| Summary of significant accounting policies | Note 2. Summary of significant accounting policies
Basis of Presentation: The accompanying unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”), for interim information and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”), for reporting on Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, these condensed consolidated financial statements do not include all of the information and footnotes necessary for a complete presentation of financial position, results of operations, and cash flows. In the opinion of management, all adjustments (consisting of normal, recurring adjustments) necessary for a fair presentation of results of operations for and financial condition as of the end of the interim period have been included. Results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2017 are not necessarily indicative of the results for the year ending December 31, 2017 or any period thereafter. The audited consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2016 included information and footnotes necessary for such presentation and were included in the Neos Therapeutics, Inc. Annual Report on Form 10-K and filed with the SEC on March 15, 2017. These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto for the year ended December 31, 2016.
Principles of consolidation: At March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016 and for the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016, the condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its four wholly-owned subsidiaries. All significant intercompany transactions have been eliminated.
Use of estimates: The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect reported amounts and disclosures. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Reclassifications: Certain reclassifications have been made to the prior year’s condensed consolidated financial statements to conform to the current period’s presentation.
Liquidity: During 2016 and the three months ended March 31, 2017, the Company produced operating losses and used cash to fund operations. Management intends to achieve profitability through revenue growth from pharmaceutical products developed with its extended-release technologies. The Company does not anticipate it will be profitable until after the successful commercialization of its approved product Adzenys XR-ODT, or, if approved, one or more of its ADHD product candidates. Accordingly, management has performed the review required for going concern accounting and believes the Company presently has sufficient liquidity to continue to operate for the next twelve months after the filing of this Report on Form 10-Q.
Cash equivalents: The Company invests its available cash balances in bank deposits and money market funds. The Company considers highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less at the date of purchase to be cash equivalents. The Company maintains deposits in federally insured financial institutions in excess of federally insured limits. Management believes that the Company is not exposed to significant credit risk due to the financial position of the depository institutions in which those deposits are held. The Company’s primary objectives for investment of available cash are the preservation of capital and the maintenance of liquidity.
Short-term investments: Short-term investments consist of debt securities that have original maturities greater than three months but less than or equal to one year and are classified as available-for-sale securities. Such securities are carried at estimated fair value, with any unrealized holding gains or losses reported, net of any tax effects reported, as accumulated other comprehensive income or loss, which is a separate component of stockholders’ equity. Realized gains and losses, and declines in value judged to be other-than-temporary, if any, are included in other income (expense) in the consolidated results of operations. A decline in the market value of any available-for-sale security below cost that is deemed to be other-than-temporary results in a reduction in fair value charged to earnings in that period, and a new cost basis for the security is established. Dividend and interest income are recognized in other income when earned. The cost of securities sold is calculated using the specific identification method. The Company places all investments with government agencies, or corporate institutions whose debt is rated as investment grade. The Company classifies all available-for-sale marketable securities with maturities greater than one year from the balance sheet date, if any, as non-current assets.
Inventories: Inventories are stated at the lower of cost (first in, first out) or market in 2016 and, effective January 1, 2017, inventory is now required to be measured at the lower of cost (first in, first out) or net realizable value. The change to stating inventories at the lower of cost or net realizable value in 2017 was adopted prospectively and did not have a significant effect on the Company’s ongoing financial reporting as valuing inventory at the lower of cost or net realizable value approximated the prior policy of valuing inventory at the lower of cost or market. Inventories have been reduced by an allowance for excess and obsolete inventories. Cost elements include material, labor and manufacturing overhead. Inventories consist of raw materials, work in process, finished goods and deferred cost of goods sold. The cost of sales associated with the deferred product revenues are recorded as deferred costs of goods sold that are released from inventory into cost of goods sold as the deferred revenue is recognized into revenue.
Until objective and persuasive evidence exists that regulatory approval has been received and future economic benefit is probable, pre-launch inventories are expensed into research and development. Manufacturing costs for the production of Adzenys XR-ODT incurred after the January 27, 2016 FDA approval date are being capitalized into inventory.
Intangible assets : Intangible assets subject to amortization, which principally include proprietary modified-release drug delivery technology and the costs to acquire the rights to Tussionex Abbreviated New Drug Application (“Tussionex ANDA”), are recorded at cost and amortized over the estimated lives of the assets, which primarily range from 10 to 20 years.
Revenue recognition: Revenue is generated from product sales, recorded on a net sales basis. Product revenue is recognized when all of the following criteria are met: (1) persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists; (2) delivery has occurred or services have been rendered; (3) price to the buyer is fixed and determinable; and (4) collectability is reasonably assured. Revenue from sales transactions where the buyer has the right to return the product is recognized at the time of sale only if (1) the price to the buyer is substantially fixed or determinable at the date of sale, (2) the buyer has paid for the product, or the buyer is obligated to pay for the product and the obligation is not contingent on resale of the product, (3) the buyer’s obligation to pay would not be changed in the event of theft or physical destruction or damage of the product, (4) the buyer acquiring the product for resale has economic substance apart from that provided by the Company, (5) the Company does not have significant obligations for future performance to directly bring about resale of the product by the buyer, and (6) the amount of future returns can be reasonably estimated.
The Company sells its generic Tussionex and Adzenys XR-ODT to a limited number of pharmaceutical wholesalers, all subject to rights of return. Pharmaceutical wholesalers buy drug products directly from manufacturers. Title to the product passes upon delivery to the wholesalers, when the risks and rewards of ownership are assumed by the wholesaler (freight on board destination). These wholesalers then resell the product to retail customers such as food, drug and mass merchandisers.
The Company has a limited sales history for Adzenys XR-ODT and has determined that at this time it cannot reliably estimate expected returns of the product at the time of shipment to wholesalers. Accordingly, the Company defers recognition of revenue on product shipments of Adzenys XR-ODT until the right of return no longer exists, which occurs at the earlier of the time Adzenys XR-ODT units are dispensed through patient prescriptions or expiration of the right of return. The Company calculates patient prescriptions of Adzenys XR-ODT dispensed using an analysis of third-party information.
Net product sales
Net product sales for the Company’s products represent total gross product sales less gross to net sales adjustments. Gross to net sales adjustments include savings offers, prompt payment discounts, wholesaler fees and estimated allowances for product returns, rebates and chargebacks to be incurred on the selling price of the respective product sales. Wholesale distribution fees based on definitive contractual agreements are incurred on the management of these products by wholesalers and are recorded within net sales for generic Tussionex and as deferred wholesale distribution fees in other current assets for Adzenys XR-ODT. The deferred wholesale distribution fees for Adzenys XR-ODT are later recorded within net product sales when revenue associated with those fees is recognized. The Company estimates and records gross to net sales adjustments for product returns, rebates and chargebacks based upon analysis of third-party information, including information obtained from the Company’s third party logistics providers (“3PLs”), with respect to its inventory levels and sell-through to the wholesalers’ customers, for savings offers from data available from third parties regarding savings offers processed for prescriptions written for the Company’s products, and, for generic Tussionex, experience reported by the Company’s previous commercialization partners. Due to estimates and assumptions inherent in determining the amount of returns, rebates and chargebacks, the actual amount of returns and claims for rebates and chargebacks may be different from the estimates, at which time reserves would be adjusted accordingly. Wholesale distribution fees and the allowance for prompt pay discounts are recorded at the time of shipment and such fees and allowances and all other accruals are recorded in the same period that the related revenue is recognized.
Savings offers
The Company offers savings programs for Adzenys XR-ODT to patients covered under commercial payor plans in which the cost of a prescription to such patients is discounted. The Company records the amount redeemed based on information from third-party providers and recognizes the discount as a reduction of revenue in the same period the related revenue is recognized.
Product returns
Wholesalers’ contractual return rights are limited to defective product, product that was shipped in error, product ordered by customer in error, product returned due to overstock, product returned due to dating or product returned due to recall or other changes in regulatory guidelines. The return policy for expired product allows the wholesaler to return such product starting six months prior to expiry date to twelve months post expiry date.
Generic Tussionex product returns are estimated based upon data available from sales of the Company’s product by its former commercialization partner and from actual experience as reported by retailers. Historical trend of returns will be continually monitored and may result in future adjustments to such estimates.
Rebates
The Company’s products are subject to commercial managed care and government-managed Medicare and Medicaid programs whereby discounts and rebates are provided to participating managed care organizations and federal and/or state governments. Estimated rebates payable under such programs are recorded as a reduction of revenue at the time revenues are recorded. Calculations related to these rebate accruals are estimated based on information from third-party providers. Historical trend of such rebates will be continually monitored and may result in future adjustments to such estimates.
Wholesaler Chargebacks
The Company’s products are subject to certain programs with wholesalers whereby pricing on products is discounted below wholesaler list price to participating entities. These entities purchase products through wholesalers at the discounted price, and the wholesalers charge the difference between their acquisition cost and the discounted price back to the Company. Chargebacks are accounted for by establishing an accrual in an amount equal to the Company’s estimate of chargeback claims at the time of product sale based on information provided by third parties. Due to estimates and assumptions inherent in determining the amount of chargebacks, the actual amount of claims for chargebacks may be different from estimates, which may result in adjustments to such reserves.
Research and development costs: Research and development costs are charged to operations when incurred and include salaries and benefits, facilities costs, overhead costs, raw materials, laboratory and clinical supplies, clinical trial costs, contract services, fees paid to regulatory authorities for review and approval of the Company’s product candidates and other related costs. During the third quarter of 2016, the Company reclassified its approved product and facility regulatory fees out of research and development expense and into cost of sales commensurate with the commercial launch of Adzenys XR-ODT. The Company has reclassified all such applicable regulatory fees for prior quarters and prior years out of research and development expense and into cost of goods sold in accordance with this approach.
Advertising costs: Advertising costs are comprised of print and electronic media placements that are expensed as incurred. The Company recognized advertising costs of $0.2 million during the three months ended March 31, 2017. There were no advertising costs during the three months ended March 31, 2016.
Share-based compensation: Share-based compensation awards, including grants of employee stock options and restricted stock and modifications to existing stock options, are recognized in the statement of operations based on their fair values. Compensation expense related to awards to employees is recognized on a straight-line basis, based on the grant date fair value, over the requisite service period of the award, which is generally the vesting term. The fair value of the Company’s stock-based awards to employees and directors is estimated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, which requires the input of subjective assumptions, including (1) the expected stock price volatility, (2) the expected term of the award, (3) the risk-free interest rate and (4) expected dividends. Due to the previous lack of a public market for the trading of its common stock and a lack of company-specific historical and implied volatility data, the Company has, prior to the IPO, historically utilized third party valuation analyses to determine the fair value. After the closing of the Company’s IPO, the Company’s board of directors has determined the fair value of each share of underlying common stock based on the closing price of the Company’s common stock as reported by the NASDAQ Global Market on the date of grant.
Under new guidance for accounting for share-based payments, the Company has elected to continue estimating forfeitures at the time of grant and, if necessary, revise the estimate in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates. Ultimately, the actual expense recognized over the vesting period will only be for those options that vest. The adoption of this standard in 2017 did not have a material impact on the Company’s business, financial position, results of operations or liquidity.
Beginning in July 2016, the Company began recording stock compensation expense in the same income statement line as the cash compensation of the employee with the option in accordance with Staff Accounting Bulletin (“SAB”) Topic 14 due to the increased number and amount of options and option compensation. The Company has reclassified all prior quarters’ amounts out of general and administrative expense to the appropriate income statement line in accordance with this approach.
Paragraph IV Litigation Costs: Legal costs incurred by the Company in the enforcement of the Company’s intellectual property rights are charged to expense as incurred.
Income taxes: Income taxes are accounted for using the liability method, under which deferred taxes are determined based on differences between the financial reporting and tax basis of assets and liabilities and are measured using the enacted tax laws that will be in effect when the differences are expected to reverse.
Management evaluates the Company’s tax positions in accordance with guidance on accounting for uncertainty in income taxes. Using that guidance, tax positions initially need to be recognized in the financial statements when it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained upon examination. As of March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, the Company has unrecognized tax benefits associated with uncertain tax positions in the consolidated financial statements. These uncertain tax positions were netted against net operating losses (NOL’s) with no separate reserve for uncertain tax positions required.
Deferred tax assets should be reduced by a valuation allowance if current evidence indicates that it is considered more likely than not that these benefits will not be realized. At March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, based on the level of historical operating results and projections for the taxable income for the future, the Company has determined that it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets will not be realized. In evaluating the objective evidence that historical results provide, we considered that three years of cumulative operating losses was significant negative evidence outweighing projections for future taxable income. Therefore, management has determined that it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Accordingly, the Company has recorded a valuation allowance to reduce deferred tax assets to zero. The Company may not ever be able to realize the benefit of some or all of the federal and state loss carryforwards, either due to ongoing operating losses or due to ownership changes, which limit the usefulness of the loss carryforwards.
Recent accounting pronouncements: In August 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the “FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments . This ASU was designed to reduce the diversity in practice of how the eight specified items are presented and classified in the statement of cash flows, including debt prepayment or debt extinguishment costs. The amendments are effective for public companies for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those years. The Company believes the amendments will not have a significant effect on its ongoing financial reporting as the Company has classified its debt prepayment and debt extinguishment costs in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows in accordance with the amendments.
In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) . Under the new guidance, lessees will be required to recognize the following for all leases (with the exception of short-term leases) at the commencement date: 1) a lease liability, which is a lessee’s obligation to make lease payments arising from a lease, measured on a discounted basis; and 2) a right-of-use asset, which is an asset that represents the lessee’s right to use, or control the use of, a specified asset for the lease term. The new lease guidance simplified the accounting for sale and leaseback transactions primarily because lessees must recognize lease assets and lease liabilities. The amendments in this ASU are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those years. The new standard must be adopted using a modified retrospective transition and requires application of the new guidance at the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented. The Company is evaluating the effect that the updated standard will have on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606). The guidance replaces transaction-and industry-specific revenue recognition guidance under current U.S. GAAP with a principles-based approach for determining revenue recognition. The new guidance requires an entity to recognize the amount of revenue based on the value of transferred goods or services to customers. There are also additional disclosure about the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from customer contracts, including significant judgments and changes in judgments and assets recognized from costs incurred to obtain or fulfill a contract. The standard becomes effective for the Company beginning in the first quarter of 2018. Earlier application is permitted in 2017. In March and April 2016, the FASB issued new guidance intended to improve the operability and understandability of the implementation guidance on principal versus agent considerations. The guidance permits the use of either a retrospective or cumulative effect transition method. The Company has limited sales history for its branded product that may not allow for reliable estimates of expected returns of the product at the time of shipment to wholesalers. The Company is assessing other market data and the impact of this new standard on its financial statements and has not yet selected a transition method.
From time to time, additional new accounting pronouncements are issued by the FASB or other standard setting bodies and adopted by the Company as of the specified effective date. Unless otherwise discussed, the Company believes that the impact of recently issued standards that are not yet effective will not have a material impact on its financial position or results of operations upon adoption. |
