Fair Value | Note 7—Fair Value The Company’s consolidated financial statements include assets and liabilities that are measured at or based on their fair values. Measurement at or based on fair value may be on a recurring or nonrecurring basis depending on the accounting principles applicable to the specific asset or liability and whether the Company has elected to carry the item at its fair value as discussed in the following paragraphs. The Company groups its assets and liabilities at fair value in three levels, based on the markets in which the assets and liabilities are traded and the observability of the inputs used to determine fair value. These levels are: • Level 1—Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. • Level 2—Prices determined or determinable using other significant observable inputs. Observable inputs are inputs that other market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability and are developed based on market data obtained from sources independent of the Company. • Level 3—Prices determined using significant unobservable inputs. In situations where significant observable inputs are unavailable, unobservable inputs may be used. Unobservable inputs reflect the Company’s own judgments about the factors that market participants use in pricing an asset or liability, and are based on the best information available in the circumstances. As a result of the difficulty in observing certain significant valuation inputs affecting “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities, the Company is required to make judgments regarding these items’ fair values. Different persons in possession of the same facts may reasonably arrive at different conclusions as to the inputs to be applied in valuing these assets and liabilities and their fair values. Such differences may result in significantly different fair value measurements. Likewise, due to the general illiquidity of some of these assets and liabilities, subsequent transactions may be at values significantly different from those reported. The Company reclassifies its assets and liabilities between levels of the fair value hierarchy when the inputs required to establish fair value at a level of the fair value hierarchy are no longer readily available, requiring the use of lower-level inputs, or when the inputs required to establish fair value at a higher level of the hierarchy become available. Fair Value Accounting Elections The Company identified all of PMT’s non-cash financial assets, its Credit risk transfer strip assets and liabilities, Firm commitment to purchase CRT securities The Company has also identified its Asset-backed financing of a VIE at fair value Interest-only security payable at fair value Financial Statement Items Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis Following is a summary of financial statement items that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis: March 31, 2020 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total (in thousands) Assets: Short-term investments $ 137,960 $ — $ — $ 137,960 Mortgage-backed securities at fair value — 3,947,420 — 3,947,420 Loans acquired for sale at fair value — 2,833,501 22,541 2,856,042 Loans at fair value — 242,301 9,122 251,423 Excess servicing spread purchased from PFSI — — 157,109 157,109 Derivative and credit risk transfer strip assets: Interest rate lock commitments — — 79,514 79,514 Repurchase agreement derivatives — — 5,275 5,275 Forward purchase contracts — 247,814 — 247,814 Forward sale contracts — 7,193 — 7,193 MBS put options — 2,924 — 2,924 Swap futures — 38,678 — 38,678 Call options on interest rate futures 29,121 — — 29,121 Put options on interest rate futures 14,691 — — 14,691 Total derivative and credit risk transfer strip assets before netting 43,812 296,609 84,789 425,210 Netting — — — (251,900 ) Total derivative and credit risk transfer strip assets after netting 43,812 296,609 84,789 173,310 Mortgage servicing rights at fair value — — 1,157,326 1,157,326 $ 181,772 $ 7,319,831 $ 1,430,887 $ 8,680,590 Liabilities: Asset-backed financing of a VIE at fair value $ — $ 232,565 $ — $ 232,565 Interest-only security payable at fair value — — 14,134 14,134 Derivative and credit risk transfer strip liabilities: Credit risk transfer strips — — 174,945 174,945 CRT derivatives — — 185,933 185,933 Interest rate lock commitments — — 130 130 Forward purchase contracts — 2,091 — 2,091 Forward sales contracts — 146,256 — 146,256 Total derivative liabilities before netting — 148,347 361,008 509,355 Netting — — — (46,716 ) Total derivative liabilities after netting — 148,347 361,008 462,639 Firm commitment to purchase credit risk transfer securities at fair value — — 409,649 409,649 $ — $ 380,912 $ 784,791 $ 1,118,987 December 31, 2019 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total (in thousands) Assets: Short-term investments $ 90,836 $ — $ — $ 90,836 Mortgage-backed securities at fair value — 2,839,633 — 2,839,633 Loans acquired for sale at fair value — 4,129,858 18,567 4,148,425 Loans at fair value — 256,367 14,426 270,793 Excess servicing spread purchased from PFSI — — 178,586 178,586 Derivative and credit risk transfer strip assets: Credit risk transfer strips — — 54,930 54,930 CRT derivatives — — 115,863 115,863 Interest rate lock commitments — — 11,726 11,726 Repurchase agreement derivatives — — 5,275 5,275 Forward purchase contracts — 7,525 — 7,525 Forward sale contracts — 637 — 637 MBS put options — 1,625 — 1,625 Swap futures — 4,347 — 4,347 Call options on interest rate futures 3,809 — — 3,809 Put options on interest rate futures 2,859 — — 2,859 Total derivative assets before netting 6,668 14,134 187,794 208,596 Netting — — — (6,278 ) Total derivative assets after netting 6,668 14,134 187,794 202,318 Firm commitment to purchase credit risk transfer securities at fair value — — 109,513 109,513 Mortgage servicing rights at fair value — — 1,535,705 1,535,705 $ 97,504 $ 7,239,992 $ 2,044,591 $ 9,375,809 Liabilities: Asset-backed financing of a VIE at fair value $ — $ 243,360 $ — $ 243,360 Interest-only security payable at fair value — — 25,709 25,709 Derivative liabilities: Interest rate lock commitments — — 572 572 Forward purchase contracts — 3,600 — 3,600 Forward sales contracts — 15,644 — 15,644 Total derivative liabilities before netting — 19,244 572 19,816 Netting — — — (13,393 ) Total derivative liabilities after netting — 19,244 572 6,423 $ — $ 262,604 $ 26,281 $ 275,492 The following is a summary of changes in items measured at fair value on a recurring basis using Level 3 inputs that are significant to the estimation of the fair values of the assets and liabilities at either the beginning or end of the quarters presented: Quarter ended March 31, 2020 Assets (1) Loans acquired for sale Loans at fair value Excess servicing spread CRT strips CRT derivatives Interest rate lock commitments Repurchase agreement derivatives Firm commitment to purchase CRT securities Mortgage servicing rights Total (in thousands) Balance, December 31, 2019 $ 18,567 $ 14,426 $ 178,586 $ 54,930 $ 115,863 $ 11,154 $ 5,275 $ 109,513 $ 1,535,705 $ 2,044,019 Purchases and issuances 11,291 1,058 — — — 89,919 — — — 102,268 Repayments and sales (7,557 ) (4,335 ) (9,308 ) (14,750 ) (18,054 ) — — — — (54,004 ) Capitalization of interest and fees — — 1,974 — — — — — — 1,974 ESS received pursuant to a recapture agreement with PFSI — — 379 — — — — — — 379 Amounts received as proceeds from sales of loans — — — — — — — (26,649 ) 248,822 222,173 Changes in fair value included in results of operations arising from: Changes in instrument- specific credit risk — — — — — — — — — — Other factors 240 (1,142 ) (14,522 ) (215,125 ) (283,742 ) 103,645 — (492,513 ) (627,201 ) (1,530,360 ) 240 (1,142 ) (14,522 ) (215,125 ) (283,742 ) 103,645 — (492,513 ) (627,201 ) (1,530,360 ) Transfers: Loans to REO — (885 ) — — — — — — — (885 ) Interest rate lock commitments to loans acquired for sale (2) — — — — — (125,334 ) — — — (125,334 ) Balance, March 31, 2020 $ 22,541 $ 9,122 $ 157,109 $ (174,945 ) $ (185,933 ) $ 79,384 $ 5,275 $ (409,649 ) $ 1,157,326 $ 660,230 Changes in fair value recognized during the quarter relating to assets still held at March 31, 2020 $ 160 $ (841 ) $ (14,522 ) $ (229,875 ) $ (300,944 ) $ 79,384 $ — $ (492,513 ) $ (627,201 ) $ (1,586,352 ) (1) For the purpose of this table, CRT strips, CRT derivatives, IRLCs, and Firm commitment to purchase CRT securities asset and liability positions are shown net. (2) The Company had transfers among the fair value levels arising from transfers of IRLCs to loans acquired for sale at fair value upon purchase of the respective loans. Liabilities Quarter ended March 31, 2020 (in thousands) Interest-only security payable: Balance, December 31, 2019 $ 25,709 Changes in fair value included in results of operations arising from: Changes in instrument-specific credit risk — Other factors (11,575 ) (11,575 ) Balance, March 31, 2020 $ 14,134 Changes in fair value recognized during the quarter relating to liability outstanding at March 31, 2020 $ (11,575 ) Quarter ended March 31, 2019 Assets (1) Loans acquired for sale Loans at fair value Excess servicing spread Interest rate lock commitments CRT derivatives Repurchase agreement derivatives Firm commitment to purchase CRT securities Mortgage servicing rights Total (in thousands) Balance, December 31, 2018 $ 17,474 $ 117,732 $ 216,110 $ 11,988 $ 123,987 $ 14,511 $ 37,994 $ 1,162,369 $ 1,702,165 Purchases and issuances 3,331 1,077 — 2,971 — 7,913 — — 15,292 Repayments and sales (3,222 ) (3,609 ) (10,552 ) — (21,043 ) (4,492 ) — — (42,918 ) Capitalization of interest — 762 3,066 — — — — — 3,828 Capitalization of advances — 457 — — — — — — 457 ESS received pursuant to a recapture agreement with PFSI — — 508 — — — — — 508 Amounts received as proceeds from sales of loans — — — — — — 19,600 131,868 151,468 Changes in fair value included in results of operations arising from: Changes in instrument- specific credit risk — 1,059 — — — — — — 1,059 Other factors (12 ) (574 ) (4,051 ) 25,531 27,503 (231 ) 22,190 (137,329 ) (66,973 ) (12 ) 485 (4,051 ) 25,531 27,503 (231 ) 22,190 (137,329 ) (65,914 ) Transfers: Loans to REO — (7,792 ) — — — — — — (7,792 ) Loans acquired for sale at fair value from "Level 2" to "Level 3" (2) 790 — — — — — — — 790 Interest rate lock commitments to loans acquired for sale (3) — — — (30,033 ) — — — — (30,033 ) Balance, March 31, 2019 $ 18,361 $ 109,112 $ 205,081 $ 10,457 $ 130,447 $ 17,701 $ 79,784 $ 1,156,908 $ 1,727,851 Changes in fair value recognized during the quarter relating to assets still held at March 31, 2019 $ (54 ) $ 329 $ (4,051 ) $ 10,457 $ 6,460 $ — $ 22,190 $ (137,329 ) $ (101,998 ) (1) For the purpose of this table IRLC assets and liability positions are shown net. (2) The Company identified certain “Level 2” fair value loans acquired for sale that were not saleable into the prime mortgage market and therefore transferred them to “Level 3”. (3) The Company had transfers among the fair value levels arising from transfers of IRLCs to loans acquired for sale at fair value upon purchase of the respective loans. Liabilities Quarter ended March 31, 2019 (in thousands) Interest-only security payable: Balance, December 31, 2018 $ 36,011 Changes in fair value included in results of operations arising from: Changes in instrument- specific credit risk — Other factors (3,447 ) (3,447 ) Balance, March 31, 2019 $ 32,564 Changes in fair value recognized during the quarter relating to liability outstanding at March 31, 2019 $ (3,447 ) Financial Statement Items Measured at Fair Value under the Fair Value Option Following are the fair values and related principal amounts due upon maturity of loans accounted for under the fair value option (including loans acquired for sale, loans held in a consolidated VIE, and distressed loans): March 31, 2020 December 31, 2019 Fair value Principal amount due upon maturity Difference Fair value Principal amount due upon maturity Difference (in thousands) Loans acquired for sale at fair value: Current through 89 days delinquent: $ 2,855,085 $ 2,714,821 $ 140,264 $ 4,147,374 $ 4,010,444 $ 136,930 90 or more days delinquent: Not in foreclosure 126 163 (37 ) 572 615 (43 ) In foreclosure 831 1,003 (172 ) 479 566 (87 ) 957 1,166 (209 ) 1,051 1,181 (130 ) $ 2,856,042 $ 2,715,987 $ 140,055 $ 4,148,425 $ 4,011,625 $ 136,800 Loans at fair value: Loans held in a consolidated VIE: Current through 89 days delinquent $ 241,647 $ 239,935 $ 1,712 $ 255,706 $ 251,425 $ 4,281 90 or more days delinquent: Not in foreclosure 654 809 (155 ) 661 809 (148 ) In foreclosure — — — — — — 654 809 (155 ) 661 809 (148 ) 242,301 240,744 1,557 256,367 252,234 4,133 Distressed loans: Current through 89 days delinquent 2,557 4,884 (2,327 ) 3,179 6,202 (3,023 ) 90 or more days delinquent: Not in foreclosure 3,600 12,559 (8,959 ) 4,897 13,154 (8,257 ) In foreclosure 2,965 6,061 (3,096 ) 6,350 15,698 (9,348 ) 6,565 18,620 (12,055 ) 11,247 28,852 (17,605 ) 9,122 23,504 (14,382 ) 14,426 35,054 (20,628 ) $ 251,423 $ 264,248 $ (12,825 ) $ 270,793 $ 287,288 $ (16,495 ) Following are the changes in fair value included in current period results of operations by consolidated statement of operations line item for financial statement items accounted for under the fair value option: Quarter ended March 31, 2020 Net (loss) gain on investments Net gain on loans acquired for sale Net loan servicing fees Net interest (expense) income Total (in thousands) Assets: Mortgage-backed securities at fair value $ 115,967 $ — $ — $ (12,002 ) $ 103,965 Credit risk transfer strips (215,125 ) — — — (215,125 ) Loans acquired for sale at fair value — 147,558 — — 147,558 Loans at fair value (4,010 ) — — 293 (3,717 ) ESS at fair value (14,522 ) — — 1,974 (12,548 ) Firm commitment to purchase credit risk transfer securities at fair value (492,513 ) (26,649 ) — — (519,162 ) MSRs at fair value — — (627,201 ) — (627,201 ) $ (610,203 ) $ 120,909 $ (627,201 ) $ (9,735 ) $ (1,126,230 ) Liabilities: Interest-only security payable at fair value $ 11,575 $ — $ — $ — $ 11,575 Asset-backed financing of a VIE at fair value 1,928 — — (2,491 ) (563 ) $ 13,503 $ — $ — $ (2,491 ) $ 11,012 Quarter ended March 31, 2019 Net (loss) gain on investments Net gain on loans acquired for sale Net loan servicing fees Net interest (expense) income Total (in thousands) Assets: Mortgage-backed securities at fair value $ 36,922 $ — $ — $ (4,556 ) $ 32,366 Loans acquired for sale at fair value — 37,803 — — 37,803 Loans at fair value 4,070 — — 883 4,953 ESS at fair value (4,051 ) — — 3,066 (985 ) Firm commitment to purchase credit risk transfer securities at fair value 22,190 19,600 — — 41,790 MSRs at fair value — — (137,329 ) — (137,329 ) $ 59,131 $ 57,403 $ (137,329 ) $ (607 ) $ (21,402 ) Liabilities: Interest-only security payable at fair value $ 3,447 $ — $ — $ — $ 3,447 Asset-backed financing of a VIE at fair value (2,857 ) — — (821 ) (3,678 ) $ 590 $ — $ — $ (821 ) $ (231 ) Financial Statement Item Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis Following is a summary of the carrying value of assets that were re-measured during the quarter based on fair value on a nonrecurring basis: Real estate acquired in settlement of loans Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total (in thousands) March 31, 2020 $ — $ — $ 14,810 $ 14,810 December 31, 2019 $ — $ — $ 24,115 $ 24,115 The following table summarizes the fair value changes recognized during the quarter on assets held at quarter end that were remeasured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis: Quarter ended March 31, 2020 2019 (in thousands) Real estate asset acquired in settlement of loans $ (1,191 ) $ (2,438 ) The Company remeasures its REO based on fair value when it evaluates the REO for impairment. The Company evaluates its REO for impairment with reference to the respective properties’ fair values less cost to sell. REO may be revalued after acquisition due to the Company receiving greater access to the property, the property being held for an extended period or receiving indications that the property’s fair value may not be supported by developing market conditions. Any subsequent change in fair value to a level that is less than or equal to the property’s cost is recognized in Results of real estate acquired in settlement of loans Fair Value of Financial Instruments Carried at Amortized Cost Most of the Company’s borrowings are carried at amortized cost. The Company’s Assets sold under agreements to repurchase Mortgage loan participation purchase and sale agreements Notes payable secured by credit risk transfer and mortgage servicing assets, Exchangeable senior notes, Assets sold to PennyMac Financial Services, Inc. under agreements to repurchase The Company has concluded that the fair values of these borrowings other than Notes payable secured by credit risk transfer and mortgage servicing assets Exchangeable senior notes The fair value of the Term Notes was based on non-affiliate broker indications of fair value for the dates presented. Following are the fair values of the Notes payable secured by credit risk transfer and mortgage servicing assets and Exchangeable senior notes : March 31, 2020 December 31, 2019 Instrument Carrying value Fair value Carrying value Fair value (in thousands) Notes payable secured by credit risk transfer and mortgage servicing assets $ 1,967,526 $ 1,264,573 $ 1,696,295 $ 1,705,544 Exchangeable senior notes $ 444,525 $ 375,077 $ 443,506 $ 462,117 Valuation Governance Most of the Company’s assets, its Asset-backed financing of a VIE at fair value, Interest-only security payable at fair value Derivative and credit risk transfer strip liabilities Due to the difficulty in estimating the fair values of “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities, the Company has assigned responsibility for estimating the fair value of these assets and liabilities to specialized staff and subjects the valuation process to significant senior management oversight. PFSI’s Financial Analysis and Valuation group (the “FAV group”) is responsible for estimating the fair values of “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities other than IRLCs and maintaining its valuation policies and procedures. The fair value of the Company’s IRLCs is developed by PFSI’s Capital Markets Risk Management staff and is reviewed by the PFSI’s Capital Markets Operations group. The FAV group monitors the models used for valuation of the Company’s “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities, including the models’ performance versus actual results, and reports those results to PFSI’s senior management valuation committee. PFSI’s senior management valuation committee includes the Company’s chief executive, chief financial, chief risk and deputy chief financial officers. With respect to the non-IRLC “Level 3” valuations, the FAV group reports to PFSI’s senior management valuation committee, which oversees the valuations. The FAV group is responsible for reporting to PFSI’s senior management valuation committee on the changes in the valuation of the non-IRLC “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities, including major factors affecting the valuation and any changes in model methods and inputs. To assess the reasonableness of its valuations, the FAV group presents an analysis of the effect on the valuation of changes to the significant inputs to the models. Valuation Techniques and Inputs The following is a description of the techniques and inputs used in estimating the fair values of “Level 2” and “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities: Mortgage-Backed Securities The Company categorizes MBS as “Level 2” fair value assets. Fair value of these MBS is established based on quoted market prices for the Company’s MBS holdings or similar securities. Changes in the fair value of MBS are included in Net (loss) gain on investments Loans Fair value of loans is estimated based on whether the loans are saleable into active markets: • Loans that are saleable into active markets, comprised of most of the Company’s loans acquired for sale at fair value and all of the loans at fair value held in a VIE, are categorized as “Level 2” fair value assets: • For loans acquired for sale, the fair values are established using the loans’ contracted selling price or quoted market price or market price equivalent. • For the loans at fair value held in a VIE, the quoted fair values of all of the individual securities issued by the securitization trust are used to derive a fair value for the loans. The Company obtains indications of fair value from nonaffiliated brokers based on comparable securities and validates the brokers’ indications of fair value using pricing models and inputs the Company believes are similar to the models and inputs used by other market participants. • Loans that are not saleable into active markets, comprised primarily of distressed loans, are categorized as “Level 3” fai r value assets and: • For loans held for sale categorized as “Level 3” fair value assets and, before September 30, 2019, distressed loans, fair values were estimated using a discounted cash flow approach. Inputs to the discounted cash flow model included current interest rates, loan amount, payment status, property type, discount rates and forecasts of future interest rates, home prices, prepayment speeds, default speeds, loss severities or contracted selling price when applicable. • Beginning September 30, 2019, the Company changed its discounted cash flow approach and the inputs to the model for distressed loans. Distressed loan fair values are now estimated based on the expected resolution to be realized from the individual asset’s disposition strategies. When a cash flow projection is used to estimate the fair value of the resolution, those cash flows are discounted at annual rates up to 20%. The Company changed its approach to valuation of distressed loans during the quarter ended September 30, 2019 because it substantially liquidated its investment in distressed loans during that quarter and concluded that the small number of remaining assets are most accurately valued on an individual expected resolution basis. Excess Servicing Spread Purchased from PFSI The Company categorizes ESS as a “Level 3” fair value asset. The Company uses a discounted cash flow approach to estimate the fair value of ESS. The key inputs used in the estimation of the fair value of ESS include pricing spread (discount rate) and prepayment speed. Significant changes to those inputs in isolation may result in a significant change in the ESS fair value measurement. Changes in these key inputs are not necessarily directly related. Changes in the fair value of ESS are included in Net (loss) gain on investments in the consolidated statements of . Following are the key inputs used in determining the fair value of ESS: March 31, 2020 December 31, 2019 Fair value (in thousands) $ 157,109 $ 178,586 UPB of underlying loans (in thousands) $ 19,153,856 $ 19,904,571 Average servicing fee rate (in basis points) 34 34 Average ESS rate (in basis points) 19 19 Key inputs (1) Pricing spread (2) Range 5.4% – 5.8% 3.0% – 3.3% Weighted average 5.6% 3.1% Annual total prepayment speed (3) Range 8.7% – 14.9% 8.7% – 16.2% Weighted average 11.9% 11.0% Equivalent life (in years) Range 2.7 - 7.1 2.7 - 7.2 Weighted average 5.8 6.1 (1) Weighted-average inputs are based on UPB of the underlying loans. (2) Pricing spread represents a margin that is applied to a reference forward rate to develop periodic discount rates. The Company applies pricing spreads to the forward rates implied by the United States Dollar London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”)/ swap curve for purposes of discounting cash flows relating to ESS. (3) Prepayment speed is measured using Life Total Conditional Prepayment Rate (“CPR”). Equivalent life is included for informational purposes. Derivative and Credit Risk Transfer Strip Assets and Liabilities CRT Derivatives The Company categorizes CRT derivatives as “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities. The fair value of CRT derivatives is based on indications of fair value provided to the Company by nonaffiliated brokers for the certificates representing the beneficial interest in the trust holding the Deposits securing credit risk transfer arrangements pledged to creditors Deposits securing credit risk transfer arrangements pledged to creditors The significant unobservable inputs used by the Company in its review and approval of the valuation of CRT derivatives are the discount rate, voluntary and involuntary prepayment speeds and the remaining loss expectat ions of the reference loans. Changes in fair value of CRT derivatives are included in Net (loss) gain on investments in the consolidated statements of operations. Following is a quantitative summary of key unobservable inputs used in the Company’s review and approval of broker-provided fair values for CRT Agreements: March 31, 2020 December 31, 2019 (dollars in thousands) Fair value CRT derivatives: Assets $ — $ 115,863 Liabilities $ 185,933 $ — UPB of loans in reference pools $ 23,123,085 $ 24,824,616 Key inputs (1) Discount rate Range 10.7% – 11.7% 4.7% – 5.3% Weighted average 10.9% 5.2% Voluntary prepayment speed (2) Range 18.1% – 20.5% 16.4% – 18.5% Weighted average 20.0% 17.9% Involuntary prepayment speed (3) Range 0.7% – 1.0% 0.2% – 0.3% Weighted average 0.9% 0.3% Remaining loss expectation (4) Range 0.4% – 0.6% 0.1% – 0.1% Weighted average 0.6% 0.1% (1) Weighted average inputs are based on fair value amounts of the CRT Agreements. (2) Voluntary prepayment speed is measured using Life Voluntary CPR. (3) Involuntary prepayment speed is measured using Life Involuntary CPR. (4) Remaining loss expectation is measured as expected future contractual losses divided by the UPB of the reference loans. Interest Rate Lock Commitments The Company categorizes IRLCs as “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities. The Company estimates the fair value of IRLCs based on quoted Agency MBS prices, the probability that the loan will be purchased under the commitment (the “pull-through rate”) and the Company’s estimate of the fair value of the MSRs it expects to receive upon sale of the loan. The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the Company’s IRLCs are the pull-through rate and the MSR component of the Company’s estimate of the fair value of the loans it has committed to purchase. Significant changes in the pull-through rate or the MSR component of the IRLCs, in isolation, may result in a significant change in the IRLCs’ fair value. The financial effects of changes in these inputs are generally inversely correlated as increasing interest rates have a positive effect on the fair value of the MSR component of IRLC fair value, but also increase the pull-through rate for the loan principal and interest payment cash flow component that has decreased in fair value. Changes in fair value of IRLCs are included in Net gain on loans acquired for sale Following is a quantitative summary of key unobservable inputs used in the valuation of IRLCs: March 31, 2020 December 31, 2019 Fair value (in thousands) (1) $ 79,384 $ 11,154 Key inputs (2) Pull-through rate Range 36.7% – 100% 64.6% – 100% Weighted average 84.4% 93.3% MSR fair value expressed as Servicing fee multiple Range 1.4 – 5.4 2.1 – 5.8 Weighted average 4.1 4.7 Percentage of UPB Range 0.4% – 1.5% 0.7% – 2.2% Weighted average 1.2% 1.4% (1) For purposes of this table, IRLC asset and liability positions are shown net. (2) Weighted-average inputs are based on the committed amounts. Repurchase Agreement Derivatives The Company had a master repurchase agreement that included incentives for financing loans approved for satisfying certain consumer relief characteristics. These incentives were classified as embedded derivatives for reporting purposes and are reported separately from the repurchase agreements. The Company classifies repurchase agreement derivatives as “Level 3” fair value assets. The significant unobservable inputs into the valuation of repurchase agreement derivative assets are the discount rate and the expected approval rate of the loans financed under the master repurchase agreement. The resulting ratio included in the Company’s fair value estimate was 99.0% at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019. Changes in fair value of repurchase agreement derivatives are included in Interest expense Hedging Derivatives Fair values of derivative financial instruments actively traded on exchanges are categorized by the Company as “Level 1” fair value assets and liabilities; fair values of derivative financial instruments based on observable interest rates, volatilities and prices in the MBS or other markets are categorized by the Company as “Level 2” fair value assets and liabilities. Changes in the fair value of hedging derivatives are included in Net (loss) gain on investments Net loan servicing fees, Net gain on loans acquired for sale Credit Risk Transfer Strips The Company categorizes CRT strips as “Level 3” fair value assets or liabilities. The fair value of CRT strips is based on indications of fair value provided to the Company by nonaffiliated brokers for the certificates representing the beneficial interest in the trust holding the CRT strips and Deposits securing CRT arrangements Deposits securing CRT arrangements The significant unobservable inputs into the valuation of CRT strips are the discount rate, voluntary and involuntary prepayment speeds and the remaining loss expectations of the reference loans. Changes in fair value of CRT strips are included in Net gain (loss) on investments Following is a quantitative summary of key unobservable inputs used in the Company’s review and approval of the adjusted broker-provided fair values used to derive the value of the CRT strips: March 31, 2020 December 31, 2019 (dollars in thousands) Carrying value CRT strips: Assets $ — $ 54,930 Liabilities $ 174,945 $ — UPB of loans in the reference pools $ 15,085,333 $ 17,119,501 Key inputs (1) Discount rate 14.8 % 6.3 % Voluntary prepayment speed (2) 22.5 % 23.4 % Involuntary prepayment speed (3) 0.9 % 0.2 % Remaining loss expectation (4) 0.6 % 0.1 % (1) Weighted average inputs are based on the UPB of the loans in the reference pools. (2) Voluntary prepayment speed is measured using Life Voluntary CPR. (3) Involuntary prepayment speed is measured using Life Involuntary CPR. (4) Remaining loss expectation is measured as expected future losses divided by the UPB of the reference loans. Firm commitment to purchase CRT securities The Company categorizes its firm commitment to purchase CRT securities as a “Level 3” fair value asset or liability. The fair value of the firm commitment is estimated using a discounted cash flow approach to estimate the fair value of the CRT securities to be purchased less the contractual purchase price. Key inputs used in the estimation of fair value of the firm commitment are the discount rate and the voluntary and involuntary prepayment speeds of the loans in the reference pools. The firm commitment to purchase CRT securities is recognized initially as a component of Net gain on loans acquired for sale Net (loss) gain on investments Following is a quantitative summary of key unobservable inputs in the valuation of firm commitment to purchase CRT securities: March 31, 2020 December 31, 2019 (dollars in thousands) Fair value: Assets $ — $ 109,513 Liabilities $ 409,649 $ — UPB of loans in the reference pools $ 51,422,319 $ 38,738,396 Key inputs (1) Discount rate 11.6 % 6.5 % Voluntary prepayment speed (2) 17.0 % 14.3 % Involuntary prepayment speed (3) 0.5 % 0.1 % Remaining loss expectation (4) 0.5 % 0.1 % (1) Weighted average inputs are based on the UPB of the loans in the reference pools. (2) Voluntary prepayment speed is measured using Life Voluntary CPR. (3) Involuntary prepayment speed is measured using Life Involuntary CPR. (4) Remaining loss expectation is measured as expected future losses divided by the UPB of the reference loans. Real Estate Acquired in Settlement of Loans REO is measured based on its fair value on a nonrecurring basis and is categorized as a “Level 3” fair value asset. Fair value of REO is established by using a current estimate of fair value from either a broker’s price opinion, a full appraisal, or the price given in a pending contract of sale. REO fair values are reviewed by the Manager’s staff appraisers when the Company obtains multiple indications of fair value and there is a significant difference between the fair values received. The Manager’s staff appraisers will attempt to resolve the difference between the indications of fair value. In circumstances where the appraisers are not able to generate adequate data to |