Fair Value | Note 7—Fair Value Fair Value Accounting Elections Financial Statement Items Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis Following is a summary of financial statement items that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis: December 31, 2019 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total (in thousands) Assets: Short-term investments $ 90,836 $ — $ — $ 90,836 Mortgage-backed securities at fair value — 2,839,633 — 2,839,633 Loans acquired for sale at fair value — 4,129,858 18,567 4,148,425 Loans at fair value — 256,367 14,426 270,793 Excess servicing spread purchased from PFSI — — 178,586 178,586 Derivative and credit risk transfer strip assets: Credit risk transfer strips — — 54,930 54,930 CRT derivatives — — 115,863 115,863 Interest rate lock commitments — — 11,726 11,726 Repurchase agreement derivatives — — 5,275 5,275 Forward purchase contracts — 7,525 — 7,525 Forward sale contracts — 637 — 637 MBS put options — 1,625 — 1,625 Swap futures — 4,347 — 4,347 Swaptions — — — — Call options on interest rate futures 3,809 — — 3,809 Put options on interest rate futures 2,859 — — 2,859 Total derivative and credit risk transfer strip assets before netting 6,668 14,134 187,794 208,596 Netting — — — (6,278 ) Total derivative and credit risk transfer strip assets after netting 6,668 14,134 187,794 202,318 Firm commitment to purchase credit risk transfer securities at fair value — — 109,513 109,513 Mortgage servicing rights at fair value — — 1,535,705 1,535,705 $ 97,504 $ 7,239,992 $ 2,044,591 $ 9,375,809 Liabilities: Asset-backed financing of a VIE at fair value $ — $ 243,360 $ — $ 243,360 Interest-only security payable at fair value — — 25,709 25,709 Derivative liabilities: Interest rate lock commitments — — 572 572 Forward purchase contracts — 3,600 — 3,600 Forward sales contracts — 15,644 — 15,644 Total derivative liabilities before netting — 19,244 572 19,816 Netting — — — (13,393 ) Total derivative liabilities after netting — 19,244 572 6,423 $ — $ 262,604 $ 26,281 $ 275,492 December 31, 2018 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total (in thousands) Assets: Short-term investments $ 74,850 $ — $ — $ 74,850 Mortgage-backed securities at fair value — 2,610,422 — 2,610,422 Loans acquired for sale at fair value — 1,626,483 17,474 1,643,957 Loans at fair value — 290,573 117,732 408,305 Excess servicing spread purchased from PFSI — — 216,110 216,110 Derivative assets: CRT derivatives — — 123,987 123,987 Interest rate lock commitments — — 12,162 12,162 Repurchase agreement derivatives — — 14,511 14,511 Forward purchase contracts — 14,845 — 14,845 Forward sale contracts — 13 — 13 MBS put options — 218 — 218 MBS call options — 945 — 945 Call options on interest rate futures 5,137 — — 5,137 Put options on interest rate futures 178 — — 178 Total derivative assets before netting 5,315 16,021 150,660 171,996 Netting — — — (4,831 ) Total derivative assets after netting 5,315 16,021 150,660 167,165 Firm commitment to purchase credit risk transfer securities at fair value — — 37,994 37,994 Mortgage servicing rights at fair value — — 1,162,369 1,162,369 $ 80,165 $ 4,543,499 $ 1,702,339 $ 6,321,172 Liabilities: Asset-backed financing of a VIE at fair value $ — $ 276,499 $ — $ 276,499 Interest-only security payable at fair value — — 36,011 36,011 Derivative liabilities: Interest rate lock commitments — — 174 174 Forward purchase contracts — 43 — 43 Forward sales contracts — 29,273 — 29,273 Total derivative liabilities before netting — 29,316 174 29,490 Netting — — — (23,576 ) Total derivative liabilities after netting — 29,316 174 5,914 $ — $ 305,815 $ 36,185 $ 318,424 The following is a summary of changes in items measured at fair value on a recurring basis using Level 3 inputs that are significant to the estimation of the fair values of the assets and liabilities at either the beginning or end of the years presented: Year ended December 31, 2019 Assets Loans acquired for sale Loans at fair value Excess servicing spread CRT strips CRT derivatives Interest rate lock commitments (1) Repurchase agreement derivatives Firm commitment to purchase CRT securities Mortgage servicing rights Total (in thousands) Balance, December 31, 2018 $ 17,474 $ 117,732 $ 216,110 $ — $ 123,987 $ 11,988 $ 14,511 $ 37,994 $ 1,162,369 $ 1,702,165 Purchases and issuances 26,823 1,077 — — — 65,051 10,057 — — 103,008 Repayments and sales (27,609 ) (88,460 ) (40,316 ) (32,200 ) (78,172 ) — (19,317 ) (31,925 ) (17 ) (318,016 ) Capitalization of interest and fees — 2,318 10,291 — — — — — — 12,609 Capitalization of advances — 1,340 — — — — — — — 1,340 ESS received pursuant to a recapture agreement with PFSI — — 1,757 — — — — — — 1,757 Amounts received as proceeds from sales of loans — — — — — — — 99,305 837,706 937,011 Changes in fair value included in income arising from: Changes in instrument- specific credit risk — 3,737 — — — — — — — 3,737 Other factors 1,070 (10,906 ) (9,256 ) 30,326 70,048 80,133 24 60,943 (464,353 ) (241,971 ) 1,070 (7,169 ) (9,256 ) 30,326 70,048 80,133 24 60,943 (464,353 ) (238,234 ) Transfers: Loans to REO — (12,412 ) — — — — — — — (12,412 ) Loans acquired for sale at fair value from "Level 2" to "Level 3" (2) 809 — — — — — — — — 809 Firm commitment to purchase CRT securities to CRT strips — — — 56,804 — — — (56,804 ) — — Interest rate lock commitments to loans acquired for sale (3) — — — — — (146,018 ) — — — (146,018 ) Balance, December 31, 2019 $ 18,567 $ 14,426 $ 178,586 $ 54,930 $ 115,863 $ 11,154 $ 5,275 $ 109,513 $ 1,535,705 $ 2,044,019 Changes in fair value recognized during the year relating to assets still held at December 31, 2019 $ 121 $ (8,255 ) $ (9,256 ) $ (1,874 ) $ (9,571 ) $ 11,154 $ 107 $ 29,808 $ (464,353 ) $ (452,119 ) (1) For the purpose of this table, IRLC asset and liability positions are shown net. (2) The Company identified certain “Level 2” fair value loans acquired for sale that were not saleable into the prime mortgage market and therefore transferred them to “Level 3”. (3) The Company had transfers among the fair value levels arising from transfers of IRLCs to loans acquired for sale at fair value upon purchase of the respective loans. Liabilities Year ended December 31, 2019 (in thousands) Interest-only security payable: Balance, December 31, 2018 $ 36,011 Changes in fair value included in income arising from: Changes in instrument-specific credit risk — Other factors (10,302 ) (10,302 ) Balance, December 31, 2019 $ 25,709 Changes in fair value recognized during the year relating to liability outstanding at December 31, 2019 $ (10,302 ) Year ended December 31, 2018 Assets Loans acquired for sale Loans at fair value Excess servicing spread Interest rate lock commitments (1) CRT derivatives Repurchase agreement derivatives Firm commitment to purchase CRT securities Mortgage servicing rights Total (in thousands) Balance, December 31, 2017 $ 8,135 $ 768,433 $ 236,534 $ 4,632 $ 98,640 $ 3,748 $ — $ 91,459 $ 1,211,581 Cumulative effect of a change in accounting principle — Adoption of fair value accounting for mortgage servicing rights — — — — — — — 773,035 773,035 Balance, January 1, 2018 8,135 768,433 236,534 4,632 98,640 3,748 — 864,494 1,984,616 Purchases and issuances 12,208 — — 4,655 — 19,918 — — 36,781 Repayments and sales (12,934 ) (600,638 ) (46,750 ) — (86,928 ) (8,964 ) — (100 ) (756,314 ) Capitalization of interest — 7,439 15,138 — — — — — 22,577 Capitalization of advances — 5,481 — — — — — — 5,481 ESS received pursuant to a recapture agreement with PFSI — — 2,688 — — — — — 2,688 Amounts received as proceeds from sales of loan — — — — — — 30,595 356,755 387,350 Changes in fair value included in income arising from: Changes in instrument- specific credit risk — 2,907 — — — — — — 2,907 Other factors (16 ) (18,104 ) 8,500 (14,016 ) 112,275 (191 ) 7,399 (58,780 ) 37,067 (16 ) (15,197 ) 8,500 (14,016 ) 112,275 (191 ) 7,399 (58,780 ) 39,974 Transfers: Loans to REO — (47,786 ) — — — — — — (47,786 ) Loans acquired for sale at fair value from "Level 2" to "Level 3" (2) 10,081 — — — — — — — 10,081 Interest rate lock commitments to loans acquired for sale (3) — — — 16,717 — — — — 16,717 Balance, December 31, 2018 $ 17,474 $ 117,732 $ 216,110 $ 11,988 $ 123,987 $ 14,511 $ 37,994 $ 1,162,369 $ 1,702,165 Changes in fair value recognized during the year relating to assets still held at December 31, 2018 $ (158 ) $ (18,428 ) $ 8,500 $ 11,988 $ 25,347 $ 77 $ 37,994 $ (58,780 ) $ 6,540 (1) For the purpose of this table, IRLC asset and liability positions are shown net. (2) The Company identified certain “Level 2” fair value loans acquired for sale that were not saleable into the prime mortgage market and therefore transferred them to “Level 3”. (3) The Company had transfers among the fair value levels arising from transfers of IRLCs to loans acquired for sale at fair value upon purchase of the respective loans. Liabilities Year ended December 31, 2018 (in thousands) Interest-only security payable: Balance, December 31, 2017 $ 7,070 Changes in fair value included in income arising from: Changes in instrument-specific credit risk — Other factors 28,941 28,941 Balance, December 31, 2018 $ 36,011 Changes in fair value recognized during the year relating to liability outstanding at December 31, 2018 $ 28,941 Year ended December 31, 2017 Assets Loans acquired for sale Loans at fair value Excess servicing spread Interest rate lock commitments (1) CRT derivatives Repurchase agreement derivatives Mortgage servicing rights Total (in thousands) Balance, January 31, 2016 $ 5,682 $ 1,354,572 $ 288,669 $ 3,777 $ 15,610 $ — $ 64,136 $ 1,732,446 Purchases and issuances 11,415 — — 36,005 — 3,864 79 51,363 Repayments and sales (12,513 ) (530,367 ) (54,980 ) — (51,731 ) — — (649,591 ) Capitalization of interest — 30,795 16,951 — — — — 47,746 Capitalization of advances — 18,923 — — — — — 18,923 ESS received pursuant to a recapture agreement with PFSI — — 5,244 — — — — 5,244 Amounts received as proceeds from sales of loans — — — — — — 41,379 41,379 Changes in fair value included in income arising from: Changes in instrument- specific credit risk — 24,685 — — — — — 24,685 Other factors 1,045 (25,369 ) (19,350 ) 45,304 134,761 (116 ) (14,135 ) 122,140 1,045 (684 ) (19,350 ) 45,304 134,761 (116 ) (14,135 ) 146,825 Transfers: Loans to REO — (104,806 ) — — — — — (104,806 ) Loans acquired for sale at fair value from "Level 2" to "Level 3" (2) 2,506 — — — — — — 2,506 Interest rate lock commitments to loans acquired for sale (3) — — — (80,454 ) — — — (80,454 ) Balance, December 31, 2017 $ 8,135 $ 768,433 $ 236,534 $ 4,632 $ 98,640 $ 3,748 $ 91,459 $ 1,211,581 Changes in fair value recognized during the year relating to assets still held at December 31, 2017 $ 98 $ (10,594 ) $ (19,350 ) $ 4,632 $ 83,030 $ (116 ) $ (14,135 ) $ 43,565 (1) For the purpose of this table, IRLC asset and liability positions are shown net. (2) The Company identified certain “Level 2” fair value loans acquired for sale that were not saleable into the prime mortgage market and therefore transferred them to “Level 3”. (3) The Company had transfers among the fair value levels arising from transfers of IRLCs to loans acquired for sale at fair value upon purchase of the respective loans. Liabilities Year ended December 31, 2017 (in thousands) Interest-only security payable: Balance, December 31, 2016 $ 4,114 Changes in fair value included in income arising from: Changes in instrument- specific credit risk — Other factors 2,956 2,956 Balance, December 31, 2017 $ 7,070 Changes in fair value recognized during the year relating to liability outstanding at December 31, 2017 $ 2,956 Financial Statement Items Measured at Fair Value under the Fair Value Option Following are the fair values and related principal amounts due upon maturity of loans accounted for under the fair value option: December 31, 2019 December 31, 2018 Fair value Principal amount due upon maturity Difference Fair value Principal amount due upon maturity Difference (in thousands) Loans acquired for sale at fair value: Current through 89 days delinquent: $ 4,147,374 $ 4,010,444 $ 136,930 $ 1,643,465 $ 1,580,504 $ 62,961 90 or more days delinquent: Not in foreclosure 572 615 (43 ) 492 492 — In foreclosure 479 566 (87 ) — — — 1,051 1,181 (130 ) 492 492 — $ 4,148,425 $ 4,011,625 $ 136,800 $ 1,643,957 $ 1,580,996 $ 62,961 Loans at fair value: Loans held in a consolidated VIE: Current through 89 days delinquent $ 255,706 $ 251,425 $ 4,281 $ 290,573 $ 294,617 $ (4,044 ) 90 or more days delinquent: Not in foreclosure 661 809 (148 ) — — — In foreclosure — — — — — — 661 809 (148 ) — — — 256,367 252,234 4,133 290,573 294,617 (4,044 ) Distressed loans: Current through 89 days delinquent 3,179 6,202 (3,023 ) 28,806 43,043 (14,237 ) 90 or more days delinquent: Not in foreclosure 4,897 13,154 (8,257 ) 37,288 71,732 (34,444 ) In foreclosure 6,350 15,698 (9,348 ) 51,638 86,259 (34,621 ) 11,247 28,852 (17,605 ) 88,926 157,991 (69,065 ) 14,426 35,054 (20,628 ) 117,732 201,034 (83,302 ) $ 270,793 $ 287,288 $ (16,495 ) $ 408,305 $ 495,651 $ (87,346 ) Following are the changes in fair value included in current period income by consolidated statement of income line item for financial statement items accounted for under the fair value option: Year ended December 31, 2019 Net gain on investments Net gain on loans acquired for sale Net loan servicing fees Net interest income Total (in thousands) Assets: Mortgage-backed securities at fair value $ 77,283 $ — $ — $ (12,853 ) $ 64,430 Credit risk transfer strips 30,326 — — — 30,326 Loans acquired for sale at fair value — 163,244 — — 163,244 Loans at fair value 714 — — 3,420 4,134 ESS at fair value (9,256 ) — — 10,291 1,035 Firm commitment to purchase credit risk transfer securities at fair value 60,943 99,305 — — 160,248 MSRs at fair value — — (464,353 ) — (464,353 ) $ 160,010 $ 262,549 $ (464,353 ) $ 858 $ (40,936 ) Liabilities: Interest-only security payable at fair value $ 10,302 $ — $ — $ — $ 10,302 Asset-backed financing of a VIE at fair value (7,553 ) — — (2,061 ) (9,614 ) $ 2,749 $ — $ — $ (2,061 ) $ 688 Year ended December 31, 2018 Net gain on investments Net gain on loans acquired for sale Net loan servicing fees Net interest income Total (in thousands) Assets: Mortgage-backed securities at fair value $ (11,262 ) $ — $ — $ (4,793 ) $ (16,055 ) Loans acquired for sale at fair value — (5,298 ) — — (5,298 ) Loans at fair value (23,696 ) — — 7,539 (16,157 ) ESS at fair value 8,500 — — 15,138 23,638 Firm commitment to purchase credit risk transfer securities at fair value 7,399 30,595 — — 37,994 MSRs at fair value — — (58,780 ) — (58,780 ) $ (19,059 ) $ 25,297 $ (58,780 ) $ 17,884 $ (34,658 ) Liabilities: Interest-only security payable at fair value $ (28,941 ) $ — $ — $ — $ (28,941 ) Asset-backed financing of a VIE at fair value 9,610 — — (577 ) 9,033 $ (19,331 ) $ — $ — $ (577 ) $ (19,908 ) Year ended December 31, 2017 Net gain on investments Net gain on loans acquired for sale Net loan servicing fees Net interest income Total (in thousands) Assets: Mortgage-backed securities at fair value $ 5,498 $ — $ — $ 5,367 $ 10,865 Loans acquired for sale at fair value — 97,940 — — 97,940 Loans at fair value 3,582 — — 32,239 35,821 ESS at fair value (19,350 ) — — 16,951 (2,399 ) MSRs at fair value — — (14,135 ) — (14,135 ) $ (10,270 ) $ 97,940 $ (14,135 ) $ 54,557 $ 128,092 Liabilities: Interest-only security payable $ 2,956 $ — $ — $ — $ 2,956 Asset-backed financing of a VIE at fair value (3,426 ) — — (1,781 ) (5,207 ) $ (470 ) $ — $ — $ (1,781 ) $ (2,251 ) Financial Statement Item Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis Following is a summary of the carrying value of assets that were re-measured during the year based on fair value on a nonrecurring basis: Real estate acquired in settlement of loans Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total (in thousands) December 31, 2019 $ — $ — $ 24,115 $ 24,115 December 31, 2018 $ — $ — $ 24,515 $ 24,515 The following table summarizes the fair value changes recognized during the year on assets held at year end that were remeasured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis: Year ended December 31, 2019 2018 2017 (in thousands) Real estate asset acquired in settlement of loans $ (2,155 ) $ (4,434 ) $ (11,882 ) MSRs at lower of amortized cost or fair value — — (5,876 ) $ (2,155 ) $ (4,434 ) $ (17,758 ) The Company remeasures its REO based on fair value when it evaluates the REO for impairment. The Company evaluates its REO for impairment with reference to the respective properties’ fair values less cost to sell. REO may be revalued after acquisition due to the Company receiving greater access to the property, the property being held for an extended period or receiving indications that the property’s fair value may not be supported by developing market conditions. Any subsequent change in fair value to a level that is less than or equal to the property’s cost is recognized in Results of real estate acquired in settlement of loans in the Company’s consolidated statements of income. Fair Value of Financial Instruments Carried at Amortized Cost Most of the Company’s borrowings are carried at amortized cost. The Company’s Assets sold under agreements to repurchase Mortgage loan participation purchase and sale agreements Exchangeable senior notes, Notes payable secured by credit risk transfer and mortgage servicing assets Assets sold to PennyMac Financial Services, Inc. under agreements to repurchase The Company has concluded that the fair values of these borrowings other than Notes payable secured by credit risk transfer and mortgage servicing assets Exchangeable senior notes The fair value of the Term Notes at December 31, 2019 was based on non-affiliate broker indications of fair value. The fair value of Term Notes at December 31, 2018 was estimated using a discounted cash flow approach using indications of market pricing spreads provided by non-affiliate brokers to develop an appropriate discount rate. Following are the fair values of the Notes payable secured by credit risk transfer and mortgage servicing rights Exchangeable senior notes December 31, 2019 December 31, 2018 Instrument Carrying value Fair value Carrying value Fair value (in thousands) Notes payable secured by credit risk transfer and mortgage servicing assets $ 1,696,295 $ 1,705,544 $ 445,573 $ 444,403 Exchangeable senior notes $ 443,506 $ 462,117 $ 248,350 $ 247,172 Valuation Governance Most of the Company’s assets, its Asset-backed financing of a VIE at fair value, Interest-only security payable Derivative liabilities Due to the difficulty in estimating the fair values of “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities, the Company has assigned responsibility for estimating the fair value of these assets and liabilities to specialized staff and subjects the valuation process to significant senior management oversight. PFSI’s Financial Analysis and Valuation group (the “FAV group”) is responsible for estimating the fair values of “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities other than IRLCs and maintaining its valuation policies and procedures. The fair value of the Company’s IRLCs is developed by PFSI’s Capital Markets Risk Management staff and is reviewed by the PFSI’s Capital Markets Operations group. The FAV group monitors the models used for valuation of the Company’s “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities, including the models’ performance versus actual results, and reports those results to PFSI’s senior management valuation committee. During the periods presented, PFSI’s senior management valuation committee included the Company’s executive chairman, chief executive, chief financial, chief risk and deputy chief financial officers. With respect to the non-IRLC “Level 3” valuations, the FAV group reports to PFSI’s senior management valuation committee, which oversees the valuations. The FAV group is responsible for reporting to PFSI’s senior management valuation committee on the changes in the valuation of the non-IRLC “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities, including major factors affecting the valuation and any changes in model methods and inputs. To assess the reasonableness of its valuations, the FAV group presents an analysis of the effect on the valuation of changes to the significant inputs to the models. Valuation Techniques and Inputs The following is a description of the techniques and inputs used in estimating the fair values of “Level 2” and “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities: Mortgage-Backed Securities The Company categorizes its current holdings of MBS as “Level 2” fair value assets. Fair value of these MBS is established based on quoted market prices for the Company’s MBS holdings or similar securities. Changes in the fair value of MBS are included in Net gain on investments Loans Fair value of loans is estimated based on whether the loans are saleable into active markets: • Loans that are saleable into active markets, comprised of most of the Company’s loans acquired for sale at fair value and all of the loans at fair value held in a VIE, are categorized as “Level 2” fair value assets: • For loans acquired for sale, the fair values are established using the loans’ contracted selling price or quoted market price or market price equivalent. • For the loans at fair value held in a VIE, the quoted fair values of all of the individual securities issued by the securitization trust are used to derive a fair value for the loans. The Company obtains indications of fair value from nonaffiliated brokers based on comparable securities and validates the brokers’ indications of fair value using pricing models and inputs the Company believes are similar to the models and inputs used by other market participants. • Loans that are not saleable into active markets, comprised primarily of distressed loans, are categorized as “Level 3” fair value assets and: • before September 30, 2019, the distressed loans’ fair values were estimated using a discounted cash flow approach. Inputs to the discounted cash flow model included current interest rates, loan amount, payment status, property type, discount rates and forecasts of future interest rates, home prices, prepayment speeds, default speeds, loss severities or contracted selling price when applicable. • beginning September 30, 2019, the Company changed its discounted cash flow approach and the inputs to the model. Distressed loan fair values are now estimated based on the expected resolution to be realized from the individual asset’s disposition strategies. When a cash flow projection is used to estimate the fair value of the resolution, those cash flows are discounted at annual rates up to 20%. The Company changed its approach to valuation of distressed loans during the quarter ended September 30, 2019 because it substantially liquidated its investment in distressed loans during the quarter and concluded that the small number of remaining assets are most accurately valued on an individual expected resolution basis Before September 30, 2019, the significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the Company’s loans at fair value were discount rate, home price projections, voluntary prepayment speeds and default speeds. Significant changes in any of those inputs in isolation could result in a significant change to the loans’ fair value measurement. Increases in home price projections are generally accompanied by an increase in voluntary prepayment speeds. Changes in the fair value of loans at fair value are included in Net gain on investments Following is a quantitative summary of key inputs used in the valuation of the Company’s “Level 3” loans at fair value: Key inputs (1) December 31, 2018 Fair value (in thousands) $ 117,732 Discount rate Range 2.8% – 19.6% Weighted average 12.0% Twelve-month projected housing price index change Range 3.1% – 3.7% Weighted average 3.4% Voluntary prepayment speed (2) Range 0.9% – 8.3% Weighted average 3.2% Total prepayment speed (3) Range 8.3% – 22.0% Weighted average 18.3% (1) Weighted-average inputs are based on fair value amounts of the loans. (2) Voluntary prepayment speed is measured using Life Voluntary Conditional Prepayment Rate (“CPR”). (3) Total prepayment speed is measured using Life Total CPR. Changes in fair value attributable to changes in instrument-specific credit risk were measured by the effect on fair value of the change in the respective loan’s delinquency status and performance history at year end from the later of the beginning of the year or acquisition date. Excess Servicing Spread Purchased from PFSI The Company categorizes ESS as a “Level 3” fair value asset. The Company uses a discounted cash flow approach to estimate the fair value of ESS. The key inputs used in the estimation of the fair value of ESS include pricing spread (discount rate) and prepayment speed. Significant changes to those inputs in isolation may result in a significant change in the ESS fair value measurement. Changes in these key inputs are not necessarily directly related. Changes in the fair value of ESS are included in Net gain on investments Following are the key inputs used in determining the fair value of ESS: December 31, 2019 December 31, 2018 Fair value (in thousands) $ 178,586 $ 216,110 UPB of underlying loans (in thousands) $ 19,904,571 $ 23,196,033 Average servicing fee rate (in basis points) 34 34 Average ESS rate (in basis points) 19 19 Key inputs (1) Pricing spread (2) Range 3.0% – 3.3% 2.8% - 3.2% Weighted average 3.1% 3.1% Annual total prepayment speed (3) Range 8.7% – 16.2% 8.2% - 29.5% Weighted average 11.0% 9.7% Life (in years) Range 2.7 - 7.2 1.6 - 7.6 Weighted average 6.1 6.8 (1) Weighted-average inputs are based on UPB of the underlying loans. (2) Pricing spread represents a margin that is applied to a reference forward rate to develop periodic discount rates. The Company applies pricing spreads to the forward rates implied by the United States Dollar London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”)/ swap curve for purposes of discounting cash flows relating to ESS. (3) Prepayment speed is measured using Life Total CPR. Equivalent life information is included for informational purposes. Derivative and Credit Risk Transfer Strip Assets Derivative Assets CRT Derivatives The Company categorizes CRT derivatives as “Level 3” fair value assets. The fair value of CRT derivatives is based on indications of fair value provided to the Company by nonaffiliated brokers for the certificates representing the beneficial interest in the trust holding the Deposits securing credit risk transfer arrangements pledged to creditors Deposits securing credit risk transfer arrangements pledged to creditors The significant unobservable inputs used by the Company in its review and approval of the valuation of CRT derivatives are the discount rate, voluntary and involuntary prepayment speeds and the remaining loss expectations of the reference loans. Changes in fair value of CRT derivatives are included in Net gain (loss) on investments Following is a quantitative summary of key unobservable inputs used in the Company’s review and approval of broker-provided fair values for CRT Agreements: December 31, 2019 December 31, 2018 (dollars in thousands) Fair value CRT derivatives $ 115,863 $ 123,987 Deposits securing CRT arrangements $ 1,524,590 $ 1,146,501 UPB of loans in reference pools $ 24,824,616 $ 29,934,003 Key inputs (1) Discount rate Range 4.7% – 5.3% 6.6% – 7.5% Weighted average 5.2% 7.3% Voluntary prepayment speed (2) Range 16.4% – 18.5% 9.0% – 10.6% Weighted average 17.9% 9.9% Involuntary prepayment speed (3) Range 0.2% – 0.3% 0.2% – 0.2% Weighted average 0.3% 0.2% Remaining loss expectation (4) Range 0.1% – 0.1% 0.1% – 0.2% Weighted average 0.1% 0.2% (1) Weighted average inputs are based on fair value amounts of the CRT Agreements. (2) Voluntary prepayment speed is measured using Life Voluntary CPR. (3) Involuntary prepayment speed is measured using Life Involuntary CPR. (4) Remaining loss expectation is measured as expected future contractual losses divided by the UPB of the reference loans. Interest Rate Lock Commitments The Company categorizes IRLCs as “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities. The Company estimates the fair value of IRLCs based on quoted Agency MBS prices, the probability that the loan will be purchased under the commitment (the “pull-through rate”) and the Company’s estimate of the fair value of the MSRs it expects to receive upon sale of the loan. The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the Company’s IRLCs are the pull-through rate and the MSR component of the Company’s estimate of the fair value of the loans it has committed to purchase. Significant changes in the pull-through rate or the MSR component of the IRLCs, in isolation, may result in a significant change in the IRLCs’ fair value. The financial effects of changes in these inputs are generally inversely correlated as increasing interest rates have a positive effect on the fair value of the MSR component of IRLC fair value, but also increase the pull-through rate for the loan principal and interest payment cash flow component that has decreased in fair value. Changes in fair value of IRLCs are included in Net gain on loans acquired for sale Following is a quantitative summary of key unobservable inputs used in the valuation of IRLCs: December 31, 2019 December 31, 2018 Fair value (in thousands) (1) $ 11,154 $ 11,988 Key inputs (2) Pull-through rate Range 64.6% – 100% 45.4% - 100% Weighted average 93.3% 91.8% MSR fair value expressed as Servicing fee multiple Range 2.1 - 5.8 2.4 - 5.6 Weighted average 4.7 4.3 Percentage of UPB Range 0.7% - 2.2% 0.6% - 3.6% Weighted average 1.4% 2.2% (1) For purposes of this table, IRLC asset and liability positions are shown net. (2) Weighted-average inputs are based on the committed amounts. Repurchase Agreement Derivatives The Company had a master repurchase agreement that included incentives for financing loans approved for satisfying certain consumer relief characteristics. These incentives are classified as embedded derivatives for reporting purposes and are reported separately from the repurchase agreements. The Company classifies repurchase agreement derivatives as “Level 3” fair value assets. The significant unobservable inputs into the valuation of repurchase agreement derivative assets are the discount rate and the expected approval rate of the loans financed under the master repurchase agreement. The resulting ratios included in the Company’s fair value estimate were 99% and 97% at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Changes in fair value of repurchase agreement derivatives are included in Interest expense Hedging Derivatives Fair values of derivative financial instruments actively-traded on exchanges are categorized by the Company as “Level 1” fair value assets and liabilities; fair values of derivative financial instruments based on observable interest rates, volatilities and prices in the MBS or other markets are categorized by the Company as “Level 2” fair value assets and liabilities. Changes in the fair value of hedging derivatives are included in Net gain on investments Net gain on loans acquired for sale Net loan servicing fees, Credit Risk Transfer Strips The Company categorizes CRT strips as “Level 3” fair value assets. The fair value of CRT strips is based on indications of fair value provided to the Company by nonaffiliated brokers for the certificates representing the beneficial interest in the trust holding the CRT strips and Deposits securing CRT arrangements Deposits securing CRT arrangements The significant unobservable inputs into the valuation of CRT strips are the discount rate, voluntary and involuntary prepayment speeds and the remaining loss expectations of the reference loans. Changes in fair value of CRT strips are included in Net gain (loss) on investments Following is a quantitative summary of key unobservable inputs used to derive the fair value of the CRT strips in the Company’s review and approval of the adjusted broker-provided fair values: December 31, 2019 (dollars in thousands) Carrying value CRT strips $ 54,930 Deposits securing CRT arrangements $ 445,194 UPB of loans in the reference pools $ 17,119,501 Key inputs (1) Discount rate 6.3% Voluntary prepayment speed (2) 23.4% Involuntary prepayment speed (3) 0.2% Remaining loss expectation (4) 0.1% (1) Weighted average inputs are based on the UPB of the reference loans in the reference pools. (2) Voluntary prepayment speed is measured using Life Voluntary CPR. (3) Involuntary prepayment speed is measured using Life Involuntary CPR. (4) Remaining loss expectation is measured as expected future losses divided by |