (2,758 ) (4,828 ) 15,430 14,960 — (3,977 ) 18,827 3,277 (4,828 ) 15,430 14,960 — (3,977 ) 24,862 Transfers of mortgage loans to REO and real estate held for investment (26,705 ) — — — — — (26,705 ) Transfers of interest rate lock commitments to mortgage loans acquired for sale — — (23,814 ) — — — (23,814 ) Balance, September 30, 2017 $ 1,016,002 $ 248,763 $ 1,275 $ 56,878 $ 181 $ 82,312 $ 1,405,411 Changes in fair value recognized during the quarter relating to assets still held at September 30, 2017 $ (7,302 ) $ (4,828 ) $ 1,275 $ 4,162 $ — $ (3,977 ) $ (10,670 ) (1) For the purpose of this table, the IRLC asset and liability positions are shown net. Quarter ended September 30, 2017 Interest-only security payable (in thousands) Liabilities: Balance, June 30, 2017 $ 6,577 Changes in fair value included in income arising from: Changes in instrument-specific credit risk — Other factors (191 ) (191 ) Balance, September 30, 2017 $ 6,386 Changes in fair value recognized during the quarter relating to liability outstanding at September 30, 2017 $ (191 ) Nine months ended September 30, 2018 Mortgage loans acquired for sale at fair value Mortgage loans at fair value Excess servicing spread Interest rate lock commitments (1) CRT Agreements Repurchase agreement derivatives Firm commitment to purchase CRT security Mortgage servicing rights Total (in thousands) Assets: Balance, December 31, 2017 $ 8,135 $ 768,433 $ 236,534 $ 4,632 $ 98,640 $ 3,748 $ — $ 91,459 $ 1,211,581 Cumulative effect of a change in accounting principle — Adoption of fair value accounting for mortgage servicing rights — — — — — — — 773,035 773,035 Balance, January 1, 2018 8,135 768,433 236,534 4,632 98,640 3,748 — 864,494 1,984,616 Purchases and issuances 8,243 — — 2,140 — 11,411 — — 21,794 Repayments and sales (10,441 ) (381,646 ) (35,852 ) — (64,907 ) (5,626 ) — (100 ) (498,572 ) Capitalization of interest — 6,543 11,584 — — — — — 18,127 Capitalization of advances — 4,733 — — — — — — 4,733 ESS received pursuant to a recapture agreement with PFSI — — 1,983 — — — — — 1,983 Amounts received as proceeds from sales of mortgage loans — — — — — — 16,737 228,337 245,074 Changes in fair value included in income arising from: Changes in instrument- specific credit risk — 6,864 — — — — — — 6,864 Other factors (176 ) (24,566 ) 9,026 (28,571 ) 92,621 (118 ) 2,012 17,010 67,238 (176 ) (17,702 ) 9,026 (28,571 ) 92,621 (118 ) 2,012 17,010 74,102 Transfers of mortgage loans to REO and real estate held for investment — (39,367 ) — — — — — — (39,367 ) Transfers of mortgage loans acquired for sale at fair value from "Level 2" to "Level 3" (2) 1,336 — — — — — — — 1,336 Transfers of interest rate lock commitments to mortgage loans acquired for sale — — — 20,698 — — — — 20,698 Balance, September 30, 2018 $ 7,097 $ 340,994 $ 223,275 $ (1,101 ) $ 126,354 $ 9,415 $ 18,749 $ 1,109,741 $ 1,834,524 Changes in fair value recognized during the period relating to assets still held at September 30, 2018 $ (330 ) $ (18,170 ) $ 9,026 $ (1,101 ) $ 27,714 $ 77 $ 2,012 $ 17,010 $ 36,238 (1) For the purpose of this table, the IRLC asset and liability positions are shown net. (2) During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, the Manager identified certain “Level 2” fair value mortgage loans acquired for sale that were not saleable into the prime mortgage market and therefore transferred them to “Level 3”. Nine months ended September 30, 2018 Interest-only security payable (in thousands) Liabilities: Balance, December 31, 2017 $ 7,070 Changes in fair value included in income arising from: Changes in instrument- specific credit risk — Other factors 1,751 1,751 Balance, September 30, 2018 $ 8,821 Changes in fair value recognized during the period relating to liability outstanding at September 30, 2018 $ 1,751 Nine months ended September 30, 2017 Mortgage loans at fair value Excess servicing spread Interest rate lock commitments (1) CRT Agreements Repurchase agreement derivatives Mortgage servicing rights Total (in thousands) Assets: Balance, December 31, 2016 $ 1,354,572 $ 288,669 $ 3,777 $ 15,610 $ — $ 64,136 $ 1,726,764 Purchases and issuances — — 26,185 — 181 79 26,445 Repayments and sales (302,829 ) (42,320 ) — (27,595 ) — — (372,744 ) Capitalization of interest 27,737 13,011 — — — — 40,748 Capitalization of advances 17,759 — — — — — 17,759 ESS received pursuant to a recapture agreement with PFSI — 4,160 — — — — 4,160 Amounts received as proceeds from sales of mortgage loans — — — — — 28,467 28,467 Changes in fair value included in income arising from: Changes in instrument-specific credit risk 23,498 — — — — — 23,498 Other factors (15,975 ) (14,757 ) 43,946 68,863 — (10,370 ) 71,707 7,523 (14,757 ) 43,946 68,863 — (10,370 ) 95,205 Transfers of mortgage loans to REO and real estate held for investment (88,760 ) — — — — — (88,760 ) Transfers of interest rate lock commitments to mortgage loans acquired for sale — — (72,633 ) — — — (72,633 ) Balance, September 30, 2017 $ 1,016,002 $ 248,763 $ 1,275 $ 56,878 $ 181 $ 82,312 $ 1,405,411 Changes in fair value recognized during the period relating to assets still held at September 30, 2017 $ (6,650 ) $ (14,757 ) $ 1,275 $ 41,268 $ — $ (10,370 ) $ 10,766 (1) For the purpose of this table, the IRLC asset and liability positions are shown net. Nine months ended September 30, 2017 Interest-only security payable (in thousands) Liabilities: Balance, December 31, 2016 $ 4,114 Changes in fair value included in income arising from: Changes in instrument- specific credit risk — Other factors 2,272 2,272 Balance, September 30, 2017 6,386 Changes in fair value recognized during the period relating to liability outstanding at September 30, 2017 $ 2,272 The Company had transfers among the fair value levels arising from transfers of IRLCs to mortgage loans held for sale at fair value upon purchase of the respective mortgage loans. Following are the fair values and related principal amounts due upon maturity of mortgage loans accounted for under the fair value option (including mortgage loans acquired for sale, mortgage loans held in a consolidated VIE, and distressed mortgage loans at fair value): September 30, 2018 December 31, 2017 Fair value Principal amount due upon maturity Difference Fair value Principal amount due upon maturity Difference (in thousands) Mortgage loans acquired for sale at fair value: Current through 89 days delinquent $ 1,949,285 $ 1,900,556 $ 48,729 $ 1,268,121 $ 1,221,125 $ 46,996 90 or more days delinquent: Not in foreclosure 147 187 (40 ) 950 1,120 (170 ) In foreclosure — — — 444 496 (52 ) 147 187 (40 ) 1,394 1,616 (222 ) $ 1,949,432 $ 1,900,743 $ 48,689 $ 1,269,515 $ 1,222,741 $ 46,774 Mortgage loans at fair value: Mortgage loans held in a consolidated VIE: Current through 89 days delinquent $ 292,174 $ 299,843 $ (7,669 ) $ 321,040 $ 316,684 $ 4,356 90 or more days delinquent: Not in foreclosure — — — — — — In foreclosure — — — — — — — — — — — — 292,174 299,843 (7,669 ) 321,040 316,684 4,356 Distressed mortgage loans at fair value: Current through 89 days delinquent 200,176 261,808 (61,632 ) 414,785 519,009 (104,224 ) 90 or more days delinquent: Not in foreclosure 66,791 113,308 (46,517 ) 166,749 257,038 (90,289 ) In foreclosure 74,027 113,067 (39,040 ) 186,899 267,911 (81,012 ) 140,818 226,375 (85,557 ) 353,648 524,949 (171,301 ) 340,994 488,183 (147,189 ) 768,433 1,043,958 (275,525 ) $ 633,168 $ 788,026 $ (154,858 ) $ 1,089,473 $ 1,360,642 $ (271,169 ) Following are the changes in fair value included in current period income by consolidated statement of income line item for financial statement items accounted for under the fair value option: Quarter ended September 30, 2018 Net mortgage loan servicing fees Net gain on mortgage loans acquired for sale Net gain (loss) on investments Net interest income Total (in thousands) Assets: Short-term investments at fair value $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Mortgage-backed securities at fair value — — (19,030 ) (1,229 ) (20,259 ) Mortgage loans acquired for sale at fair value — 751 — — 751 Mortgage loans at fair value — — (6,681 ) 2,458 (4,223 ) ESS at fair value — — 1,109 3,740 4,849 Firm commitment to purchase credit risk transfer security at fair value — 12,311 2,012 — 14,323 MSRs at fair value 2,951 — — — 2,951 $ 2,951 $ 13,062 $ (22,590 ) $ 4,969 $ (1,608 ) Liabilities: Interest-only security payable at fair value $ — $ — $ (1,169 ) $ — $ (1,169 ) Asset-backed financing of a VIE at fair value — — 3,516 (201 ) 3,315 $ — $ — $ 2,347 $ (201 ) $ 2,146 Quarter ended September 30, 2017 Net mortgage loan servicing fees Net gain on mortgage loans acquired for sale Net gain (loss) on investments Net interest income Total (in thousands) Assets: Short-term investments at fair value $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Mortgage-backed securities at fair value — — 5,001 (1,481 ) 3,520 Mortgage loans acquired for sale at fair value — 32,935 — — 32,935 Mortgage loans at fair value — — 5,415 7,617 13,032 ESS at fair value — — (4,828 ) 3,998 (830 ) MSRs at fair value (3,977 ) — — — (3,977 ) $ (3,977 ) $ 32,935 $ 5,588 $ 10,134 $ 44,680 Liabilities: Interest-only security payable at fair value $ — $ — $ 191 $ — $ 191 Asset-backed financing of a VIE at fair value — — (2,158 ) (735 ) (2,893 ) $ — $ — $ (1,967 ) $ (735 ) $ (2,702 ) Nine months ended September 30, 2018 Net mortgage loan servicing fees Net gain on mortgage loans acquired for sale Net gain (loss) on investments Net interest income Total (in thousands) Assets: Short-term investments at fair value $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Mortgage-backed securities at fair value — — (50,288 ) (2,623 ) (52,911 ) Mortgage loans acquired for sale at fair value — (27,397 ) — — (27,397 ) Mortgage loans at fair value — — (29,694 ) 6,509 (23,185 ) ESS at fair value — — 9,026 11,584 20,610 Firm commitment to purchase credit risk transfer security at fair value — 16,737 2,012 — 18,749 MSRs at fair value 17,010 — — — 17,010 $ 17,010 $ (10,660 ) $ (68,944 ) $ 15,470 $ (47,124 ) Liabilities: Interest-only security payable at fair value $ — $ — $ (1,751 ) $ — $ (1,751 ) Asset-backed financing of a VIE at fair value — — 12,658 (74 ) 12,584 $ — $ — $ 10,907 $ (74 ) $ 10,833 Nine months ended September 30, 2017 Net mortgage loan servicing fees Net gain on mortgage loans acquired for sale Net gain (loss) on investments Net interest income Total (in thousands) Assets: Short-term investments at fair value $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Mortgage-backed securities at fair value — — 9,168 (4,276 ) 4,892 Mortgage loans acquired for sale at fair value — 83,839 — — 83,839 Mortgage loans at fair value — — 13,832 29,195 43,027 ESS at fair value — — (14,757 ) 13,011 (1,746 ) MSRs at fair value (10,370 ) — — — (10,370 ) $ (10,370 ) $ 83,839 $ 8,243 $ 37,930 $ 119,642 Liabilities: Interest-only security payable at fair value $ — $ — $ (2,272 ) $ — $ (2,272 ) Asset-backed financing of a VIE at fair value — — (5,581 ) (1,807 ) (7,388 ) $ — $ — $ (7,853 ) $ (1,807 ) $ (9,660 ) Financial Statement Items Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis Following is a summary of the carrying value at year end for financial statement items that were re-measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis during the periods presented: September 30, 2018 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total (in thousands) Real estate acquired in settlement of loans $ — $ — $ 37,722 $ 37,722 $ — $ — $ 37,722 $ 37,722 December 31, 2017 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total (in thousands) Real estate acquired in settlement of loans $ — $ — $ 71,380 $ 71,380 MSRs at lower of amortized cost or fair value — — 312,995 312,995 $ — $ — $ 384,375 $ 384,375 The following table summarizes the fair value changes recognized during the period on assets held at period end that were remeasured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis: Quarter ended September 30, Nine months ended September 30, 2018 2017 2018 2017 (in thousands) Real estate asset acquired in settlement of loans $ (2,285 ) $ (5,666 ) $ (6,209 ) $ (7,454 ) MSRs at lower of amortized cost or fair value — (1,702 ) — (4,287 ) $ (2,285 ) $ (7,368 ) $ (6,209 ) $ (11,741 ) Real Estate Acquired in Settlement of Loans The Company evaluates its REO for impairment with reference to the respective properties’ fair values less cost to sell. The initial carrying value of the REO is measured at cost as indicated by the purchase price in the case of purchased REO or as measured by the fair value of the mortgage loan immediately before REO acquisition in the case of acquisition in settlement of a mortgage loan. REO may be subsequently revalued due to the Company receiving greater access to the property, the property being held for an extended period or receiving indications that the property’s fair value may not be supported by developing market conditions. Any subsequent change in fair value to a level that is less than or equal to the property’s cost is recognized in Results of real estate acquired in settlement of loans Mortgage Servicing Rights at Lower of Amortized Cost or Fair Value Before the Company adopted fair value accounting for all of its existing classes of MSRs on January 1, 2018, the Manager evaluated the Company’s MSRs at lower of amortized cost or fair value for impairment with reference to the asset’s fair value. For purposes of performing its MSR impairment evaluation, the Company stratified its MSRs at lower of amortized cost or fair value based on the interest rates borne by the mortgage loans underlying the MSRs. Mortgage loans were grouped into pools with 50 basis point interest rate ranges for fixed-rate mortgage loans with interest rates between 3.0% and 4.5% and a single pool for mortgage loans with interest rates below 3.0%. MSRs relating to adjustable rate mortgage loans with initial interest rates of 4.5% or less were evaluated in a single pool. If the fair value of MSRs in any of the interest rate pools was below the amortized cost of the MSRs, those MSRs were impaired. When MSRs were impaired, the change in impairment was recognized in current-period income and the carrying value of the MSRs was adjusted using a valuation allowance. If the fair value of the MSRs subsequently increased, the increase in fair value was recognized in current period income only to the extent of the valuation allowance for the respective impairment stratum. The Manager periodically reviewed the various impairment strata to determine whether the fair value of the impaired MSRs in a given stratum was likely to recover. When the Manager deemed recovery of fair value to be unlikely in the foreseeable future, a write-down of the cost of the MSRs for that stratum to its estimated recoverable value was charged to the valuation allowance. Fair Value of Financial Instruments Carried at Amortized Cost Most of the Company’s borrowings are carried at amortized cost. The Company’s Assets sold under agreements to repurchase Mortgage loan participation purchase and sale agreements Exchangeable senior notes, Notes payable Assets sold to PennyMac Financial Services, Inc. under agreements to repurchase The Manager has concluded that the fair values of Assets sold under agreements to repurchase Mortgage loan participation purchase and sale agreements, Notes payable, Assets sold to PennyMac Financial Services, Inc. under agreements to repurchase Exchangeable senior notes Exchangeable senior notes Valuation Governance Most of the Company’s assets, its Asset-backed financing of a VIE, Interest-only security payable Derivative liabilities Due to the difficulty in estimating the fair values of “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities, the Manager has assigned responsibility for estimating fair value of these assets and liabilities to specialized staff and subjects the valuation process to significant executive management oversight. The Manager’s Financial Analysis and Valuation group (the “FAV group”) is responsible for estimating the fair values of “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities other than IRLCs and maintaining its valuation policies and procedures. With respect to the non-IRLC “Level 3” valuations, the FAV group reports to the Company’s senior management valuation committee, which oversees the valuations. The FAV group monitors the models used for valuation of the Company’s “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities, including the models’ performance versus actual results, and reports those results to the Company’s senior management valuation committee. The Company’s senior management valuation committee includes the Company’s executive chairman, chief executive, chief financial, chief risk and deputy chief financial officers. The FAV group is responsible for reporting to the Manager’s valuation committee on the changes in the valuation of the non-IRLC “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities, including major factors affecting the valuation and any changes in model methods and inputs. To assess the reasonableness of its valuations, the FAV group presents an analysis of the effect on the valuation of changes to the significant inputs to the models. The fair value of the Company’s IRLCs is developed by the Manager’s Capital Markets Risk Management staff and is reviewed by the Manager’s Capital Markets Operations group. Valuation Techniques and Inputs The following is a description of the techniques and inputs used in estimating the fair values of “Level 2” and “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities: Mortgage-Backed Securities The Company categorizes its current holdings of MBS as “Level 2” fair value assets. Fair value of these MBS is established based on quoted market prices for the Company’s MBS holdings or similar securities. Changes in the fair value of MBS are included in Net gain (loss) on investments Mortgage Loans Fair value of mortgage loans is estimated based on whether the mortgage loans are saleable into active markets: • Mortgage loans that are saleable into active markets, comprised of most of the Company’s mortgage loans acquired for sale at fair value and all of the mortgage loans at fair value held in a VIE, are categorized as “Level 2” fair value assets. The fair values of mortgage loans acquired for sale at fair value are established using their quoted market or contracted price or market price equivalent. For the mortgage loans at fair value held in a VIE, the quoted fair values of all of the individual securities issued by the securitization trust are used to derive a fair value for the mortgage loans. The Company obtains indications of fair value from nonaffiliated brokers based on comparable securities and validates the brokers’ indications of fair value using pricing models and inputs the Manager believes are similar to the models and inputs used by other market participants. • Mortgage loans that are not saleable into active markets, comprised primarily of distressed mortgage loans, are categorized as “Level 3” fair value assets and their fair values are estimated using a discounted cash flow approach. Inputs to the discounted cash flow model include current interest rates, loan amount, payment status, property type, discount rates and forecasts of future interest rates, home prices, prepayment speeds, default speeds, loss severities or contracted selling price when applicable. The valuation process for “Level 3” fair value mortgage loans includes the computation by stratum of the mortgage loans’ fair values and a review for reasonableness of various measures such as weighted average life, projected prepayment and default speeds, and projected default and loss percentages. The FAV group computes the effect on the valuation of changes in inputs such as interest rates, home prices, and delinquency status to assess the reasonableness of changes in the mortgage loan valuation. Changes in fair value attributable to changes in instrument-specific credit risk are measured by the effect on fair value of the change in the respective mortgage loan’s delinquency status and performance history at period-end from the later of the beginning of the period or acquisition date. The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the Company’s mortgage loans at fair value are discount rate, home price projections, voluntary prepayment speeds and default speeds. Significant changes in any of those inputs in isolation could result in a significant change to the mortgage loans’ fair value measurement. Increases in home price projections are generally accompanied by an increase in voluntary prepayment speeds. Changes in the fair value of mortgage loans at fair value are included in Net gain (loss) on investments Following is a quantitative summary of key inputs used in the valuation of the Company’s “Level 3” mortgage loans at fair value: Key inputs (1) September 30, 2018 December 31, 2017 Discount rate Range 2.8% – 16.7% 2.9% – 15.0% Weighted average 7.3% 6.9% Twelve-month projected housing price index change Range 3.5% – 4.4% 3.6% – 4.6% Weighted average 4.1% 4.4% Prepayment speed (2) Range 2.5% – 8.1% 3.2% – 11.0% Weighted average 4.1% 4.2% Total prepayment speed (3) Range 10.4% – 22.3% 10.8% – 23.8% Weighted average 15.6% 16.5% (1) Weighted-average inputs are based on fair value amounts of the mortgage loans. (2) Prepayment speed is measured using Life Voluntary Conditional Prepayment Rate (“CPR”). (3) Total prepayment speed is measured using Life Total CPR. Excess Servicing Spread Purchased from PFSI The Company categorizes ESS as a “Level 3” fair value asset. The Company uses a discounted cash flow approach to estimate the fair value of ESS. The key inputs used in the estimation of the fair value of ESS include pricing spread (discount rate) and prepayment speed. Significant changes to those inputs in isolation may result in a significant change in the ESS fair value measurement. Changes in these key inputs are not necessarily directly related. Changes in the fair value of ESS are included in Net gain (loss) on investments in the consolidated statements of income. Following are the key inputs used in determining the fair value of ESS: Key inputs (1) September 30, 2018 December 31, 2017 UPB of underlying mortgage loans (in thousands) $ 24,058,366 $ 27,217,199 Average servicing fee rate (in basis points) 34 34 Average ESS rate (in basis points) 19 19 Pricing spread (2) Range 3.4% - 3.9% 3.8% - 4.3% Weighted average 3.7% 4.1% Annual total prepayment speed (3) R |