LOANS | Note 5 – Loans The following table presents total loans outstanding by portfolio, which includes Non-PCI loans and PCI loans, as of December 31, 2018 and 2017: 2018 2017 Non-PCI PCI Non-PCI PCI (dollars in thousands) Loans Loans (1) Total Loans Loans (1) Total Loans: Commercial $ 806,027 $ 4,857 $ 810,884 $ 553,257 $ 2,673 $ 555,930 Commercial real estate 1,619,903 19,252 1,639,155 1,427,076 12,935 1,440,011 Construction and land development 223,898 8,331 232,229 199,853 734 200,587 Total commercial loans 2,649,828 32,440 2,682,268 2,180,186 16,342 2,196,528 Residential real estate 569,289 8,759 578,048 447,602 5,950 453,552 Consumer 611,408 1,776 613,184 371,286 169 371,455 Lease financing 264,051 — 264,051 205,143 — 205,143 Total loans $ 4,094,576 $ 42,975 $ 4,137,551 $ 3,204,217 $ 22,461 $ 3,226,678 (1) The unpaid principal balance for PCI loans totaled $56.9 million and $32.8 million as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Total loans include net deferred loan fees of $11.6 million and $10.1 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and unearned discounts of $29.2 million and $20.7 million within the lease financing portfolio at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company had commercial and residential loans held for sale, that were originated with the intent to sell, totaling $30.4 million and $50.1 million, respectively. During the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company sold commercial and residential real estate loans with proceeds totaling $590.3 million and $815.5 million, respectively. The Company monitors and assesses the credit risk of its loan portfolio using the classes set forth below. These classes also represent the segments by which the Company monitors the performance of its loan portfolio and estimates its allowance for loan losses. Commercial —Loans to varying types of businesses, including municipalities, school districts and nonprofit organizations, for the purpose of supporting working capital, operational needs and term financing of equipment. Repayment of such loans is generally provided through operating cash flows of the business. Commercial loans are predominately secured by equipment, inventory, accounts receivable, and other sources of repayment. Commercial real estate —Loans secured by real estate occupied by the borrower for ongoing operations, including loans to borrowers engaged in agricultural production, and non-owner occupied real estate leased to one or more tenants, including commercial office, industrial, special purpose, retail and multi-family residential real estate loans. Construction and land development —Secured loans for the construction of business and residential properties. Real estate construction loans often convert to a real estate commercial loan at the completion of the construction period. Secured development loans are made to borrowers for the purpose of infrastructure improvements to vacant land to create finished marketable residential and commercial lots/land. Most land development loans are originated with the intention that the loans will be paid through the sale of developed lots/land by the developers within twelve months of the completion date. Interest reserves may be established on real estate construction loans. Residential real estate —Loans secured by residential properties that generally do not qualify for secondary market sale; however, the risk to return and/or overall relationship are considered acceptable to the Company. This category also includes loans whereby consumers utilize equity in their personal residence, generally through a second mortgage, as collateral to secure the loan. Consumer —Loans to consumers primarily for the purpose of home improvements, acquiring automobiles, recreational vehicles and boats. Consumer loans consist of relatively small amounts that are spread across many individual borrowers. Lease financing —Our equipment leasing business provides financing leases to varying types of businesses, nationwide, for purchases of business equipment and software. The financing is secured by a first priority interest in the financed assets and generally requires monthly payments. Commercial, commercial real estate, and construction and land development loans are collectively referred to as the Company’s commercial loan portfolio, while residential real estate and consumer loans and lease financing receivables are collectively referred to as the Company’s other loan portfolio. We have extended loans to certain of our directors, executive officers, principal shareholders and their affiliates. These loans were made in the ordinary course of business upon normal terms, including collateralization and interest rates prevailing at the time, and did not involve more than the normal risk of repayment by the borrower. The aggregate loans outstanding to the directors, executive officers, principal shareholders and their affiliates totaled $26.5 million and $22.4 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. During 2018 and 2017, there were $11.1 million and $4.0 million, respectively, of new loans and other additions, while repayments and other reductions totaled $6.9 million and $8.1 million, respectively. Credit Quality Monitoring The Company maintains loan policies and credit underwriting standards as part of the process of managing credit risk. These standards include making loans generally within the Company’s four main regions, which include eastern, northern and southern Illinois and the St. Louis metropolitan area. Our equipment leasing business provides financing to business customers across the country. The Company has a loan approval process involving underwriting and individual and group loan approval authorities to consider credit quality and loss exposure at loan origination. The loans in the Company’s commercial loan portfolio are risk rated at origination based on the grading system set forth below. All loan authority is based on the aggregate credit to a borrower and its related entities. The Company’s consumer loan portfolio is primarily comprised of both secured and unsecured loans that are relatively small and are evaluated at origination on a centralized basis against standardized underwriting criteria. The ongoing measurement of credit quality of the consumer loan portfolio is largely done on an exception basis. If payments are made on schedule, as agreed, then no further monitoring is performed. However, if delinquency occurs, the delinquent loans are turned over to the Company’s Consumer Collections Group for resolution. Credit quality for the entire consumer loan portfolio is measured by the periodic delinquency rate, nonaccrual amounts and actual losses incurred. Loans in the commercial loan portfolio tend to be larger and more complex than those in the other loan portfolio, and therefore, are subject to more intensive monitoring. All loans in the commercial loan portfolio have an assigned relationship manager, and most borrowers provide periodic financial and operating information that allows the relationship managers to stay abreast of credit quality during the life of the loans. The risk ratings of loans in the commercial loan portfolio are reassessed at least annually, with loans below an acceptable risk rating reassessed more frequently and reviewed by various individuals within the Company at least quarterly. The Company maintains a centralized independent loan review function that monitors the approval process and ongoing asset quality of the loan portfolio, including the accuracy of loan grades. The Company also maintains an independent appraisal review function that participates in the review of all appraisals obtained by the Company. Credit Quality Indicators The Company uses a ten grade risk rating system to monitor the ongoing credit quality of its commercial loan portfolio. These loan grades rank the credit quality of a borrower by measuring liquidity, debt capacity, and coverage and payment behavior as shown in the borrower’s financial statements. The risk grades also measure the quality of the borrower’s management and the repayment support offered by any guarantors. A summary of the Company’s loan grades (or, characteristics of the loans with each grade) is as follows: Risk Grades 1‑6 (Acceptable Credit Quality) —All loans in Risk Grades 1 ‑ 6 are considered to be acceptable credit risks by the Company and are grouped for purposes of financial reporting. The six grades essentially represent a ranking of loans that are all viewed to be of acceptable credit quality, taking into consideration the various factors mentioned above, but with varying degrees of financial strength, debt coverage, management and factors that could impact credit quality. Business credits within Risk Grades 1 ‑ 6 range from Risk Grade 1: Excellent (factors include: excellent business credit; excellent debt capacity and coverage; outstanding management; strong guarantors; superior liquidity and net worth; favorable loan‑to‑value ratios; debt secured by cash or equivalents, or backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. Government) to Risk Grade 6: Marginal (factors include: acceptable business credit, but with added risk due to specific industry or internal situations; uncertainty associated with performance or repayment ability). Risk Grade 7 (Special Mention) —A business credit that is not acceptable within the Company’s loan origination criteria; cash flow may not be adequate or is continually inconsistent to service current debt; financial condition has deteriorated as company trends/management have become inconsistent; the company is slow in furnishing quality financial information; working capital needs of the company are reliant on short‑term borrowings; personal guarantees are weak and/or with little or no liquidity; the net worth of the company has deteriorated after recent or continued losses; the loan has potential weaknesses that require the Company’s close attention; payment delinquencies becoming more serious; if left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may, at some future date, result in deterioration of repayment prospects. Risk Grade 8 (Substandard) —A business credit that is inadequately protected by the current financial net worth and paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any; management has deteriorated or has become non‑existent; quality financial information is unattainable; a high level of maintenance is required by the Company; cash flow can no longer support debt requirements; loan payments are continually and/or severely delinquent; negative net worth; personal guaranty has become insignificant; a credit that has a well‑defined weakness or weaknesses that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt. The Company still expects a full recovery of all contractual principal and interest payments; however, a possibility exists that the Company will sustain some loss if deficiencies are not corrected. Risk Grade 9 (Substandard‑Nonaccrual) —A business credit accounted for on a nonaccrual basis that has all the weaknesses inherent in a loan classified as Risk Grade 8 with the added characteristic that the weaknesses are so pronounced that, on the basis of current financial information, conditions, and values, collection in full is highly questionable; a partial loss is possible and interest is no longer being accrued. This loan meets the definition of an impaired loan. The risk of loss requires analysis to determine whether a valuation allowance needs to be established. Risk Grade 10 (Doubtful) —A business credit that has all the weaknesses inherent in a loan classified as Risk Grade 8 and interest is no longer being accrued, but additional deficiencies make it highly probable that liquidation will not satisfy the majority of the obligation; the primary source of repayment is nonexistent and there is doubt as to the value of the secondary source of repayment; the possibility of loss is likely, but current pending factors could strengthen the credit. This loan meets the definition of an impaired loan. A loan charge‑off is recorded when management deems an amount uncollectible; however, the Company will establish a valuation allowance for probable losses, if required. The Company considers all loans with Risk Grades of 1 – 6 as acceptable credit risks and structures and manages such relationships accordingly. Periodic financial and operating data combined with regular loan officer interactions are deemed adequate to monitor borrower performance. Loans with Risk Grades of 7 are considered “watch credits” and the frequency of loan officer contact and receipt of financial data is increased to stay abreast of borrower performance. Loans with Risk Grades of 8 – 10 are considered problematic and require special care. Further, loans with Risk Grades of 7 – 10 are managed and monitored regularly through a number of processes, procedures and committees, including oversight by a loan administration committee comprised of executive and senior management of the Company, which includes highly structured reporting of financial and operating data, intensive loan officer intervention and strategies to exit, as well as potential management by the Company’s special assets group. Loans not graded are small loans that are monitored by aging status and payment activity. The following table presents the recorded investment of commercial loans (excluding PCI loans) by risk category as of December 31, 2018 and 2017: 2018 2017 Commercial Construction Commercial Construction Real and Land Real and Land (dollars in thousands) Commercial Estate Development Total Commercial Estate Development Total Acceptable credit quality $ 748,296 $ 1,536,127 $ 218,798 $ 2,503,221 $ 510,928 $ 1,384,630 $ 191,872 $ 2,087,430 Special mention 35,103 15,306 3,448 53,857 12,290 11,497 — 23,787 Substandard 14,139 46,976 — 61,115 27,718 14,695 — 42,413 Substandard – nonaccrual 8,489 21,494 1,171 31,154 1,266 12,482 785 14,533 Doubtful — — — — — — — — Not graded — — 481 481 1,055 3,772 7,196 12,023 Total (excluding PCI) $ 806,027 $ 1,619,903 $ 223,898 $ 2,649,828 $ 553,257 $ 1,427,076 $ 199,853 $ 2,180,186 The Company evaluates the credit quality of its other loans based primarily on the aging status of the loan and payment activity. Accordingly, loans on nonaccrual status, any loan past due 90 days or more and still accruing interest, and loans modified under troubled debt restructurings are considered to be impaired for purposes of credit quality evaluation. The following table presents the recorded investment of our other loans (excluding PCI loans) based on the credit risk profile of loans that are performing and loans that are impaired as of December 31, 2018 and 2017: 2018 2017 Residential Lease Residential Lease (dollars in thousands) Real Estate Consumer Financing Total Real Estate Consumer Financing Total Performing $ 562,019 $ 610,839 $ 263,094 $ 1,435,952 $ 441,418 $ 370,999 $ 203,797 $ 1,016,214 Impaired 7,270 569 957 8,796 6,184 287 1,346 7,817 Total (excluding PCI) $ 569,289 $ 611,408 $ 264,051 $ 1,444,748 $ 447,602 $ 371,286 $ 205,143 $ 1,024,031 Impaired Loans Impaired loans include loans on nonaccrual status, any loan past due 90 days or more and still accruing interest and loans modified under troubled debt restructurings. Impaired loans at December 31, 2018 and 2017 do not include $43.0 million and $22.5 million, respectively, of PCI loans. The risk of credit loss on acquired loans was recognized as part of the fair value adjustment at the acquisition date. A summary of impaired loans (excluding PCI loans) as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 is as follows: (dollars in thousands) 2018 2017 Nonaccrual loans: Commercial $ 8,489 $ 1,266 Commercial real estate 21,494 12,482 Construction and land development 1,171 785 Residential real estate 5,894 5,204 Consumer 388 234 Lease financing 751 1,346 Total nonaccrual loans 38,187 21,317 Accruing loans contractually past due 90 days or more as to interest or principal payments: Commercial 4 2,538 Commercial real estate 149 — Construction and land development 85 — Residential real estate 566 51 Consumer 51 53 Lease financing 206 — Total accruing loans contractually past due 90 days or more as to interest or principal payments 1,061 2,642 Loans modified under troubled debt restructurings and still accruing: Commercial 435 299 Commercial real estate 2,225 1,515 Construction and land development 51 58 Residential real estate 810 929 Consumer 130 — Lease financing — — Total loans modified under troubled debt restructurings and still accruing 3,651 2,801 Total impaired loans (excluding PCI) $ 42,899 $ 26,760 There was no interest income recognized on nonaccrual loans during 2018, 2017 and 2016 while the loans were in nonaccrual status. Additional interest income that would have been recorded on nonaccrual loans had they been current in accordance with their original terms was $1.8 million, $860,000 and $718,000 in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The Company recognized interest income on commercial and commercial real estate loans modified under troubled debt restructurings of $97,000, $85,000 and $339,000 in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The following table presents impaired loans (excluding PCI loans) by portfolio and related valuation allowance, as of December 31, 2018 and 2017: 2018 2017 Unpaid Related Unpaid Related Recorded Principal Valuation Recorded Principal Valuation (dollars in thousands) Investment Balance Allowance Investment Balance Allowance Impaired loans with a valuation allowance: Commercial $ 7,945 $ 8,102 $ 4,448 $ 3,237 $ 3,297 $ 526 Commercial real estate 7,496 13,844 523 2,297 3,508 329 Construction and land development 171 171 54 103 102 10 Residential real estate 4,055 4,662 554 4,028 4,705 566 Consumer 428 444 45 266 279 29 Lease financing 766 766 361 1,064 1,064 345 Total impaired loans with a valuation allowance 20,861 27,989 5,985 10,995 12,955 1,805 Impaired loans with no related valuation allowance: Commercial 983 4,392 — 866 5,782 — Commercial real estate 16,372 16,921 — 11,700 17,359 — Construction and land development 1,136 1,136 — 740 780 — Residential real estate 3,215 3,516 — 2,156 2,380 — Consumer 141 145 — 21 21 — Lease financing 191 191 — 282 282 — Total impaired loans with no related valuation allowance 22,038 26,301 — 15,765 26,604 — Total impaired loans: Commercial 8,928 12,494 4,448 4,103 9,079 526 Commercial real estate 23,868 30,765 523 13,997 20,867 329 Construction and land development 1,307 1,307 54 843 882 10 Residential real estate 7,270 8,178 554 6,184 7,085 566 Consumer 569 589 45 287 300 29 Lease financing 957 957 361 1,346 1,346 345 Total impaired loans (excluding PCI) $ 42,899 $ 54,290 $ 5,985 $ 26,760 $ 39,559 $ 1,805 The difference between a loan’s recorded investment and the unpaid principal balance represents: (1) a partial charge-off resulting from a confirmed loss due to the value of the collateral securing the loan being below the loan’s principal balance and management’s assessment that the full collection of the loan balance is not likely and/or (2) payments received on nonaccrual loans that are fully applied to principal on the loan’s recorded investment as compared to being applied to principal and interest on the unpaid customer principal and interest balance. The difference between the recorded investment and the unpaid principal balance was $11.4 million and $12.8 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The average balance of impaired loans (excluding PCI loans) and interest income recognized on impaired loans during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 are included in the table below: 2018 2017 2016 Interest Income Interest Income Interest Income Average Recognized Average Recognized Average Recognized Recorded While on Recorded While on Recorded While on (dollars in thousands) Investment Impaired Status Investment Impaired Status Investment Impaired Status Impaired loans with a valuation allowance: Commercial $ 8,359 $ 30 $ 2,969 $ 15 $ 3,974 $ 15 Commercial real estate 8,082 45 5,408 70 2,379 306 Construction and land development 175 3 83 4 87 7 Residential real estate 3,855 41 3,854 38 3,782 30 Consumer 360 — 299 — 221 — Lease financing 766 — 1,064 — 1,331 — Total impaired loans with a valuation allowance 21,597 119 13,677 127 11,774 358 Impaired loans with no related valuation allowance: Commercial 1,233 — 2,369 — 5,604 1 Commercial real estate 16,253 22 16,822 — 16,847 17 Construction and land development 1,152 — 815 — — — Residential real estate 3,348 22 2,055 3 1,179 2 Consumer 95 — 13 — 26 — Lease financing 191 — 282 — — — Total impaired loans with no related valuation allowance 22,272 44 22,356 3 23,656 20 Total impaired loans: Commercial 9,592 30 5,338 15 9,578 16 Commercial real estate 24,335 67 22,230 70 19,226 323 Construction and land development 1,327 3 898 4 87 7 Residential real estate 7,203 63 5,909 41 4,961 32 Consumer 455 — 312 — 247 — Lease financing 957 — 1,346 — 1,331 — Total impaired loans (excluding PCI) $ 43,869 $ 163 $ 36,033 $ 130 $ 35,430 $ 378 The following table presents the aging status of the recorded investment in loans by portfolio (excluding PCI loans) as of December 31, 2018: Accruing Loans 30-59 60-89 Past Due Days Days 90 Days Nonaccrual Total Total (dollars in thousands) Past Due Past Due or More Loans Past Due Current Loans Commercial $ 4,013 $ 2,581 $ 4 $ 8,489 $ 15,087 $ 790,940 $ 806,027 Commercial real estate 1,667 945 149 21,494 24,255 1,595,648 1,619,903 Construction and land development 989 — 85 1,171 2,245 221,653 223,898 Residential real estate 1,292 728 566 5,894 8,480 560,809 569,289 Consumer 5,211 2,533 51 388 8,183 603,225 611,408 Lease financing 4,322 932 206 751 6,211 257,840 264,051 Total loans (excluding PCI) $ 17,494 $ 7,719 $ 1,061 $ 38,187 $ 64,461 $ 4,030,115 $ 4,094,576 The following table presents the aging status of the recorded investment in loans by portfolio (excluding PCI loans) as of December 31, 2017: Accruing Loans 30-59 60-89 Past Due Days Days 90 Days Nonaccrual Total Total (dollars in thousands) Past Due Past Due or More Loans Past Due Current Loans Commercial $ 3,282 $ 177 $ 2,538 $ 1,266 $ 7,263 $ 545,994 $ 553,257 Commercial real estate 3,116 630 — 12,482 16,228 1,410,848 1,427,076 Construction and land development 1,953 — — 785 2,738 197,115 199,853 Residential real estate 897 632 51 5,204 6,784 440,818 447,602 Consumer 2,824 1,502 53 234 4,613 366,673 371,286 Lease financing 392 — — 1,346 1,738 203,405 205,143 Total loans (excluding PCI) $ 12,464 $ 2,941 $ 2,642 $ 21,317 $ 39,364 $ 3,164,853 $ 3,204,217 Troubled Debt Restructurings A loan is categorized as a troubled debt restructuring (“TDR”) if a concession is granted to provide for a reduction of either interest or principal due to deterioration in the financial condition of the borrower. TDRs can take the form of a reduction of the stated interest rate, splitting a loan into separate loans with market terms on one loan and concessionary terms on the other loans, receipts of assets from a debtor in partial or full satisfaction of a loan, the extension of the maturity date or dates at a stated interest rate lower than the current market rate for new debt with similar risk, the reduction of the face amount or maturity of the debt as stated in the instrument or other agreement, the reduction of accrued interest, the release of a personal guarantee in a bankruptcy situation or any other concessionary type of renegotiated debt. Loans are not classified as TDRs when the modification is short-term or results in only an insignificant delay or shortfall in the payments to be received. Loans modified as TDRs for commercial and commercial real estate loans generally consist of allowing commercial borrowers to defer scheduled principal payments and make interest only payments for a specified period of time at the stated interest rate of the original loan agreement or lower payments due to a modification of the loans’ contractual terms. TDRs that continue to accrue interest and are greater than $50,000 are individually evaluated for impairment, on a quarterly basis, and transferred to nonaccrual status when it is probable that any remaining principal and interest payments due on the loan will not be collected in accordance with the contractual terms of the loan. TDRs that subsequently default are individually evaluated for impairment at the time of default. The allowance for loan losses on TDRs totaled $557,000 and $240,000 as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The Company had no unfunded commitments in connection with TDRs at December 31, 2018 and 2017. The Company’s TDRs are identified on a case-by-case basis in connection with the ongoing loan collection processes. The following table presents TDRs by loan portfolio (excluding PCI loans) as of December 31, 2018 and 2017: 2018 2017 (dollars in thousands) Accruing (1) Non-accrual (2) Total Accruing (1) Non-accrual (2) Total Commercial $ 435 $ 406 $ 841 $ 299 $ — $ 299 Commercial real estate 2,225 9,103 11,328 1,515 9,915 11,430 Construction and land development 51 — 51 58 — 58 Residential real estate 810 853 1,663 929 282 1,211 Consumer 130 — 130 — — — Lease financing — — — — — — Total loans (excluding PCI) $ 3,651 $ 10,362 $ 14,013 $ 2,801 $ 10,197 $ 12,998 (1) These loans are still accruing interest. (2) These loans are included in non-accrual loans in the preceding tables. The following table presents a summary of loans by portfolio that were restructured during the year ended December 31, 2018 and the loans by portfolio that were modified as TDRs within the previous twelve months that subsequently defaulted during the year ended December 31, 2018: Commercial Loan Portfolio Other Loan Portfolio Commercial Construction Residential Real and Land Real Lease (dollars in thousands) Commercial Estate Development Estate Consumer Financing Total Troubled debt restructurings: Number of loans 2 2 — 7 25 — 36 Pre-modification outstanding balance $ 423 $ 1,571 $ — $ 708 $ 130 $ — $ 2,832 Post-modification outstanding balance 408 1,565 — 696 130 — 2,799 Troubled debt restructurings that subsequently defaulted Number of loans — — — — — — — Recorded balance $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — The following table presents a summary of loans by portfolio that were restructured during the year ended December 31, 2017 and the loans by portfolio that were modified as TDRs within the previous twelve months that subsequently defaulted during the year ended December 31, 2017: Commercial Loan Portfolio Other Loan Portfolio Commercial Construction Residential Real and Land Real Lease (dollars in thousands) Commercial Estate Development Estate Consumer Financing Total Troubled debt restructurings: Number of loans 1 1 — 4 — — 6 Pre-modification outstanding balance $ 362 $ 323 $ — $ 528 $ — $ — $ 1,213 Post-modification outstanding balance 299 323 — 508 — — 1,130 Troubled debt restructurings that subsequently defaulted Number of loans — — — — — — — Recorded balance $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — The following table presents a summary of loans by portfolio that were restructured during the year ended December 31, 2016 and the loans by portfolio that were modified as TDRs within the previous twelve months that subsequently defaulted during the year ended December 31, 2016: Commercial Loan Portfolio Other Loan Portfolio Commercial Construction Residential Real and Land Real Lease Commercial Estate Development Estate Consumer Financing Total (dollars in thousands) Troubled debt restructurings: Number of loans 3 2 — 3 — — 8 Pre-modification outstanding balance $ 685 $ 10,207 $ — $ 206 $ — $ — $ 11,098 Post-modification outstanding balance 647 10,139 — 206 — — 10,992 Troubled debt restructurings that subsequently defaulted Number of loans — 1 — — — — 1 Recorded balance $ — $ 28 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 28 Purchased Credit Impaired Loans Purchased loans acquired in a business combination are recorded at estimated fair value on their purchase date without a carryover of the related allowance for loan losses. PCI loans are purchased loans that have evidence of credit deterioration since origination, and it is probable at the date of acquisition that the Company will not collect all contractually required principal and interest payments. Evidence of credit quality deterioration as of the purchase date may include factors such as past due and nonaccrual status. The difference between contractually required principal and interest at acquisition and the cash flows expected to be collected at acquisition is referred to as the non-accretable difference. Subsequent decreases to the expected cash flows will generally result in impairment, which is recorded as provision for loan losses in the consolidated statements of income. Subsequent increases in cash flows result in a reversal of the provision for loan losses to the extent of prior charges or a reclassification of the difference from non-accretable to accretable with a positive impact on interest income. Further, any excess cash flows expected at acquisition over the estimated fair value is referred to as the accretable yield and is recognized into interest income over the remaining life of the loan when there is a reasonable expectation about the amount and timing of such cash flows. Accretion recorded as loan interest income totaled $6.1 million, $5.5 million and $8.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Accretable yield of PCI loans, or income expected to be collected was as follows for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016: (dollars in thousands) 2018 2017 2016 Balance, beginning of period $ 5,732 $ 9,035 $ 10,526 New loans purchased – Alpine acquisition 6,095 — — New loans purchased – Centrue acquisition — 1,929 — Accretion (6,092) (5,546) (8,579) Other adjustments (including maturities, charge-offs and impact of changes in timing of expected cash flows) 2,682 120 915 Reclassification from non-accretable 3,823 194 6,173 Balance, end of period $ 12,240 $ 5,732 $ 9,035 Allowance for Loan Losses The Company’s loan portfolio is principally comprised of commercial, commercial real estate, construction and land development, residential real estate and consumer loans and lease financing receivables. The principal risks to each category of loans are as follows: Commercial – The principal risk of commercial loans is that these loans are primarily made based on the identified cash flow of the borrower and secondarily on the collateral underlying the loans. Most often, this collateral consists of accounts receivable, inventory and equipment. Inventory and equipment may depreciate over time, may be difficult to appraise and may fluctuate in value based on the success of the business. If the cash flow from business operations is reduced, the borrower’s ability to repay the loan may be impaired. As such, repayment of such loans is often more sensitive than other types of loans to adverse conditions in the general economy. Commercial real estate – As with commercial loans, repayment of commercial real estate loans is often dependent on the borrower’s ability to make repayment from the cash flow of the commercial venture. While commercial real estate loans are collateralized by the borrower’s underlying real estate, foreclosure on such assets may be more difficult than with other types of collateralized loans because of the possible effect the foreclosure would have on the borrower’s business, and property values may tend to be partially based upon the value of the business situated on the property. Construction and land development – Construction and land development lending involves additional risks not generally present in other types of lending because funds are advanced upon the estimated future value of the project, which is uncertain prior to its completion and at the time the loan is made, and costs may exceed realizable values in declining real estate markets. Moreover, if the estimate of the value of the completed project proves to be overstated or market values or rental rates decline, the collateral may prove to be inadequate security for the repayment of the loan. Additional funds may also be required to complete the project, and the project may have to be held for an unspecified period of time before a disposition can occur. Residential real estate – The principal risk to residential real estate lending is associated with residential loans not sold into the secondary market. In such cases, the value of the underlying property may have deteriorated as a result of a change in the residential |