Fair Value | Note 7—Fair Value The Company’s consolidated financial statements include assets and liabilities that are measured at or based on their fair values. Measurement at fair value may be on a recurring or nonrecurring basis depending on the accounting principles applicable to the specific asset or liability and whether the Company has elected to carry the item at its fair value as discussed in the following paragraphs. The Company groups its assets and liabilities at fair value in three levels, based on the markets in which the assets and liabilities are traded and the observability of the inputs used to determine fair value. These levels are: • Level 1—Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. • Level 2—Prices determined or determinable using other significant observable inputs. Observable inputs are inputs that other market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability and are developed based on market data obtained from sources independent of the Company. • Level 3—Prices determined using significant unobservable inputs. In situations where significant observable inputs are unavailable, unobservable inputs may be used. Unobservable inputs reflect the Company’s own judgments about the factors that market participants use in pricing assets and liabilities, and are based on the best information available in the circumstances. • As a result of the difficulty in observing certain significant valuation inputs affecting “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities, the Company is required to make judgments regarding these items’ fair values. Different persons in possession of the same facts may reasonably arrive at different conclusions as to the inputs to be applied in valuing these assets and liabilities and to their fair values. Such differences may result in significantly different fair value measurements. Likewise, due to the general illiquidity of some of these assets and liabilities, subsequent transactions may be at values significantly different from those reported. Fair Value Accounting Elections The Manager identified all of the Company’s non-cash financial assets, firm commitment to purchase credit risk transfer securities and MSRs to be accounted for at fair value. The Company has elected to account for these assets at fair value so such changes in fair value will be reflected in income as they occur and more timely reflect the results of the Company’s performance. The Company has also identified the Company’s asset-backed financing of a VIE and interest only security payable at fair value to be accounted for at fair value to reflect the generally offsetting changes in fair value of these borrowings to changes in fair value of the assets at fair value collateralizing these financings. For other borrowings, the Company has determined that historical cost accounting is more appropriate because under this method debt issuance costs are amortized over the term of the debt facility, thereby matching the debt issuance cost to the periods benefiting from the availability of the debt. Financial Statement Items Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis Following is a summary of financial statement items that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis: March 31, 2019 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total (in thousands) Assets: Short-term investments $ 29,751 $ — $ — $ 29,751 Mortgage-backed securities at fair value — 2,589,106 — 2,589,106 Mortgage loans acquired for sale at fair value — 1,416,710 18,361 1,435,071 Mortgage loans at fair value — 289,552 109,112 398,664 Excess servicing spread purchased from PFSI — — 205,081 205,081 Derivative assets: CRT Agreements — — 130,447 130,447 Interest rate lock commitments — — 11,341 11,341 Repurchase agreement derivatives — — 17,701 17,701 Forward purchase contracts — 26,570 — 26,570 Forward sale contracts — 2,428 — 2,428 MBS put options — 4,780 — 4,780 MBS call options — 5,331 — 5,331 Call options on interest rate futures 10,699 — — 10,699 Total derivative assets before netting 10,699 39,109 159,489 209,297 Netting — — — (20,587 ) Total derivative assets after netting 10,699 39,109 159,489 188,710 Firm commitment to purchase credit risk transfer securities at fair value — — 79,784 79,784 Mortgage servicing rights at fair value — — 1,156,908 1,156,908 $ 40,450 $ 4,334,477 $ 1,728,735 $ 6,083,075 Liabilities: Asset-backed financing of a VIE at fair value $ — $ 275,509 $ — $ 275,509 Interest-only security payable at fair value — — 32,564 32,564 Derivative liabilities: Interest rate lock commitments — — 884 884 Forward purchase contracts — 3,435 — 3,435 Forward sales contracts — 20,490 — 20,490 Total derivative liabilities before netting — 23,925 884 24,809 Netting — — — (16,059 ) Total derivative liabilities after netting — 23,925 884 8,750 $ — $ 299,434 $ 33,448 $ 316,823 December 31, 2018 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total (in thousands) Assets: Short-term investments $ 74,850 $ — $ — $ 74,850 Mortgage-backed securities at fair value — 2,610,422 — 2,610,422 Mortgage loans acquired for sale at fair value — 1,626,483 17,474 1,643,957 Mortgage loans at fair value — 290,573 117,732 408,305 Excess servicing spread purchased from PFSI — — 216,110 216,110 Derivative assets: CRT Agreements — — 123,987 123,987 Interest rate lock commitments — — 12,162 12,162 Repurchase agreement derivatives — — 14,511 14,511 Forward purchase contracts — 14,845 — 14,845 Forward sale contracts — 13 — 13 MBS put options — 218 — 218 MBS call options — 945 — 945 Call options on interest rate futures 5,137 — — 5,137 Put options on interest rate futures 178 — — 178 Total derivative assets before netting 5,315 16,021 150,660 171,996 Netting — — — (4,831 ) Total derivative assets after netting 5,315 16,021 150,660 167,165 Firm commitment to purchase credit risk transfer securities at fair value — — 37,994 37,994 Mortgage servicing rights at fair value — — 1,162,369 1,162,369 $ 80,165 $ 4,543,499 $ 1,702,339 $ 6,321,172 Liabilities: Asset-backed financing of a VIE at fair value $ — $ 276,499 $ — $ 276,499 Interest-only security payable at fair value — — 36,011 36,011 Derivative liabilities: Interest rate lock commitments — — 174 174 Forward purchase contracts — 43 — 43 Forward sales contracts — 29,273 — 29,273 Total derivative liabilities before netting — 29,316 174 29,490 Netting — — — (23,576 ) Total derivative liabilities after netting — 29,316 174 5,914 $ — $ 305,815 $ 36,185 $ 318,424 The following is a summary of changes in items measured at fair value on a recurring basis using Level 3 inputs that are significant to the estimation of the fair values of the assets and liabilities at either the beginning or end of the quarters presented: Quarter ended March 31, 2019 Mortgage loans acquired for sale at fair value Mortgage loans at fair value Excess servicing spread CRT Agreement derivatives Interest rate lock commitments (1) Repurchase agreement derivatives Firm commitment to purchase CRT securities Mortgage servicing rights Total (in thousands) Assets Balance, December 31, 2018 $ 17,474 $ 117,732 $ 216,110 $ 123,987 $ 11,988 $ 14,511 $ 37,994 $ 1,162,369 $ 1,702,165 Purchases and issuances 3,331 1,077 — — 2,971 7,913 — — 15,292 Repayments and sales (3,222 ) (3,609 ) (10,552 ) (21,043 ) — (4,492 ) — — (42,918 ) Capitalization of interest and fees — 762 3,066 — — — — — 3,828 Capitalization of advances — 457 — — — — — — 457 ESS received pursuant to a recapture agreement with PFSI — — 508 — — — — — 508 Amounts received as proceeds from sales of mortgage loans — — — — — — 19,600 131,868 151,468 Changes in fair value included in income arising from: Changes in instrument-specific credit risk — 1,059 — — — — — — 1,059 Other factors (12 ) (574 ) (4,051 ) 27,503 25,531 (231 ) 22,190 (137,329 ) (66,973 ) (12 ) 485 (4,051 ) 27,503 25,531 (231 ) 22,190 (137,329 ) (65,914 ) Transfers of mortgage loans to REO — (7,792 ) — — — — — — (7,792 ) Transfers of mortgage loans acquired for sale at fair value from "Level 2" to "Level 3" (2) 790 — — — — — — — 790 Transfers of interest rate lock commitments to mortgage loans acquired for sale — — — — (30,033 ) — — — (30,033 ) Balance, March 31, 2019 $ 18,361 $ 109,112 $ 205,081 $ 130,447 $ 10,457 $ 17,701 $ 79,784 $ 1,156,908 $ 1,727,851 Changes in fair value recognized during the quarter relating to assets still held at March 31, 2019 $ (54 ) $ 329 $ (4,051 ) $ 6,460 $ 10,457 $ — $ 22,190 $ (137,329 ) $ (101,998 ) (1) For the purpose of this table, the interest rate lock commitment (“IRLC”) asset and liability positions are shown net. (2) During the quarter ended March 31, 2019, the Manager identified certain “Level 2” fair value mortgage loans acquired for sale that were not saleable into the prime mortgage market and therefore transferred them to “Level 3”. Quarter ended March 31, 2019 Interest-only security payable (in thousands) Liabilities: Balance, December 31, 2018 $ 36,011 Changes in fair value included in income arising from: Changes in instrument-specific credit risk — Other factors (3,447 ) (3,447 ) Balance, March 31, 2019 $ 32,564 Changes in fair value recognized during the quarter relating to liability outstanding at March 31, 2019 $ (3,447 ) Quarter ended March 31, 2018 Mortgage loans acquired for sale at fair value Mortgage loans at fair value Excess servicing spread CRT Agreement derivatives Interest rate lock commitments (1) Repurchase agreement derivatives Mortgage servicing rights Total (in thousands) Assets: Balance, December 31, 2017 $ 8,135 $ 768,433 $ 236,534 $ 98,640 $ 4,632 $ 3,748 $ 91,459 $ 1,211,581 Cumulative effect of a change in accounting principle — Adoption of fair value accounting for mortgage servicing rights — — — — — — 773,035 773,035 Balance, January 1, 2018 $ 8,135 $ 768,433 $ 236,534 $ 98,640 $ 4,632 $ 3,748 $ 864,494 $ 1,984,616 Purchases and issuances 2,831 — — — 4,609 2,164 — 9,604 Repayments and sales (3,539 ) (272,513 ) (12,291 ) (19,329 ) — (8 ) — (307,680 ) Capitalization of interest and fees — 2,180 3,934 — — — — 6,114 Capitalization of advances — 1,677 — — — — — 1,677 ESS received pursuant to a recapture agreement with PFSI — — 904 — — — — 904 Amounts received as proceeds from sales of mortgage loans — — — — — — 66,546 66,546 Changes in fair value included in income arising from: Changes in instrument-specific credit risk — 2,681 — — — — — 2,681 Other factors 103 (12,632 ) 6,921 24,684 (19,467 ) (12 ) 25,973 25,570 103 (9,951 ) 6,921 24,684 (19,467 ) (12 ) 25,973 28,251 Transfers of mortgage loans to REO — (21,439 ) — — — — — (21,439 ) Transfers of mortgage loans acquired for sale at fair value from "Level 2" to "Level 3" (2) 160 — — — — — — 160 Transfers of interest rate lock commitments to mortgage loans acquired for sale — — — — 12,935 — — 12,935 Balance, March 31, 2018 $ 7,690 $ 468,387 $ 236,002 $ 103,995 $ 2,709 $ 5,892 $ 957,013 $ 1,781,688 Changes in fair value recognized during the quarter relating to assets still held at March 31, 2018 $ (14 ) $ (9,040 ) $ 6,921 $ 5,355 $ 2,709 $ 77 $ 25,973 $ 31,981 (1) For the purpose of this table, the IRLC asset and liability positions are shown net. (2) During the quarter ended March 31, 2018, the Manager identified certain “Level 2” fair value mortgage loans acquired for sale that were not saleable into the prime mortgage market and therefore transferred them to “Level 3”. Quarter ended March 31, 2018 Interest-only security payable (in thousands) Liabilities: Balance, December 31, 2017 $ 7,070 Changes in fair value included in income arising from: Changes in instrument-specific credit risk — Other factors 726 726 Balance, March 31, 2018 $ 7,796 Changes in fair value recognized during the quarter relating to liability outstanding at March 31, 2018 $ 726 The Company had transfers among the fair value levels arising from transfers of IRLCs to mortgage loans held for sale at fair value upon purchase of the respective mortgage loans. Following are the fair values and related principal amounts due upon maturity of mortgage loans accounted for under the fair value option (including mortgage loans acquired for sale, mortgage loans held in a consolidated VIE, and distressed mortgage loans): March 31, 2019 December 31, 2018 Fair value Principal amount due upon maturity Difference Fair value Principal amount due upon maturity Difference (in thousands) Mortgage loans acquired for sale at fair value: Current through 89 days delinquent: $ 1,434,210 $ 1,377,712 $ 56,498 $ 1,643,465 $ 1,580,504 $ 62,961 90 or more days delinquent: Not in foreclosure 377 490 (113 ) 492 492 — In foreclosure 484 504 (20 ) — — — 861 994 (133 ) 492 492 — $ 1,435,071 $ 1,378,706 $ 56,365 $ 1,643,957 $ 1,580,996 $ 62,961 Mortgage loans at fair value: Mortgage loans held in a consolidated VIE: Current through 89 days delinquent $ 288,670 $ 289,006 $ (336 ) $ 290,573 $ 294,617 $ (4,044 ) 90 or more days delinquent: Not in foreclosure 882 883 (1 ) — — — In foreclosure — — — — — — 882 883 (1 ) — — — 289,552 289,889 (337 ) 290,573 294,617 (4,044 ) Distressed mortgage loans at fair value: Current through 89 days delinquent 33,202 48,119 (14,917 ) 28,806 43,043 (14,237 ) 90 or more days delinquent: Not in foreclosure 32,009 63,474 (31,465 ) 37,288 71,732 (34,444 ) In foreclosure 43,901 74,894 (30,993 ) 51,638 86,259 (34,621 ) 75,910 138,368 (62,458 ) 88,926 157,991 (69,065 ) 109,112 186,487 (77,375 ) 117,732 201,034 (83,302 ) $ 398,664 $ 476,376 $ (77,712 ) $ 408,305 $ 495,651 $ (87,346 ) Following are the changes in fair value included in current period income by consolidated statement of income line item for financial statement items accounted for under the fair value option: Quarter ended March 31, 2019 Net mortgage loan servicing fees Net gain on mortgage loans acquired for sale Net gain (loss) on investments Net interest income Total (in thousands) Assets: Short-term investments at fair value $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Mortgage-backed securities at fair value — — 36,922 (4,556 ) 32,366 Mortgage loans acquired for sale at fair value — 37,803 — — 37,803 Mortgage loans at fair value — — 4,070 883 4,953 ESS at fair value — — (4,051 ) 3,066 (985 ) Firm commitment to purchase credit risk transfer securities at fair value — 19,600 22,190 — 41,790 MSRs at fair value (137,329 ) — — — (137,329 ) $ (137,329 ) $ 57,403 $ 59,131 $ (607 ) $ (21,402 ) Liabilities: Interest-only security payable at fair value $ — $ — $ 3,447 $ — $ 3,447 Asset-backed financing of a VIE at fair value — — (2,857 ) (821 ) (3,678 ) $ — $ — $ 590 $ (821 ) $ (231 ) Quarter ended March 31, 2018 Net mortgage loan servicing fees Net gain on mortgage loans acquired for sale Net gain (loss) on investments Net interest income Total (in thousands) Assets: Short-term investments at fair value $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Mortgage-backed securities at fair value — — (22,397 ) 440 (21,957 ) Mortgage loans acquired for sale at fair value — (23,678 ) — — (23,678 ) Mortgage loans at fair value — — (15,530 ) 1,774 (13,756 ) ESS at fair value — — 6,921 3,934 10,855 MSRs at fair value 25,973 — — — 25,973 $ 25,973 $ (23,678 ) $ (31,006 ) $ 6,148 $ (22,563 ) Liabilities: Interest-only security payable $ — $ — $ 726 $ — $ 726 Asset-backed financing of a VIE at fair value — — 6,183 339 6,522 $ — $ — $ 6,909 $ 339 $ 7,248 Financial Statement Item Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis Following is a summary of the carrying value of REO that was re-measured based on fair value on a nonrecurring basis: Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Real estate acquired in settlement of loans (in thousands) March 31, 2019 $ — $ — $ 29,377 $ 29,377 December 31, 2018 $ — $ — $ 24,515 $ 24,515 The following table summarizes the fair value changes recognized during the quarter on REO held at quarter end that were remeasured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis: Quarter ended March 31, 2019 2018 (in thousands) Real estate asset acquired in settlement of loans $ (2,438 ) $ (4,769 ) The Company evaluates its REO for impairment with reference to the respective properties’ fair values less cost to sell. The initial carrying value of the REO is measured at cost as indicated by the purchase price in the case of purchased REO or as measured by the fair value of the mortgage loan immediately before REO acquisition in the case of acquisition in settlement of a mortgage loan. REO may be subsequently revalued due to the Company receiving greater access to the property, the property being held for an extended period or receiving indications that the property’s fair value may not be supported by developing market conditions. Any subsequent change in fair value to a level that is less than or equal to the property’s cost is recognized in Results of real estate acquired in settlement of loans Fair Value of Financial Instruments Carried at Amortized Cost Most of the Company’s borrowings are carried at amortized cost. The Company’s Assets sold under agreements to repurchase Mortgage loan participation purchase and sale agreements Exchangeable senior notes, Notes payable Assets sold to PennyMac Financial Services, Inc. under agreements to repurchase The Manager has concluded that the fair values of these borrowings other than Exchangeable senior notes Notes payable Following are the fair values of the other borrowings: March 31, 2019 December 31, 2018 (in thousands) Instrument Source of fair value Exchangeable senior notes Broker indications $ 250,634 $ 247,172 Notes payable Broker quotes $ 746,293 $ — Notes payable Discounted cash flow analysis $ — $ 444,403 Valuation Governance Most of the Company’s assets, its Asset-backed financing of a VIE, Interest-only security payable Derivative liabilities Due to the difficulty in estimating the fair values of “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities, the Company has assigned responsibility for estimating fair value of these assets and liabilities to specialized staff and subjects the valuation process to significant senior management oversight. PFSI’s Financial Analysis and Valuation group (the “FAV group”) is responsible for estimating the fair values of “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities other than IRLCs and maintaining its valuation policies and procedures. The fair value of the Company’s IRLCs is developed by the Manager’s Capital Markets Risk Management staff and is reviewed by the Manager’s Capital Markets Operations group. With respect to the non-IRLC “Level 3” valuations, the FAV group reports to PFSI’s senior management valuation committee, which oversees the valuations. The FAV group monitors the models used for valuation of the Company’s “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities, including the models’ performance versus actual results, and reports those results to PFSI’s senior management valuation committee. PFSI’s senior management valuation committee includes the Company’s executive chairman, chief executive, chief financial, chief risk and deputy chief financial officers. The FAV group is responsible for reporting to PFSI’s senior management valuation committee on the changes in the valuation of the non-IRLC “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities, including major factors affecting the valuation and any changes in model methods and inputs. To assess the reasonableness of its valuations, the FAV group presents an analysis of the effect on the valuation of changes to the significant inputs to the models. Valuation Techniques and Inputs The following is a description of the techniques and inputs used in estimating the fair values of “Level 2” and “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities: Mortgage-Backed Securities The Company categorizes its current holdings of MBS as “Level 2” fair value assets. Fair value of these MBS is established based on quoted market prices for the Company’s MBS holdings or similar securities. Changes in the fair value of MBS are included in Net gain (loss) on investments Mortgage Loans Fair value of mortgage loans is estimated based on whether the mortgage loans are saleable into active markets: • Mortgage loans that are saleable into active markets, comprised of most of the Company’s mortgage loans acquired for sale at fair value and all of the mortgage loans at fair value held in a VIE, are categorized as “Level 2” fair value assets. For mortgage loans acquired for sale, the fair values are established using the loans’ quoted market or contracted price or market price equivalent. For the mortgage loans at fair value held in a VIE, the quoted fair values of all of the individual securities issued by the securitization trust are used to derive a fair value for the mortgage loans. The Company obtains indications of fair value from nonaffiliated brokers based on comparable securities and validates the brokers’ indications of fair value using pricing models and inputs the Company believes are similar to the models and inputs used by other market participants. • Mortgage loans that are not saleable into active markets, comprised primarily of distressed mortgage loans, are categorized as “Level 3” fair value assets and their fair values are estimated using a discounted cash flow approach. Inputs to the discounted cash flow model include current interest rates, loan amount, payment status, property type, discount rates and forecasts of future interest rates, home prices, prepayment speeds, default speeds, loss severities or contracted selling price when applicable. Changes in fair value attributable to changes in instrument-specific credit risk are measured by the effect on fair value of the change in the respective mortgage loan’s delinquency status and performance history at quarter-end from the later of the beginning of the quarter or acquisition date. The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the Company’s mortgage loans at fair value are discount rate, home price projections, voluntary prepayment speeds and default speeds. Significant changes in any of those inputs in isolation could result in a significant change to the mortgage loans’ fair value measurement. Increases in home price projections are generally accompanied by an increase in voluntary prepayment speeds. Changes in the fair value of mortgage loans at fair value are included in Net gain (loss) on investments Following is a quantitative summary of key inputs used in the valuation of the Company’s “Level 3” mortgage loans at fair value: Key inputs (1) March 31, 2019 December 31, 2018 Discount rate Range 3.1% – 19.6% 2.8% – 19.6% Weighted average 10.8% 12.0% Twelve-month projected housing price index change Range 3.3% – 3.7% 3.1% – 3.7% Weighted average 3.5% 3.4% Voluntary prepayment speed (2) Range 1.9% – 8.2% 0.9% – 8.3% Weighted average 3.1% 3.2% Total prepayment speed (3) Range 8.6% – 21.5% 8.3% – 22.0% Weighted average 16.7% 18.3% (1) Weighted-average inputs are based on fair value amounts of the mortgage loans. (2) Prepayment speed is measured using Life Voluntary Conditional Prepayment Rate (“CPR”). (3) Total prepayment speed is measured using Life Total CPR. Excess Servicing Spread Purchased from PFSI The Company categorizes ESS as a “Level 3” fair value asset. The Company uses a discounted cash flow approach to estimate the fair value of ESS. The key inputs used in the estimation of the fair value of ESS include pricing spread (discount rate) and prepayment speed. Significant changes to those inputs in isolation may result in a significant change in the ESS fair value measurement. Changes in these key inputs are not necessarily directly related. Changes in the fair value of ESS are included in Net gain (loss) on investments in the consolidated statements of income. Following are the key inputs used in determining the fair value of ESS: Key inputs (1) March 31, 2019 December 31, 2018 UPB of underlying mortgage loans (in thousands) $ 22,664,211 $ 23,196,033 Average servicing fee rate (in basis points) 34 34 Average ESS rate (in basis points) 19 19 Pricing spread (2) Range 3.0% - 3.3% 2.8% - 3.2% Weighted average 3.2% 3.1% Annual total prepayment speed (3) Range 8.5% - 29.9% 8.2% - 29.5% Weighted average 10.4% 9.7% Life (in years) Range 1.5 - 7.4 1.6 - 7.6 Weighted average 6.5 6.8 (1) Weighted-average inputs are based on UPB of the underlying mortgage loans. (2) Pricing spread represents a margin that is applied to a reference forward rate to develop periodic discount rates. The Company applies pricing spreads to the forward rates implied by the United States Dollar London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) swap curve for purposes of discounting cash flows relating to ESS. (3) Prepayment speed is measured using Life Total CPR. Derivative Financial Instruments Interest Rate Lock Commitments The Company categorizes IRLCs as “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities. The Company estimates the fair value of IRLCs based on quoted Agency MBS prices, its estimate of the fair value of the MSRs it expects to receive in the sale of the mortgage loan and the probability that the mortgage loan will be purchased under the commitment (the “pull-through rate”). The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the Company’s IRLCs are the pull-through rate and the MSR component of the Company’s estimate of the fair value of the mortgage loans it has committed to purchase. Significant changes in the pull-through rate or the MSR component of the IRLCs, in isolation, may result in a significant change in the IRLCs’ fair value. The financial effects of changes in these inputs are generally inversely correlated as increasing interest rates have a positive effect on the fair value of the MSR component of IRLC fair value, but also increase the pull-through rate for the mortgage loan principal and interest payment cash flow component that has decreased in fair value. Changes in fair value of IRLCs are included in Net gain on mortgage loans acquired for sale Following is a quantitative summary of key unobservable inputs used in the valuation of IRLCs: Key inputs (1) March 31, 2019 December 31, 2018 Pull-through rate Range 42.1% - 100% 45.4% - 100% Weighted average 89.8% 91.8% MSR fair value expressed as Servicing fee multiple Range 1.9 - 5.7 2.4 - 5.6 Weighted average 4.3 4.3 Percentage of UPB Range 0.6% - 2.9% 0.6% - 3.6% Weighted average 1.4% 2.2% (1) Weighted-average inputs are based on the committed amounts. CRT Agreements The Company categorizes CRT Agreement derivatives as “Level 3” fair value assets. The fair value of CRT Agreements is based on indications of fair value provided to the Company by nonaffiliated brokers for the certificates representing the beneficial interest in CRT Agreements which include the deposits securing the CRT Agreements, the Recourse Obligations and the IO ownership interest. Together, the Recourse Obligations and the IO ownership comprise the CRT Agreement derivative. Fair value of the CRT Agreement derivative is derived by deducting the balance of the Deposits securing CRT Agreements The significant unobservable inputs into the valuation of CRT Agreement derivatives are the discount rate, voluntary and involuntary prepayment speeds and the remaining loss expectations of the reference mortgage loans. Changes in fair value of CRT Agreements are included in Net gain (loss) on investments Following is a quantitative summary of key unobservable inputs used in the Company’s review and approval of broker-provided fair values for CRT Agreements: Key inputs (1) March 31, 2019 December 31, 2018 Discount rate Range 5.8% – 6.8% 6.6% – 7.5% Weighted average 6.6% 7.3% Voluntary prepayment speed (2) Range 12.8% – 14.7% 9.0% – 10.6% Weighted average 13.9% 9.9% Involuntary prepayment speed (3) Range 0.2% – 0.3% 0.2% – 0.2% Weighted average 0.3% 0.2% Remaining loss expectation (4) Range 0.1% – 0.2% 0.1% – 0.2% Weighted average 0.1% 0.2% (1) Weighted average inputs are based on fair value amounts of the CRT Agreements. (2) Voluntary prepayment speed is measured using Life Voluntary CPR. (3) Involuntary prepayment speed is measured using Life Involuntary CPR. (4) Remaining loss expectation is measured as expected future contractual losses divided by the UPB of the reference mortgage loans. Repurchase Agreement Derivatives The Company has a master repurchase agreement that includes incentives for financing mortgage loans approved for satisfying certain consumer relief characteristics. These incentives are classified as embedded derivatives for accounting purposes and are reported separately from the repurchase agreements. The Company classifies repurchase agreement derivatives as “Level 3” fair value assets. The significant unobservable inputs into the valuation of repurchase agreement derivative assets are the discount rate and the expected approval rate of the mortgage loans financed under the master repurchase agreement. The resulting ratio included in the Company’s fair value estimate was 97% at both March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018. Changes in fair value of repurchase agreement derivatives are included in Interest expense Hedging Derivatives Fair values of derivative financial instruments based on exchange traded market prices are categorized by the Company as “Level 1” fair value assets and liabilities; fair values of derivative financial instruments based on observable interest rates, volatilities and prices in the MBS market are categorized by the Company as “Level 2” fair value assets and liabilities. Changes in the fair value of hedging derivatives are included in Net gain (loss) on investments Net gain on mortgage loans acquired for sale Net mortgage loan servicing fees, Firm commitment to purchase CRT securities The Company categorizes its firm commitment to purchase CRT securities as a “Level 3” fair value asset. The fair value of the firm commitment is estimated using a discounted cash flow approach to estimate the fair value of the CRT securities to be purchased less the contractual purchase price. Key inputs used in the estimation of fair value of the firm commitment are the discount rate and the voluntary and involuntary prepayment speeds of the reference mortgage loans. The firm commitment to purchase CRT securities is recognized initially as a component of Gain on sale of mortgage loans acquired for sale Net gain (loss) on investments Following is a quantitative summary of key unobservable inputs in the valuation of firm commitment to purchase CRT securities: Key inputs (1) March 31, 2019 December 31, 2018 Discount rate 7.0% 7.9% Voluntary prepayment speed (2) 15.8% 12.4% Involuntary prepayment speed (3) 0.1% 0.1% Remaining loss expectation (4) 0.1% 0.1% (1) Weighted average inputs are based on the UPB of the underlying mortgage loans. (2) Voluntary prepayment speed is measured using Life Voluntary CPR. (3) Involuntary prepayment speed is measured using Life Involuntary CPR. (4) Remaining loss expectation is measured as expected future contractual losses divided by the UPB of the reference mortgage loans. Real Estate Acquired in Settlement of Loans REO is measured based on its fair value on a nonrecurring basis and is categorized as a “Level 3” fair value asset. Fair value of REO is established by using a current estimate of fair value from either a broker’s price opinion, a full appraisal, or the price given in a pending contract of sale. REO fair values are reviewed by the Manager’s staff appraisers when the Company obtains multiple indications of fair value and there is a significant difference between the fair values received. The Manager’s staff appraisers will attempt to resolve the difference between the indications of fair value. In circumstances where the appraisers are not able to generate adequate data to support a fair value conclusion, the staff appraisers will order an additional appraisal to determine fair value. Recognized changes in the fair value of REO are included in Results of real estate acquired in settlement of loans Mortgage Servicing Rights MSRs are categorized as “Level 3” fair value assets. The Company uses a discounted cash flow approach to estimate the fair value of MSRs. The key inputs used in the estimation of the fair value of MSRs include the applicable pricing spread, the prepayment and default rates of the underlying mortgage loans and the annual per-loan cost to service mortgage loans, all of which are unobservable. Significant changes to any of those inputs in isolation could result in a significant change in the MSR fair value measurement. Changes in these key inputs are not necessarily directly related. C hanges in the fa ir value of MSRs are included in Net mortgage loan servicing fees in the consolidated statements of income. MSRs are generally subject to loss in fair value when mortgage interest rates decrease. Decreasing mortgage interest rates n |