Significant Accounting Policies | 1. Significant Accounting Policies Basis of Presentation and Description of Business The Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of Addus HomeCare Corporation (“Holdings”) and its subsidiaries (together with Holdings, the “Company,” “we,” “us,” or “our”). The Company operates as a multi-state provider of three distinct but related business segments providing in-home services. In its personal care services segment, the Company provides non-medical assistance with activities of daily living, primarily to persons who are at increased risk of hospitalization or institutionalization, such as the elderly, chronically ill or disabled. In its hospice segment, the Company provides physical, emotional and spiritual care for people who are terminally ill as well as related services for their families. In its home health segment, the Company provides services that are primarily medical in nature to individuals who may require assistance during an illness or after hospitalization and include skilled nursing and physical, occupational and speech therapy. The Company’s payor clients include federal, state and local governmental agencies, managed care organizations, commercial insurers and private individuals. Principles of Consolidation All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Discontinued Operations In 2013, the Company sold substantially all of the assets used in its then home health business (the “2013 Home Health Business”) in Arkansas, Nevada and South Carolina, and 90% of the 2013 Home Health Business in California and Illinois. Effective October 1, 2017, the Company sold its remaining 10% ownership interest in the 2013 Home Health Business in California and Illinois. The results of the 2013 Home Health Business are reflected as discontinued operations for all periods presented herein. For the year ended December 31, 2019, in connection with a 2013 Home Health Business litigation settlement, the Company recognized an expense of $0.6 million. The lawsuit was dismissed in full on October 15, 2019. For the years ended December 31, 2018, discontinued operations consisted of the reduction of the indemnification reserve, net of tax, for the Company’s 2013 Home Health Business. Revenue Recognition Net service revenue is recognized at the amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to receive in exchange for providing services directly to consumers. Receipts are from federal, state and local governmental agencies, managed care organizations, commercial insurers and private consumers for services rendered. The Company assesses the consumers' ability to pay at the time of their admission based on the Company's verification of the customer's insurance coverage under the Medicare, Medicaid, and other commercial or managed care insurance programs. Laws and regulations governing the governmental programs in which the Company participates are complex and subject to interpretation. related to uninsured accounts, or self-pay, is recorded of implicit price concessions stimated based on enue to the estimated amount the Company expects to collect Amounts collected from all sources may be less than amounts billed due to implicit price concessions, resulting from client eligibility issues, insufficient or incomplete documentation, services at levels other than authorized, pricing differences and other reasons unrelated to credit risk. The Company monitors our net service revenues and collections from these sources and records any necessary adjustment to net service revenues The initial estimate of net service revenues is determined by reducing the standard charge by any contractual adjustments, discounts, and implicit price concessions. Subsequent changes to the estimate of net service revenues are generally recorded in the period of the change. Changes in estimates of implicit price concessions, discounts, and contractual adjustments for performance obligations satisfied in prior years resulted in additional net service revenue of $3.0 million and $1.3 million, for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Subsequent changes that are determined to be the result of an adverse change in the patient's ability to pay are recorded as bad debt expense. Personal Care The majority of the Company’s net service revenues are generated from providing personal care services directly to consumers under contracts with state, local and other governmental agencies, managed care organizations, commercial insurers and private consumers. Generally, these contracts, which are negotiated based on current contracting practices as appropriate for the payor, establish the terms of a customer relationship and set the broad range of terms for services to be performed at a stated rate. However, the contracts do not give rise to rights and oblig ations until an order is placed with the Company. When an order is placed, it creates the performance obligation to provide a defined quantity of service hours, or authorized hours, per consumer. The Company satisfies its performance obligations over time, given that consumers simultaneously receive and consume the benefits provided by the Company as the services are performed. As the Company has a right to consideration from customers commensurate with the value provided to customers from the performance c ompleted over a given invoice period, the Company has elected to use the practical expedient for measuring progress toward satisfaction of performance obligations and recognizes patient service revenue in the amount to which the Company has a right to invo ice. Hospice Revenue The Company generates net service revenues from providing hospice services to consumers who are terminally ill as well as related services for their families Home Health Revenue The Company also generates net service revenues from providing home healthcare services directly to consumers mainly under contracts with Medicare and managed care organizations. Generally, these contracts, which are negotiated based on current contracting practices as appropriate for the payor, establish the terms of a relationship and set the broad range of terms for services to be performed on an episodic basis at a stated rate. Home health Medicare services were paid under the Medicare Home Health Prospective Payment System (“HHPPS”), for the year ended December 31, 2020, which is based on 30-day periods of care as a unit of service. The HHPPS permits multiple, continuous periods per patient. Medicare payment rates for periods under HHPPS vary based on the severity of the patient’s condition as determined by assessment of a patient’s Home Health Resource Group score. The Company elects to use the same 30-day periods that Medicare recognizes as standard but accelerates revenue upon discharge to align with a patient’s episode length if less than the expected 30 days, which depicts the transfer of services and related benefits received by the patient over the term of the contract necessary to satisfy the obligations. The Company recognizes revenue based on the number of days elapsed during a period of care within the reporting period. The Company satisfies its performance obligations as consumers receive and consume the benefits provided by the Company as the services are performed. As the Company has a right to consideration from Medicare commensurate with the services provided to customers from the performance completed over a given episodic period, the Company has elected to use the practical expedient for measuring progress toward satisfaction of performance obligations. Under this method recognizing revenue ratably over the episode based on beginning and ending dates is a reasonable proxy for the transfer of benefit of the service. Accounts Receivable and Allowances Accounts receivable is reduced to the amount expected to be collected in future periods for services rendered to customers prior to the balance sheet date. Management estimates the value of accounts receivable, net of allowances for implicit price concessions, based upon historical experience and other factors, including an aging of accounts receivable, evaluation of expected adjustments, past adjustments and collection experience in relation to amounts billed, current contract and reimbursement terms, shifts in payors and other relevant information. Collection of net service revenues the Company expects to receive is normally a function of providing complete and correct billing information to the payors within the various filing deadlines. The evaluation of these historical and other factors involves complex, subjective judgments impacting the determination of the implicit price concession assumption. In addition, the Company compares its cash collections to recorded net service revenues and evaluates its historical allowance, including implicit price concessions, based upon the ultimate resolution of the accounts receivable balance. Prior to 2018, the Company established an allowance for doubtful accounts to the extent it was probable that a portion or all of a particular account will not be collected. The Company established its provision for doubtful accounts primarily by reviewing the creditworthiness of significant customers and through evaluations over the collectability of the receivables. An allowance for doubtful accounts was maintained at a level that the Company’s management believed was sufficient to cover potential losses. With the modified retrospective adoption of ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, in 2018, subsequent adjustments that are determined to be the result of an adverse change in the payor’s ability to pay are recognized as . The majority of what historically was classified as provision for doubtful accounts under operating expenses is now treated as an implicit price concession factored into the determination of net service revenues discussed above. Our collection procedures include review of account aging and direct contact with our payors. We have historically not used collection agencies. An uncollectible amount is written off to t he allowance account after reasonable collection efforts have been exhausted. As of December 31, 2020 and 2019 , t he allowance for doubtful accounts balance was $ 1.0 million and $ 1.0 million, respectively, which is included in accounts receivable, n et of allowances on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets . Activity in the allowance for doubtful accounts is as follows (in thousands): Allowance for doubtful accounts Balance at beginning of period Additions/ charges Deductions (1) Balance at end of period Year ended December 31, 2020 Allowance for doubtful accounts $ 962 918 907 $ 973 Year ended December 31, 2019 Allowance for doubtful accounts $ 945 343 326 $ 962 Year ended December 31, 2018 (2) Allowance for doubtful accounts $ 18,749 272 18,076 $ 945 (1) (2) With the adoption of ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, Property and Equipment Property and equipment are recorded at cost and depreciated over the estimated useful lives of the related assets by use of the straight-line method. Maintenance and repairs are charged to expense as incurred. The estimated useful lives of the property and equipment are as follows: Computer equipment 3-5 years Furniture and equipment 5-7 years Transportation equipment 5 years Computer software 3-10 years Leasehold improvements Lesser of useful life or lease term Leases In February 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2016-02, Leases We have historically entered into operating leases for local branches, our corporate headquarters and certain equipment. The Company’s current leases have expiration dates through 2031. Certain of our arrangements have free rent periods and/or escalating rent payment provisions. We recognize rent expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Certain of the Company’s leases include termination options and renewal options for periods ranging from one to five years. Renewal options generally are not considered in determining the lease term, and payments associated with the option years are excluded from lease payments unless we are reasonably certain to exercise the renewal option. The operating lease liabilities are calculated using the present value of lease payments. If available, we use the rate implicit in the lease to discount lease payments to present value; however, most of our leases do not provide a readily determinable implicit rate. Therefore, we must estimate our incremental borrowing rate to discount the lease payments based on information available at lease commencement. Operating lease assets are valued based on the initial operating lease liabilities plus any prepaid rent, reduced by tenant improvement allowances. Operating lease assets are tested for impairment in the same manner as our long-lived assets. For the year ended December 31, 2020, we impaired approximately $1.0 million in operating lease assets, as a result of expanding the Frisco corporate headquarters, included within general and administrative expenses. See Note 2 for additional information related to leases. Goodwill and Intangible Assets Under business combination accounting, assets and liabilities are generally recognized at their fair values and the difference between the consideration transferred, excluding transaction costs, and the fair values of the assets and liabilities is recognized as goodwill. The Company uses various valuation techniques to determine initial fair value of its intangible assets, including relief-from-royalty, income approach, discounted cash flow analysis, and multi-period excess earnings, which use significant unobservable inputs, or Level 3 inputs, as defined by the fair value hierarchy. Under these valuation approaches, we are required to make estimates and assumptions about future market growth and trends, forecasted revenue and costs, expected periods over which the assets will be utilized, appropriate discount rates and other variables. The Company estimates the fair values of the trade names using the relief-from-royalty method, which requires assumptions such as the long-term growth rates of future revenues, the relief from royalty rate for such revenue, the tax rate and the discount rate. The Company estimates the fair value of existing indefinite-lived state licenses based on a blended approach of the replacement cost method and cost savings method, which involves estimating the total process costs and opportunity costs to obtain a license, by estimating future earnings before interest and taxes and applying an estimated discount rate, tax rate and time to obtain the license. The Company estimates the fair value of existing finite-lived state licenses based on a method of analyzing the definite revenue streams with the license and without the license, which involves estimating revenues and expenses, estimated time to build up to a current revenue base, which is market specific, and the non-licensed revenue allocation, revenue growth rates, discount rate and tax amortization benefits. The Company estimates the fair value of customer and referral relationships based on a multi-period excess earnings method, which involves identifying revenue streams associated with the assets, estimating the attrition rates based upon historical financial data, expenses and cash flows associated with the assets, contributory asset charges, rates of return for specific assets, growth rates, discount rate and tax amortization benefits. The Company estimates the fair value of non-competition agreements based on a method of analyzing the factors to compete and factors not to compete, which involves estimating historical financial data, forecasted financial statements, growth rates, tax amortization benefit, discount rate, review of factors to compete and factors not to compete as well as an assessment of the probability of successful competition for each non-competition agreement. The Company bases its fair value estimates on assumptions the Company believes to be reasonable but which are unpredictable and inherently uncertain. Actual future results may differ from those estimates. The Company’s carrying value of goodwill is the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net assets acquired from various acquisitions. In accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 350, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets The goodwill impairment test involves comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying value, including goodwill. If the fair value of a reporting unit exceeds its carrying value, then goodwill is not impaired. If the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value, then goodwill is impaired to the extent of the difference. The Company’s identifiable intangible assets consist of customer and referral relationships, trade names, trademarks, state licenses and non-competition agreements. Definite-lived intangible assets are amortized using straight-line and accelerated methods based upon the estimated useful lives of the respective assets, which range from one to twenty-five years Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets Debt Issuance Costs The Company amortizes debt issuance costs on a straight-line method over the term of the related debt. This method approximates the effective interest method. In accordance with ASU 2015-03, Simplifying the Presentation of Debt Issuance Costs Workers’ Compensation Program The Company’s workers’ compensation insurance program has a $0.4 million deductible component. The Company recognizes its obligations associated with this program in the period the claim is incurred. The cost of both the claims reported and claims incurred but not reported, up to the deductible, have been accrued based on historical claims experience, industry statistics and an actuarial analysis. The future claims payments related to the workers’ compensation program are secured by letters of credit. These letters of credit totaled $9.0 million and $10.0 million at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The Company monitors its claims quarterly and adjusts its reserves accordingly. These costs are recorded primarily as the cost of services on the Consolidated Statements of Income. As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, the Company recorded $13.8 million and $14.1 million, respectively, in accrued workers’ compensation insurance on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, the Company recorded $1.9 million and $2.0 million, respectively, in workers’ compensation insurance receivables. The workers’ compensation insurance receivable is included in prepaid expenses and other current assets on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. Interest Income Illinois law entitles designated service program providers to receive a prompt payment interest penalty based on qualifying services approved for payment that remain unpaid after a designated period of time. As the amount and timing of the receipt of these payments are not certain, the interest income is recognized when received and reported in the statement of income caption, “Interest income.” For the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company received $0.7 million and $2.3 million, respectively, in prompt payment interest. For the year ended December 31, 2020, prompt payment interest received was immaterial. While the Company may be owed additional prompt payment interest in the future, the amount, timing and intent to provide receipt of such payments remains uncertain, and the Company will continue to recognize prompt payment interest income upon satisfaction of these constraints. Interest Expense Interest expense is reported in the Consolidated Statements of Income when incurred and consists of (i) interest and unused credit line fees on the credit facility, evidenced by the Credit Agreement (as defined in Note 8), (ii) interest on our financing lease obligations and (iii) amortization and write-off of debt issuance costs. Income Tax Expense The Company accounts for income taxes under the provisions of ASC Topic 740, Income Taxes. Stock-based Compensation The Company currently has one stock incentive plan, the 2017 Omnibus Incentive Plan (the “2017 Plan”), under which new grants of stock-based employee compensation are made. The Company accounts for stock-based compensatio n in accordance with ASC Topic 718, Stock Compensation . Compensation expense is recognized on a straight-line basis under the 2017 Plan over the vesting period of the equity awards based on the grant date fair value of the options and restricted stock awar ds. The Company utilizes the Black-Scholes Option Pricing Model to value the Company’s options. Forfeitures are recognized when they occur. Stock-based compensation expense was $ 6.0 million, $ 5.8 million and $ 4.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 , respectively, within general and administrative expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Income . Diluted Net Income Per Common Share Diluted net income per common share, calculated on the treasury stock method, is based on the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the period. The Company’s outstanding securities that may potentially dilute the common stock are stock options and restricted stock awards. Included in the Company’s calculation of diluted earnings per share for the year ended December 31, 2020 were approximately 506,000 stock options outstanding, of which approximately 304,000 were dilutive. In addition, there were approximately 154,000 restricted stock awards outstanding, of which approximately 57,000 were dilutive for the year ended December 31, 2020. Included in the Company’s calculation of diluted earnings per share for the year ended December 31, 2019 were approximately 648,000 stock options outstanding, of which approximately 346,000 were dilutive. In addition, there were approximately 149,000 restricted stock awards outstanding, of which approximately 86,000 were dilutive for the year ended December 31, 2019. Included in the Company’s calculation of diluted earnings per share for the year ended December 31, 2018 were approximately 683,000 stock options outstanding, of which approximately 247,000 were dilutive. In addition, there were approximately 149,000 restricted stock awards outstanding, of which approximately 88,000 were dilutive for the year ended December 31, 2018. Estimates The financial statements are prepared by management in conformity with U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (“GAAP”) and include estimated amounts and certain disclosures based on assumptions about future events. The Company’s critical accounting estimates include the following areas: revenue recognition, Fair Value Measurements The Company’s financial instruments consist of cash, accounts receivable, payables and debt. The carrying amounts reported on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets for cash, accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued expenses approximate fair value because of the short-term nature of these instruments. The carrying value of the Company’s long-term debt with variable interest rates approximates fair value based on instruments with similar terms using level 2 inputs as defined under ASC Topic 820, Fair Value Measurement The Company applies fair value techniques on a non-recurring basis associated with valuing potential impairment losses related to goodwill, if required, and indefinite-lived intangible assets and also when determining the fair value of contingent consideration, if applicable. To determine the fair value in these situations, the Company uses Level 3 inputs, under ASC Topic 820 and defined as unobservable inputs in which little or no market data exists; therefore requiring an entity to develop its own assumptions, such as discounted cash flows, or if available, what a market participant would pay on the measurement date. The Company uses various valuation techniques to determine fair value of its intangible assets, including relief-from-royalty, income approach, discounted cash flow analysis, and multi-period excess earnings, which use significant unobservable inputs, or Level 3 inputs, as defined by the fair value hierarchy. Under these valuation approaches, we are required to make estimates and assumptions about future market growth and trends, forecasted revenue and costs, expected periods over which the assets will be utilized, appropriate discount rates and other variables. Going Concern In connection with the preparation of the financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, the Company conducted an evaluation as to whether there were conditions and events, considered in the aggregate, which raised substantial doubt as to the entity’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date of the issuance, or the date of availability, of the financial statements to be issued. The evaluation concluded that cash flows are sufficient for the next year and there did not appear to be evidence of substantial doubt of the entity’s ability to continue as a going concern. Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326) Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. We have reviewed our provision for doubtful accounts process as required by ASU 2016-13. Management estimates allowances on accounts receivable based upon historical experience and other factors, including an aging of accounts receivable, evaluation of expected adjustments, past adjustments and collection experience in relation to amounts billed, current contract and reimbursement terms, shifts in payors and other current relevant information In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-04, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment. In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-15, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other—Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Customer s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That is a Service Contract Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting |