Fair Value | Note 7— Fair Value The Company’s consolidated financial statements include assets and liabilities that are measured at or based on their fair values. Measurement at or based on fair value may be on a recurring or nonrecurring basis depending on the accounting principles applicable to the specific asset or liability and whether the Company has elected to carry the item at its fair value as discussed in the following paragraphs. The Company groups its assets and liabilities at fair value in three levels, based on the markets in which the assets and liabilities are traded and the observability of the inputs that are significant to the determination of fair value. These levels are: • Level 1—Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. • Level 2—Prices determined or determinable using other significant observable inputs. Observable inputs are inputs that other market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability and are developed based on market data obtained from sources independent of the Company. • Level 3—Prices determined using significant unobservable inputs. In situations where significant observable inputs are unavailable, unobservable inputs may be used. Unobservable inputs reflect the Company’s own judgments about the factors that market participants use in pricing an asset or liability, and are based on the best information available in the circumstances. As a result of the difficulty in observing certain significant valuation inputs affecting “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities, the Company is required to make judgments regarding these items’ fair values. Different persons in possession of the same facts may reasonably arrive at different conclusions as to the inputs to be applied in valuing these assets and liabilities and their fair values. Such differences may result in significantly different fair value measurements. Likewise, due to the general illiquidity of some of these assets and liabilities, subsequent transactions may be at values significantly different from those reported. The Company reclassifies its assets and liabilities between levels of the fair value hierarchy when the inputs required to establish fair value at a level of the fair value hierarchy are no longer readily available, requiring the use of lower-level inputs, or when the inputs required to establish fair value at a higher level of the hierarchy become available. Fair Value Accounting Elections The Company identified all of PMT’s non-cash financial assets, its Firm commitment to purchase CRT securities The Company has also identified its Asset-backed financing of a VIE at fair value and Interest-only security payable at fair value to be accounted for at fair value to reflect the generally offsetting changes in fair value of these borrowings to changes in fair value of the assets at fair value collateralizing these financings. For other borrowings, the Company has determined that historical cost accounting is more appropriate because under this method debt issuance costs are amortized over the term of the debt facility, thereby matching the debt issuance cost to the periods benefiting from the availability of the debt. Financial Statement Items Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis Following is a summary of financial statement items that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis: September 30, 2020 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total (in thousands) Assets: Short-term investments $ 81,624 $ — $ — $ 81,624 Mortgage-backed securities at fair value — 2,404,766 — 2,404,766 Loans acquired for sale at fair value — 3,985,247 39,247 4,024,494 Loans at fair value — 185,698 8,134 193,832 Excess servicing spread purchased from PFSI — — 142,990 142,990 Derivative and credit risk transfer strip assets: Call options on interest rate futures 1,078 — — 1,078 Put options on interest rate futures 3,063 — — 3,063 Forward purchase contracts — 27,151 — 27,151 Forward sale contracts — 9,203 — 9,203 MBS put options — 14,086 — 14,086 MBS call options — 3,691 — 3,691 Swap futures — 6,080 — 6,080 Interest rate lock commitments — — 81,236 81,236 Total derivative assets before netting 4,141 60,211 81,236 145,588 Netting — — — (38,152 ) Total derivative and credit risk transfer strip assets after netting 4,141 60,211 81,236 107,436 Mortgage servicing rights at fair value — — 1,388,403 1,388,403 $ 85,765 $ 6,635,922 $ 1,660,010 $ 8,343,545 Liabilities: Asset-backed financing of a VIE at fair value $ — $ 175,879 $ — $ 175,879 Interest-only security payable at fair value — — 12,940 12,940 Derivative and credit risk transfer strip liabilities: Forward purchase contracts — 5,898 — 5,898 Forward sales contracts — 44,210 — 44,210 CRT derivatives — — 82,004 82,004 Interest rate lock commitments — — 9,119 9,119 Total derivative liabilities before netting — 50,108 91,123 141,231 Netting — — — (27,891 ) Total derivative liabilities after netting — 50,108 91,123 113,340 Credit risk transfer strips — — 52,740 52,740 Total derivative and credit risk transfer strips liabilities — 50,108 143,863 166,080 Firm commitment to purchase credit risk transfer securities at fair value — — 148,794 148,794 $ — $ 225,987 $ 305,597 $ 450,953 December 31, 2019 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total (in thousands) Assets: Short-term investments $ 90,836 $ — $ — $ 90,836 Mortgage-backed securities at fair value — 2,839,633 — 2,839,633 Loans acquired for sale at fair value — 4,129,858 18,567 4,148,425 Loans at fair value — 256,367 14,426 270,793 Excess servicing spread purchased from PFSI — — 178,586 178,586 Derivative and credit risk transfer strip assets: Call options on interest rate futures 3,809 — — 3,809 Put options on interest rate futures 2,859 — — 2,859 Forward purchase contracts — 7,525 — 7,525 Forward sale contracts — 637 — 637 MBS put options — 1,625 — 1,625 Swap futures — 4,347 — 4,347 CRT derivatives — — 115,863 115,863 Interest rate lock commitments — — 11,726 11,726 Repurchase agreement derivatives — — 5,275 5,275 Total derivative assets before netting 6,668 14,134 132,864 153,666 Netting — — — (6,278 ) Total derivative assets after netting 6,668 14,134 132,864 147,388 Credit risk transfer strips — — 54,930 54,930 Total derivative and credit risk transfer strips assets 6,668 14,134 187,794 202,318 Firm commitment to purchase credit risk transfer securities at fair value — — 109,513 109,513 Mortgage servicing rights at fair value — — 1,535,705 1,535,705 $ 97,504 $ 7,239,992 $ 2,044,591 $ 9,375,809 Liabilities: Asset-backed financing of a VIE at fair value $ — $ 243,360 $ — $ 243,360 Interest-only security payable at fair value — — 25,709 25,709 Derivative liabilities: Forward purchase contracts — 3,600 — 3,600 Forward sales contracts — 15,644 — 15,644 Interest rate lock commitments — — 572 572 Total derivative liabilities before netting — 19,244 572 19,816 Netting — — — (13,393 ) Total derivative liabilities after netting — 19,244 572 6,423 $ — $ 262,604 $ 26,281 $ 275,492 The following is a summary of changes in items measured at fair value on a recurring basis using Level 3 inputs that are significant to the estimation of the fair values of the assets and liabilities at either the beginning or end of the periods presented: Quarter ended September 30, 2020 Assets (1) Loans acquired for sale Loans at fair value Excess servicing spread CRT derivatives Interest rate lock commitments Repurchase agreement derivatives CRT strips Firm commitment to purchase CRT securities Mortgage servicing rights Total (in thousands) Balance, June 30, 2020 $ 29,313 $ 8,411 $ 151,206 $ (63,926 ) $ 83,956 $ 5,275 $ (61,375 ) $ (191,193 ) $ 1,189,605 $ 1,151,272 Purchases and issuances 24,089 — — — 31,217 — — — — 55,306 Repayments and sales (14,104 ) (470 ) (7,682 ) (11,562 ) — (5,328 ) (10,460 ) — (7 ) (49,613 ) Capitalization of interest and fees — — 2,070 — — — — — — 2,070 ESS received pursuant to a recapture agreement with PFSI — — 531 — — — — — — 531 Amounts (incurred) received pursuant to sales of loans — — — — — — — (3,933 ) 265,278 261,345 Changes in fair value included in income arising from: Changes in instrument- specific credit risk — — — — — — — — — — Other factors (51 ) 193 (3,135 ) (6,516 ) 197,440 53 19,095 46,332 (66,473 ) 186,938 (51 ) 193 (3,135 ) (6,516 ) 197,440 53 19,095 46,332 (66,473 ) 186,938 Transfers: Interest rate lock commitments to loans acquired for sale (2) — — — — (240,496 ) — — — — (240,496 ) Balance, September 30, 2020 $ 39,247 $ 8,134 $ 142,990 $ (82,004 ) $ 72,117 $ — $ (52,740 ) $ (148,794 ) $ 1,388,403 $ 1,367,353 Changes in fair value recognized during the quarter relating to assets still held at September 30, 2020 $ (198 ) $ 59 $ (3,135 ) $ (17,996 ) $ 72,117 $ — $ 8,635 $ 46,332 $ (66,473 ) $ 39,341 (1) For the purpose of this table, CRT derivatives, CRT strips, interest rate lock commitments (“IRLCs”), and firm commitment to purchase CRT securities asset and liability positions are shown net. (2) The Company had transfers among the fair value levels arising from transfers of IRLCs to loans acquired for sale at fair value upon purchase of the respective loans. Liabilities Quarter ended September 30, 2020 (in thousands) Interest-only security payable: Balance, June 30, 2020 $ 14,981 Changes in fair value included in income arising from: Changes in instrument-specific credit risk — Other factors (2,041 ) (2,041 ) Balance, September 30, 2020 $ 12,940 Changes in fair value recognized during the quarter relating to liability outstanding at September 30, 2020 $ (2,041 ) Quarter ended September 30, 2019 Assets Loans acquired for sale Loans at fair value Excess servicing spread CRT derivatives Interest rate lock commitments (1) Repurchase agreement derivatives CRT strips Firm commitments to purchase CRT securities Mortgage servicing rights Total (in thousands) Balance, June 30, 2019 $ 14,188 $ 74,473 $ 194,156 $ 124,033 $ 13,614 $ 12,046 $ 62,479 $ 15,581 $ 1,126,427 $ 1,636,997 Purchases and issuances 10,211 — — — 34,617 760 — — — 45,588 Repayments and sales (5,717 ) (56,968 ) (9,819 ) (17,423 ) — (7,750 ) (16,082 ) — — (113,759 ) Capitalization of interest — 181 2,291 — — — — — — 2,472 Capitalization of advances — 97 — — — — — — — 97 ESS received pursuant to a recapture agreement with PFSI — — 377 — — — — — — 377 Amounts received as proceeds from sales of loans — — — — — — — 25,864 249,888 275,752 Changes in fair value included in income arising from: Changes in instrument- specific credit risk — — — — — — — — — — Other factors 24 (1,178 ) (3,864 ) 14,773 13,054 219 21,171 13,289 (213,601 ) (156,113 ) 24 (1,178 ) (3,864 ) 14,773 13,054 219 21,171 13,289 (213,601 ) (156,113 ) Transfers: Loans to REO — (1,250 ) — — — — — — — (1,250 ) Interest rate lock commitments to loans acquired for sale (2) — — — — (56,907 ) — — — — (56,907 ) Balance, September 30, 2019 $ 18,706 $ 15,355 $ 183,141 $ 121,383 $ 4,378 $ 5,275 $ 67,568 $ 54,734 $ 1,162,714 $ 1,633,254 Changes in fair value recognized during the quarter relating to assets still held at September 30, 2019 $ (29 ) $ (3,379 ) $ (3,864 ) $ (4,530 ) $ 4,378 $ — $ 5,089 $ 13,289 $ (213,601 ) $ (202,647 ) (1) For the purpose of this table IRLC assets and liability positions are shown net. (2) The Company had transfers among the fair value levels arising from transfers of IRLCs to loans acquired for sale at fair value upon purchase of the respective loans. Liabilities Quarter ended September 30, 2019 (in thousands) Interest-only security payable: Balance, June 30, 2019 $ 26,356 Changes in fair value included in income arising from: Changes in instrument-specific credit risk — Other factors (1,627 ) (1,627 ) Balance, September 30, 2019 $ 24,729 Changes in fair value recognized during the quarter relating to liability outstanding at September 30, 2019 $ (1,627 ) Nine months ended September 30, 2020 Assets (1) Loans acquired for sale Loans at fair value Excess servicing spread CRT derivatives Interest rate lock commitments Repurchase agreement derivatives CRT strips Firm commitment to purchase CRT securities Mortgage servicing rights Total (in thousands) Balance, December 31, 2019 $ 18,567 $ 14,426 $ 178,586 $ 115,863 $ 11,154 $ 5,275 $ 54,930 $ 109,513 $ 1,535,705 $ 2,044,019 Purchases and issuances 56,376 1,058 — — 293,183 — — — — 350,617 Repayments and sales (35,136 ) (5,395 ) (25,112 ) (43,694 ) — (5,328 ) (38,565 ) — (7 ) (153,237 ) Capitalization of interest and fees — — 6,416 — — — — — — 6,416 ESS received pursuant to a recapture agreement with PFSI — — 1,393 — — — — — — 1,393 Amounts (incurred) received pursuant to sales of loans — — — — — — — (38,161 ) 717,227 679,066 Changes in fair value included in results of operations arising from: Changes in instrument- specific credit risk — — — — — — — — — — Other factors (560 ) (1,070 ) (18,293 ) (154,173 ) 397,138 53 (69,105 ) (220,146 ) (864,522 ) (930,678 ) (560 ) (1,070 ) (18,293 ) (154,173 ) 397,138 53 (69,105 ) (220,146 ) (864,522 ) (930,678 ) Transfers: Loans to REO — (885 ) — — — — — — — (885 ) Interest rate lock commitments to loans acquired for sale (2) — — — — (629,358 ) — — — — (629,358 ) Balance, September 30, 2020 $ 39,247 $ 8,134 $ 142,990 $ (82,004 ) $ 72,117 $ — $ (52,740 ) $ (148,794 ) $ 1,388,403 $ 1,367,353 Changes in fair value recognized during the period relating to assets still held at September 30, 2020 $ (787 ) $ (1,081 ) $ (18,293 ) $ (196,404 ) $ 72,117 $ — $ (107,670 ) $ (220,146 ) $ (864,522 ) $ (1,336,786 ) (1) For the purpose of this table, CRT derivatives, CRT strips, IRLCs, and Firm commitment to purchase CRT securities asset and liability positions are shown net. (2) The Company had transfers among the fair value levels arising from transfers of IRLCs to loans acquired for sale at fair value upon purchase of the respective loans. Liabilities Nine months ended September 30, 2020 (in thousands) Interest-only security payable: Balance, December 31, 2019 $ 25,709 Changes in fair value included in results of operations arising from: Changes in instrument-specific credit risk — Other factors (12,769 ) (12,769 ) Balance, September 30, 2020 $ 12,940 Changes in fair value recognized during the period relating to liability outstanding at September 30, 2020 $ (12,769 ) Nine months ended September 30, 2019 Assets Loans acquired for sale Loans at fair value Excess servicing spread CRT derivatives Interest rate lock commitments (1) Repurchase agreement derivatives CRT strips Firm commitment to purchase CRT securities Mortgage servicing rights Total (in thousands) Balance, December 31, 2018 $ 17,474 $ 117,732 $ 216,110 $ 123,987 $ 11,988 $ 14,511 $ — $ 37,994 $ 1,162,369 $ 1,702,165 Purchases and issuances 17,290 1,077 — — 48,938 10,057 — — — 77,362 Repayments and sales (17,736 ) (88,372 ) (30,901 ) (59,636 ) — (19,317 ) (16,082 ) (31,925 ) — (263,969 ) Capitalization of interest — 2,109 8,124 — — — — — — 10,233 Capitalization of advances — 1,248 — — — — — — — 1,248 ESS received pursuant to a recapture agreement with PFSI — — 1,327 — — — — — — 1,327 Amounts received pursuant to sales of loans — — — — — — — 65,860 534,742 600,602 Changes in fair value included in results of operations arising from: Changes in instrument- specific credit risk — 3,737 — — — — — — — 3,737 Other factors 869 (9,881 ) (11,519 ) 57,032 72,378 24 26,846 39,609 (534,397 ) (359,039 ) 869 (6,144 ) (11,519 ) 57,032 72,378 24 26,846 39,609 (534,397 ) (355,302 ) Transfers: Loans to REO — (12,295 ) — — — — — — — (12,295 ) Loans acquired for sale at fair value from "Level 2" to "Level 3" (2) 809 — — — — — — — — 809 Firm commitment to purchase CRT securities to CRT strips — — — — — — 56,804 (56,804 ) — — Interest rate lock commitments to loans acquired for sale — — — — (128,926 ) — — — — (128,926 ) Balance, September 30, 2019 $ 18,706 $ 15,355 $ 183,141 $ 121,383 $ 4,378 $ 5,275 $ 67,568 $ 54,734 $ 1,162,714 $ 1,633,254 Changes in fair value recognized during the period relating to assets still held at September 30, 2019 $ 57 $ (6,670 ) $ (11,519 ) $ (4,484 ) $ 4,378 $ — $ 10,764 $ 39,609 $ (534,397 ) $ (502,262 ) (1) For the purpose of this table IRLC assets and liability positions are shown net. (2) The Company identified certain “Level 2” fair value loans acquired for sale that were not saleable into the prime mortgage market and therefore transferred them to “Level 3”. Liabilities Nine months ended September 30, 2019 (in thousands) Interest-only security payable: Balance, December 31, 2018 $ 36,011 Changes in fair value included in results of operations arising from: Changes in instrument- specific credit risk — Other factors (11,282 ) (11,282 ) Balance, September 30, 2019 $ 24,729 Changes in fair value recognized during the period relating to liability outstanding at September 30, 2019 $ (11,282 ) Financial Statement Items Measured at Fair Value under the Fair Value Option Following are the fair values and related principal amounts due upon maturity of loans accounted for under the fair value option (including loans acquired for sale, loans held in a consolidated VIE, and distressed loans): September 30, 2020 December 31, 2019 Fair value Principal amount due upon maturity Difference Fair value Principal amount due upon maturity Difference (in thousands) Loans acquired for sale at fair value: Current through 89 days delinquent: $ 4,011,953 $ 3,830,095 $ 181,858 $ 4,147,374 $ 4,010,444 $ 136,930 90 or more days delinquent: Not in foreclosure 12,197 13,606 (1,409 ) 572 615 (43 ) In foreclosure 344 416 (72 ) 479 566 (87 ) 12,541 14,022 (1,481 ) 1,051 1,181 (130 ) $ 4,024,494 $ 3,844,117 $ 180,377 $ 4,148,425 $ 4,011,625 $ 136,800 Loans at fair value: Loans held in a consolidated VIE: Current through 89 days delinquent $ 177,925 $ 163,502 $ 14,423 $ 255,706 $ 251,425 $ 4,281 90 or more days delinquent: Not in foreclosure 7,773 9,004 (1,231 ) 661 809 (148 ) In foreclosure — — — — — — 7,773 9,004 (1,231 ) 661 809 (148 ) 185,698 172,506 13,192 256,367 252,234 4,133 Distressed loans: Current through 89 days delinquent 2,335 4,295 (1,960 ) 3,179 6,202 (3,023 ) 90 or more days delinquent: Not in foreclosure 3,049 12,273 (9,224 ) 4,897 13,154 (8,257 ) In foreclosure 2,750 5,201 (2,451 ) 6,350 15,698 (9,348 ) 5,799 17,474 (11,675 ) 11,247 28,852 (17,605 ) 8,134 21,769 (13,635 ) 14,426 35,054 (20,628 ) $ 193,832 $ 194,275 $ (443 ) $ 270,793 $ 287,288 $ (16,495 ) Following are the changes in fair value included in current period results of operations by consolidated statement of operations line item for financial statement items accounted for under the fair value option: Quarter ended September 30, 2020 Net gain on loans acquired for sale Net gain (loss) on investments Net loan servicing fees Net interest (expense) income Total (in thousands) Assets: Mortgage-backed securities at fair value $ — $ (37,873 ) $ — $ 7,384 $ (30,489 ) Loans acquired for sale at fair value 231,934 — — — 231,934 Loans at fair value — (2,712 ) — 880 (1,832 ) ESS at fair value — (3,135 ) — 2,070 (1,065 ) Credit risk transfer strips — 19,095 — — 19,095 Firm commitment to purchase credit risk transfer securities at fair value (3,933 ) 46,332 — — 42,399 MSRs at fair value — — (66,473 ) — (66,473 ) $ 228,001 $ 21,707 $ (66,473 ) $ 10,334 $ 193,569 Liabilities: Interest-only security payable at fair value $ — $ 2,041 $ — $ — $ 2,041 Asset-backed financing of a VIE at fair value — 3,106 — 950 4,056 $ — $ 5,147 $ — $ 950 $ 6,097 Quarter ended September 30, 2019 Net gain on loans acquired for sale Net gain (loss) on investments Net loan servicing fees Net interest (expense) income Total (in thousands) Assets: Mortgage-backed securities at fair value $ — $ 13,450 $ — $ (2,359 ) $ 11,091 Loans acquired for sale at fair value 54,819 — — — 54,819 Loans at fair value — 1,458 — 484 1,942 ESS at fair value — (3,864 ) — 2,291 (1,573 ) Credit risk transfer strips — 21,171 — — 21,171 Firm commitment to purchase credit risk transfer securities at fair value 25,864 13,289 — — 39,153 MSRs at fair value — — (213,601 ) — (213,601 ) $ 80,683 $ 45,504 $ (213,601 ) $ 416 $ (86,998 ) Liabilities: Interest-only security payable $ — $ 1,627 $ — $ — $ 1,627 Asset-backed financing of a VIE at fair value — (2,988 ) — 99 (2,889 ) $ — $ (1,361 ) $ — $ 99 $ (1,262 ) Nine months ended September 30, 2020 Net gain on loans acquired for sale Net gain (loss) on investments Net loan servicing fees Net interest (expense) income Total (in thousands) Assets: Mortgage-backed securities at fair value $ — $ 95,158 $ — $ (16,477 ) $ 78,681 Credit risk transfer strips — (69,105 ) — — (69,105 ) Loans acquired for sale at fair value 636,962 — — — 636,962 Loans at fair value — (6,049 ) — 1,720 (4,329 ) ESS at fair value — (18,293 ) — 6,416 (11,877 ) Firm commitment to purchase credit risk transfer securities at fair value (38,161 ) (220,146 ) — — (258,307 ) MSRs at fair value — — (864,522 ) — (864,522 ) $ 598,801 $ (218,435 ) $ (864,522 ) $ (8,341 ) $ (492,497 ) Liabilities: Interest-only security payable at fair value $ — $ 12,769 $ — $ — $ 12,769 Asset-backed financing of a VIE at fair value — 4,872 — (4,045 ) 827 $ — $ 17,641 $ — $ (4,045 ) $ 13,596 Nine months ended September 30, 2019 Net gain on loans acquired for sale Net gain (loss) on investments Net loan servicing fees Net interest (expense) income Total (in thousands) Assets: Mortgage-backed securities at fair value $ — $ 77,820 $ — $ (13,128 ) $ 64,692 Credit risk transfer strips — 26,846 — — 26,846 Loans acquired for sale at fair value 147,412 — — — 147,412 Loans at fair value — 3,436 — 2,762 6,198 ESS at fair value — (11,519 ) — 8,124 (3,395 ) Firm commitment to purchase credit risk transfer securities at fair value 65,860 39,609 — — 105,469 MSRs at fair value — — (534,397 ) — (534,397 ) $ 213,272 $ 136,192 $ (534,397 ) $ (2,242 ) $ (187,175 ) Liabilities: Interest-only security payable at fair value $ — $ 11,282 $ — $ — $ 11,282 Asset-backed financing of a VIE at fair value — (8,186 ) — (1,905 ) (10,091 ) $ — $ 3,096 $ — $ (1,905 ) $ 1,191 Financial Statement Item Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis Following is a summary of the carrying value of assets that were re-measured during the period based on fair value on a nonrecurring basis: Real estate acquired in settlement of loans Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total (in thousands) September 30, 2020 $ — $ — $ 13,263 $ 13,263 December 31, 2019 $ — $ — $ 24,115 $ 24,115 The following table summarizes the fair value changes recognized during the periods on assets held at period end that were remeasured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis: Quarter ended September 30, Nine months ended September 30, 2020 2019 2020 2019 (in thousands) Real estate asset acquired in settlement of loans $ (69 ) $ (1,785 ) $ (1,263 ) $ (2,392 ) The Company remeasures its REO based on fair value when it evaluates the REO for impairment. The Company evaluates its REO for impairment with reference to the respective properties’ fair values less cost to sell. REO may be revalued after acquisition due to the Company receiving greater access to the property, the property being held for an extended period or receiving indications that the property’s fair value may not be supported by developing market conditions. Any subsequent change in fair value to a level that is less than or equal to the property’s cost is recognized in Results of real estate acquired in settlement of loans Fair Value of Financial Instruments Carried at Amortized Cost Most of the Company’s borrowings are carried at amortized cost. The Company’s Assets sold under agreements to repurchase Mortgage loan participation purchase and sale agreements Notes payable secured by credit risk transfer and mortgage servicing assets, Exchangeable senior notes, Assets sold to PennyMac Financial Services, Inc. under agreements to repurchase The Company has concluded that the fair values of these borrowings other than Notes payable secured by credit risk transfer and mortgage servicing assets Exchangeable senior notes Following are the fair values of the Notes payable secured by credit risk transfer and mortgage servicing assets Exchangeable senior notes September 30, 2020 December 31, 2019 Instrument Carrying value Fair value Carrying value Fair value (in thousands) Notes payable secured by credit risk transfer and mortgage servicing assets $ 1,602,389 $ 1,514,779 $ 1,696,295 $ 1,705,544 Exchangeable senior notes $ 196,058 $ 197,977 $ 443,506 $ 462,117 The fair value of the Notes payable secured by credit risk transfer and mortgage servicing assets Exchangeable senior notes Valuation Governance Most of the Company’s assets, its Asset-backed financing of a VIE at fair value, Interest-only security payable at fair value Derivative and credit risk transfer strip liabilities Due to the difficulty in estimating the fair values of “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities, the Company has assigned responsibility for estimating the fair value of these assets and liabilities to specialized staff and subjects the valuation process to significant senior management oversight. PFSI’s Financial Analysis and Valuation group (the “FAV group”) is responsible for estimating the fair values of “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities other than IRLCs and maintaining its valuation policies and procedures. The fair value of the Company’s IRLCs is developed by PFSI’s Capital Markets Risk Management staff and is reviewed by the PFSI’s Capital Markets Operations group. The FAV group monitors the models used for valuation of the Company’s “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities other than IRLCs, including the models’ performance versus actual results, and reports those results to PFSI’s senior management valuation committee. PFSI’s senior management valuation committee includes the Company’s chief financial, investment, and risk officers as well as other senior members of the Company’s finance, capital markets and risk management staffs. With respect to the non-IRLC “Level 3” valuations, the FAV group reports to PFSI’s senior management valuation committee, which oversees the valuations. The FAV group is responsible for reporting to PFSI’s senior management valuation committee on the changes in the valuation of the non-IRLC “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities, including major factors affecting the valuation and any changes in model methods and inputs. To assess the reasonableness of its valuations, the FAV group presents an analysis of the effect on the valuation of changes to the significant inputs to the models. Valuation Techniques and Inputs The following is a description of the techniques and inputs used in estimating the fair values of “Level 2” and “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities: Mortgage-Backed Securities The Company categorizes MBS as “Level 2” fair value assets. Fair value of MBS is established based on quoted market prices for the Company’s MBS holdings or similar securities. Changes in the fair value of MBS are included in Net gain (loss) on investments Loans Fair value of loans is estimated based on whether the loans are saleable into active markets: • Loans that are saleable into active markets, comprised of most of the Company’s loans acquired for sale at fair value and all of the loans at fair value held in a VIE, are categorized as “Level 2” fair value assets: • For loans acquired for sale, the fair values are established using the loans’ contracted selling price or quoted market price or market price equivalent. • For the loans at fair value held in a VIE, the quoted indications of fair value of all of the individual securities issued by the securitization trust are used to derive a fair value for the loans. The Company obtains indications of fair value from nonaffiliated brokers based on comparable securities and validates the brokers’ indications of fair value using pricing models and inputs the Company believes are similar to the models and inputs used by other market participants. • Loans that are not saleable into active markets, comprised of previously sold loans that the Company repurchased pursuant to the representation and warranties it provided to the purchaser of distressed loans, are categorized as “Level 3” fair value assets: • For loans held for sale categorized as “Level 3” fair value assets and, before September 30, 2019, distressed loans, fair values were estimated using a discounted cash flow approach. Inputs to the discounted cash flow model included current interest rates, loan amount, payment status, property type, discount rates and forecasts of future interest rates, home prices, prepayment speeds, default speeds, loss severities or contracted selling price when applicable. • Beginning September 30, 2019, the Company changed its discounted cash flow approach and the inputs to the model for distressed loans. Distressed loan fair values are now estimated based on the expected resolution to be realized from the individual asset’s disposition strategies. When a cash flow projection is used to estimate the fair value of the resolution, those cash flows are discounted at annual rates up to 20%. The Company changed its approach to valuation of distressed loans during the quarter ended September 30, 2019 because it substantially liquidated its investment in distressed loans during that quarter and concluded that the small number of remaining assets are most accurately valued on an individual expected resolution basis. Excess Servicing Spread Purchased from PFSI The Company categorizes ESS as a “Level 3” fair value asset. The Company uses a discounted cash flow approach to estimate the fair value of ESS. The key inputs used in the estimation of the fair value of ESS include pricing spread (discount rate) and prepayment speed. Significant changes to those inputs in isolation may result in a significant change in the ESS fair value measurement. Changes in these key inputs are not directly related. Changes in the fair value of ESS are included in Net gain (loss) on investments in the consolidated statements of . Following are the key inputs used in determining the fair value of ESS: September 30, 2020 December 31, 2019 Fair value (in thousands) $ 142,990 $ 178,586 UPB of underlying loans (in thousands) $ 17,070,283 $ 19,904,571 Average servicing fee rate (in basis points) 34 34 Average ESS rate (in basis points) 19 19 Key inputs (1) Pricing spread (2) Range 4.9% – 5.3% 3.0% – 3.3% Weighted average 5.1% 3.1% Annual total prepayment speed (3) Range 9.6% – 17.6% 8.7% – 16.2% Weighted average 11.8% 11.0% Equivalent life (in years) Range 2.4 - 6.7 2.7 - 7.2 Weighted average 5.8 6.1 (1) Weighted-average inputs are based on UPB of the underlying loans. (2) Pricing spread represents a margin that is applied to a reference forward rate to develop periodic discount rates. The Company applies pricing spreads to the forward rates implied by the United States Dollar London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”)/ swap curve for purposes of discounting cash flows relating to ESS. (3) Prepayment speed is measured using Life Total Conditional Prepayment Rate (“CPR”). Equivalent life is included for informational purposes. Derivative and Credit Risk Transfer Strip Assets and Liabilities CRT Derivatives The Company categorizes CRT derivatives as “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities. The fair value of CRT derivatives is based on indications of fair value provided to the Company by nonaffiliated brokers for the certificates representing the beneficial interests in the trust holding the Deposits securing credit risk transfer arrangements pledged to creditors Deposits securing credit risk transfer arrangements pledged to creditors The significant unobservable inputs used by the Company in its review and approval of the valuation of CRT derivatives are the discount rate, voluntary and involuntary prepayment speeds and the remaining loss expectations of the reference loans. Changes in fair value of CRT derivatives are included in Net gain (loss) on investments Following is a quantitative summary of key unobservable inputs used in the Company’s review and approval of broker-provided fair values for CRT Agreements: September 30, 2020 December 31, 2019 (dollars in thousands) Fair value CRT derivatives: Assets $ — $ 115,863 Liabilities $ 82,004 $ — UPB of loans in reference pools $ 16,710,981 $ 24,824,616 Key inputs (1) Discount rate Range 5.8% – 8.6% 4.7% – 5.3% Weighted average 6.1% 5.2% Voluntary prepayment speed (2) Range 21.6% – 25.9% 16.4% – 18.5% Weighted average 25.2% 17.9% Involuntary prepayment speed (3) Range 0.9% – 1.4% 0.2% – 0.3% Weighted average 1.0% 0.3% Remaining loss expectation (4) Range 0.5% – 1.0% 0.1% – 0.1% Weighted average 0.6% 0.1% (1) Weighted average inputs are based on fair value amo |