SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES | NOTE 2 - SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES A summary of the significant accounting policies consistently applied in the preparation of the accompanying consolidated financial statements follows: Basis of Presentation The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with GAAP. The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries as follows: Subsidiary Apartment Complex Number of Units Property Location RRE Opportunity Holdings, LLC N/A N/A N/A Resource Real Estate Opportunity OP, LP N/A N/A N/A RRE Charlemagne Holdings, LLC N/A N/A N/A RRE Iroquois, LP (“Vista”) Vista Apartment Homes 133 Philadelphia, PA RRE Iroquois Holdings, LLC N/A N/A N/A RRE Cannery Holdings, LLC (“Cannery”) Cannery Lofts 156 Dayton, OH RRE Williamsburg Holdings, LLC (Williamsburg) (b) Williamsburg — Cincinnati, OH RRE Autumn Wood Holdings, LLC ("Autumn Wood") Retreat at Rocky Ridge 206 Hoover, AL RRE Village Square Holdings, LLC ("Village Square") Trailpoint at the Woodlands 271 Houston, TX RRE Brentdale Holdings, LLC ("Brentdale") The Westside Apartments 412 Plano, TX RRE Jefferson Point Holdings, LLC ("Jefferson Point") Tech Center Square 208 Newport News,VA RRE Centennial Holdings, LLC ("Centennial") Verona Apartment Homes 276 Littleton, CO RRE Pinnacle Holdings, LLC ("Pinnacle") Skyview Apartment Homes 224 Westminster, CO RRE River Oaks Holdings, LLC ("River Oaks") Maxwell Townhomes 316 San Antonio, TX RRE Nicollet Ridge Holdings, LLC ("Nicollet Ridge") Meridian Pointe 339 Burnsville, MN RRE Addison Place Holdings, LLC ("Addison Place") The Estates at Johns Creek 403 Alpharetta, GA PRIP Coursey, LLC ("Evergreen at Coursey Place") (a) Evergreen at Coursey Place 352 Baton Rouge, LA PRIP 500, LLC ("Pinehurst") (a) Pinehurst 146 Kansas City, MO PRIP Pines, LLC ("Pines of York") (a) Pines of York 248 Yorktown, VA RRE Berkeley Run Holdings, LLC ("Berkley Run") Perimeter Circle 194 Atlanta, GA RRE Berkeley Trace Holdings LLC ("Berkley Trace") Perimeter 5550 165 Atlanta, GA RRE Merrywood Holdings, LLC ("Merrywood") Aston at Cinco Ranch 228 Katy, TX RRE Sunset Ridge Holdings, LLC ("Sunset Ridge") Sunset Ridge 324 San Antonio, TX RRE Parkridge Place Holdings, LLC ("Parkridge Place") Calloway at Las Colinas 536 Irving, TX RRE Woodmoor Holdings, LLC ("Woodmoor") South Lamar Village 208 Austin, TX RRE Gilbert Holdings, LLC ("Springs at Gilbert") Heritage Pointe 458 Gilbert, AZ RRE Bonita Glen Holdings, LLC ("Bonita") Point Bonita Apartment Homes 294 Chula Vista, CA RRE Yorba Linda Holdings, LLC ("Yorba Linda") The Bryant at Yorba Linda 400 Yorba Linda, CA RRE Providence Holdings, LLC ("Providence in the Park") Providence in the Park 524 Arlington, TX RRE Green Trails Holdings, LLC ("Green Trails") Green Trails Apartment Homes 440 Lisle, IL RRE Terraces at Lake Mary Holdings, LLC ("Lake Mary") Terraces at Lake Mary 284 Lake Mary, FL RRE Courtney Meadows Holdings, LLC ("Courtney Meadows") Courtney Meadows Apartments 276 Jacksonville, FL RRE Sandy Springs Holdings, LLC ("Sandy Springs") Addison at Sandy Springs 236 Sandy Springs,GA RRE Grapevine Holdings, LLC ("Bristol Grapevine") Bristol Grapevine 376 Grapevine, TX 8,633 N/A - Not Applicable (a) Wholly-owned subsidiary of RRE Charlemagne Holdings, LLC. (b) Underlying investment sold on March 8, 2019. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Segment Reporting The Company does not evaluate performance on a relationship-specific or transactional basis and does not distinguish its principal business or group its operations on a geographical basis for purposes of measuring performance. Accordingly, the Company believes it has a single operating segment for reporting purposes in accordance with GAAP. Use of Estimates The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and the accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Adoption of New Accounting Standards In February 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU No. 2016-02, "Leases" ("ASU No. 2016-02") and amended by ASU No. 2018-09 "Codification Improvements" in July 2018, which is intended to improve financial reporting related to leasing transactions and requires organizations that lease assets to recognize on the balance sheet the assets and liabilities for the rights and obligations created by those leases. In September 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-13, "Revenue Recognition (Topic 605), Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), Leases (Topic 840), and Leases (Topic 842)", which provides additional implementation guidance on the previously issued ASU No. 2016-02. The Company adopted these standards as of January 1, 2019, and the adoption did not have a material effect on the Company's consolidated financial statements and disclosures. The Company’s operating leases in which it is the lessor continue to be accounted for on its balance sheet with the underlying leased asset recognized as real estate. The Company has chosen to apply the practical expedient (discussed in ASU No. 2018-11, “Leases: Targeted Improvements”) to nonlease component revenue streams and account for them as a combined component with leasing revenue. For leases in which the Company is the lessee, primarily consisting of a parking lot lease, laundry equipment lease, and office equipment leases, the Company recognized a right-of-use (ROU) asset and a lease liability equal to the present value of the minimum lease payments in the amount of $525,778 at January 1, 2019. The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception. The Company elected the package of practical expedients permitted within the new standard, which among other things, allows the Company to carry forward the historical lease classification. Also allowable under the new standard (ASU No. 2018-11) is the option, which the Company has elected, to present the operating lease ROU asset and operating lease liabilities as of January 1, 2019 and not restate prior periods. No cumulative impact adjustment was necessary to opening retained earnings as of January 1, 2019. For certain equipment leases, such as copiers, the Company applied a portfolio approach to effectively account for the operating lease ROU assets and liabilities. In August 2017, FASB issued ASU No. 2017-12, "Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities", which expands and refines hedge accounting for both financial and non-financial risk components, aligns the recognition and presentation of the effects of hedging instruments and hedge items in the financial statements, and includes certain targeted improvements to ease the application of current guidance related to the assessment of hedge effectiveness. The Company adopted the standard on January 1, 2019, and the adoption did not have a significant impact on its consolidated financial statements. In June 2018, FASB issued ASU 2018-07 “Improvements to Nonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting” to simplify the accounting for share-based payment transactions for acquiring goods and services from nonemployees by including these payments in the scope of the guidance for share-based payments to employees. The Company adopted the standard on January 1, 2019, and the adoption did not have a significant impact on its consolidated financial statements. In July 2018, FASB issued ASU No. 2018-09, "Codification Improvements". This standard does not prescribe any new accounting guidance, but instead makes minor improvements and clarifications of several different FASB Accounting Standards Codification areas based on comments and suggestions made by various stakeholders. The Company adopted the standard on January 1, 2019, and the adoption did not have a significant impact on its consolidated financial statements. In October 2018, FASB issued ASU No. 2018-16, “Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Inclusion of the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) Overnight Index Swap (OIS) Rate as a Benchmark Interest Rate for Hedge Accounting Purposes”. ASU No. 2018-16 permits the use of the Overnight Index Swap (“OIS”) Rate based on the Secured Overnight Financing Rate as a U.S. benchmark interest rate for hedge accounting purposes under Topic 815 in addition to the interest rates on direct Treasury obligations of the U.S. government, the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) and the OIS Rate based on the Federal Funds Effective Rate. The Company adopted the standard on January 1, 2019, and the adoption did not have a significant impact on its consolidated financial statements. Accounting Standards Issued But Not Yet Effective In June 2016, FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, “Financial Instruments - Credit Losses”, which requires measurement and recognition of expected credit losses for financial assets held. ASU No. 2016-03 will be effective for the Company beginning December 15, 2019. Early application is permitted. The Company is continuing to evaluate this guidance; however, the Company does not expect the adoption to have a significant impact on its consolidated financial statements. In January 2017, FASB issued ASU No. 2017-04, "Intangibles - Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Accounting for Goodwill Impairment", which alters the current goodwill impairment testing procedures to eliminate Step 2. Step 2 required that, if the carrying amount of a reporting unit exceeded its fair value, the implied fair value of the goodwill must be compared to the carrying amount in order to determine impairment. ASU No. 2017-04 will be effective for the Company beginning December 15, 2019. Early application is permitted. The Company is continuing to evaluate this guidance; however, the Company does not expect the adoption to have a significant impact on its consolidated financial statements. In August 2018, FASB issued ASU No. 2018-13, “Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework - Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement.” This update removes, modifies and adds certain disclosure requirements in FASB ASC 820, “Fair Value Measurement” (“ASC 820”). ASU No. 2018-13 will be effective for the Company beginning January 1, 2020 and early adoption is permitted. The Company is continuing to evaluate this guidance; however, the Company does not expect the adoption to have a significant impact on its consolidated financial statements. Assets Held for Sale The Company presents rental property assets that qualify as held for sale separately in the consolidated balance sheets. Real estate assets held for sale are measured at the lower of carrying amount or fair value less cost to sell. Subsequent to classification of an asset as held for sale, no further depreciation is recorded. As of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the Company had no rental properties included in assets held for sale. Rental Properties The Company records acquired rental properties at fair value on the acquisition date. The Company considers the period of future benefit of an asset to determine its appropriate useful life and depreciates the asset using the straight line method. The Company anticipates the estimated useful lives of its assets by class as follows: Buildings 27.5 years Building improvements 5.0 to 27.5 years Furniture, fixtures, and equipment 3.0 to 5.0 years Tenant improvements Shorter of lease term or expected useful life Lease intangibles Remaining term of related lease Improvements and replacements in excess of $1,000 are capitalized when they have a useful life greater than or equal to one year. The Manager earns a construction management fee of 5.0% of actual aggregate costs to construct improvements, or to repair, rehab or reconstruct a property. These costs are capitalized along with the related asset. Costs of repairs and maintenance are expensed as incurred. Impairment of Long Lived Assets When circumstances indicate the carrying value of a property may not be recoverable, the Company reviews the asset for impairment. This review is based on an estimate of the future undiscounted cash flows, excluding interest charges, expected to result from the property’s use and eventual disposition. The review also considers factors such as expected future operating income, market and other applicable trends and residual value, as well as the effects of leasing demand, competition and other factors. An impairment loss will be recorded to the extent that the carrying value exceeds the estimated fair value of a property to be held and used. For properties held for sale, the impairment loss would be the adjustment to fair value less the estimated cost to dispose of the asset. There were no impairment losses recorded on long-lived assets during the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018. Loans Held for Investment, Net The Company records acquired performing loans held for investment at cost and reviews them for potential impairment at each balance sheet date. The Company considers a loan to be impaired if one of two conditions exists. The first condition is if, based on current information and events, management believes it is probable that the Company will be unable to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. The second condition is if the loan is deemed to be a troubled-debt restructuring (“TDR”) where a concession has been given to a borrower in financial difficulty. A TDR may not have an associated specific loan loss allowance if the principal and interest amount is considered recoverable based on current market conditions, expected collateral performance and/or guarantees made by the borrowers. The amount of impairment, if any, is measured by comparing the recorded amount of the loan to the present value of the expected cash flows or, as a practical expedient, the fair value of the collateral. If a loan is deemed to be impaired, the Company records a reserve for loan losses through a charge to income for any shortfall. Interest income from performing loans held for investment is recognized based on the contractual terms of the loan agreement. Fees related to any buy down of the interest rate are deferred as prepaid interest income and amortized over the term of the loan as an adjustment to interest income. The initial investment made in a purchased performing loan includes the amount paid to the seller plus fees. The initial investment frequently differs from the related loan’s principal amount at the date of the purchase. The difference is recognized as an adjustment of the yield over the life of the loan. Closing costs related to the purchase of a performing loan held for investment are amortized over the term of the loan and accreted as an adjustment to interest income. The Company may acquire real estate loans at a discount due to the credit quality of such loans and the respective borrowers under such loans. Revenues from these loans are recorded under the effective interest method. Under this method, an effective interest rate (“EIR”) is applied to the cost basis of the real estate loan held for investment. The EIR that is calculated when the loan held for investment is acquired remains constant and is the basis for subsequent impairment testing and income recognition. However, if the amount and timing of future cash collections are not reasonably estimable, the Company accounts for the real estate receivable on the cost recovery method. Under the cost recovery method of accounting, no income is recognized until the basis of the loan held for investment has been fully recovered. Allocation of the Purchase Price of Acquired and Foreclosed Assets On January 1, 2018, the Company adopted ASU 2017-01. Acquisitions that do not meet the definition of a business under this guidance are accounted for as asset acquisitions. In most cases, the Company believes acquisitions of real estate will no longer be considered business combinations, as in most cases substantially all of the fair value is concentrated in a single identifiable asset or group of tangible assets that are physically attached to each other (land and building). However, if the Company determines that substantially all of the fair value of the gross assets acquired is not concentrated in either a single identifiable asset or in a group of similar identifiable assets, the Company will then perform an assessment to determine whether the set is a business by using the framework outlined in the ASU. If the Company determines that the acquired asset is not a business, the Company will allocate the cost of the acquisition, including transaction costs, to the assets acquired or liabilities assumed based on their related fair value. Upon the acquisition of real properties, the Company allocates the purchase price of properties to acquired tangible assets consisting of land, buildings, fixtures and improvements, identified intangible lease assets, consisting of the value of above-market and below-market leases, as applicable, the value of in-place leases, the value of tenant relationships, and liabilities, based in each case on their fair values. The Company records above-market and below-market in-place lease values for acquired properties based on the present value (using an interest rate that reflects the risks associated with the leases acquired) of the difference between (i) the contractual amounts to be paid pursuant to the in-place leases and (ii) management’s estimate of fair market lease rates for the corresponding in-place leases, measured over a period equal to the remaining non-cancelable term of the lease. The Company amortizes any capitalized above-market or below-market lease values as an increase or reduction to rental income over the remaining non-cancelable terms of the respective leases. The Company measures the aggregate value of other intangible assets acquired based on the difference between (i) the property valued with existing in-place leases adjusted to market rental rates and (ii) the property valued as if it were vacant. Management’s estimates of value are determined by independent appraisers (e.g., discounted cash flow analysis). Factors to be considered in the analysis include an estimate of carrying costs during hypothetical expected lease-up periods considering current market conditions and costs to execute similar leases. In estimating carrying costs, management includes real estate taxes, insurance and other operating expenses and estimates of lost rentals at market rates during the expected lease-up periods. Management also estimates costs to execute similar leases including leasing commissions and legal and other related expenses to the extent that such costs have not already been incurred in connection with a new lease origination as part of the transaction. The total amount of other intangible assets acquired is further allocated to in-place lease values and customer relationship intangible values based on management’s evaluation of the specific characteristics of each tenant’s lease and the Company’s overall relationship with that respective tenant. Characteristics to be considered by management in allocating these values include the nature and extent of the Company’s existing relationships with the tenant, the tenant’s credit quality and expectations of lease renewals (including those existing under the terms of the lease agreement), among other factors. The Company amortizes the value of in-place leases to expense over the average remaining term of the underlying leases. The value of customer relationship intangibles are amortized to expense over the initial term and any renewal periods in the respective leases, but in no event will the amortization periods for the intangible assets exceed the remaining depreciable life of the building. The determination of the fair value of assets and liabilities acquired requires the use of significant assumptions with regard to current market rental rates, discount rates and other variables. The use of inappropriate estimates would result in an incorrect assessment of the purchase price allocations, which could impact the amount of the Company’s reported net income. Goodwill The Company records the excess of the cost of an acquired entity over the difference between the amounts assigned to assets acquired (including identified intangible assets) and liabilities assumed as goodwill. Goodwill is not amortized but is tested for impairment at a level of reporting referred to as a reporting unit during the fourth quarter of each calendar year, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the asset might be impaired. There have been no such events or changes in circumstances during the three months ended March 31, 2019. Revenue Recognition The Company recognizes minimum rent, including rental abatements and contractual fixed increases attributable to operating leases, on a straight-line basis over the term of the related lease. The future minimum rental payments to be received from noncancelable operating leases for residential rental properties are $61.4 million and $1.3 million for the 12 month periods ending March 31, 2020 and 2021, respectively, and none thereafter. The future minimum rental payments to be received from noncancelable operating leases for commercial rental properties and antenna rentals are $507,000, $405,000, $361,000, $175,000, and $61,000 for the 12 month periods ending March 31, 2020 through March 31, 2024, respectively, and $193,000 thereafter. Revenue is primarily derived from the rental of residential housing units for which the Company receives minimum rents and utility reimbursements pursuant to underlying tenant lease agreements. The Company also receives other ancillary tenant fees for administration of leases, late payments, amenities, and revenue sharing arrangements of cable income from contracts with cable providers at the Company's properties. The Company adopted ASU No. 2014-09 beginning January 1, 2018. A performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer a distinct good or service to a customer. The Company records utility reimbursement income and ancillary charges in the period when the performance obligation is completed, either at a point in time or on a monthly basis as the service is utilized. Included in Accrued expenses and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, is deferred revenue related to contracts with cable providers in the amounts of $517,000 and $564,000, respectively. The Company recognizes income on a straight line basis over the contract period of 10 years to 12 years. In the three months ended March 31, 2019, approximately $20,000 of revenue from the contract liability was recognized as income. Tenant Receivables Tenant receivables are stated in the consolidated financial statements as amounts due from tenants net of an allowance for uncollectible receivables. Payment terms vary and receivables outstanding longer than the payment terms are considered past due. The Company determines its allowance by considering a number of factors, including the length of time receivables are past due, security deposits held, the Company’s previous loss history, the tenants’ current ability to pay their obligations to the Company, the condition of the general economy and the industry as a whole. The Company writes off receivables when they become uncollectible. As of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, there were allowances for uncollectible receivables of approximately $2,000 and $19,000, respectively. Leases For operating leases where the Company is the lessor, the leases are accounted for on its balance sheet with the underlying leased asset recognized as real estate. The Company, as a lessor of multifamily apartment units, has nonlease components associated with these leases (i.e. CAM, utilities, etc.). The Company combines nonlease component revenue streams and accounts for them as a combined component with leasing revenue. For leases in which the Company is the lessee, primarily consisting of a parking space lease, a laundry equipment lease, and office equipment leases, the Company recognizes a right-of-use asset and a lease liability equal to the present value of the minimum lease payments. Operating leases are included in operating lease ROU assets and operating lease liabilities in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. The Company uses a market rate for equipment leases, when readily determinable, in calculating the present value of lease payments. Otherwise, the incremental borrowing rate is used. The operating lease ROU asset includes any lease payments and excludes lease incentives. Operating lease terms may include options to extend the lease when it is reasonably certain the lease will be extended. Lease expense for lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Income Taxes The Company elected to be taxed as a REIT commencing with its taxable year ended December 31, 2010. To maintain its REIT qualification for U.S. federal income tax purposes, the Comp any is generally required to distribute at least 90% of its taxable net income (excluding net capital gains) to its stockholders as well as comply with other requirements, including certain asset, income and stock ownership tests. As a REIT, the Company is not subject to federal corporate income tax to the extent that it distributes 100% of its REIT taxable income each year. If the Company fails to qualify as a REIT, and does not qualify for certain statutory relief provisions, it is subject to U.S. federal, state and local income taxes and may be precluded from qualifying as a REIT for the subsequent four taxable years following the year in which it fails its REIT qualification. Accordingly, the Company’s failure to qualify as a REIT could have a material adverse impact on its results of operations and amounts available for distribution to its stockholders. The dividends-paid deduction of a REIT for qualifying dividends to its stockholders is computed using the Company’s taxable income as opposed to net income reported on the financial statements. Generally, taxable income differs from net income reported on the financial statements because the determination of taxable income is based on tax provisions and not financial accounting principles. The Company may elect to treat any of its subsidiaries as taxable REIT subsidiaries (“TRSs”). In general, the Company’s TRSs may hold assets and engage in activities that the Company cannot hold or engage in directly and generally may engage in any real estate or non-real estate-related business. A TRS is subject to U.S. federal, state and local corporate income taxes. While a TRS may generate net income, a TRS can declare dividends to the Company which will be included in the Company's taxable income and necessitate a distribution to its stockholders. Conversely, if the Company retains earnings at a TRS level, no distribution is required and the Company can increase book equity of the consolidated entity. As of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the Company had no TRSs. The Company evaluates the benefits from tax positions taken or expected to be taken in its tax return. Only the largest amount of benefits from tax positions that will more likely than not be sustainable upon examination are recognized by the Company. The Company does not have any unrecognized tax benefits, nor interest and penalties, recorded in its consolidated financial statements and does not anticipate significant adjustments to the total amount of unrecognized tax benefits within the next 12 months. The Company is subject to examination by the U.S. Internal Revenue Service and by the taxing authorities in other states in which the Company has significant business operations. The Company is not currently undergoing any examinations by taxing authorities. The Company is not subject to IRS examination for tax return years 2014 and prior. Earnings Per Share Basic earnings per share is calculated on the basis of the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the year. Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing income available to common stockholders by the weighted-average common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per share takes into account the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts to issue common stock were exercised and converted to common stock. None of the 49,972 shares of convertible stock (see Note 13) are included in the diluted earnings per share calculations because the necessary conditions for conversion have not been satisfied as of March 31, 2019 (were such date to represent the end of the contingency period). Reclassifications Certain amounts in the prior year financial statements have been reclassified to conform to the current-year presentation. The impact of the reclassifications made to prior year amounts are not material and did not affect net income (loss). |