Fair Value | Note 7— Fair Value The Company’s consolidated financial statements include assets and liabilities that are measured at or based on their fair values. Measurement at or based on fair value may be on a recurring or nonrecurring basis depending on the accounting principles applicable to the specific asset or liability and whether the Company has elected to carry the item at its fair value as discussed in the following paragraphs. The Company groups its assets and liabilities at fair value in three levels, based on the markets in which the assets and liabilities are traded and the observability of the inputs used to determine fair value. These levels are: • Level 1—Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. • Level 2—Prices determined or determinable using other significant observable inputs. Observable inputs are inputs that other market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability and are developed based on market data obtained from sources independent of the Company. • Level 3—Prices determined using significant unobservable inputs. In situations where significant observable inputs are unavailable, unobservable inputs may be used. Unobservable inputs reflect the Company’s own judgments about the factors that market participants use in pricing an asset or liability, and are based on the best information available in the circumstances. As a result of the difficulty in observing certain significant valuation inputs affecting “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities, the Company is required to make judgments regarding these items’ fair values. Different persons in possession of the same facts may reasonably arrive at different conclusions as to the inputs to be applied in valuing these assets and liabilities and their fair values. Such differences may result in significantly different fair value measurements. Likewise, due to the general illiquidity of some of these assets and liabilities, subsequent transactions may be at values significantly different from those reported. The Company reclassifies its assets and liabilities between levels of the fair value hierarchy when the inputs required to establish fair value at a level of the fair value hierarchy are no longer readily available, requiring the use of lower-level inputs, or when the inputs required to establish fair value at a higher level of the hierarchy become available. Fair Value Accounting Elections The Company identified all of PMT’s non-cash financial assets and MSRs to be accounted for at fair value. The Company has elected to account for these assets at fair value so such changes in fair value will be reflected in income as they occur and more timely reflect the results of the Company’s performance. The Company has also identified its Asset-backed financings at fair value Interest-only security payable at fair value Financial Statement Items Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis Following is a summary of financial statement items that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis: June 30, 2022 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total (in thousands) Assets: Short-term investments $ 88,818 $ — $ — $ 88,818 Mortgage-backed securities at fair value — 3,853,076 — 3,853,076 Loans acquired for sale at fair value — 1,773,289 20,376 1,793,665 Loans at fair value — 1,650,504 3,979 1,654,483 Derivative assets: Call options on interest rate futures purchase contracts 1,771 — — 1,771 Put options on interest rate futures purchase contracts 6,297 — — 6,297 Forward purchase contracts — 47,805 — 47,805 Forward sale contracts — 46,981 — 46,981 MBS put options — 2,298 — 2,298 CRT derivatives — — 324 324 Interest rate lock commitments — — 5,997 5,997 Total derivative assets before netting 8,068 97,084 6,321 111,473 Netting — — — (94,101 ) Total derivative assets after netting 8,068 97,084 6,321 17,372 Mortgage servicing rights at fair value — — 3,695,609 3,695,609 $ 96,886 $ 7,373,953 $ 3,726,285 $ 11,103,023 Liabilities: Asset-backed financings at fair value $ — $ 1,548,636 $ — $ 1,548,636 Interest-only security payable at fair value — — 19,485 19,485 Derivative and credit risk transfer strip liabilities: Forward purchase contracts — 5,833 — 5,833 Forward sales contracts — 91,997 — 91,997 CRT derivatives — — 22,835 22,835 Interest rate lock commitments — — 7,653 7,653 Total derivative liabilities before netting — 97,830 30,488 128,318 Netting — — — 31,848 Total derivative liabilities after netting — 97,830 30,488 160,166 Credit risk transfer strips — — 118,333 118,333 Total derivative and credit risk transfer strip liabilities — 97,830 148,821 278,499 $ — $ 1,646,466 $ 168,306 $ 1,846,620 December 31, 2021 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total (in thousands) Assets: Short-term investments $ 167,999 $ — $ — $ 167,999 Mortgage-backed securities at fair value — 2,666,768 — 2,666,768 Loans acquired for sale at fair value — 4,140,896 30,129 4,171,025 Loans at fair value — 1,564,565 4,161 1,568,726 Derivative assets: Call options on interest rate futures purchase contracts 2,828 — — 2,828 Put options on interest rate futures purchase contracts 3,180 — — 3,180 Forward purchase contracts — 5,806 — 5,806 Forward sale contracts — 6,307 — 6,307 MBS put options — 3,662 — 3,662 Swaption purchase contracts — 39 — 39 CRT derivatives — — 19,627 19,627 Interest rate lock commitments — — 3,897 3,897 Total derivative assets before netting 6,008 15,814 23,524 45,346 Netting — — — (11,108 ) Total derivative assets after netting 6,008 15,814 23,524 34,238 Mortgage servicing rights at fair value — — 2,892,855 2,892,855 $ 174,007 $ 8,388,043 $ 2,950,669 $ 11,501,611 Liabilities: Asset-backed financings at fair value $ — $ 1,469,999 $ — $ 1,469,999 Interest-only security payable at fair value — — 10,593 10,593 Derivative liabilities and credit risk transfer strips: Forward purchase contracts — 3,620 — 3,620 Forward sales contracts — 13,782 — 13,782 CRT derivatives — — 663 663 Interest rate lock commitments — — 1,446 1,446 Total derivative liabilities before netting — 17,402 2,109 19,511 Netting — — — (4,142 ) Total derivative liabilities after netting — 17,402 2,109 15,369 Credit risk transfer strips — — 26,837 26,837 Total derivative and credit risk transfer strip liabilities — 17,402 28,946 42,206 $ — $ 1,487,401 $ 39,539 $ 1,522,798 The following is a summary of changes in items measured at fair value on a recurring basis using Level 3 inputs that are significant to the estimation of the fair values of the assets and liabilities at either the beginning or end of the periods presented: Quarter ended June 30, 2022 Assets (1) Loans acquired for sale Loans at fair value CRT derivatives Interest rate lock commitments CRT strips Mortgage servicing rights Total (in thousands) Balance, March 31, 2022 $ 24,325 $ 3,949 $ (8,049 ) $ (23,465 ) $ (68,595 ) $ 3,391,172 $ 3,319,337 Purchases and issuances 27,457 — — (41,539 ) — — (14,082 ) Repayments and sales (29,642 ) 24 (8,879 ) — (16,078 ) — (54,575 ) Amounts received pursuant to sales of loans — — — — — 170,658 170,658 Changes in fair value included in results of operations arising from: Changes in instrument-specific credit risk — — — — — — — Other factors (1,764 ) 6 (5,583 ) (60,671 ) (33,660 ) 133,779 32,107 (1,764 ) 6 (5,583 ) (60,671 ) (33,660 ) 133,779 32,107 Transfers of interest rate lock commitments to loans acquired for sale (2) — — — 124,019 — — 124,019 Balance, June 30, 2022 $ 20,376 $ 3,979 $ (22,511 ) $ (1,656 ) $ (118,333 ) $ 3,695,609 $ 3,577,464 Changes in fair value recognized during the quarter relating to assets still held at June 30, 2022 $ (1,758 ) $ 67 $ (14,740 ) $ (1,656 ) $ (49,738 ) $ 133,779 $ 65,954 (1) For the purpose of this table, CRT derivatives, interest rate lock commitments (“IRLCs”), and CRT strip asset and liability positions are shown net. (2) The Company had transfers among the fair value levels arising from transfers of IRLCs to loans acquired for sale at fair value upon purchase of the respective loans. Liabilities Quarter ended June 30, 2022 (in thousands) Interest-only security payable: Balance, March 31, 2022 $ 16,373 Changes in fair value included in income arising from: Changes in instrument-specific credit risk — Other factors 3,112 3,112 Balance, June 30, 2022 $ 19,485 Changes in fair value recognized during the quarter relating to liability outstanding at June 30, 2022 $ 3,112 Quarter ended June 30, 2021 Assets (1) Loans acquired for sale Loans at fair value CRT derivatives Interest rate lock commitments CRT strips Mortgage servicing rights Total (in thousands) Balance, March 31, 2021 $ 34,234 $ 7,802 $ 44,676 $ (64,858 ) $ (109,570 ) $ 2,441,214 $ 2,353,498 Purchases and issuances 14,173 — — 57,601 — — 71,774 Repayments and sales (17,789 ) (730 ) (28,638 ) — (31,368 ) — (78,525 ) Amounts received pursuant to sales of loans — — — — — 412,938 412,938 Changes in fair value included in results of operations arising from: Changes in instrument- specific credit risk — — — — — — — Other factors (189 ) 130 19,200 105,573 73,092 (299,498 ) (101,692 ) (189 ) 130 19,200 105,573 73,092 (299,498 ) (101,692 ) Transfers: Loans from REO — 13 — — — — 13 Recombination of MSRs with loans at fair value resulting from initial consolidation of a VIE — — — — — (3,281 ) (3,281 ) Interest rate lock commitments to loans acquired for sale (2) — — — (68,568 ) — — (68,568 ) Balance, June 30, 2021 $ 30,429 $ 7,215 $ 35,238 $ 29,748 $ (67,846 ) $ 2,551,373 $ 2,586,157 Changes in fair value recognized during the quarter relating to assets still held at June 30, 2021 $ (168 ) $ 74 $ (9,431 ) $ 29,748 $ 41,724 $ (299,498 ) $ (237,551 ) (1) For the purpose of this table, CRT derivatives, IRLCs, and CRT strip asset and liability positions are shown net. (2) The Company had transfers among the fair value levels arising from transfers of IRLCs to loans acquired for sale at fair value upon purchase of the respective loans. Liabilities Quarter ended June 30, 2021 (in thousands) Interest-only security payable: Balance, March 31, 2021 $ 18,922 Changes in fair value included in income arising from: Changes in instrument-specific credit risk — Other factors (5,737 ) (5,737 ) Balance, June 30, 2021 $ 13,185 Changes in fair value recognized during the quarter relating to liability outstanding at June 30, 2021 $ (5,737 ) Six months ended June 30, 2022 Assets (1) Loans acquired for sale Loans at fair value CRT derivatives Interest rate lock commitments CRT strips Mortgage servicing rights Total (in thousands) Balance, December 31, 2021 $ 30,129 $ 4,161 $ 18,964 $ 2,451 $ (26,837 ) $ 2,892,855 $ 2,921,723 Purchases and issuances 51,562 — — (69,683 ) — — (18,121 ) Repayments and sales (59,140 ) (630 ) (30,044 ) — (33,841 ) — (123,655 ) Amounts received pursuant to sales of loans — — — — — 365,254 365,254 Changes in fair value included in results of operations arising from: Changes in instrument-specific credit risk — — — — — — — Other factors (2,175 ) 448 (11,431 ) (179,470 ) (57,655 ) 437,500 187,217 (2,175 ) 448 (11,431 ) (179,470 ) (57,655 ) 437,500 187,217 Transfers of interest rate lock commitments to loans acquired for sale (2) — — — 245,046 — — 245,046 Balance, June 30, 2022 $ 20,376 $ 3,979 $ (22,511 ) $ (1,656 ) $ (118,333 ) $ 3,695,609 $ 3,577,464 Changes in fair value recognized during the period relating to assets still held at June 30, 2022 $ (2,014 ) $ 117 $ (41,789 ) $ (1,656 ) $ (91,496 ) $ 437,500 $ 300,662 (1) For the purpose of this table, CRT derivatives, IRLCs, and CRT strip asset and liability positions are shown net. (2) The Company had transfers among the fair value levels arising from transfers of IRLCs to loans acquired for sale at fair value upon purchase of the respective loans. Liabilities Six months ended June 30, 2022 (in thousands) Interest-only security payable: Balance, December 31, 2021 $ 10,593 Changes in fair value included in results of operations arising from: Changes in instrument-specific credit risk — Other factors 8,892 8,892 Balance, June 30, 2022 $ 19,485 Changes in fair value recognized during the period relating to liability outstanding at June 30, 2022 $ 8,892 Six months ended June 30, 2021 Assets (1) Loans acquired for sale Loans at fair value Excess servicing spread CRT derivatives Interest rate lock commitments CRT strips Mortgage servicing rights Total (in thousands) Balance, December 31, 2020 $ 33,875 $ 8,027 $ 131,750 $ 31,795 $ 72,386 $ (202,792 ) $ 1,755,236 $ 1,830,277 Purchases and issuances 30,071 — — — 47,897 — — 77,968 Repayments and sales (33,859 ) (1,314 ) (134,624 ) (52,127 ) — (63,972 ) — (285,896 ) Capitalization of interest — 198 1,280 — — — — 1,478 ESS received pursuant to a recapture agreement with PFSI — — 557 — — — — 557 Amounts received pursuant to sales of loans — — — — — — 820,634 820,634 Changes in fair value included in results of operations arising from: Changes in instrument- specific credit risk — — — — — — — — Other factors 342 225 1,037 55,570 (169,942 ) 198,918 (21,216 ) 64,934 342 225 1,037 55,570 (169,942 ) 198,918 (21,216 ) 64,934 Transfers: Loans from REO — 79 — — — — — 79 Recombination of MSRs with loans at fair value resulting from initial consolidation of a VIE — — — — — — (3,281 ) (3,281 ) Interest rate lock commitments to loans acquired for sale (2) — — — — 79,407 — — 79,407 Balance, June 30, 2021 $ 30,429 $ 7,215 $ — $ 35,238 $ 29,748 $ (67,846 ) $ 2,551,373 $ 2,586,157 Changes in fair value recognized during the period relating to assets still held at June 30, 2021 $ 157 $ 75 $ — $ 3,443 $ 29,748 $ 134,946 $ (21,216 ) $ 147,153 (1) For the purpose of this table, CRT derivatives, IRLCs, and CRT strip asset and liability positions are shown net. (2) The Company had transfers among the fair value levels arising from transfers of IRLCs to loans acquired for sale at fair value upon purchase of the respective loans. Liabilities Six months ended June 30, 2021 (in thousands) Interest-only security payable: Balance, December 31, 2020 $ 10,757 Changes in fair value included in income arising from: Changes in instrument-specific credit risk — Other factors 2,428 2,428 Balance, June 30, 2021 $ 13,185 Changes in fair value recognized during the period relating to liability outstanding at June 30, 2021 $ 2,428 Financial Statement Items Measured at Fair Value under the Fair Value Option Following are the fair values and related principal amounts due upon maturity of loans accounted for under the fair value option (including loans acquired for sale, loans held in consolidated VIEs, and distressed loans): June 30, 2022 December 31, 2021 Fair value Principal amount due upon maturity Difference Fair value Principal amount due upon maturity Difference (in thousands) Loans acquired for sale at fair value: Current through 89 days delinquent $ 1,791,881 $ 1,771,591 $ 20,290 $ 4,166,177 $ 4,048,967 $ 117,210 90 or more days delinquent: Not in foreclosure 1,555 1,823 (268 ) 4,848 5,801 (953 ) In foreclosure 229 300 (71 ) — — — 1,784 2,123 (339 ) 4,848 5,801 (953 ) $ 1,793,665 $ 1,773,714 $ 19,951 $ 4,171,025 $ 4,054,768 $ 116,257 Loans at fair value: Held in consolidated VIEs: Current through 89 days delinquent $ 1,648,513 $ 1,845,900 $ (197,387 ) $ 1,561,794 $ 1,514,575 $ 47,219 90 or more days delinquent: Not in foreclosure 1,359 1,772 (413 ) 2,141 2,722 (581 ) In foreclosure 632 809 (177 ) 630 809 (179 ) 1,991 2,581 (590 ) 2,771 3,531 (760 ) 1,650,504 1,848,481 (197,977 ) 1,564,565 1,518,106 46,459 Distressed: Current through 89 days delinquent 766 1,191 (425 ) 782 1,455 (673 ) 90 or more days delinquent: Not in foreclosure 1,164 3,389 (2,225 ) 1,181 3,824 (2,643 ) In foreclosure 2,049 4,150 (2,101 ) 2,198 5,490 (3,292 ) 3,213 7,539 (4,326 ) 3,379 9,314 (5,935 ) 3,979 8,730 (4,751 ) 4,161 10,769 (6,608 ) $ 1,654,483 $ 1,857,211 $ (202,728 ) $ 1,568,726 $ 1,528,875 $ 39,851 Following are the changes in fair value included in current period results of operations by consolidated statement of operations line item for financial statement items accounted for under the fair value option: Quarter ended June 30, 2022 Net loan servicing fees Net (losses) gains on investments and financings Net gains on loans acquired for sale Net interest income (expense) Total (in thousands) Assets: Mortgage-backed securities at fair value $ — $ (182,498 ) $ — $ 14,663 $ (167,835 ) Loans acquired for sale at fair value — — (153,111 ) — (153,111 ) Loans at fair value — (122,464 ) — (128 ) (122,592 ) Credit risk transfer strips — (33,660 ) — — (33,660 ) MSRs at fair value 133,779 — — — 133,779 $ 133,779 $ (338,622 ) $ (153,111 ) $ 14,535 $ (343,419 ) Liabilities: Interest-only security payable at fair value $ — $ (3,112 ) $ — $ — $ (3,112 ) Asset-backed financing of VIEs at fair value — 116,667 — 1,423 118,090 $ — $ 113,555 $ — $ 1,423 $ 114,978 Quarter ended June 30, 2021 Net loan servicing fees Net (losses) gains on investments and financings Net gains on loans acquired for sale Net interest income (expense) Total (in thousands) Assets: Mortgage-backed securities at fair value $ — $ 29,252 $ — $ (1,883 ) $ 27,369 Loans acquired for sale at fair value — — 99,339 — 99,339 Loans at fair value — (533 ) — 504 (29 ) ESS at fair value — — — — — Credit risk transfer strips — 73,092 — — 73,092 MSRs at fair value (299,498 ) — — — (299,498 ) $ (299,498 ) $ 101,811 $ 99,339 $ (1,379 ) $ (99,727 ) Liabilities: Interest-only security payable $ — $ 5,737 $ — $ — $ 5,737 Asset-backed financings at fair value — 1,582 — (1,245 ) 337 $ — $ 7,319 $ — $ (1,245 ) $ 6,074 Six months ended June 30, 2022 Net loan servicing fees Net (losses) gains on investments and financings Net gains on loans acquired for sale Net interest income (expense) Total (in thousands) Assets: Mortgage-backed securities at fair value $ — $ (369,023 ) $ — $ 13,252 $ (355,771 ) Loans acquired for sale at fair value — — (380,377 ) — (380,377 ) Loans at fair value — (218,585 ) — (1,077 ) (219,662 ) Credit risk transfer strips — (57,655 ) — — (57,655 ) MSRs at fair value 437,500 — — — 437,500 $ 437,500 $ (645,263 ) $ (380,377 ) $ 12,175 $ (575,965 ) Liabilities: Interest-only security payable at fair value $ — $ (8,892 ) $ — $ — $ (8,892 ) Asset-backed financings at fair value — 205,841 — 589 206,430 $ — $ 196,949 $ — $ 589 $ 197,538 Six months ended June 30, 2021 Net loan servicing fees Net (losses) gains on investments and financings Net gains on loans acquired for sale Net interest income (expense) Total (in thousands) Assets: Mortgage-backed securities at fair value $ — $ (41,865 ) $ — $ (4,406 ) $ (46,271 ) Loans acquired for sale at fair value — — (7,325 ) — (7,325 ) Loans at fair value — (2,784 ) — 1,329 (1,455 ) ESS at fair value — 1,037 — 1,280 2,317 Credit risk transfer strips — 198,918 — — 198,918 MSRs at fair value (21,216 ) — — — (21,216 ) $ (21,216 ) $ 155,306 $ (7,325 ) $ (1,797 ) $ 124,968 Liabilities: Interest-only security payable at fair value $ — $ (2,428 ) $ — $ — $ (2,428 ) Asset-backed financings at fair value — 2,483 — (456 ) 2,027 $ — $ 55 $ — $ (456 ) $ (401 ) Financial Statement Item Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis Following is a summary of the carrying value of assets that were remeasured during the period based on fair value on a nonrecurring basis: Real estate acquired in settlement of loans Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total (in thousands) June 30, 2022 $ — $ — $ 1,994 $ 1,994 December 31, 2021 $ — $ — $ 5,147 $ 5,147 The following table summarizes the fair value changes recognized during the periods on assets held at period end that were remeasured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis: Quarter ended June 30, Six months ended June 30, 2022 2021 2022 2021 (in thousands) Real estate asset acquired in settlement of loans $ (204 ) $ (564 ) $ (314 ) $ (768 ) The Company remeasures its REO based on fair value when it evaluates the REO for impairment. The Company evaluates its REO for impairment with reference to the respective properties’ fair values less cost to sell. REO may be revalued after acquisition due to the Company receiving greater access to the property, the property being held for an extended period or receiving indications that the property’s fair value may not be supported by developing market conditions. Any subsequent change in fair value to a level that is less than or equal to the property’s cost is recognized in Results of real estate acquired in settlement of loans Fair Value of Financial Instruments Carried at Amortized Cost Most of the Company’s borrowings are carried at amortized cost. The Company’s Assets sold under agreements to repurchase Mortgage loan participation purchase and sale agreements, Notes payable secured by credit risk transfer and mortgage servicing assets Exchangeable senior notes The Company has concluded that the fair values of these borrowings other than Notes payable secured by credit risk transfer and mortgage servicing assets Exchangeable senior notes Following are the carrying and fair values of the Notes payable secured by credit risk transfer and mortgage servicing assets Exchangeable senior notes June 30, 2022 December 31, 2021 Instrument Carrying value Fair value Carrying value Fair value (in thousands) Notes payable secured by credit risk transfer and mortgage servicing assets $ 2,741,750 $ 2,701,154 $ 2,471,961 $ 2,480,842 Exchangeable senior notes $ 544,803 $ 497,680 $ 502,459 $ 536,460 The Company estimates the fair value of the Notes payable secured by credit risk transfer and mortgage servicing assets Exchangeable senior notes Valuation Governance Most of the Company’s assets, its Asset-backed financings at fair value, Interest-only security payable at fair value Derivative and credit risk transfer strip liabilities at fair value Due to the difficulty in estimating the fair values of “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities, the Company has assigned responsibility for estimating the fair value of these assets and liabilities to specialized staff and subjects the valuation process to significant senior management oversight : • PFSI’s Financial Analysis and Valuation group (the “FAV group”) is responsible for estimating the fair values of “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities other than IRLCs and maintaining its valuation policies and procedures. • PFSI’s Capital Markets Risk Management staff develops the fair value of the Company’s IRLCs which is reviewed by PFSI’s Capital Markets Operations group. With respect to the non-IRLC “Level 3” valuations, the FAV group reports to PFSI’s senior management valuation committee, which oversees the valuations. The FAV group monitors the models used for valuation of the Company’s “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities other than IRLCs, including the models’ performance versus actual results, and reports those results to PFSI’s senior management valuation committee. PFSI’s senior management valuation committee includes the Company’s chief financial, investment and credit officers as well as other senior members of the Company’s finance, capital markets and risk management staffs. The FAV group is responsible for reporting to PFSI’s senior management valuation committee on the changes in the valuation of the non-IRLC “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities, including major factors affecting the valuation and any changes in model methods and inputs. To assess the reasonableness of its valuations, the FAV group presents an analysis of the effect on the valuation of changes to the significant inputs to the models. Valuation Techniques and Inputs The following is a description of the techniques and inputs used in estimating the fair values of “Level 2” and “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities: Mortgage-Backed Securities The Company categorizes its current holdings of securities accounted for as MBS as “Level 2” fair value assets. Fair value of these MBS is established based on quoted market prices for the Company’s MBS holdings or similar securities. Changes in the fair value of MBS are included in Net (losses) gains on investments and financings Loans Fair value of loans is estimated based on whether the loans are saleable into active markets: • Loans that are saleable into active markets, comprised of most of the Company’s loans acquired for sale at fair value and all of the loans at fair value held in VIEs, are categorized as “Level 2” fair value assets: • For loans acquired for sale, the fair values are established using the loans’ contracted selling price or quoted market price or market price equivalent. • For the loans at fair value held in VIEs, the quoted indications of fair value of all of the individual securities issued by the securitization trusts are used to derive fair values for the loans. The Company obtains indications of fair value from nonaffiliated brokers based on comparable securities and validates the brokers’ indications of fair value using pricing models and inputs the Company believes are similar to the models and inputs used by other market participants. The Company adjusts the fair values received from brokers to include the fair value of MSRs attributable to the loans held by the Company included in the VIEs. • Loans that are not saleable into active markets, comprised of previously sold loans that the Company repurchased pursuant to the representation and warranties it provided to the purchaser and distressed loans, are categorized as “Level 3” fair value assets: • Fair value for loans acquired for sale categorized as “Level 3” assets is estimated using a discounted cash flow approach. Inputs to the discounted cash flow model include current interest rates, loan amount, payment status, property type, discount rates and forecasts of future interest rates, home prices, prepayment speeds, default speeds, loss severities or contracted selling price when applicable. • Fair value for distressed loans is estimated based on the expected resolution to be realized from the individual asset’s disposition strategy. When a cash flow projection is used to estimate the fair value of the resolution, those cash flows are discounted at annual rates up to 20%. Derivative and Credit Risk Transfer Strip Assets and Liabilities CRT Derivatives The Company categorizes CRT derivatives as “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities. The fair value of CRT derivatives is based on indications of fair value provided to the Company by nonaffiliated brokers for the certificates representing the beneficial interests in the trusts holding the Deposits securing credit risk transfer arrangements pledged to creditors Deposits securing credit risk transfer arrangements pledged to creditors The Company assesses the fair values it receives from nonaffiliated brokers using the discounted cash flow approach. The significant unobservable inputs used by the Company in its review and approval of the valuation of CRT derivatives are the discount rate, voluntary and involuntary prepayment speeds and the remaining loss (recovery) expectations of the reference loans. Changes in fair value of CRT derivatives are included in Net (losses) gains on investments and financings Following is a quantitative summary of key unobservable inputs used in the Company’s review and approval of broker-provided fair values for CRT derivatives: June 30, 2022 December 31, 2021 (dollars in thousands) Fair value CRT derivatives Assets $ 324 $ 19,627 Liabilities $ 22,835 $ 663 UPB of loans in reference pools $ 6,405,498 $ 7,426,288 Key inputs (1) Discount rate Range 6.0% – 9.4% 3.3% – 5.9% Weighted average 9.1% 5.7% Voluntary prepayment speed (2) Range 5.7% – 6.1% 12.6% – 13.1% Weighted average 5.8% 12.7% Involuntary prepayment speed (3) Range 0.4% – 1.1% (0.1)% – 0.8% Weighted average 0.5% 0.1% Remaining loss (recovery) expectation (4) Range 0.6% – 0.7% (0.1)% – 0.6% Weighted average 0.6% 0.1% (1) Weighted average inputs are based on fair value amounts of the CRT Agreements, except for remaining loss expectation which is based on the UPB of the loans in the reference pools. (2) Voluntary prepayment speed is measured using Life Voluntary Conditional Prepayment Rate (“CPR”). (3) Involuntary prepayment speed is measured using Life Involuntary CPR. Negative involuntary prepayment speed reflects the expectation for reinstatement to the reference pool of a portion of the loans that previously triggered contractual losses due to delinquency while under CARES Act forbearance upon their expected re-performance, as contractually provided for in certain CRT Agreements. (4) Remaining loss (recovery) expectation is measured as expected future contractual losses divided by the UPB of the reference loans. Negative remaining loss expectation reflects the expectation of contractual reversals of previously incurred contractual losses due to the expected re-performance of a portion of the loans that experienced delinquency while under CARES Act forbearance. Interest Rate Lock Commitments The Company categorizes IRLCs as “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities. The Company estimates the fair value of IRLCs based on quoted Agency MBS prices, the probability that the loan will be purchased under the commitment (the “pull-through rate”) and the Company’s estimate of the fair value of the MSRs it expects to receive upon sale of the loan. The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the Company’s IRLCs are the pull-through rate and the estimated MSR attributed to the mortgage loans subject to the commitments . Significant changes in the pull-through rate or the MSR component of the IRLCs, in isolation, may result in a significant change in the IRLCs’ fair value. The financial effects of changes in these inputs are generally inversely correlated as increasing interest rates have a positive effect on the fair value of the MSR component of IRLC s’ fair value, but also increase the pull-through rate for the loan principal and interest payment cash flow component that has decreased in fair value. Changes in fair value of IRLCs are included in Net gain s on loans acquired for sale in the consolidated statements of operations . Following is a quantitative summary of key unobservable inputs used in the valuation of IRLCs: June 30, 2022 December 31, 2021 Fair value (in thousands) (1) $ (1,656 ) $ 2,451 Committed amount (in thousands) $ 1,944,700 $ 2,092,129 Key inputs (2) Pull-through rate Range 62.0% – 100% 64.3% – 100% Weighted average 94.1% 91.4% MSR fair value expressed as: Servicing fee multiple Range 2.0 – 7.7 0.5 – 6.3 Weighted average 5.0 4.5 Percentage of UPB Range 0.5% – 3.0% 0.3% – 2.7% Weighted average 1.7% 1.5% (1) For purposes of this table, IRLC asset and liability positions are shown net. (2) Weighted-average inputs are based on the committed amounts. Hedging Derivatives Fair value of derivative financial instruments actively traded on exchanges are categorized by the Company as “Level 1” fair value assets and liabilities. Fair values of derivative financial instruments based on observable interest rates, volatilities and prices in the MBS or other markets are categorized by the Company as “Level 2” fair value assets and liabilities. Changes in the fair value of hedging derivatives are included in Net loan servicing fees – From nonaffiliates – Mortgage servicing rights hedging results, Net (losses) gains on investments and financings, Net gains on loans acquired for sale Credit Risk Transfer Strips The Company categorizes CRT strips as “Level 3” fair value assets or liabilities. The fair value of CRT strips is based on indications of fair value provided to the Company by nonaffiliated brokers for the securities representing the beneficial interests in the trust holding the Deposits securing credit risk transfer arrangements pledged to creditors, Fair value of the CRT strips is derived by deducting the balance of the Deposits securing credit risk transfer arrangements pledged to creditors The Company assesses the indications of fair value it receives from nonaffiliated brokers using the discounted cash flow approach. The significant unobservable inputs used by the Company in its review and approval of the valuation of the CRT strips are the discount rate, voluntary and involuntary prepayment speeds and the remaining loss expectations of the reference loans. Changes in fair value of CRT strips are included in Net (losses) gains on investments and financings Following is a quantitative summary of key unobservable inputs used in the Company’s review and approval of the adjusted broker-provided fair values used to derive the value of the CRT strip liabilities: June 30, 2022 December 31, 2021 (dollars in thousands) Fair value $ 118,333 $ 26,837 UPB of loans in the reference pools $ 19,922,065 $ 23,382,619 Key inputs (1) Discount ra |