Fair Value | Note 7—Fair Value Fair Value Accounting Elections The Company identified all of PMT’s non-cash financial assets, firm commitment to purchase CRT securities and MSRs to be accounted for at fair value. The Company has elected to account for these assets at fair value so such changes in fair value will be reflected in income as they occur and more timely reflect the results of the Company’s performance. The Company also identified PMT’s asset-backed financings of VIEs and interest only security payable to be accounted for at fair value to reflect the generally offsetting changes in fair value of these borrowings to changes in fair value of the assets at fair value collateralizing these financings. For other borrowings, the Company has determined that historical cost accounting is more appropriate because under this method debt issuance costs are amortized over the term of the debt facility, thereby matching the debt issuance cost to the periods benefiting from the availability of the debt. Financial Statement Items Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis Following is a summary of financial statement items that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis: December 31, 2022 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total (in thousands) Assets: Short-term investments $ 252,271 $ — $ — $ 252,271 Mortgage-backed securities at fair value — 4,462,601 — 4,462,601 Loans acquired for sale at fair value — 1,811,225 10,708 1,821,933 Loans at fair value — 1,509,942 3,457 1,513,399 Derivative assets: Call options on interest rate futures purchase contracts 2,906 — — 2,906 Put options on interest rate futures purchase contracts 8,130 — — 8,130 Forward purchase contracts — 418 — 418 Forward sale contracts — 43,435 — 43,435 MBS put options — 2,783 — 2,783 CRT derivatives — — 1,262 1,262 Interest rate lock commitments — — 3,877 3,877 Total derivative assets before netting 11,036 46,636 5,139 62,811 Netting — — — 22,129 Total derivative assets after netting 11,036 46,636 5,139 84,940 Mortgage servicing rights at fair value — — 4,012,737 4,012,737 $ 263,307 $ 7,830,404 $ 4,032,041 $ 12,147,881 Liabilities: Asset-backed financings at fair value $ — $ 1,414,955 $ — $ 1,414,955 Interest-only security payable at fair value — — 21,925 21,925 Derivative and credit risk transfer strip liabilities: Forward purchase contracts — 15,196 — 15,196 Forward sales contracts — 17,279 — 17,279 CRT derivatives — — 23,360 23,360 Interest rate lock commitments — — 4,355 4,355 Total derivative liabilities before netting — 32,475 27,715 60,190 Netting — — — (30,157 ) Total derivative liabilities after netting — 32,475 27,715 30,033 Credit risk transfer strips — — 137,193 137,193 Total derivative and credit risk transfer strip liabilities — 32,475 164,908 167,226 $ — $ 1,447,430 $ 186,833 $ 1,604,106 December 31, 2021 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total (in thousands) Assets: Short-term investments $ 167,999 $ — $ — $ 167,999 Mortgage-backed securities at fair value — 2,666,768 — 2,666,768 Loans acquired for sale at fair value — 4,140,896 30,129 4,171,025 Loans at fair value — 1,564,565 4,161 1,568,726 Derivative assets: Call options on interest rate futures purchase contracts 2,828 — — 2,828 Put options on interest rate futures purchase contracts 3,180 — — 3,180 Forward purchase contracts — 5,806 — 5,806 Forward sale contracts — 6,307 — 6,307 MBS put options — 3,662 — 3,662 Swaption purchase contracts — 39 — 39 CRT derivatives — — 19,627 19,627 Interest rate lock commitments — — 3,897 3,897 Total derivative assets before netting 6,008 15,814 23,524 45,346 Netting — — — (11,108 ) Total derivative assets after netting 6,008 15,814 23,524 34,238 Mortgage servicing rights at fair value — — 2,892,855 2,892,855 $ 174,007 $ 8,388,043 $ 2,950,669 $ 11,501,611 Liabilities: Asset-backed financings at fair value $ — $ 1,469,999 $ — $ 1,469,999 Interest-only security payable at fair value — — 10,593 10,593 Derivative liabilities and credit risk transfer strips: Forward purchase contracts — 3,620 — 3,620 Forward sales contracts — 13,782 — 13,782 CRT derivatives — — 663 663 Interest rate lock commitments — — 1,446 1,446 Total derivative liabilities before netting — 17,402 2,109 19,511 Netting — — — (4,142 ) Total derivative liabilities after netting — 17,402 2,109 15,369 Credit risk transfer strips — — 26,837 26,837 Total derivative and credit risk transfer strip liabilities — 17,402 28,946 42,206 $ — $ 1,487,401 $ 39,539 $ 1,522,798 The following is a summary of changes in items measured at fair value on a recurring basis using “Level 3” inputs that are significant to the estimation of the fair values of the assets and liabilities at either the beginning or end of the years presented: Year ended December 31, 2022 Assets (1) Loans acquired for sale Loans at fair value CRT derivatives Interest rate lock commitments CRT strips Mortgage servicing rights Total (in thousands) Balance, December 31, 2021 $ 30,129 $ 4,161 $ 18,964 $ 2,451 $ (26,837 ) $ 2,892,855 $ 2,921,723 Purchases and issuances 13,619 — — (87,393 ) — — (73,774 ) Repayments and sales (29,674 ) (1,390 ) (37,224 ) — (60,389 ) — (128,677 ) Amounts received pursuant to sales of loans — — — — — 670,343 670,343 Changes in fair value included in income arising from: Changes in instrument - specific credit risk — — — — — — — Other factors (3,366 ) 686 (3,838 ) (234,146 ) (49,967 ) 449,435 158,804 (3,366 ) 686 (3,838 ) (234,146 ) (49,967 ) 449,435 158,804 Transfers of: Interest rate lock commitments to loans acquired for sale (2) — — — 318,610 — — 318,610 Mortgage servicing rights relating to delinquent loans to Agency — — — — — 104 104 Balance, December 31, 2022 $ 10,708 $ 3,457 $ (22,098 ) $ (478 ) $ (137,193 ) $ 4,012,737 $ 3,867,133 Changes in fair value recognized during the year relating to assets still held at December 31, 2022 $ (1,098 ) $ 196 $ (42,220 ) $ (478 ) $ (110,356 ) $ 449,435 $ 295,479 (1) For the purpose of this table, CRT derivative, interest rate lock commitment (“IRLC”), and CRT strip asset and liability positions are shown net. (2) The Company had transfers among the fair value levels arising from transfers of IRLCs to loans acquired for sale at fair value upon purchase of the respective loans. Liabilities Year ended December 31, 2022 (in thousands) Interest-only security payable: Balance, December 31, 2021 $ 10,593 Changes in fair value included in results of operations arising from: Changes in instrument - specific credit risk — Other factors 11,332 11,332 Balance, December 31, 2022 $ 21,925 Changes in fair value recognized during the year relating to liability outstanding at December 31, 2022 $ 11,332 Year ended December 31, 2021 Assets (1) Loans acquired for sale Loans at fair value Excess servicing spread CRT derivatives Interest rate lock commitments CRT strips Mortgage servicing rights Total (in thousands) Balance, December 31, 2020 $ 33,875 $ 8,027 $ 131,750 $ 31,795 $ 72,386 $ (202,792 ) $ 1,755,236 $ 1,830,277 Purchases and issuances 86,285 — — — 76,934 — — 163,219 Repayments and sales (90,603 ) (5,121 ) (134,624 ) (93,839 ) — (111,872 ) — (436,059 ) Capitalization of interest — 251 1,280 — — — — 1,531 ESS received pursuant to a recapture agreement with PFSI — — 557 — — — — 557 Amounts received pursuant to sales of loans — — — — — — 1,484,629 1,484,629 Changes in fair value included in results of operations arising from: Changes in instrument - specific credit risk — — — — — — — — Other factors 572 610 1,037 81,008 (156,840 ) 287,827 (337,186 ) (122,972 ) 572 610 1,037 81,008 (156,840 ) 287,827 (337,186 ) (122,972 ) Transfers of: Loans from REO — 394 — — — — — 394 Interest rate lock commitments to loans acquired for sale (2) — — — — 9,971 — — 9,971 Recombination of MSRs with loans at fair value resulting from consolidation of a VIE — — — — — — (9,824 ) (9,824 ) Balance, December 31, 2021 $ 30,129 $ 4,161 $ — $ 18,964 $ 2,451 $ (26,837 ) $ 2,892,855 $ 2,921,723 Changes in fair value recognized during the year relating to assets still held at December 31, 2021 $ (157 ) $ (371 ) $ — $ (12,829 ) $ 2,451 $ 175,955 $ (337,186 ) $ (172,137 ) (1) For the purpose of this table, CRT derivative, IRLC, and CRT strip asset and liability positions are shown net. (2) The Company had transfers among the fair value levels arising from transfers of IRLCs to loans acquired for sale at fair value upon purchase of the respective loans. Liabilities Year ended December 31, 2021 (in thousands) Interest-only security payable: Balance, December 31, 2020 $ 10,757 Changes in fair value included in income arising from: Changes in instrument - specific credit risk — Other factors (164 ) (164 ) Balance, December 31, 2021 $ 10,593 Changes in fair value recognized during the year relating to liability outstanding at December 31, 2021 $ (164 ) Year ended December 31, 2020 Assets (1) Loans acquired for sale Loans at fair value Excess servicing spread CRT derivatives Interest rate lock commitments CRT strips Repurchase agreement derivatives Firm commitments to purchase CRT securities Mortgage servicing rights Total (in thousands) Balance, December 31, 2019 $ 18,567 $ 14,426 $ 178,586 $ 115,863 $ 11,154 $ 54,930 $ 5,275 $ 109,513 $ 1,535,705 $ 2,044,019 Purchases and issuances 74,339 1,058 — — 369,802 — — — — 445,199 Repayments and sales (58,290 ) (5,734 ) (32,377 ) 52,530 — (54,929 ) (5,328 ) (128,786 ) (7 ) (232,921 ) Capitalization of interest — — 8,418 — — — — — — 8,418 ESS received pursuant to a recapture agreement with PFSI — — 2,093 — — — — — — 2,093 Amounts (incurred) received pursuant to sales of loans — — — — — — — (38,161 ) 1,158,475 1,120,314 Changes in fair value included in results of operations arising from: Changes in instrument - specific credit risk — — — — — — — — — — Other factors (741 ) (837 ) (24,970 ) (136,598 ) 536,943 (24,292 ) 53 (121,067 ) (938,937 ) (710,446 ) (741 ) (837 ) (24,970 ) (136,598 ) 536,943 (24,292 ) 53 (121,067 ) (938,937 ) (710,446 ) Transfers of: Loans to REO — (886 ) — — — — — — — (886 ) Firm commitment to purchase CRT securities to CRT strips — — — — — (178,501 ) — 178,501 — — Interest rate lock commitments to loans acquired for sale (2) — — — — (845,513 ) — — — — (845,513 ) Balance, December 31, 2020 $ 33,875 $ 8,027 $ 131,750 $ 31,795 $ 72,386 $ (202,792 ) $ — $ — $ 1,755,236 $ 1,830,277 Changes in fair value recognized during the year relating to assets still held at December 31, 2020 $ (899 ) $ (1,033 ) $ (24,970 ) $ (82,633 ) $ 72,386 $ (79,221 ) $ — $ — $ (938,937 ) $ (1,055,307 ) (1) For the purpose of this table, CRT derivative, IRLC, and CRT strip asset and liability positions are shown net. (2) The Company had transfers among the fair value levels arising from transfers of IRLCs to loans acquired for sale at fair value upon purchase of the respective loans. Liabilities Year ended December 31, 2020 (in thousands) Interest-only security payable: Balance, December 31, 2019 $ 25,709 Changes in fair value included in income arising from: Changes in instrument - specific credit risk — Other factors (14,952 ) (14,952 ) Balance, December 31, 2020 $ 10,757 Changes in fair value recognized during the year relating to liability outstanding at December 31, 2020 $ (14,952 ) Financial Statement Items Measured at Fair Value under the Fair Value Option Following are the fair values and related principal amounts due upon maturity of loans accounted for under the fair value option (including loans acquired for sale, loans held in consolidated VIEs, and distressed loans): December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 Fair value Principal amount due upon maturity Difference Fair value Principal amount due upon maturity Difference (in thousands) Loans acquired for sale at fair value: Current through 89 days delinquent $ 1,819,551 $ 1,795,445 $ 24,106 $ 4,166,177 $ 4,048,967 $ 117,210 90 or more days delinquent: Not in foreclosure 1,666 1,927 (261 ) 4,848 5,801 (953 ) In foreclosure 716 809 (93 ) — — — 2,382 2,736 (354 ) 4,848 5,801 (953 ) $ 1,821,933 $ 1,798,181 $ 23,752 $ 4,171,025 $ 4,054,768 $ 116,257 Loans at fair value: Held in consolidated VIEs: Current through 89 days delinquent $ 1,508,540 $ 1,788,911 $ (280,371 ) $ 1,561,794 $ 1,514,575 $ 47,219 90 or more days delinquent: Not in foreclosure 1,231 1,642 (411 ) 2,141 2,722 (581 ) In foreclosure 171 226 (55 ) 630 809 (179 ) 1,402 1,868 (466 ) 2,771 3,531 (760 ) 1,509,942 1,790,779 (280,837 ) 1,564,565 1,518,106 46,459 Distressed: Current through 89 days delinquent 498 682 (184 ) 782 1,455 (673 ) 90 or more days delinquent: Not in foreclosure 1,230 2,964 (1,734 ) 1,181 3,824 (2,643 ) In foreclosure 1,729 2,728 (999 ) 2,198 5,490 (3,292 ) 2,959 5,692 (2,733 ) 3,379 9,314 (5,935 ) 3,457 6,374 (2,917 ) 4,161 10,769 (6,608 ) $ 1,513,399 $ 1,797,153 $ (283,754 ) $ 1,568,726 $ 1,528,875 $ 39,851 Following are the changes in fair value included in current period results of operations by consolidated statements of operations line item for financial statement items accounted for under the fair value option: Year ended December 31, 2022 Net loan servicing fees Net (losses) gains on investments and financings Net gains on loans acquired for sale Net interest expense Total (in thousands) Assets: Mortgage-backed securities at fair value $ — $ (576,758 ) $ — $ 12,697 $ (564,061 ) Loans acquired for sale at fair value — — (539,102 ) — (539,102 ) Loans at fair value — (300,478 ) — (1,109 ) (301,587 ) Credit risk transfer strips — (49,967 ) — — (49,967 ) MSRs at fair value 449,435 — — — 449,435 $ 449,435 $ (927,203 ) $ (539,102 ) $ 11,588 $ (1,005,282 ) Liabilities: Interest-only security payable at fair value $ — $ (11,332 ) $ — $ — $ (11,332 ) Asset-backed financings at fair value — 283,586 — 1,773 285,359 $ — $ 272,254 $ — $ 1,773 $ 274,027 Year ended December 31, 2021 Net loan servicing fees Net (losses) gains on investments and financings Net gains on loans acquired for sale Net interest expense Total (in thousands) Assets: Mortgage-backed securities at fair value $ — $ (74,354 ) $ — $ (9,323 ) $ (83,677 ) Loans acquired for sale at fair value — — 3,960 — 3,960 Loans at fair value — (11,925 ) — (1,624 ) (13,549 ) ESS at fair value — 1,037 — 1,280 2,317 Credit risk transfer strips — 287,827 — — 287,827 MSRs at fair value (337,186 ) — — — (337,186 ) $ (337,186 ) $ 202,585 $ 3,960 $ (9,667 ) $ (140,308 ) Liabilities: Interest-only security payable at fair value $ — $ 164 $ — $ — $ 164 Asset-backed financings at fair value — 19,708 — (1,144 ) 18,564 $ — $ 19,872 $ — $ (1,144 ) $ 18,728 Year ended December 31, 2020 Net loan servicing fees Net (losses) gains on investments and financings Net gains on loans acquired for sale Net interest expense Total (in thousands) Assets: Mortgage-backed securities at fair value $ — $ 87,852 $ — $ (23,323 ) $ 64,529 Loans acquired for sale at fair value — — 817,158 — 817,158 Loans at fair value — (7,454 ) — 2,776 (4,678 ) ESS at fair value — (24,970 ) — 8,418 (16,552 ) Credit risk transfer strips — (24,292 ) — — (24,292 ) Firm commitment to purchase CRT securities at fair value — (121,067 ) (38,161 ) — (159,228 ) MSRs at fair value (938,937 ) — — — (938,937 ) $ (938,937 ) $ (89,931 ) $ 778,997 $ (12,129 ) $ (262,000 ) Liabilities: Interest-only security payable $ — $ 14,952 $ — $ — $ 14,952 Asset-backed financings at fair value — 5,519 — (4,218 ) 1,301 $ — $ 20,471 $ — $ (4,218 ) $ 16,253 Financial Statement Item Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis Following is a summary of the carrying value of assets that were re-measured during the year based on fair value on a nonrecurring basis: Real estate acquired in settlement of loans Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total (in thousands) December 31, 2022 $ — $ — $ 1,292 $ 1,292 December 31, 2021 $ — $ — $ 5,147 $ 5,147 The following table summarizes the fair value changes recognized during the year on assets held at year end that were remeasured based on fair value on a nonrecurring basis: Year ended December 31, 2022 2021 2020 (in thousands) Real estate asset acquired in settlement of loans $ (505 ) $ 279 $ (1,638 ) The Company remeasures its REO based on fair value when it evaluates the REO for impairment. The Company evaluates its REO for impairment with reference to the respective properties’ fair values less costs to sell. REO may be revalued after acquisition due to the Company receiving greater access to the property, the property being held for an extended period or receiving indications that the property’s fair value may not be supported by developing market conditions. Any subsequent change in fair value to a level that is less than or equal to the property’s cost is recognized in Results of real estate acquired in settlement of loans in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations . Fair Value of Financial Instruments Carried at Amortized Cost Most of the Company’s borrowings are carried at amortized cost. The Company’s Assets sold under agreements to repurchase Mortgage loan participation purchase and sale agreements, Notes payable secured by credit risk transfer and mortgage servicing assets Exchangeable senior notes The Company has concluded that the fair values of these borrowings, other than the Exchangeable senior notes, Notes payable secured by credit risk transfer and mortgage servicing assets Note 15—Long-Term Debt Following are the carrying and fair values of the Notes payable secured by credit risk transfer and mortgage servicing assets Exchangeable senior notes December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 Instrument Carrying value Fair value Carrying value Fair value (in thousands) Notes payable secured by credit risk transfer and mortgage servicing assets $ 2,804,028 $ 2,721,391 $ 2,471,961 $ 2,480,842 Exchangeable senior notes $ 546,254 $ 471,781 $ 502,459 $ 536,460 The Company estimates the fair value of the Notes payable secured by credit risk transfer and mortgage servicing assets Exchangeable senior notes Valuation Governance Most of the Company’s assets, its Asset-backed financings at fair value, Interest-only security payable at fair value Derivative and credit risk transfer strip liabilities at fair value Due to the difficulty in estimating the fair values of “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities, the Company has assigned responsibility for estimating the fair value of these assets and liabilities to specialized staff and subjects the valuation process to significant senior management oversight: • PFSI’s Financial Analysis and Valuation group (the “FAV group”) is responsible for estimating the fair values of “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities other than IRLCs and maintaining its valuation policies and procedures. • PFSI’s Capital Markets Risk Management staff is responsible for estimating the fair value of the Company’s IRLCs which is reviewed by PFSI’s Capital Markets Operations group. With respect to the non-IRLC “Level 3” valuations, the FAV group reports to PFSI’s senior management valuation committee, which oversees the valuations. The FAV group monitors the models used for valuation of the Company’s “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities other than IRLCs, including the models’ performance versus actual results, and reports those results to PFSI’s senior management valuation committee. PFSI’s senior management valuation committee includes the Company’s chief financial, risk, credit, and deputy chief investment officers as well as other senior members of the Company’s finance, capital markets and risk management staffs. The FAV group is responsible for reporting to PFSI’s senior management valuation committee on the changes in the valuation of the non-IRLC “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities, including major factors affecting the valuation and any changes in model methods and inputs. To assess the reasonableness of its valuations, the FAV group presents an analysis of the effect on the valuation of changes to the significant inputs to the models and for MSRs, comparisons of its estimates of fair value to those procured from nonaffiliates brokers and comparisons of key inputs used in the Company’s valuation model to published surveys. Valuation Techniques and Inputs The following is a description of the techniques and inputs used in estimating the fair values of “Level 2” and “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities: Mortgage-Backed Securities The Company categorizes its current holdings of securities accounted for as MBS as “Level 2” fair value assets. Fair value of these MBS is established based on quoted market prices for the Company’s MBS holdings or similar securities. Changes in the fair value of MBS are included in Net (losses) gains on investments and financings Loans Fair value of loans is estimated based on whether the loans are saleable into active markets: • Loans that are saleable into active markets, comprised of most of the Company’s loans acquired for sale at fair value and all of the loans at fair value held in VIEs, are categorized as “Level 2” fair value assets: • For loans acquired for sale, the fair values are established using the loans’ contracted selling price or quoted market price or market price equivalent. • For the loans at fair value held in VIEs, the quoted indications of fair value of all of the individual securities issued by the securitization trusts are used to derive fair values for the loans. The Company obtains indications of fair value from nonaffiliated brokers based on comparable securities and validates the brokers’ indications of fair value using pricing models and inputs the Company believes are similar to the models and inputs used by other market participants. The Company adjusts the fair values received from brokers to include the fair value of MSRs attributable to the loans held by the Company included in the VIEs. • Loans that are not saleable into active markets, comprised of previously sold loans that the Company repurchased pursuant to the representation and warranties it provided to the purchaser and distressed loans, are categorized as “Level 3” fair value assets: • Fair value for loans acquired for sale categorized as “Level 3” assets is estimated using a discounted cash flow approach or their contracted selling price when applicable. Inputs to the discounted cash flow model include current interest rates, payment status, property type, discount rates and forecasts of future interest rates, home prices, prepayment speeds, default speeds and loss severities. • Distressed loans’ fair values are estimated based on the expected resolution to be realized from the individual asset’s disposition strategy. When a cash flow projection is used to estimate the fair value of the resolution, those cash flows are discounted at annual rates up to 20%. Derivative and Credit Risk Transfer Strip Assets and Liabilities CRT Derivatives The Company categorizes CRT derivatives as “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities. The fair value of CRT derivatives is based on indications of fair value provided to the Company by nonaffiliated brokers for the certificates representing the beneficial interests in the trusts holding the Deposits securing credit risk transfer arrangements pledged to creditors Deposits securing credit risk transfer arrangements pledged to creditors The Company assesses the fair values it receives from nonaffiliated brokers using the discounted cash flow approach. The significant unobservable inputs used by the Company in its review and approval of the valuation of CRT derivatives are the discount rate, voluntary and involuntary prepayment speeds and the remaining loss (recovery) expectations of the reference loans. Changes in fair value of CRT derivatives are included in Net (losses) gains on investments and financings Following is a quantitative summary of key unobservable inputs used in the Company’s review and approval of broker-provided fair values for CRT derivatives: December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 (dollars in thousands) Fair value CRT derivatives: Assets $ 1,262 $ 19,627 Liabilities $ 23,360 $ 663 UPB of loans in reference pools $ 5,972,060 $ 7,426,288 Key inputs (1) Discount rate Range 8.7% – 11.1% 3.3% – 5.9% Weighted average 10.8% 5.7% Voluntary prepayment speed (2) Range 7.5% – 8.3% 12.6% – 13.1% Weighted average 7.6% 12.7% Involuntary prepayment speed (3) Range 0.5% – 1.3% (0.1)% – 0.8% Weighted average 0.6% 0.1% Remaining loss (recovery) expectation (4) Range 0.4% – 0.7% (0.1)% – 0.6% Weighted average 0.6% 0.1% (1) Weighted average inputs are based on fair value amounts of the CRT Agreements, except for remaining loss (recovery) expectation which is based on the UPB of the loans in the reference pools. (2) Voluntary prepayment speed is measured using Life Voluntary Conditional Prepayment Rate (“CPR”). (3) Involuntary prepayment speed is measured using Life Involuntary CPR. Negative involuntary prepayment speed reflects the expectation for reinstatement to the reference pool of a portion of the loans that previously triggered contractual losses due to delinquency while under CARES Act forbearance upon their expected re-performance, as contractually provided for in certain CRT Agreements. (4) Remaining loss (recovery) expectation is measured as expected future contractual losses divided by the UPB of the reference loans. Negative remaining loss expectation reflects the expectation of contractual reversals of previously incurred contractual losses due to the expected re-performance of a portion of the loans that experienced delinquency while under CARES Act forbearance. Interest Rate Lock Commitments The Company categorizes IRLCs as “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities. The Company estimates the fair value of IRLCs based on quoted Agency MBS prices, the probability that the loans will be purchased under the commitments (the “pull-through rate”) and the Company’s estimate of the fair value of the MSRs it expects to receive upon sale of the loans. The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the Company’s IRLCs are the pull-through rates and the estimated MSRs attributed to the mortgage loans subject to the commitments. Significant changes in the pull-through rate or the MSR component of the IRLCs, in isolation, may result in a significant change in the IRLCs’ fair value. The financial effects of changes in these inputs are generally inversely correlated as increasing interest rates have a positive effect on the fair value of the MSR component of an IRLC’s fair value, but also increase the pull-through rate for the loan principal and interest payment cash flow component that has decreased in fair value. Changes in fair value of IRLCs are included in Net gains on loans acquired for sale Following is a quantitative summary of key unobservable inputs used in the valuation of IRLCs: December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 Fair value (in thousands) (1) $ (478 ) $ 2,451 Committed amount (in thousands) $ 1,484,384 $ 2,092,129 Key inputs (2) Pull-through rate Range 54.8% – 100% 64.3% – 100% Weighted average 92.1% 91.4% MSR fair value expressed as Servicing fee multiple Range 1.9 – 7.1 0.5 – 6.3 Weighted average 4.7 4.5 Percentage of UPB Range 0.7% – 3.1% 0.3% – 2.7% Weighted average 1.9% 1.5% (1) For purposes of this table, IRLC asset and liability positions are shown net. (2) Weighted-average inputs are based on the committed amounts. Hedging Derivatives Fair value of derivative financial instruments actively traded on exchanges are categorized by the Company as “Level 1” fair value assets and liabilities. Fair values of derivative financial instruments based on observable interest rates, volatilities and prices in the MBS or other markets are categorized by the Company as “Level 2” fair value assets and liabilities. Changes in the fair value of hedging derivatives are included in Net loan servicing fees – From nonaffiliates – Mortgage servicing rights hedging results, Net (losses) gains on investments and financings, Net gains on loans acquired for sale Credit Risk Transfer Strips The Company categorizes CRT strips as “Level 3” fair value assets or liabilities. The fair value of CRT strips is based on indications of fair value provided to the Company by nonaffiliated brokers for the securities representing the beneficial interests in the trusts holding the Deposits securing credit risk transfer arrangements pledged to creditors, Fair value of the CRT strips is derived by deducting the balance of the Deposits securing credit risk transfer arrangements pledged to creditors The Company assesses the indications of fair value it receives from nonaffiliated brokers using the discounted cash flow approach. The significant unobservable inputs used by the Company in its review and approval of the valuation of the CRT strips are the discount rate, voluntary and involuntary prepayment speeds and the remaining loss expectations of the reference loans. Changes in fair value of CRT strips are included in Net (losses) gains on investments and financings . Following is a quantitative summary of key unobservable inputs used in the Company’s review and approval of the adjusted broker-provided fair values used to derive the value of the CRT strip liabilities: December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 (dollars in thousands) Fair value $ 137,193 $ 26,837 UPB of loans in the reference pools $ 19,343,464 $ 23,382,619 Key inputs (1) Discount rate Range 4.3% – 11.3% 3.8% – 6.4% Weighted average 10.5% 6.0% Voluntary prepayment speed (2) Range 7.7% – 7.9% 14.9% – 17.6% Weighted average 7.7% 17.2% Involuntary prepayment speed (3) Range 0.6% – 2.0% 0.5% – 1.4% Weighted average 0.8% 0.6% Remaining loss expectation (4) Range 0.7% – 2.0% 0.3% – 1.1% Weighted average 0.9% 0.5% (1) Weighted average inputs are based on fair value amounts of the CRT arrangements, except for remaining loss expectation which is based on the UPB of the loans in the reference pools. (2) Voluntary prepayment speed is measured using Life Voluntary CPR. (3) Involuntary prepayment speed is measured using Life Involuntary CPR. (4) Remaining loss expectation is measured as expected future losses divided by the UPB of the loans in the reference pools. Mortgage Servicing Rights The Company categorizes MSRs as “Level 3” fair value assets. The Company uses a discounted cash flow approach to estimate the fair value of MSRs. The fair value of MSRs is derived from the net positive cash flows associated with the servicing agreements. The Company receives a servicing fee based on the remaining UPB of the loans subject to the servicing agreements and generally has the right to receive other remuneration including various mortgagor-contracted fees such as late charges and collateral reconveyance charges, and is generally entitled to retain any placement fees earned on funds held pending remittance of mortgagor principal, interest, tax and insurance payments. The key inputs used in the estimation of the fair value of MSRs include the prepayment speeds of the underlying loans, the applicable pricing spreads, and the annual per-loan cost to service the loans, all of which are unobservable. Significant changes to any of those inputs in isolation could result in a significant change in the MSR fair value measurement. Changes in these key inputs are not directly related. Changes in the fair value of MSRs are included in Net loan servicing fees – From nonaffiliates – Change in fair value of mortgage servicing rights MSRs are generally subject to loss in fair value when mortgage interest rates decrease, when returns required by market participants (pricing spreads) increase, or when annual per-loan cost of servicing increases. Reductions in the fair value of MSRs affect income primarily through recognition of the change in fair value. Following are the key inputs used in determining the fair value of MSRs at the time of initial recognition: Year ended December 31, 2022 2021 2020 (MSR recognized and UPB of underlying loans amounts in thousands) MSR recognized $ 670,343 $ 1,484,629 $ 1,158,475 UPB of underlying loans $ 39,014,110 $ 108,424,795 $ 103,136,121 Weighted average annual servicing fee rate (in basis points) 34 28 28 Key inputs (1) Pricing spread (2) Range 5.5% – 8.9% 6.0% – 8.0% 6.7% – 11.3% Weighted average 6.3% 7.2% 7.8% Prepayment speed (3) Range 5.5% – 19.7% 5.5% – 12.5% 7.0% – 20.9% Weighted average 9.3% 8.2% 10.0% Equivalent average life (in years) Range 4.0 – 9.6 3.5 – 9.1 3.5 – 9.2 Weighted average 8.0 8.1 7.4 Annual per-loan cost of servicing Range $73 – $81 $80 – $81 $78 – $81 Weighted average $79 $80 $80 (1) Weighted average inputs are based on UPB of the underlying loans. (2) Through December 31, 2021, the Company applied pricing spreads to the forward rates implied by the United States Dollar London Inter-Bank Offered Rate (“L |