Fair Value | Note 7— Fair Value The Company’s consolidated financial statements include assets and liabilities that are measured at or based on their fair values. Measurement at or based on fair value may be on a recurring or nonrecurring basis depending on the accounting principles applicable to the specific asset or liability and whether the Company has elected to carry the item at its fair value as discussed in the following paragraphs. The Company groups its assets and liabilities at fair value in three levels, based on the markets in which the assets and liabilities are traded and the observability of the inputs used to determine fair value. These levels are: • Level 1—Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. • Level 2—Prices determined or determinable using other significant observable inputs. Observable inputs are inputs that other market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability and are developed based on market data obtained from sources independent of the Company. • Level 3—Prices determined using significant unobservable inputs. In situations where significant observable inputs are unavailable, unobservable inputs may be used. Unobservable inputs reflect the Company’s own judgments about the factors that market participants use in pricing an asset or liability, and are based on the best information available in the circumstances. As a result of the difficulty in observing certain significant valuation inputs affecting “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities, the Company is required to make judgments regarding these items’ fair values. Different persons in possession of the same facts may reasonably arrive at different conclusions as to the inputs to be applied in valuing these assets and liabilities and their fair values. Such differences may result in significantly different fair value measurements. Likewise, due to the general illiquidity of some of these assets and liabilities, subsequent transactions may be at values significantly different from those reported. The Company reclassifies its assets and liabilities between levels of the fair value hierarchy when the inputs required to establish fair value at a level of the fair value hierarchy are no longer readily available, requiring the use of lower-level inputs, or when the inputs required to establish fair value at a higher level of the hierarchy become available. Fair Value Accounting Elections The Company identified all of PMT’s non-cash financial assets, its Firm commitment to purchase CRT securities The Company has also identified its Asset-backed financing of variable interest entities at fair value Interest-only security payable at fair value Financial Statement Items Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis Following is a summary of financial statement items that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis: June 30, 2021 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total (in thousands) Assets: Short-term investments $ 44,890 $ — $ — $ 44,890 Mortgage-backed securities at fair value — 2,309,864 — 2,309,864 Loans acquired for sale at fair value — 5,504,871 30,429 5,535,300 Loans at fair value — 343,186 7,215 350,401 Derivative and credit risk transfer strip assets: Call options on interest rate futures purchase contracts 3,500 — — 3,500 Put options on interest rate futures purchase contracts 1,401 — — 1,401 Forward purchase contracts — 23,676 — 23,676 Forward sale contracts — 5,891 — 5,891 MBS call options — 2,401 — 2,401 MBS put options — 3,602 — 3,602 Swaption purchase contracts — 4,362 — 4,362 CRT derivatives — — 44,951 44,951 Interest rate lock commitments — — 31,276 31,276 Total derivative assets before netting 4,901 39,932 76,227 121,060 Netting — — — (32,782 ) Total derivative and credit risk transfer strip assets after netting 4,901 39,932 76,227 88,278 Mortgage servicing rights at fair value — — 2,551,373 2,551,373 $ 49,791 $ 8,197,853 $ 2,665,244 $ 10,880,106 Liabilities: Asset-backed financing of VIEs at fair value $ — $ 321,875 $ — $ 321,875 Interest-only security payable at fair value — — 13,185 13,185 Derivative and credit risk transfer strip liabilities: Forward purchase contracts — 1,260 — 1,260 Forward sales contracts — 44,129 — 44,129 CRT derivatives — — 9,713 9,713 Interest rate lock commitments — — 1,528 1,528 Total derivative liabilities before netting — 45,389 11,241 56,630 Netting — — — (37,795 ) Total derivative liabilities after netting — 45,389 11,241 18,835 Credit risk transfer strips — — 67,846 67,846 Total derivative and credit risk transfer strips liabilities — 45,389 79,087 86,681 $ — $ 367,264 $ 92,272 $ 421,741 December 31, 2020 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total (in thousands) Assets: Short-term investments $ 127,295 $ — $ — $ 127,295 Mortgage-backed securities at fair value — 2,213,922 — 2,213,922 Loans acquired for sale at fair value — 3,518,015 33,875 3,551,890 Loans at fair value — 143,707 8,027 151,734 Excess servicing spread purchased from PFSI — — 131,750 131,750 Derivative and credit risk transfer strip assets: Call options on interest rate futures 3,070 — — 3,070 Put options on interest rate futures 4,742 — — 4,742 Forward purchase contracts — 72,526 — 72,526 Forward sale contracts — 92 — 92 MBS put options — 3,220 — 3,220 Swaption purchase contracts — 8,505 — 8,505 CRT derivatives — — 58,699 58,699 Interest rate lock commitments — — 72,794 72,794 Total derivative assets before netting 7,812 84,343 131,493 223,648 Netting — — — (59,330 ) Total derivative assets after netting 7,812 84,343 131,493 164,318 Mortgage servicing rights at fair value — — 1,755,236 1,755,236 $ 135,107 $ 5,959,987 $ 2,060,381 $ 8,096,145 Liabilities: Asset-backed financing of VIEs at fair value $ — $ 134,726 $ — $ 134,726 Interest-only security payable at fair value — — 10,757 10,757 Derivative liabilities: Forward purchase contracts — 17 — 17 Forward sales contracts — 122,884 — 122,884 CRT derivatives — — 26,904 26,904 Interest rate lock commitments — — 408 408 Total derivative liabilities before netting — 122,901 27,312 150,213 Netting — — — (89,532 ) Total derivative liabilities after netting — 122,901 27,312 60,681 Credit risk transfer strips — — 202,792 202,792 Total derivative and credit risk transfer strips liabilities — 122,901 230,104 263,473 $ — $ 257,627 $ 240,861 $ 408,956 The following is a summary of changes in items measured at fair value on a recurring basis using Level 3 inputs that are significant to the estimation of the fair values of the assets and liabilities at either the beginning or end of the periods presented: Quarter ended June 30, 2021 Assets (1) Loans acquired for sale Loans at fair value CRT derivatives Interest rate lock commitments CRT strips Mortgage servicing rights Total (in thousands) Balance, March 31, 2021 $ 34,234 $ 7,802 $ 44,676 $ (64,858 ) $ (109,570 ) $ 2,441,214 $ 2,353,498 Purchases and issuances 14,173 — — 57,601 — — 71,774 Repayments and sales (17,789 ) (730 ) (28,638 ) — (31,368 ) — (78,525 ) Amounts received pursuant to sales of loans — — — — — 412,938 412,938 Changes in fair value included in results of operations arising from: Changes in instrument- specific credit risk — — — — — — — Other factors (189 ) 130 19,200 105,573 73,092 (299,498 ) (101,692 ) (189 ) 130 19,200 105,573 73,092 (299,498 ) (101,692 ) Transfers: Reclassification of MSRs to loans at fair value resulting from consolidation of a VIE — — — — — (3,281 ) (3,281 ) Loans from REO — 13 — — — — 13 Interest rate lock commitments to loans acquired for sale (2) — — — (68,568 ) — — (68,568 ) Balance, June 30, 2021 $ 30,429 $ 7,215 $ 35,238 $ 29,748 $ (67,846 ) $ 2,551,373 $ 2,586,157 Changes in fair value recognized during the quarter relating to assets still held at June 30, 2021 $ (168 ) $ 74 $ (9,431 ) $ 29,748 $ 41,724 $ (299,498 ) $ (237,551 ) (1) For the purpose of this table, CRT derivatives, interest rate lock commitments (“IRLCs”), and CRT strips asset and liability positions are shown net. (2) The Company had transfers among the fair value levels arising from transfers of IRLCs to loans acquired for sale at fair value upon purchase of the respective loans. Liabilities Quarter ended June 30, 2021 (in thousands) Interest-only security payable: Balance, March 31, 2021 $ 18,922 Changes in fair value included in income arising from: Changes in instrument-specific credit risk — Other factors (5,737 ) (5,737 ) Balance, June 30, 2021 $ 13,185 Changes in fair value recognized during the quarter relating to liability outstanding at June 30, 2021 $ (5,737 ) Quarter ended June 30, 2020 Assets (1) Loans acquired for sale Loans at fair value Excess servicing spread CRT derivatives Interest rate lock commitments CRT strips Repurchase agreement derivatives Firm commitments to purchase CRT securities Mortgage servicing rights Total (in thousands) Balance, March 31, 2020 $ 22,541 $ 9,122 $ 157,109 $ (185,933 ) $ 79,384 $ (174,945 ) $ 5,275 $ (409,649 ) $ 1,157,326 $ 660,230 Purchases and issuances 20,996 — — — 172,047 — — — — 193,043 Repayments and sales (13,475 ) (590 ) (8,122 ) (14,078 ) — (13,355 ) — — — (49,620 ) Capitalization of interest — — 2,372 — — — — — — 2,372 ESS received pursuant to a recapture agreement with PFSI — — 483 — — — — — — 483 Amounts (incurred) received pursuant to sales of loans — — — — — — — (7,579 ) 203,127 195,548 Changes in fair value included in results of operations arising from: Changes in instrument- specific credit risk — — — — — — — — — — Other factors (749 ) (121 ) (636 ) 136,085 96,053 126,925 — 226,035 (170,848 ) 412,744 (749 ) (121 ) (636 ) 136,085 96,053 126,925 — 226,035 (170,848 ) 412,744 Transfers: Interest rate lock commitments to loans acquired for sale (2) — — — — (263,528 ) — — — — (263,528 ) Balance, June 30, 2020 $ 29,313 $ 8,411 $ 151,206 $ (63,926 ) $ 83,956 $ (61,375 ) $ 5,275 $ (191,193 ) $ 1,189,605 $ 1,151,272 Changes in fair value recognized during the quarter relating to assets still held at June 30, 2020 $ (704 ) $ (322 ) $ (636 ) $ 122,535 $ 83,956 $ 113,570 $ — $ 226,035 $ (170,848 ) $ 373,586 (1) For the purpose of this table, CRT derivatives, IRLCs, CRT strips, and Firm commitment to purchase CRT securities asset and liability positions are shown net. (2) The Company had transfers among the fair value levels arising from transfers of IRLCs to loans acquired for sale at fair value upon purchase of the respective loans. Liabilities Quarter ended June 30, 2020 (in thousands) Interest-only security payable: Balance, March 31, 2020 $ 14,134 Changes in fair value included in income arising from: Changes in instrument- specific credit risk — Other factors 847 847 Balance, June 30, 2020 $ 14,981 Changes in fair value recognized during the quarter relating to liability outstanding at June 30, 2020 $ 847 Six months ended June 30, 2021 Assets (1) Loans acquired for sale Loans at fair value Excess servicing spread CRT derivatives Interest rate lock commitments CRT strips Mortgage servicing rights Total (in thousands) Balance, December 31, 2020 $ 33,875 $ 8,027 $ 131,750 $ 31,795 $ 72,386 $ (202,792 ) $ 1,755,236 $ 1,830,277 Purchases and issuances 30,071 — — — 47,897 — — 77,968 Repayments and sales (33,859 ) (1,314 ) (134,624 ) (52,127 ) — (63,972 ) — (285,896 ) Capitalization of interest and fees — 198 1,280 — — — — 1,478 ESS received pursuant to a recapture agreement with PFSI — — 557 — — — — 557 Amounts received pursuant to sales of loans — — — — — — 820,634 820,634 Changes in fair value included in results of operations arising from: Changes in instrument- specific credit risk — — — — — — — — Other factors 342 225 1,037 55,570 (169,942 ) 198,918 (21,216 ) 64,934 342 225 1,037 55,570 (169,942 ) 198,918 (21,216 ) 64,934 Transfers: Reclassification of MSRs to loans at fair value resulting from consolidation of a VIE — — — — — — (3,281 ) (3,281 ) Loans from REO — 79 — — — — — 79 Interest rate lock commitments to loans acquired for sale (2) — — — — 79,407 — — 79,407 Balance, June 30, 2021 $ 30,429 $ 7,215 $ — $ 35,238 $ 29,748 $ (67,846 ) $ 2,551,373 $ 2,586,157 Changes in fair value recognized during the period relating to assets still held at June 30, 2021 $ 157 $ 75 $ — $ 3,443 $ 29,748 $ 134,946 $ (21,216 ) $ 147,153 (1) For the purpose of this table, CRT derivatives, IRLCs, and CRT strips asset and liability positions are shown net. (2) The Company had transfers among the fair value levels arising from transfers of IRLCs to loans acquired for sale at fair value upon purchase of the respective loans. Liabilities Six months ended June 30, 2021 (in thousands) Interest-only security payable: Balance, December 31, 2020 $ 10,757 Changes in fair value included in results of operations arising from: Changes in instrument-specific credit risk — Other factors 2,428 2,428 Balance, June 30, 2021 $ 13,185 Changes in fair value recognized during the period relating to liability outstanding at June 30, 2021 $ 2,428 Six months ended June 30, 2020 Assets (1) Loans acquired for sale Loans at fair value Excess servicing spread CRT derivatives Interest rate lock commitments CRT strips Repurchase agreement derivatives Firm commitment to purchase CRT securities Mortgage servicing rights Total (in thousands) Balance, December 31, 2019 $ 18,567 $ 14,426 $ 178,586 $ 115,863 $ 11,154 $ 54,930 $ 5,275 $ 109,513 $ 1,535,705 $ 2,044,019 Purchases and issuances 32,287 1,058 — — 261,966 — — — — 295,311 Repayments and sales (21,032 ) (4,925 ) (17,430 ) (32,132 ) — (28,105 ) — — — (103,624 ) Capitalization of interest — — 4,346 — — — — — — 4,346 ESS received pursuant to a recapture agreement with PFSI — — 862 — — — — — — 862 Amounts (incurred) received pursuant to sales of loans — — — — — — — (34,228 ) 451,949 417,721 Changes in fair value included in results of operations arising from: Changes in instrument- specific credit risk — — — — — — — — — — Other factors (509 ) (1,263 ) (15,158 ) (147,657 ) 199,698 (88,200 ) — (266,478 ) (798,049 ) (1,117,616 ) (509 ) (1,263 ) (15,158 ) (147,657 ) 199,698 (88,200 ) — (266,478 ) (798,049 ) (1,117,616 ) Transfers: Loans to REO — (885 ) — — — — — — — (885 ) Interest rate lock commitments to loans acquired for sale (2) — — — — (388,862 ) — — — — (388,862 ) Balance, June 30, 2020 $ 29,313 $ 8,411 $ 151,206 $ (63,926 ) $ 83,956 $ (61,375 ) $ 5,275 $ (191,193 ) $ 1,189,605 $ 1,151,272 Changes in fair value recognized during the period relating to assets still held at June 30, 2020 $ (656 ) $ (1,157 ) $ (15,158 ) $ (178,408 ) $ 83,956 $ (116,305 ) $ — $ (266,478 ) $ (798,049 ) $ (1,292,255 ) (1) For the purpose of this table, CRT derivatives, IRLCs, CRT strips, and Firm commitment to purchase CRT securities asset and liability positions are shown net. (2) The Company had transfers among the fair value levels arising from transfers of IRLCs to loans acquired for sale at fair value upon purchase of the respective loans. Liabilities Six months ended June 30, 2020 (in thousands) Interest-only security payable: Balance, December 31, 2019 $ 25,709 Changes in fair value included in income arising from: Changes in instrument- specific credit risk — Other factors (10,728 ) (10,728 ) Balance, June 30, 2020 $ 14,981 Changes in fair value recognized during the period relating to liability outstanding at June 30, 2020 $ (10,728 ) Financial Statement Items Measured at Fair Value under the Fair Value Option Following are the fair values and related principal amounts due upon maturity of loans accounted for under the fair value option (comprised of loans acquired for sale, loans held in a consolidated VIE, and distressed loans): June 30, 2021 December 31, 2020 Fair value Principal amount due upon maturity Difference Fair value Principal amount due upon maturity Difference (in thousands) Loans acquired for sale at fair value: Current through 89 days delinquent $ 5,530,359 $ 5,327,754 $ 202,605 $ 3,545,100 $ 3,377,970 $ 167,130 90 or more days delinquent: Not in foreclosure 4,746 5,039 (293 ) 6,591 8,006 (1,415 ) In foreclosure 195 235 (40 ) 199 235 (36 ) 4,941 5,274 (333 ) 6,790 8,241 (1,451 ) $ 5,535,300 $ 5,333,028 $ 202,272 $ 3,551,890 $ 3,386,211 $ 165,679 Loans at fair value: Loans held in consolidated VIEs: Current through 89 days delinquent $ 340,833 $ 330,541 $ 10,292 $ 140,052 $ 128,787 $ 11,265 90 or more days delinquent: Not in foreclosure 2,353 2,884 (531 ) 3,655 4,240 (585 ) In foreclosure — — — — — — 2,353 2,884 (531 ) 3,655 4,240 (585 ) 343,186 333,425 9,761 143,707 133,027 10,680 Distressed loans: Current through 89 days delinquent 2,038 3,936 (1,898 ) 2,071 4,099 (2,028 ) 90 or more days delinquent: Not in foreclosure 2,873 9,826 (6,953 ) 3,714 12,357 (8,643 ) In foreclosure 2,304 6,334 (4,030 ) 2,242 4,641 (2,399 ) 5,177 16,160 (10,983 ) 5,956 16,998 (11,042 ) 7,215 20,096 (12,881 ) 8,027 21,097 (13,070 ) $ 350,401 $ 353,521 $ (3,120 ) $ 151,734 $ 154,124 $ (2,390 ) Following are the changes in fair value included in current period results of operations by consolidated statement of operations line item for financial statement items accounted for under the fair value option: Quarter ended June 30, 2021 Net gains on loans acquired for sale Net gains (losses) on investments Net loan servicing fees Net interest expense Total (in thousands) Assets: Mortgage-backed securities at fair value $ — $ 29,252 $ — $ (1,883 ) $ 27,369 Credit risk transfer strips — 73,092 — — 73,092 Loans acquired for sale at fair value 99,339 — — — 99,339 Loans at fair value — (533 ) — 504 (29 ) MSRs at fair value — — (299,498 ) — (299,498 ) $ 99,339 $ 101,811 $ (299,498 ) $ (1,379 ) $ (99,727 ) Liabilities: Interest-only security payable at fair value $ — $ 5,737 $ — $ — $ 5,737 Asset-backed financing of VIEs at fair value — 1,582 — (1,245 ) 337 $ — $ 7,319 $ — $ (1,245 ) $ 6,074 Quarter ended June 30, 2020 Net gains on loans acquired for sale Net gains (losses) on investments Net loan servicing fees Net interest expense Total (in thousands) Assets: Mortgage-backed securities at fair value $ — $ 17,064 $ — $ (11,859 ) $ 5,205 Loans acquired for sale at fair value 257,469 — — — 257,469 Loans at fair value — 674 — 546 1,220 ESS at fair value — (636 ) — 2,372 1,736 Credit risk transfer strips — 126,925 — — 126,925 Firm commitment to purchase CRT securities at fair value (7,579 ) 226,035 — — 218,456 MSRs at fair value — — (170,848 ) — (170,848 ) $ 249,890 $ 370,062 $ (170,848 ) $ (8,941 ) $ 440,163 Liabilities: Interest-only security payable $ — $ (847 ) $ — $ — $ (847 ) Asset-backed financing of VIEs at fair value — (162 ) — 604 442 $ — $ (1,009 ) $ — $ 604 $ (405 ) Six months ended June 30, 2021 Net gains on loans acquired for sale Net gains (losses) on investments Net loan servicing fees Net interest expense Total (in thousands) Assets: Mortgage-backed securities at fair value $ — $ (41,865 ) $ — $ (4,406 ) $ (46,271 ) Credit risk transfer strips — 198,918 — — 198,918 Loans acquired for sale at fair value (7,325 ) — — — (7,325 ) Loans at fair value — (2,784 ) — 1,329 (1,455 ) ESS at fair value — 1,037 — 1,280 2,317 MSRs at fair value — — (21,216 ) — (21,216 ) $ (7,325 ) $ 155,306 $ (21,216 ) $ (1,797 ) $ 124,968 Liabilities: Interest-only security payable at fair value $ — $ (2,428 ) $ — $ — $ (2,428 ) Asset-backed financing of VIEs at fair value — 2,483 — (456 ) 2,027 $ — $ 55 $ — $ (456 ) $ (401 ) Six months ended June 30, 2020 Net gains on loans acquired for sale Net gains (losses) on investments Net loan servicing fees Net interest expense Total (in thousands) Assets: Mortgage-backed securities at fair value $ — $ 133,031 $ — $ (23,861 ) $ 109,170 Loans acquired for sale at fair value 405,027 — — — 405,027 Loans at fair value — (3,337 ) — 839 (2,498 ) ESS at fair value — (15,158 ) — 4,346 (10,812 ) Credit risk transfer strips — (88,200 ) — — (88,200 ) Firm commitment to purchase CRT securities at fair value (34,228 ) (266,478 ) — — (300,706 ) MSRs at fair value — — (798,049 ) — (798,049 ) $ 370,799 $ (240,142 ) $ (798,049 ) $ (18,676 ) $ (686,068 ) Liabilities: Interest-only security payable at fair value $ — $ 10,728 $ — $ — $ 10,728 Asset-backed financing of VIEs at fair value — 1,766 — (3,095 ) (1,329 ) $ — $ 12,494 $ — $ (3,095 ) $ 9,399 Financial Statement Item Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis Following is a summary of the carrying value of assets that were re-measured during the period based on fair value on a nonrecurring basis: Real estate acquired in settlement of loans Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total (in thousands) June 30, 2021 $ — $ — $ 4,747 $ 4,747 December 31, 2020 $ — $ — $ 12,656 $ 12,656 The following table summarizes the fair value changes recognized during the periods on assets held at period end that were remeasured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis: Quarter ended June 30, Six months ended June 30, 2021 2020 2021 2020 (in thousands) Real estate asset acquired in settlement of loans $ (564 ) $ (47 ) $ (768 ) $ (1,195 ) The Company remeasures its REO based on fair value when it evaluates the REO for impairment. The Company evaluates its REO for impairment with reference to the respective properties’ fair values less cost to sell. REO may be revalued after acquisition due to the Company receiving greater access to the property, the property being held for an extended period or receiving indications that the property’s fair value may not be supported by developing market conditions. Any subsequent change in fair value to a level that is less than or equal to the property’s cost is recognized in Results of real estate acquired in settlement of loans Fair Value of Financial Instruments Carried at Amortized Cost Most of the Company’s borrowings are carried at amortized cost. The Company’s Assets sold under agreements to repurchase Mortgage loan participation purchase and sale agreements Notes payable secured by credit risk transfer and mortgage servicing assets, Exchangeable senior notes, Assets sold to PennyMac Financial Services, Inc. under agreements to repurchase The Company has concluded that the fair values of these borrowings other than Notes payable secured by credit risk transfer and mortgage servicing assets Exchangeable senior notes Following are the carrying and fair values of the Notes payable secured by credit risk transfer and mortgage servicing assets Exchangeable senior notes June 30, 2021 December 31, 2020 Instrument Carrying value Fair value Carrying value Fair value (in thousands) Notes payable secured by credit risk transfer and mortgage servicing assets $ 2,829,177 $ 2,838,844 $ 1,924,999 $ 1,871,276 Exchangeable senior notes $ 496,825 $ 575,263 $ 196,796 $ 207,428 The fair value of the Notes payable secured by credit risk transfer and mortgage servicing assets Exchangeable senior notes Valuation Governance Most of the Company’s assets, its Asset-backed financing of VIEs at fair value, Interest-only security payable at fair value Derivative and credit risk transfer strip liabilities Due to the difficulty in estimating the fair values of “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities, the Company has assigned responsibility for estimating the fair value of these assets and liabilities to specialized staff and subjects the valuation process to significant senior management oversight. PFSI’s Financial Analysis and Valuation group (the “FAV group”) is responsible for estimating the fair values of “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities other than IRLCs and maintaining its valuation policies and procedures. The fair value of the Company’s IRLCs is developed by PFSI’s Capital Markets Risk Management staff and is reviewed by PFSI’s Capital Markets Operations group. With respect to the non-IRLC “Level 3” valuations, the FAV group reports to PFSI’s senior management valuation committee, which oversees the valuations. The FAV group monitors the models used for valuation of the Company’s “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities other than IRLCs, including the models’ performance versus actual results, and reports those results to PFSI’s senior management valuation committee. PFSI’s senior management valuation committee includes the Company’s chief operating, financial, investment, and risk officers as well as other senior members of the Company’s finance, capital markets and risk management staffs. The FAV group is responsible for reporting to PFSI’s senior management valuation committee on the changes in the valuation of the non-IRLC “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities, including major factors affecting the valuation and any changes in model methods and inputs. To assess the reasonableness of its valuations, the FAV group presents an analysis of the effect on the valuation of changes to the significant inputs to the models. Valuation Techniques and Inputs The following is a description of the techniques and inputs used in estimating the fair values of “Level 2” and “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities: Mortgage-Backed Securities The Company categorizes its current holdings of MBS as “Level 2” fair value assets. Fair value of these MBS is established based on quoted market prices for the Company’s MBS holdings or similar securities. Changes in the fair value of MBS are included in Net gains (losses) on investments Loans Fair value of loans is estimated based on whether the loans are saleable into active markets: • Loans that are saleable into active markets, comprised of most of the Company’s loans acquired for sale at fair value and all of the loans at fair value held in VIEs, are categorized as “Level 2” fair value assets: • For loans acquired for sale, the fair values are established using the loans’ contracted selling price or quoted market price or market price equivalent. • For the loans at fair value held in VIEs, the quoted indications of fair value of all of the individual securities issued by the securitization trusts are used to derive fair values for the loans. The Company obtains indications of fair value from nonaffiliated brokers based on comparable securities and validates the brokers’ indications of fair value using pricing models and inputs the Company believes are similar to the models and inputs used by other market participants. The Company adjusts the fair values received from brokers to include the fair value of MSRs attributable to loans secured by the Company included in the VIEs. • Loans that are not saleable into active markets, comprised of previously sold loans that the Company repurchased pursuant to the representation and warranties it provided to the purchaser and distressed loans, are categorized as “Level 3” fair value assets: • For loans acquired for sale categorized as “Level 3” fair value assets, fair values are estimated using a discounted cash flow approach. Inputs to the discounted cash flow model include current interest rates, loan amount, payment status, property type, discount rates and forecasts of future interest rates, home prices, prepayment speeds, default speeds, loss severities or contracted selling price when applicable. • Distressed loan fair values are estimated based on the expected resolution to be realized from the individual asset’s disposition strategy. When a cash flow projection is used to estimate the fair value of the resolution, those cash flows are discounted at annual rates up to 20%. Excess Servicing Spread Purchased from PFSI The Company categorizes ESS as a “Level 3” fair value asset. The Company uses a discounted cash flow approach to estimate the fair value of ESS. The key inputs used in the estimation of the fair value of ESS include discount rate (pricing spread) and prepayment rate (prepayment speed). Significant changes to those inputs in isolation may result in a significant change in the ESS fair value measurement. Changes in these key inputs are not directly related. Changes in the fair value of ESS are included in Net gain s (loss es ) on investments in the consolidated statements of operations . The remaining balance of the ESS was repaid during the quarter ended March 31, 2021. Following are the key inputs used in determining the fair value of ESS: December 31, 2020 Fair value (in thousands) $ 131,750 UPB of underlying loans (in thousands) $ 15,833,050 Average servicing fee rate (in basis points) 34 Average ESS rate (in basis points) 19 Key inputs (1) Pricing spread (2) Range 4.9% – 5.3% Weighted average 5.1% Annual total prepayment speed (3) Range 9.6% – 18.3% Weighted average 11.7% Equivalent life (in years) Range 2.3 - 6.6 Weighted average 5.8 (1) Weighted-average inputs are based on UPB of the underlying loans. (2) Pricing spread represents a margin that is applied to a reference forward rate to develop periodic discount rates. The Company applies pricing spreads to the forward rates implied by the United States Dollar London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”)/ swap curve for purposes of discounting cash flows relating to ESS. (3) Prepayment speed is measured using Life Total Conditional Prepayment Rate (“CPR”). Equivalent life is provided for informational purposes. Derivative and Credit Risk Transfer Strip Assets and Liabilities CRT Derivatives The Company categorizes CRT derivatives as “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities. The fair value of CRT derivatives is based on indications of fair value provided to the Company by nonaffiliated brokers for the certificates representing the beneficial interests in the trust holding the Deposits securing credit risk transfer arrangements pledged to creditors Deposits securing credit risk transfer arrangements pledged to creditors The Company assesses the fair values it receives from nonaffiliated brokers using the discounted cash flow approach. The significant unobservable inputs used by the Company in its review and approval of the valuation of CRT derivatives are the discount rate, voluntary and involuntary prepayment speeds and the remaining loss expectations of the reference loans. Changes in fair value of CRT derivatives are included in Net gains (losses) on investments Following is a quantitative summary of key unobservable inputs used in the Company’s review and approval of broker-provided fair values for CRT derivatives: June 30, 2021 December 31, 2020 (dollars in thousands) Fair value CRT derivatives: Assets $ 44,951 $ 58,699 Liabilities $ 9,713 $ 26,904 UPB of loans in reference pools $ 9,769,411 $ 13,854,426 Key inputs (1) Discount rate Range 5.5% – 6.2% 6.7% – 9.0% Weighted average 6.1% 7.3% Voluntary prepayment speed (2) Range 13.8% – 14.4% 20.8% – 23.5% Weighted average 13.9% 21.9% Involuntary prepayment speed (3) Range (0.5)% – 1.2% (0.8)% – 1.1% Weighted average (0.1)% (0.2)% Remaining loss expectation (4) Range (0.5)% – 0.6% (0.6)% – 0.6% Weighted average (0.1)% (0.3)% (1) Weighted average inputs are based on fair value amounts of the CRT Agreements except for remaining loss expectation which is based on the UPB of the loans in the reference pools. (2) Voluntary prepayment speed is measured using Life Voluntary CPR. (3) Involuntary prepayment speed is measured using Life Involuntary CPR. The negative involuntary prepayment speed reflects the expectation for reinstatement to the reference pool of a portion of the loans that previously triggered losses due to delinquency while under CARES Act forbearance upon their projected re-performance, as contractually provided for in certain CRT Agreements. (4) Remaining loss expectation is measured as expected future contractual losses divided by the UPB of the reference loans. The negative remaining loss expectation reflects the expectation of contractual reversals of previously incurred contractual losses due to the expected re-performance of a portion of the loans that experienced delinquency while under CARES Act forbearance. Interest Rate Lock Commitments The Company categorizes IRLCs as “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities. The Company estimates the fair value of IRLCs based on quoted Agency MBS prices, the probability that the loan will be purchased under the commitment (the “pull-through rate”) and the Company’s estimate of the fair value of the MSRs it expects to receive upon sale of the loan. The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the Company’s IRLCs are the pull-through rate and the estimated MSR attributed to the mortgage loans it has committed to purchase. Significant changes in the pull-through rate or the MSR component of the IRLCs, in isolation, may result in a significant change in the IRLCs’ fair value. The financial effects of changes in these inputs are generally inversely correlated as increasing interest rates have a positive effect on the fair value of the MSR component of IRLC fair value, but also increase the pull-through rate for the loan principal and interest payment cash flow component t |