Fair Value | Note 6—Fair Value Fair Value Accounting Elections The Manager identified all of the Company’s non-cash financial assets, firm commitment to purchase CRT securities and MSRs to be accounted for at fair value. The Manager has elected to account for these assets at fair value so such changes in fair value will be reflected in income as they occur and more timely reflect the results of the Company’s performance. Before January 1, 2018, originated MSRs backed by mortgage loans with initial interest rates of less than or equal to 4.5% were accounted for using the amortization method. Beginning January 1, 2018, the Company elected to account for all MSRs at fair value prospectively. The Manager determined that this change makes the accounting treatment for MSRs consistent with lender valuation under financing arrangements and simplifies hedging activities. The Manager has also identified the Company’s asset-backed financing of a VIE and interest only security payable at fair value to be accounted for at fair value to reflect the generally offsetting changes in fair value of these borrowings to changes in fair value of the assets at fair value collateralizing these financings. For other borrowings, the Manager has determined that historical cost accounting is more appropriate because under this method debt issuance costs are amortized over the term of the debt facility, thereby matching the debt issuance cost to the periods benefiting from the availability of the debt. Financial Statement Items Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis Following is a summary of financial statement items that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis: December 31, 2018 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total (in thousands) Assets: Short-term investments $ 74,850 $ — $ — $ 74,850 Mortgage-backed securities at fair value — 2,610,422 — 2,610,422 Mortgage loans acquired for sale at fair value — 1,626,483 17,474 1,643,957 Mortgage loans at fair value — 290,573 117,732 408,305 Excess servicing spread purchased from PFSI — — 216,110 216,110 Derivative assets: Interest rate lock commitments — — 12,162 12,162 CRT Agreements — — 123,987 123,987 Repurchase agreement derivatives — — 14,511 14,511 Forward purchase contracts — 14,845 — 14,845 Forward sale contracts — 13 — 13 MBS put options — 218 — 218 MBS call options — 945 — 945 Call options on interest rate futures 5,137 — — 5,137 Put options on interest rate futures 178 — — 178 Total derivative assets before netting 5,315 16,021 150,660 171,996 Netting — — — (4,831 ) Total derivative assets after netting 5,315 16,021 150,660 167,165 Firm commitment to purchase credit risk transfer securities at fair value — — 37,994 37,994 Mortgage servicing rights at fair value — — 1,162,369 1,162,369 $ 80,165 $ 4,543,499 $ 1,702,339 $ 6,321,172 Liabilities: Asset-backed financing of a VIE at fair value $ — $ 276,499 $ — $ 276,499 Interest-only security payable at fair value — — 36,011 36,011 Derivative liabilities: Interest rate lock commitments — — 174 174 Forward purchase contracts — 43 — 43 Forward sales contracts — 29,273 — 29,273 Total derivative liabilities before netting — 29,316 174 29,490 Netting — — — (23,576 ) Total derivative liabilities after netting — 29,316 174 5,914 $ — $ 305,815 $ 36,185 $ 318,424 December 31, 2017 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total (in thousands) Assets: Short-term investments $ 18,398 $ — $ — $ 18,398 Mortgage-backed securities at fair value — 989,461 — 989,461 Mortgage loans acquired for sale at fair value — 1,261,380 8,135 1,269,515 Mortgage loans at fair value — 321,040 768,433 1,089,473 Excess servicing spread purchased from PFSI — — 236,534 236,534 Derivative assets: Interest rate lock commitments — — 4,859 4,859 CRT Agreements — — 98,640 98,640 Repurchase agreement derivatives — — 3,748 3,748 Forward purchase contracts — 4,343 — 4,343 Forward sale contracts — 387 — 387 MBS put options — 3,170 — 3,170 Put options on interest rate futures 656 — — 656 Total derivative assets before netting 656 7,900 107,247 115,803 Netting — — — (1,922 ) Total derivative assets after netting 656 7,900 107,247 113,881 Mortgage servicing rights at fair value — — 91,459 91,459 $ 19,054 $ 2,579,781 $ 1,211,808 $ 3,808,721 Liabilities: Asset-backed financing of a VIE at fair value $ — $ 307,419 $ — $ 307,419 Interest-only security payable at fair value — — 7,070 7,070 Derivative liabilities: Interest rate lock commitments — — 227 227 Forward purchase contracts — 248 — 248 Forward sales contracts — 2,830 — 2,830 Total derivative liabilities before netting — 3,078 227 3,305 Netting — — — (1,999 ) Total derivative liabilities after netting — 3,078 227 1,306 $ — $ 310,497 $ 7,297 $ 315,795 The following is a summary of changes in items measured at fair value on a recurring basis using Level 3 inputs that are significant to the estimation of the fair values of the assets and liabilities at either the beginning or end of the years presented: Year ended December 31, 2018 Mortgage loans acquired for sale at fair value Mortgage loans at fair value Excess servicing spread Interest rate lock commitments (1) CRT Agreement derivatives Repurchase agreement derivatives Firm commitment to purchase CRT securities Mortgage servicing rights Total (in thousands) Assets Balance, December 31, 2017 $ 8,135 $ 768,433 $ 236,534 $ 4,632 $ 98,640 $ 3,748 $ — $ 91,459 $ 1,211,581 Cumulative effect of a change in accounting principle — Adoption of fair value accounting for mortgage servicing rights — — — — — — — 773,035 773,035 Balance, January 1, 2018 8,135 768,433 236,534 4,632 98,640 3,748 — 864,494 1,984,616 Purchases and issuances 12,208 — — 4,655 — 19,918 — — 36,781 Repayments and sales (12,934 ) (600,638 ) (46,750 ) — (86,928 ) (8,964 ) — (100 ) (756,314 ) Capitalization of interest — 7,439 15,138 — — — — — 22,577 Capitalization of advances — 5,481 — — — — — — 5,481 ESS received pursuant to a recapture agreement with PFSI — — 2,688 — — — — — 2,688 Amounts received as proceeds from sales of mortgage loans — — — — — — 30,595 356,755 387,350 Changes in fair value included in income arising from: Changes in instrument-specific credit risk — 2,907 — — — — — — 2,907 Other factors (16 ) (18,104 ) 8,500 (14,016 ) 112,275 (191 ) 7,399 (58,780 ) 37,067 (16 ) (15,197 ) 8,500 (14,016 ) 112,275 (191 ) 7,399 (58,780 ) 39,974 Transfers of mortgage loans to REO — (47,786 ) — — — — — — (47,786 ) Transfers of mortgage loans acquired for sale at fair value from "Level 2" to "Level 3" (2) 10,081 — — — — — — — 10,081 Transfers of interest rate lock commitments to mortgage loans acquired for sale — — — 16,717 — — — — 16,717 Balance, December 31, 2018 $ 17,474 $ 117,732 $ 216,110 $ 11,988 $ 123,987 $ 14,511 $ 37,994 $ 1,162,369 $ 1,702,165 Changes in fair value recognized during the year relating to assets still held at December 31, 2018 $ (158 ) $ (18,428 ) $ 8,500 $ 11,988 $ 25,347 $ 77 $ 37,994 $ (58,780 ) $ 6,540 (1) For the purpose of this table, the IRLC asset and liability positions are shown net. (2) During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Manager identified certain “Level 2” fair value mortgage loans acquired for sale that were not saleable into the prime mortgage market and therefore transferred them to “Level 3”. Year ended December 31, 2018 Interest-only security payable (in thousands) Liabilities: Balance, December 31, 2017 $ 7,070 Changes in fair value included in income arising from: Changes in instrument-specific credit risk — Other factors 28,941 28,941 Balance, December 31, 2018 $ 36,011 Changes in fair value recognized during the year relating to liability outstanding at December 31, 2018 $ 28,941 Year ended December 31, 2017 Mortgage loans acquired for sale at fair value Mortgage loans at fair value Excess servicing spread Interest rate lock commitments (1) CRT Agreement derivatives Repurchase agreement derivatives Mortgage servicing rights Total (in thousands) Assets: Balance, December 31, 2016 $ 5,682 $ 1,354,572 $ 288,669 $ 3,777 $ 15,610 $ — $ 64,136 $ 1,732,446 Purchases and issuances 11,415 — — 36,005 — 3,864 79 51,363 Repayments and sales (12,513 ) (530,367 ) (54,980 ) — (51,731 ) — — (649,591 ) Capitalization of interest — 30,795 16,951 — — — — 47,746 Capitalization of advances — 18,923 — — — — — 18,923 ESS received pursuant to a recapture agreement with PFSI — — 5,244 — — — — 5,244 Amounts received as proceeds from sales of mortgage loans — — — — — — 41,379 41,379 Changes in fair value included in income arising from: Changes in instrument- specific credit risk — 24,685 — — — — — 24,685 Other factors 1,045 (25,369 ) (19,350 ) 45,304 134,761 (116 ) (14,135 ) 122,140 1,045 (684 ) (19,350 ) 45,304 134,761 (116 ) (14,135 ) 146,825 Transfers of mortgage loans to REO — (104,806 ) — — — — — (104,806 ) Transfers of mortgage loans acquired for sale at fair value from "Level 2" to "Level 3" (2) 2,506 — — — — — — 2,506 Transfers of interest rate lock commitments to mortgage loans acquired for sale — — — (80,454 ) — — — (80,454 ) Balance, December 31, 2017 $ 8,135 $ 768,433 $ 236,534 $ 4,632 $ 98,640 $ 3,748 $ 91,459 $ 1,211,581 Changes in fair value recognized during the year relating to assets still held at December 31, 2017 $ 98 $ (10,594 ) $ (19,350 ) $ 4,632 $ 83,030 $ (116 ) $ (14,135 ) $ 43,565 (1) For the purpose of this table, the IRLC asset and liability positions are shown net. (2) During the year ended December 31, 2017, the Manager identified certain “Level 2” fair value mortgage loans acquired for sale that were not saleable into the prime mortgage market and therefore transferred them to “Level 3”. Year ended December 31, 2017 Interest-only security payable (in thousands) Liabilities: Balance, December 31, 2016 $ 4,114 Changes in fair value included in income arising from: Changes in instrument-specific credit risk — Other factors 2,956 2,956 Balance, December 31, 2017 7,070 Changes in fair value recognized during the year relating to liability outstanding at December 31, 2017 $ 2,956 Year ended December 31, 2016 Mortgage loans at fair value Excess servicing spread Interest rate lock commitments (1) CRT Agreement derivatives Mortgage servicing rights Total (in thousands) Assets: Balance, December 31, 2015 $ 2,100,394 $ 412,425 $ 4,646 $ 593 $ 66,584 $ 2,584,642 Purchases and issuances — — 71,892 — 2,739 74,631 Repayments and sales (626,095 ) (129,037 ) — (21,298 ) — (776,430 ) Capitalization of interest 84,820 22,601 — — — 107,421 ESS received pursuant to a recapture agreement with PFSI — 6,603 — — — 6,603 Amounts received as proceeds from sales of mortgage loans — — — — 7,337 7,337 Changes in fair value included in income arising from: Changes in instrument-specific credit risk 26,910 — — — — 26,910 Other factors (30,414 ) (23,923 ) 15,944 36,315 (12,524 ) (14,602 ) (3,504 ) (23,923 ) 15,944 36,315 (12,524 ) 12,308 Transfers of mortgage loans to REO (201,043 ) — — — — (201,043 ) Transfers of interest rate lock commitments to mortgage loans acquired for sale — — (88,705 ) — — (88,705 ) Balance, December 31, 2016 $ 1,354,572 $ 288,669 $ 3,777 $ 15,610 $ 64,136 $ 1,726,764 Changes in fair value recognized during the year relating to assets still held at December 31, 2016 $ (15,877 ) $ (16,713 ) $ 3,777 $ 15,610 $ (12,524 ) $ (25,727 ) (1) For the purpose of this table, the IRLC asset and liability positions are shown net. Year ended December 31, 2016 Interest-only security payable (in thousands) Liabilities: Balance, December 31, 2015 $ — Changes in fair value included in income arising from: Changes in instrument- specific credit risk — Other factors 4,114 4,114 Balance, December 31, 2016 4,114 Changes in fair value recognized during the year relating to liability outstanding at December 31, 2016 $ 4,114 The Company had transfers among the fair value levels arising from transfers of IRLCs to mortgage loans held for sale at fair value upon purchase of the respective mortgage loans and identification of certain mortgage loans acquired for sale are not saleable into the prime mortgage market. Following are the fair values and related principal amounts due upon maturity of mortgage loans accounted for under the fair value option (including mortgage loans acquired for sale, mortgage loans held in a consolidated VIE, and distressed mortgage loans at fair value): December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 Fair value Principal amount due upon maturity Difference Fair value Principal amount due upon maturity Difference (in thousands) Mortgage loans acquired for sale at fair value: Current through 89 days delinquent: $ 1,643,465 $ 1,580,504 $ 62,961 $ 1,268,121 $ 1,221,125 $ 46,996 90 or more days delinquent: Not in foreclosure 492 492 — 950 1,120 (170 ) In foreclosure — — — 444 496 (52 ) 492 492 — 1,394 1,616 (222 ) $ 1,643,957 $ 1,580,996 $ 62,961 $ 1,269,515 $ 1,222,741 $ 46,774 Mortgage loans at fair value: Mortgage loans held in a consolidated VIE: Current through 89 days delinquent $ 290,573 $ 294,617 $ (4,044 ) $ 321,040 $ 316,684 $ 4,356 90 or more days delinquent: Not in foreclosure — — — — — — In foreclosure — — — — — — — — — — — — 290,573 294,617 (4,044 ) 321,040 316,684 4,356 Distressed mortgage loans at fair value: Current through 89 days delinquent 28,806 43,043 (14,237 ) 414,785 519,009 (104,224 ) 90 or more days delinquent: Not in foreclosure 37,288 71,732 (34,444 ) 166,749 257,038 (90,289 ) In foreclosure 51,638 86,259 (34,621 ) 186,899 267,911 (81,012 ) 88,926 157,991 (69,065 ) 353,648 524,949 (171,301 ) 117,732 201,034 (83,302 ) 768,433 1,043,958 (275,525 ) $ 408,305 $ 495,651 $ (87,346 ) $ 1,089,473 $ 1,360,642 $ (271,169 ) Following are the changes in fair value included in current period income by consolidated statement of income line item for assets and liabilities accounted for under the fair value option: Year ended December 31, 2018 Net mortgage loan servicing fees Net gain on mortgage loans acquired for sale Net gain (loss) on investments Net interest income Total (in thousands) Assets: Short-term investments at fair value $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Mortgage-backed securities at fair value — — (11,262 ) (4,793 ) (16,055 ) Mortgage loans acquired for sale at fair value — (5,298 ) — — (5,298 ) Mortgage loans at fair value — — (23,696 ) 7,539 (16,157 ) ESS at fair value — — 8,500 15,138 23,638 Firm commitment to purchase credit risk transfer securities at fair value — 30,595 7,399 — 37,994 MSRs at fair value (58,780 ) — — — (58,780 ) $ (58,780 ) $ 25,297 $ (19,059 ) $ 17,884 $ (34,658 ) Liabilities: Interest-only security payable at fair value $ — $ — $ (28,941 ) $ — $ (28,941 ) Asset-backed financing of a VIE at fair value — — 9,610 (577 ) 9,033 $ — $ — $ (19,331 ) $ (577 ) $ (19,908 ) Year ended December 31, 2017 Net mortgage loan servicing fees Net gain on mortgage loans acquired for sale Net gain (loss) on investments Net interest income Total (in thousands) Assets: Short-term investments at fair value $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Mortgage-backed securities at fair value — — 5,498 5,367 10,865 Mortgage loans acquired for sale at fair value — 97,940 — — 97,940 Mortgage loans at fair value — — 3,582 32,239 35,821 ESS at fair value — — (19,350 ) 16,951 (2,399 ) MSRs at fair value (14,135 ) — — — (14,135 ) $ (14,135 ) $ 97,940 $ (10,270 ) $ 54,557 $ 128,092 Liabilities: Interest-only security payable at fair value $ — $ — $ 2,956 $ — $ 2,956 Asset-backed financing of a VIE at fair value — — (3,426 ) (1,781 ) (5,207 ) $ — $ — $ (470 ) $ (1,781 ) $ (2,251 ) Year ended December 31, 2016 Net mortgage loan servicing fees Net gain on mortgage loans acquired for sale Net gain (loss) on investments Net interest income Total (in thousands) Assets: Short-term investments at fair value $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Mortgage-backed securities at fair value — — (13,168 ) (2,391 ) (15,559 ) Mortgage loans acquired for sale at fair value — 55,350 — — 55,350 Mortgage loans at fair value — — (5,252 ) 86,114 80,862 ESS at fair value — — (23,923 ) 22,601 (1,322 ) MSRs at fair value (12,524 ) — — — (12,524 ) $ (12,524 ) $ 55,350 $ (42,343 ) $ 106,324 $ 106,807 Liabilities: Asset-backed financing of a VIE at fair value $ — $ — $ 3,238 $ (669 ) $ 2,569 $ — $ — $ 3,238 $ (669 ) $ 2,569 Financial Statement Items Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis Following is a summary of the carrying value at year end for financial statement items that were re-measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis during the years presented: December 31, 2018 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total (in thousands) Real estate acquired in settlement of loans $ — $ — $ 24,515 $ 24,515 $ — $ — $ 24,515 $ 24,515 December 31, 2017 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total (in thousands) Real estate acquired in settlement of loans $ — $ — $ 71,380 $ 71,380 MSRs at lower of amortized cost or fair value — — 312,995 312,995 $ — $ — $ 384,375 $ 384,375 The following table summarizes the fair value changes recognized during the years presented on assets held at year end that were remeasured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis: Year ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 (in thousands) Real estate asset acquired in settlement of loans $ (4,434 ) $ (11,882 ) $ (17,561 ) MSRs at lower of amortized cost or fair value — (5,876 ) (2,728 ) $ (4,434 ) $ (17,758 ) $ (20,289 ) Real Estate Acquired in Settlement of Loans The Company evaluates its REO for impairment with reference to the respective properties’ fair values less cost to sell. The initial carrying value of the REO is measured at cost as indicated by the purchase price in the case of purchased REO or as measured by the fair value of the mortgage loan immediately before REO acquisition in the case of acquisition in settlement of a mortgage loan. REO may be subsequently revalued due to the Company receiving greater access to the property, the property being held for an extended period or receiving indications that the property’s fair value may not be supported by developing market conditions. Any subsequent change in fair value to a level that is less than or equal to the property’s cost is recognized in Results of real estate acquired in settlement of loans Mortgage Servicing Rights at Lower of Amortized Cost or Fair Value Before the Company adopted fair value accounting for all of its existing classes of MSRs on January 1, 2018, the Manager evaluated the Company’s MSRs at lower of amortized cost or fair value for impairment with reference to the asset’s fair value. For purposes of performing its MSR impairment evaluation, the Company stratified its MSRs at lower of amortized cost or fair value based on the interest rates borne by the mortgage loans underlying the MSRs. Mortgage loans were grouped into pools with 50 basis point interest rate ranges for fixed-rate mortgage loans with interest rates between 3.0% and 4.5% and a single pool for mortgage loans with interest rates below 3.0%. MSRs relating to adjustable rate mortgage loans with initial interest rates of 4.5% or less were evaluated in a single pool. If the fair value of MSRs in any of the interest rate pools was below the amortized cost of the MSRs, those MSRs were impaired. When MSRs were impaired, the change in impairment was recognized in current-period income and the carrying value of the MSRs was adjusted using a valuation allowance. If the fair value of the MSRs subsequently increased, the increase in fair value was recognized in current period income only to the extent of the valuation allowance for the respective impairment stratum. The Manager periodically reviewed the various impairment strata to determine whether the fair value of the impaired MSRs in a given stratum was likely to recover. When the Manager deemed recovery of fair value to be unlikely in the foreseeable future, a write-down of the cost of the MSRs for that stratum to its estimated recoverable value was charged to the valuation allowance. Fair Value of Financial Instruments Carried at Amortized Cost Most of the Company’s borrowings are carried at amortized cost. The Company’s Assets sold under agreements to repurchase Mortgage loan participation purchase and sale agreements Exchangeable senior notes, Notes payable Assets sold to PennyMac Financial Services, Inc. under agreements to repurchase Exchangeable senior notes and Notes payable Exchangeable senior notes Exchangeable senior notes Notes payable Notes payable Valuation Governance Most of the Company’s assets, its Asset-backed financing of a VIE, Interest-only security payable Derivative liabilities Due to the difficulty in estimating the fair values of “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities, the Manager has assigned responsibility for estimating fair value of these assets and liabilities to specialized staff and subjects the valuation process to significant senior management oversight. PFSI’s Financial Analysis and Valuation group (the “FAV group”) is responsible for estimating the fair values of “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities other than IRLCs and maintaining its valuation policies and procedures. The fair value of the Company’s IRLCs is developed by the Manager’s Capital Markets Risk Management staff and is reviewed by the Manager’s Capital Markets Operations group. With respect to the non-IRLC “Level 3” valuations, the FAV group reports to PFSI’s senior management valuation committee, which oversees the valuations. The FAV group monitors the models used for valuation of the Company’s “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities, including the models’ performance versus actual results, and reports those results to PFSI’s senior management valuation committee. PFSI’s senior management valuation committee includes the Company’s executive chairman, chief executive, chief financial, chief risk and deputy chief financial officers. The FAV group is responsible for reporting to PFSI’s senior management valuation committee on the changes in the valuation of the non-IRLC “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities, including major factors affecting the valuation and any changes in model methods and inputs. To assess the reasonableness of its valuations, the FAV group presents an analysis of the effect on the valuation of changes to the significant inputs to the models. Valuation Techniques and Inputs The following is a description of the techniques and inputs used in estimating the fair values of “Level 2” and “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities: Mortgage-Backed Securities The Company categorizes its current holdings of MBS as “Level 2” fair value assets. Fair value of these MBS is established based on quoted market prices for the Company’s MBS holdings or similar securities. Changes in the fair value of MBS are included in Net gain (loss) on investments Mortgage Loans Fair value of mortgage loans is estimated based on whether the mortgage loans are saleable into active markets: • Mortgage loans that are saleable into active markets, comprised of most of the Company’s mortgage loans acquired for sale at fair value and all of the mortgage loans at fair value held in a VIE, are categorized as “Level 2” fair value assets. For mortgage loans acquired for sale, the fair values of mortgage loans acquired for sale at fair value are established using their quoted market or contracted price or market price equivalent. For the mortgage loans at fair value held in a VIE, the quoted fair values of all of the individual securities issued by the securitization trust are used to derive a fair value for the mortgage loans. The Company obtains indications of fair value from nonaffiliated brokers based on comparable securities and validates the brokers’ indications of fair value using pricing models and inputs the Manager believes are similar to the models and inputs used by other market participants. • Mortgage loans that are not saleable into active markets, comprised primarily of distressed mortgage loans, are categorized as “Level 3” fair value assets and their fair values are estimated using a discounted cash flow approach. Inputs to the discounted cash flow model include current interest rates, loan amount, payment status, property type, discount rates and forecasts of future interest rates, home prices, prepayment speeds, default speeds, loss severities or contracted selling price when applicable. Changes in fair value attributable to changes in instrument-specific credit risk are measured by the effect on fair value of the change in the respective mortgage loan’s delinquency status and performance history at period-end from the later of the beginning of the period or acquisition date. The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the Company’s mortgage loans at fair value are discount rate, home price projections, voluntary prepayment speeds and default speeds. Significant changes in any of those inputs in isolation could result in a significant change to the mortgage loans’ fair value measurement. Increases in home price projections are generally accompanied by an increase in voluntary prepayment speeds. Changes in the fair value of mortgage loans at fair value are included in Net gain (loss) on investments Following is a quantitative summary of key inputs used in the valuation of the Company’s “Level 3” mortgage loans at fair value: Key inputs (1) December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 Discount rate Range 2.8% – 19.6% 2.9% – 15.0% Weighted average 12.0% 6.9% Twelve-month projected housing price index change Range 3.1% – 3.7% 3.6% – 4.6% Weighted average 3.4% 4.4% Voluntary prepayment speed (2) Range 0.9% – 8.3% 3.2% – 11.0% Weighted average 3.2% 4.2% Total prepayment speed (3) Range 8.3% – 22.0% 10.8% – 23.8% Weighted average 18.3% 16.5% (1) Weighted average inputs are based on fair value amounts of the mortgage loans. (2) Prepayment speed is measured using Life Voluntary Conditional Prepayment Rate (“CPR”). (3) Total prepayment speed is measured using Life Total CPR. Excess Servicing Spread Purchased from PFSI The Company categorizes ESS as a “Level 3” fair value asset. The Company uses a discounted cash flow approach to estimate the fair value of ESS. The key inputs used in the estimation of the fair value of ESS include pricing spread (discount rate) and prepayment speed. Significant changes to those inputs in isolation may result in a significant change in the ESS fair value measurement. Changes in these key inputs are not necessarily directly related. Changes in the fair value of ESS are included in Net gain (loss) on investments in the consolidated statements of income. Following are the key inputs used in determining the fair value of ESS: Key inputs (1) December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 UPB of underlying mortgage loans (in thousands) $ 23,196,033 $ 27,217,199 Average servicing fee rate (in basis points) 34 34 Average ESS rate (in basis points) 19 19 Pricing spread (2) Range 2.8% - 3.2% 3.8% - 4.3% Weighted average 3.1% 4.1% Annual total prepayment speed (3) Range 8.2% - 29.5% 8.4% - 41.4% Weighted average 9.7% 10.8% Life (in years) Range 1.6 - 7.6 1.4 - 7.7 Weighted average 6.8 6.5 (1) Weighted average inputs are based on UPB of underlying amounts of mortgage loans. (2) Pricing spread represents a margin that is applied to a reference interest rate’s forward rate curve to develop periodic discount rates. The Company applies a pricing spread to the United States Dollar London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) curve for purposes of discounting cash flows relating to ESS. (3) Prepayment speed is measured using Life Total CPR. Derivative Financial Instruments Interest Rate Lock Commitments The Company categorizes IRLCs as “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities. The Company estimates the fair value of IRLCs based on quoted Agency MBS prices, its estimate of the fair value of the MSRs it expects to receive in the sale of the mortgage loan and the probability that the mortgage loan will be purchased under the commitment (the “pull-through rate”). The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the Company’s IRLCs are the pull-through rate and the MSR component of the Company’s estimate of the fair value of the mortgage loans it has committed to purchase. Significant changes in the pull-through rate or the MSR component of the IRLCs, in isolation, may result in a significant change in the IRLCs’ fair value. The financial effects of changes in these inputs are generally inversely correlated as increasing interest rates have a positive effect on the fair value of the MSR component of IRLC fair value, but also increase the pull-through rate for the mortgage loan principal and interest payment cash flow component that has decreased in fair value. Changes in fair value of IRLCs are included in Net gain on mortgage loans acquired for sale Net mortgage loan servicing fees – from nonaffiliates Following is a quantitative summary of key unobservable inputs used in the valuation of IRLCs: Key inputs (1) December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 Pull-through rate Range 45.4% - 100% 58.0% - 100% Weighted average 91.8% 90.3% MSR value expressed as Servicing fee multiple Range 2.4 - 5.6 2.1 - 5.8 Weighted average 4.3 4.9 Percentage of UPB Range 0.6% - 3.6% 0.0% - 2.4% Weighted average 2.2% 1.3% (1) Weighted average inputs are based on committed amounts. CRT Agreements The Company categorizes CRT Agreement derivatives as “Level 3” fair value assets. The fair value of CRT Agreements is established based on whether the aggregation period has been completed and the CRT Agreements have been securitized: • For securitized CRT Agreements, fair value is based on indications of fair value provided to the Company by nonaffiliated brokers for the certificates representing the beneficial interest in CRT Agreements which include the deposits securing the CRT Agreements, the Recourse Obligations and the IO ownership interest. Together, the Recourse Obligations and the IO ownership comprise the CRT Agreement derivative. Fair value of the CRT Agreement derivative is derived by deducting the balance of the Deposits securing CRT Agreements • For CRT Agreements that have not been securitized, fair value is estimated using a discounted cash flow analysis. The significant unobservable inputs into the valuation of CRT Agreement derivatives are the discount rate and voluntary involuntary prepayment speeds of the reference mortgage loans. Changes in fair value of CRT Agreements are included in Net gain (loss) on investments Following is a quantitative summary of key unobservable inputs used in the valuation of non-securitized CRT Agreements and the review and approval of broker-provided fair values for securitized CRT Agreements. At December 31, 2018, all CRT Agreements held by the Company were securitized: Key inputs (1) December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 Discount rate Range 6.6% – 7.5% 5.1% – 6.2% Weighted average 7.3% 5.6% Voluntary prepayment speed (2) Range 9.0% – 10.6% 12.1% – 15.0% Weighted average 9.9% 13.0% Involuntary prepayment speed (3) Range 0.2% – 0.2% 0.3% – 0.3% Weighted average 0.2% 0.3% Remaining loss expectation (4) Range 0.1% – 0.2% 0.1% – 0.3% Weighted average 0.2% 0.2% (1) Weighted average inputs are based on fair value amounts of the CRT Agreements. (2) Voluntary prepayment speed is measured using Life Voluntary CPR. (3) Involuntary prepayment speed is measured using Life Involuntary CPR. (4) Remaining loss expectation is measured as expected future contractual losses divided by UPB of reference mortgage loans. Repurchase Agreement Derivatives The Company has a master repurchase agreement that includes incentives for financing mortgage loans approved for satisfying certain consumer relief characteristics. These incentives are classified as embedded derivatives for accounting purposes and are accounted for separate from the repurchase agreements. The significant unobservable inputs into the valuation of these derivative assets are the discount rate and the expected approval rate of the mortgage loans financed under the master repurchase agreement. The resulting ratio included in the Company’s fair value estimate was 97% at both December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017. Changes in fair value of repurchase agreement derivatives are included in Interest expense Hedging Derivatives Fair values of derivative financial instruments based on exchange traded market prices are categorized by the Company as “Level 1” fair value assets and liabilities; fair values of derivative financial instruments based on observable interest rates, volatilities and prices in the MBS market are categorized by the Company as “Level 2” fair value assets and liabilities. Changes in the fair value of hedging derivatives are included in Net gain on mortgage loans acquired for sale Net gain (loss) on investments Net mortgage loan servicing fees Firm commitment to purc |