Significant Accounting Policies | 1. Significant Accounting Policies Basis of Presentation and Description of Business The Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of Addus HomeCare Corporation (“Holdings”) and its subsidiaries (together with Holdings, the “Company,” “we,” “us,” or “our”). The Company operates as three reportable business segments as a multi-state provider of personal care, hospice and home health services in the home. The Company’s personal care services provide non-medical assistance with activities of daily living, primarily persons who are at increased risk of hospitalization or institutionalization, such as the elderly, chronically ill and disabled. The Company’s hospice segment provides physical, emotional and spiritual care for people who are terminally ill as well as for their families. The Company’s home health segment provides services that are primarily medical in nature to individuals who may require assistance during an illness or after surgery and include skilled nursing and physical, occupational and speech therapy. The Company’s payor clients include federal, state and local governmental agencies, managed care organizations, commercial insurers and private individuals. As of December 31, 2018, the Company provided services to over 39,000 consumers in 24 states through 156 offices. Principles of Consolidation All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The Company used the cost method to account for its investments in joint ventures in which it owned 10% equity interests. The Company sold such investments on October 1, 2017. See Note 4, Gain on Sale of Assets, for additional information. Reclassification of Prior Period Balances Certain reclassifications have been made to prior period amounts to conform to the current-year presentation including the reporting of other long-term liabilities as a separate line item on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. These reclassifications have no effect on the reported net income for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016. Revenue Recognition On January 1, 2018, the Company adopted Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers provision for doubtful accounts Personal Care The majority of the Company’s net service revenues are generated from providing personal care services directly to consumers under contracts with state, local and other governmental agencies, managed care organizations, commercial insurers and private consumers. Generally, these contracts, which are negotiated based on current contracting practices as appropriate for the payor, establish the terms of a customer relationship and set the broad range of terms for services to be performed at a stated rate. However, the contracts do not give rise to rights and obligations until an order is placed with the Company. When an order is placed, it creates the performance obligation to provide a defined quantity of service hours, or authorized hours, per consumer. The Company satisfies its performance obligations over time, given that consumers simultaneously receive and consume the benefits provided by the Company as the services are performed. As the Company has a right to consideration from customers commensurate with the value provided to customers from the performance completed over a given invoice period, the Company has elected to use the practical expedient for measuring progress toward satisfaction of performance obligations and recognizes patient service revenue in the amount to which the Company has a right to invoice. Hospice Revenue The Company generates net service revenues from providing hospice services to consumers who are terminally ill as well as for their families. Net service revenues are recognized as services are provided and costs for delivery of such services are incurred. The estimated payment rates are daily rates for each of the levels of care the Company delivers. Hospice companies are subject to two specific payment limit caps under the Medicare program each federal fiscal year, the inpatient cap and the aggregate cap. The aggregate cap limits the amount of Medicare reimbursement a hospice may receive, based on the number of Medicare patients served. For the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company was below the payment limits and did not record a cap liability. Home Health Revenue The Company also generates net service revenues from providing home healthcare services directly to consumers mainly under contracts with Medicare and managed care organizations. Generally, these contracts, which are negotiated based on current contracting practices as appropriate for the payor, establish the terms of a relationship and set the broad range of terms for services to be performed on an episodic basis at a stated rate. Home health Medicare services are paid under the Medicare Home Health Prospective Payment System (“HHPPS”), which is based on a 60-day episode of care. The HHPPS permits multiple, continuous episodes per patient. Medicare payment rates for episodes under HHPPS vary based on the severity of the patient’s condition as determined by assessment of a patient’s Home Health Resource Group score. The Company elects to use the same 60-day length of episode that Medicare recognizes as standard but accelerates revenue upon discharge to align with a patient’s episode length if less than the expected 60 days, which depicts the transfer of services and related benefits received by the patient over the term of the contract necessary to satisfy the obligations. The Company recognizes revenue based on the number of days elapsed during an episode of care within the reporting period. The Company satisfies its performance obligations as consumers receive and consume the benefits provided by the Company as the services are performed. As the Company has a right to consideration from Medicare commensurate with the services provided to customers from the performance completed over a given episodic period, the Company has elected to use the practical expedient for measuring progress toward satisfaction of performance obligations. Under this method recognizing revenue ratably over the episode based on beginning and ending dates is a reasonable proxy for the transfer of benefit of the service. Accounts Receivable and We are paid for our services primarily by federal, state and local agencies under Medicaid programs, managed care organizations, commercial insurance companies and private consumers. While our accounts receivable are uncollateralized, our credit risk is somewhat limited due to the significance of governmental payors to our results of operations. Laws and regulations governing the governmental programs in which we participate are complex and subject to interpretation. Amounts collected may be different than amounts billed due to client eligibility issues, insufficient or incomplete documentation, services at levels other than authorized and other reasons unrelated to credit risk. For 2017, the Company established its allowance for doubtful accounts to the extent it was probable that a portion or all of a particular account will not be collected. The Company established its provision for doubtful accounts primarily by reviewing the creditworthiness of significant customers and through evaluations over the collectability of the receivables. An allowance for doubtful accounts was maintained at a level that the Company’s management believed was sufficient to cover potential losses. In 2018, subsequent adjustments that are determined to be the result of an adverse change in the payor’s ability to pay are recognized as provision for doubtful accounts with Revenue from Contracts with Customers provision for doubtful accounts December 31, 2018 and 2017, t was $0.7 million and $10.5 million, which is included in the account receivable, net of allowances on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. Property and Equipment Property and equipment are recorded at cost and depreciated over the estimated useful lives of the related assets by use of the straight-line method. Maintenance and repairs are charged to expense as incurred. The estimated useful lives of the property and equipment are as follows: Computer equipment 3—5 years Furniture and equipment 5—7 years Transportation equipment 5 years Computer software 3—10 years Leasehold improvements Lesser of useful life or lease term Goodwill The Company’s carrying value of goodwill is the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net assets acquired from various acquisitions. In accordance with ASC Topic 350, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets Intangible Assets The Company’s identifiable intangible assets consist of customer and referral relationships, trade names, trademarks, state licenses and non-compete agreements. The Company uses various valuation techniques to determine initial fair value of its intangible assets, including relief-from-royalty, income approach, discounted cash flow analysis, and multi-period excess earnings, which use significant unobservable inputs, or Level 3 inputs, as defined by the fair value hierarchy. Under these valuation approaches, we are required to make estimates and assumptions about future market growth and trends, forecasted revenue and costs, expected periods over which the assets will be utilized, appropriate discount rates and other variables. The Company bases its fair value estimates on assumptions the Company believes to be reasonable but which are unpredictable and inherently uncertain. Actual future results may differ from those estimates. Amortization is computed using straight-line and accelerated methods based upon the estimated useful lives of the respective assets, which range from three to twenty-five years and assessed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. The Company would recognize an impairment loss when the estimated future non-discounted cash flows associated with the intangible asset is less than the carrying value. An impairment charge would then be recorded for the excess of the carrying value over the fair value. The Company estimates the fair value of these intangible assets using the income approach. In accordance with ASC Topic 350, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets, intangible assets with indefinite useful lives are not amortized. We test intangible assets with indefinite useful lives for impairment at the reporting unit level on an annual basis, as of October 1, or whenever potential impairment triggers occur, such as a significant change in business climate or regulatory changes that would indicate that an impairment may have occurred. No impairment charge was recorded for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 or 2016. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, intangibles, net of accumulated depreciation and amortization was $23.8 million and $16.6 million, respectively, included in the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. Debt Issuance Costs The Company amortizes debt issuance costs on a straight-line method over the term of the related debt. This method approximates the effective interest method. In accordance with ASU 2015-03, Simplifying the Presentation of Debt Issuance Costs, the Company has classified the debt issuance costs as current portion of long-term debt or long-term debt, less current portion as of December 31, 2018 and 2017. Workers’ Compensation Program The Company’s workers’ compensation insurance program has a $0.4 million deductible component. The Company recognizes its obligations associated with this program in the period the claim is incurred. The cost of both the claims reported and claims incurred but not reported, up to the deductible, have been accrued based on historical claims experience, industry statistics and an actuarial analysis performed by an independent third party. The Company monitors its claims quarterly and adjusts its reserves accordingly. These costs are recorded primarily as the cost of services on the Consolidated Statements of Income. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company recorded $15.2 million and $12.6 million, respectively, in accrued workers’ compensation insurance. The accrued workers’ compensation insurance is included in accrued expenses on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, the Company recorded $1.7 million and $0.5 million, respectively, in workers’ compensation insurance recovery receivables. The workers’ compensation insurance recovery receivable is included in prepaid expenses and other current assets on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. Interest Income Illinois law entitles designated service program providers to receive a prompt payment interest penalty based on qualifying services approved for payment that remain unpaid after a designated period of time. As the amount and timing of the receipt of these payments are not certain, the interest income is recognized when received and reported in the statement of income caption, “Interest income.” For the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2016, the Company received $2.3 million and $2.8 million, respectively, in prompt payment interest. For the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company did not receive any prompt payment interest. While the Company may be owed additional prompt payment interest in the future, the amount, timing and intent to provide receipt of such payments remains uncertain, and the Company will continue to recognize prompt payment interest income upon satisfaction of these constraints. Interest Expense The Company’s interest expense consists of interest and unused credit line fees on its credit facilities, interest on its capital lease obligations, and amortization and write-off of debt issuance costs, which is reported in the Consolidated Statement of Income when incurred. Other Income In fiscal year 2017 and 2016, other income consisted of income distributions received from investments in joint ventures. The Company recognized the net accumulated earnings only to the extent distributed by the joint ventures on the date received. Income Tax Expense The Company accounts for income taxes under the provisions of ASC Topic 740, Income Taxes. The Company recognizes interest and penalties accrued related to uncertain tax positions in interest expense and penalties within operating expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Income. Stock-based Compensation The Company currently has one stock incentive plan, the 2017 Omnibus Incentive Plan (the “2017 Plan”), under which new grants of stock-based employee compensation are made. The Company accounts for stock-based compensation in accordance with ASC Topic 718, Stock Compensation . Compensation expense is recognized, net of estimated forfeitures, on a straight-line basis under the 2017 Plan over the vesting period of the equity awards based on the grant date fair value of the options and restricted stock awards. Beginning January 1, 2017, the Company began utilizing the Black-Scholes Option Pricing Model to value the Company’s options, as the Company believes it is a more widely accepted and understood valuation model. Prior to January 1, 2017, the Company utilized the Enhanced Hull-White Trinomial Model to value our options. The determination of the fair value of stock-based payments utilizing the Black-Scholes Model and the Enhanced Hull-White Trinomial Model is affected by our stock price and a number of assumptions, including expected volatility, risk-free interest rate, expected term, expected dividends yield, expected forfeiture rate, expected turn-over rate and the expected exercise multiple. Stock-based compensation expense was $4.1 million, $2.5 million and $1.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Diluted Net Income Per Common Share Diluted net income per common share, calculated on the treasury stock method, is based on the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the period. The Company’s outstanding securities that may potentially dilute the common stock are stock options and restricted stock awards. Included in the Company’s calculation of diluted earnings per share for the year ended December 31, 2018 were approximately 683,000 stock options outstanding, of which approximately 247,000 were dilutive. In addition, there were approximately 149,000 restricted stock awards outstanding, of which approximately 88,000 were dilutive for the year ended December 31, 2018. Included in the Company’s calculation of diluted earnings per share for the year ended December 31, 2017 were approximately 479,000 stock options outstanding, of which approximately 101,000 were dilutive. In addition, there were approximately 143,000 restricted stock awards outstanding, of which approximately 52,000 were dilutive for the year ended December 31, 2017. Included in the Company’s calculation of diluted earnings per share for the year ended December 31, 2016 were approximately 405,000 stock options outstanding, of which approximately 30,000 were dilutive. In addition, there were approximately 103,000 restricted stock awards outstanding, of which approximately 27,000 were dilutive for the year ended December 31, 2016. Estimates The financial statements are prepared by management in conformity with U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (“GAAP”) and include estimated amounts and certain disclosures based on assumptions about future events. The Company’s critical accounting estimates include the following areas: implicit price concession, Fair Value Measurements The Company’s financial instruments consist of cash, accounts receivable, payables and debt. The carrying amounts reported on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets for cash, accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued expenses approximate fair value because of the short-term nature of these instruments. The carrying value of the Company’s long-term debt with variable interest rates approximates fair value based on instruments with similar terms using level 2 inputs as defined under ASC Topic 820, Fair Value Measurement The Company applies fair value techniques on a non-recurring basis associated with valuing potential impairment losses related to goodwill, if required, and indefinite-lived intangible assets and also when determining the fair value of contingent consideration, if applicable. To determine the fair value in these situations, the Company uses Level 3 inputs, under ASC Topic 820 and defined as unobservable inputs in which little or no market data exists; therefore requiring an entity to develop its own assumptions, such as discounted cash flows, or if available, what a market participant would pay on the measurement date. The Company uses various valuation techniques to determine fair value of its intangible assets, including relief-from-royalty, income approach, discounted cash flow analysis, and multi-period excess earnings, which use significant unobservable inputs, or Level 3 inputs, as defined by the fair value hierarchy. Under these valuation approaches, we are required to make estimates and assumptions about future market growth and trends, forecasted revenue and costs, expected periods over which the assets will be utilized, appropriate discount rates and other variables. Going Concern In connection with the preparation of the financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company conducted an evaluation as to whether there were conditions and events, considered in the aggregate, which raised substantial doubt as to the entity’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date of the issuance, or the date of availability, of the financial statements to be issued. The evaluation concluded that there did not appear to be evidence of substantial doubt of the entity’s ability to continue as a going concern. Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements In May 2014, the Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments. Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) ASU 2018-10, ASU 2018-11 and ASU 2018-20 (collectively will not have a material impact to our results of operations or liquidity In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326) Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-04, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment. In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-15, Intangibles-Goodwill and Other-Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Customer s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That is a Service Contract |