Loans Receivable | Loans Receivable The following table shows a summary of our loans receivable at amortized cost basis at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 (in thousands): September 30, 2022 December 31, 2021 Originated (1) Acquired (2) Total Originated (1) Acquired (2) Total Personal Banking: Residential mortgage loans (3) $ 3,225,348 176,550 3,401,898 2,783,459 211,161 2,994,620 Home equity loans 1,110,401 174,588 1,284,989 1,107,202 212,729 1,319,931 Vehicle loans 1,907,210 99,987 2,007,197 1,384,246 99,985 1,484,231 Consumer loans 100,831 8,210 109,041 307,961 46,556 354,517 Total Personal Banking 6,343,790 459,335 6,803,125 5,582,868 570,431 6,153,299 Commercial Banking: Commercial real estate loans 2,101,684 327,222 2,428,906 2,202,027 423,454 2,625,481 Commercial real estate loans - owner occupied 344,504 39,420 383,924 321,253 68,750 390,003 Commercial loans 1,072,857 52,713 1,125,570 765,877 81,732 847,609 Total Commercial Banking 3,519,045 419,355 3,938,400 3,289,157 573,936 3,863,093 Total loans receivable, gross 9,862,835 878,690 10,741,525 8,872,025 1,144,367 10,016,392 Allowance for credit losses (97,738) (12,081) (109,819) (86,750) (15,491) (102,241) Total loans receivable, net (4) $ 9,765,097 866,609 10,631,706 8,785,275 1,128,876 9,914,151 (1) Includes originated and purchased loan pools purchased in an asset acquisition. (2) Includes loans subject to purchase accounting in a business combination. (3) Includes fair value of $15.8 million and $25.1 million of loans held-for-sale at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. (4) Includes $74.3 million and $62.8 million of net unearned income, unamortized premiums and discounts and deferred fees and costs at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company purchased a total of $182.8 million small business equipment finance loan pools and a total of $188.3 million one- to four-family jumbo mortgage loan pools. The following table provides information related to the allowance for credit losses by portfolio segment and by class of financing receivable for the quarter ended September 30, 2022 (in thousands): Balance as of September 30, 2022 Current period provision Charge-offs Recoveries Balance as of June 30, 2022 Allowance for Credit Losses Personal Banking: Residential mortgage loans $ 17,967 1,646 (166) 329 16,158 Home equity loans 5,448 341 (535) 410 5,232 Vehicle loans 17,004 1,576 (936) 626 15,738 Consumer loans 825 1,170 (1,405) 281 779 Total Personal Banking 41,244 4,733 (3,042) 1,646 37,907 Commercial Banking: Commercial real estate loans 49,649 5,117 (1,329) 6,220 39,641 Commercial real estate loans - owner occupied 4,087 (34) — 26 4,095 Commercial loans 14,839 (2,127) (243) 497 16,712 Total Commercial Banking 68,575 2,956 (1,572) 6,743 60,448 Total $ 109,819 7,689 (4,614) 8,389 98,355 Allowance for Credit Losses - off-balance sheet exposure Personal Banking: Residential mortgage loans $ 4 (2) — — 6 Home equity loans 74 10 — — 64 Total Personal Banking 78 8 — — 70 Commercial Banking: Commercial real estate loans 5,382 1,919 — — 3,463 Commercial real estate loans - owner occupied 287 (41) — — 328 Commercial loans 5,288 1,699 — — 3,589 Total Commercial Banking 10,957 3,577 — — 7,380 Total off-balance sheet exposure $ 11,035 3,585 — — 7,450 The following table provides information related to the allowance for credit losses by portfolio segment and by class of financing receivable for the quarter ended September 30, 2021 (in thousands): Balance as of September 30, 2021 Current period provision Charge-offs Recoveries Balance as of June 30, 2021 Allowance for Credit Losses Personal Banking: Residential mortgage loans $ 7,987 1,939 (1,263) 64 7,247 Home equity loans 6,293 291 (1,474) 237 7,239 Vehicle loans 12,457 82 (1,112) 599 12,888 Consumer loans 3,074 949 (1,036) 360 2,801 Total Personal Banking 29,811 3,261 (4,885) 1,260 30,175 Commercial Banking: Commercial real estate loans 58,451 (5,103) (1,581) 555 64,580 Commercial real estate loans - owner occupied 3,246 (1,487) — 4 4,729 Commercial loans 18,259 (1,025) (412) 1,850 17,846 Total Commercial Banking 79,956 (7,615) (1,993) 2,409 87,155 Total $ 109,767 (4,354) (6,878) 3,669 117,330 Allowance for Credit Losses - off-balance sheet exposure Personal Banking: Residential mortgage loans $ 2 — — — 2 Home equity loans 40 (2) — — 42 Total Personal Banking 42 (2) — — 44 Commercial Banking: Commercial real estate loans 2,647 715 — — 1,932 Commercial real estate loans - owner occupied 140 (41) — — 181 Commercial loans 1,333 101 — — 1,232 Total Commercial Banking 4,120 775 — — 3,345 Total off-balance sheet exposure $ 4,162 773 — — 3,389 The following table provides information related to the allowance for credit losses by portfolio segment and by class of financing receivable for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 (in thousands): Balance as of September 30, 2022 Current period provision Charge-offs Recoveries Balance as of December 31, 2021 Allowance for Credit Losses Personal Banking: Residential mortgage loans $ 17,967 11,331 (1,487) 750 7,373 Home equity loans 5,448 127 (1,237) 1,258 5,300 Vehicle loans 17,004 2,159 (2,517) 1,879 15,483 Consumer loans 825 479 (3,459) 921 2,884 Total Personal Banking 41,244 14,096 (8,700) 4,808 31,040 Commercial Banking: Commercial real estate loans 49,649 (6,465) (6,745) 8,718 54,141 Commercial real estate loans - owner occupied 4,087 167 — 37 3,883 Commercial loans 14,839 1,039 (1,253) 1,876 13,177 Total Commercial Banking 68,575 (5,259) (7,998) 10,631 71,201 Total $ 109,819 8,837 (16,698) 15,439 102,241 Allowance for Credit Losses - off-balance sheet exposure Personal Banking: Residential mortgage loans $ 4 2 — — 2 Home equity loans 74 35 — — 39 Total Personal Banking 78 37 — — 41 Commercial Banking: Commercial real estate loans 5,382 4,501 — — 881 Commercial real estate loans - owner occupied 287 145 — — 142 Commercial loans 5,288 3,894 — — 1,394 Total Commercial Banking 10,957 8,540 — — 2,417 Total off-balance sheet exposure $ 11,035 8,577 — — 2,458 The following table provides information related to the allowance for credit losses by portfolio segment and by class of financing receivable for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 (in thousands): Balance as of September 30, 2021 Current Charge-offs Recoveries Balance as of December 31, 2020 Allowance for Credit Losses Personal Banking: Residential mortgage loans $ 7,987 3,269 (2,888) 340 7,266 Home equity loans 6,293 1,892 (2,081) 490 5,992 Vehicle loans 12,457 (341) (4,017) 1,990 14,825 Consumer loans 3,074 2,291 (3,135) 1,047 2,871 Total Personal Banking 29,811 7,111 (12,121) 3,867 30,954 Commercial Banking: Commercial real estate loans 58,451 (12,859) (9,281) 1,210 79,381 Commercial real estate loans - owner occupied 3,246 (6,391) (890) 9 10,518 Commercial loans 18,259 2,165 (1,627) 4,147 13,574 Total Commercial Banking 79,956 (17,085) (11,798) 5,366 103,473 Total $ 109,767 (9,974) (23,919) 9,233 134,427 Allowance for Credit Losses - off-balance sheet exposure Personal Banking: Residential mortgage loans $ 2 — — — 2 Home equity loans 40 5 — — 35 Total Personal Banking 42 5 — — 37 Commercial Banking: Commercial real estate loans 2,647 (802) — — 3,449 Commercial real estate loans - owner occupied 140 (186) — — 326 Commercial loans 1,333 (1,218) — — 2,551 Total Commercial Banking 4,120 (2,206) — — 6,326 Total off-balance sheet exposure $ 4,162 (2,201) — — 6,363 The following table provides information related to the loan portfolio by portfolio segment and by class of financing receivable at September 30, 2022 (in thousands): Total loans Allowance for Nonaccrual Loans 90 days past due and accruing TDRs Allowance Additional Personal Banking: Residential mortgage loans $ 3,401,898 17,967 7,816 — 6,040 1,032 — Home equity loans 1,284,989 5,448 3,685 — 1,584 657 — Vehicle loans 2,007,197 17,004 3,235 — — — — Consumer loans 109,041 825 166 357 — — — Total Personal Banking 6,803,125 41,244 14,902 357 7,624 1,689 — Commercial Banking: Commercial real estate loans 2,428,906 49,649 65,298 — 37,993 678 10 Commercial real estate loans - owner occupied 383,924 4,087 619 — 96 18 — Commercial loans 1,125,570 14,839 2,808 — 1,037 157 400 Total Commercial Banking 3,938,400 68,575 68,725 — 39,126 853 410 Total $ 10,741,525 109,819 83,627 357 46,750 2,542 410 (1) Includes $30.4 million of nonaccrual TDRs. The following table provides information related to the loan portfolio by portfolio segment and by class of financing receivable at December 31, 2021 (in thousands): Total loans Allowance for Nonaccrual Loans 90 days past due and accruing TDRs Allowance Additional Personal Banking: Residential mortgage loans $ 2,994,620 7,373 10,402 — 6,749 1,442 — Home equity loans 1,319,931 5,300 5,758 — 1,781 718 — Vehicle loans 1,484,231 15,483 3,263 — — — — Consumer loans 354,517 2,884 675 331 — — — Total Personal Banking 6,153,299 31,040 20,098 331 8,530 2,160 — Commercial Banking: Commercial real estate loans 2,625,481 54,141 129,666 — 17,025 2,024 400 Commercial real estate loans - owner occupied 390,003 3,883 1,233 — 159 24 — Commercial loans 847,609 13,177 7,474 — 4,574 609 60 Total Commercial Banking 3,863,093 71,201 138,373 — 21,758 2,657 460 Total $ 10,016,392 102,241 158,471 331 30,288 4,817 460 (1) Includes $17.2 million of nonaccrual TDRs. We present the amortized cost of our loans on nonaccrual status including such loans with no allowance. The following table presents the amortized cost of our loans on nonaccrual status as of the beginning and end of the period ended September 30, 2022 (in thousands): September 30, 2022 Nonaccrual loans at January 1, 2022 Nonaccrual loans with an allowance Nonaccrual loans with no allowance Total nonaccrual loans at the end of the period Loans 90 days past due and accruing Personal Banking: Residential mortgage loans $ 10,402 7,816 — 7,816 — Home equity loans 5,758 3,489 196 3,685 — Vehicle loans 3,263 1,891 1,344 3,235 — Consumer loans 675 166 — 166 357 Total Personal Banking 20,098 13,362 1,540 14,902 357 Commercial Banking: Commercial real estate loans 129,666 27,690 37,608 65,298 — Commercial real estate loans - owner occupied 1,233 619 — 619 — Commercial loans 7,474 2,030 778 2,808 — Total Commercial Banking 138,373 30,339 38,386 68,725 — Total $ 158,471 43,701 39,926 83,627 357 During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, we recognized $197,000 and $487,000 of interest income on nonaccrual and troubled debt restructuring loans. The following table presents the amortized cost of our loans on nonaccrual status as of the year ended December 31, 2021 (in thousands): December 31, 2021 Nonaccrual loans at January 1, 2021 Nonaccrual loans with an allowance Nonaccrual loans with no allowance Total nonaccrual loans at the end of the period Loans 90 days past due and accruing Personal Banking: Residential mortgage loans $ 15,924 10,402 — 10,402 — Home equity loans 9,123 5,551 207 5,758 — Vehicle loans 5,533 3,251 12 3,263 — Consumer loans 1,031 674 1 675 331 Total Personal Banking 31,611 19,878 220 20,098 331 Commercial Banking: Commercial real estate loans 44,092 65,529 64,137 129,666 — Commercial real estate loans - owner occupied 3,642 1,233 — 1,233 — Commercial loans 23,487 3,941 3,533 7,474 — Total Commercial Banking 71,221 70,703 67,670 138,373 — Total $ 102,832 90,581 67,890 158,471 331 During the year ended December 31, 2021, we recognized $803,000 of interest income on nonaccrual and troubled debt restructuring loans. The following table presents the amortized cost basis of collateral-dependent loans by class of loans as of September 30, 2022 (in thousands): Real estate Equipment Total Personal Banking: Residential mortgage loans $ 572 — 572 Home equity loans 99 — 99 Total Personal Banking 671 — 671 Commercial Banking: Commercial real estate loans 63,834 — 63,834 Commercial loans 432 1,122 1,554 Total Commercial Banking 64,266 1,122 65,388 Total $ 64,937 1,122 66,059 The following table presents the amortized cost basis of collateral-dependent loans by class of loans as of December 31, 2021 (in thousands): Real estate Equipment Total Personal Banking: Residential mortgage loans $ 580 — 580 Home equity loans 99 — 99 Total Personal Banking 679 — 679 Commercial Banking: Commercial real estate loans 119,825 1,705 121,530 Commercial loans 3,973 1,926 5,899 Total Commercial Banking 123,798 3,631 127,429 Total $ 124,477 3,631 128,108 Our loan portfolios include loans that have been modified in a TDR, where concessions have been granted to borrowers who have experienced financial difficulties. These concessions typically result from our loss mitigation activities and could include: extending the note’s maturity date, permitting interest only payments, reducing the interest rate to a rate lower than current market rates for new debt with similar risk, reducing the principal payment, principal forbearance or other actions. These concessions are applicable to all loan segments and classes. Certain TDRs are classified as nonperforming at the time of restructuring and may be returned to performing status after considering the borrower’s sustained repayment performance for a period of at least six months. When we modify loans in a TDR, we evaluate any possible impairment similar to other impaired loans based on the present value of expected future cash flows, discounted at the contractual interest rate of the original loan agreement, the loan’s observable market price or the current fair value of the collateral, less selling costs, for collateral dependent loans. If we determine that the value of the modified loan is less than the recorded investment in the loan (net of previous charge-offs, deferred loan fees or costs and unamortized premiums or discounts), impairment is recognized through an allowance estimate or a charge-off to the allowance. In periods subsequent to modification, we evaluate all TDRs, including those that have payment defaults, for possible impairment in accordance with ASC 310-10. As a result, loans modified in a TDR may have the financial effect of increasing the specific allowance associated with the loan. Loans modified in a TDR are closely monitored for delinquency as an early indicator of possible future default. If loans modified in a TDR subsequently default, we evaluate the loan for possible further impairment. The allowance may be increased, adjustments may be made in the allocation of the allowance, partial charge-offs may be taken to further write-down the carrying value of the loan, or the loan may be charged-off completely. In March 2020 and August 2020, joint statements were issued by federal and state regulatory agencies, after consultation with the FASB, to clarify that short-term loan modifications are not TDRs if made on a good-faith basis in response to COVID-19 to borrowers who were current prior to any relief. Under this guidance, six months is provided as an example of short-term, and current is defined as less than 30 days past due at the time the modification program is implemented. The guidance also provides that these modified loans generally will not be classified as nonaccrual during the term of the modification. For borrowers who are 30 days or more past due when enrolling in a loan modification program related to the COVID-19 pandemic, we evaluate the loan modifications under our existing TDR framework, and where such a loan modification would result in a concession to a borrower experiencing financial difficulty, the loan will be accounted for as a TDR and will generally not accrue interest. This TDR relief under the CARES Act was extended by the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 (“CAA”), signed into law on December 27, 2020. Under the CAA, such relief will continue until the earlier of 60 days after the date the COVID-19 national emergency comes to an end or January 1, 2022. Certain loan modifications made during the prior year were done in accordance with Section 4013 of the CARES Act and the Interagency Statement on Loan Modifications and Reporting for Financial Institutions Working with Customers Affected by the Coronavirus. Accordingly, these loans were not categorized as TDRs. The following tables provide a roll forward of troubled debt restructurings for the periods indicated (dollars in thousands): For the quarter ended September 30, 2022 2021 Number of Amount Number of Amount Beginning TDR balance: 128 $ 54,237 158 $ 27,431 New TDRs 6 221 3 345 Re-modified TDRs 4 977 3 4,490 Net paydowns — (810) — (4,702) Charge-offs: Home equity loans — — 1 (29) Commercial real estate loans — — 2 (53) Commercial real estate loans - owner occupied — — 1 (105) Commercial loans — — 5 (139) Paid-off loans: Residential mortgage loans 1 (35) 5 (307) Home equity loans 1 (11) 4 (122) Commercial real estate loans 1 (3,349) 4 (287) Commercial real estate loans - owner occupied 1 (44) — — Commercial loans 3 (3,459) — — Ending TDR balance: 127 $ 46,750 139 $ 26,522 Accruing TDRs $ 16,344 $ 13,664 Nonaccrual TDRs 30,406 12,858 For the nine months ended September 30, 2022 2021 Number of Amount Number of Amount Beginning TDR balance: 134 $ 30,288 170 $ 32,135 New TDRs 8 25,626 5 2,608 Re-modified TDRs 10 1,178 8 5,701 Net paydowns — (1,609) — (8,713) Charge-offs: Residential mortgage loans 1 (3) — — Home equity loans — — 1 (29) Commercial real estate loans — — 2 (53) Commercial real estate loans - owner occupied — — 1 (105) Commercial loans — — 5 (139) Paid-off loans: Residential mortgage loans 2 (236) 9 (1,033) Home equity loans 3 (88) 5 (133) Commercial real estate loans 4 (3,718) 9 (2,973) Commercial real estate loans - owner occupied 1 (44) 1 (47) Commercial loans 4 (3,466) 3 (697) Ending TDR balance: 127 $ 46,750 139 $ 26,522 Accruing TDRs $ 16,344 $ 13,664 Nonaccrual TDRs 30,406 12,858 The following tables provide information related to TDRs (including re-modified TDRs) by portfolio segment and by class of financing receivable during the periods indicated (in thousands): For the quarter ended September 30, 2022 For the nine months ended September 30, 2022 Number of Recorded Current Current Number of Recorded Current Current Personal Banking: Residential mortgage loans 2 $ 147 144 15 2 $ 147 144 15 Home equity loans 5 160 154 23 5 160 154 23 Total Personal Banking 7 307 298 38 7 307 298 38 Commercial Banking: Commercial real estate loans 1 610 609 89 5 34,295 26,212 102 Commercial loans 2 332 291 20 6 3,856 294 20 Total Commercial Banking 3 942 900 109 11 38,151 26,506 122 Total 10 $ 1,249 1,198 147 18 $ 38,458 26,804 160 For the quarter ended September 30, 2021 For the nine months ended September 30, 2021 Number of Recorded Current Current Number of Recorded Current Current Personal Banking: Residential mortgage loans — $ — — — 1 $ 125 115 16 Home equity loans 2 153 36 17 3 156 36 17 Total Personal Banking 2 153 36 17 4 281 151 33 Commercial Banking: Commercial real estate loans 3 4,840 4,490 65 6 6,723 5,586 207 Commercial loans 1 330 309 — 3 2,726 2,572 — Total Commercial Banking 4 5,170 4,799 65 9 9,449 8,158 207 Total 6 $ 5,323 4,835 82 13 $ 9,730 8,309 240 The following table provides information as of September 30, 2022 for TDRs (including re-modified TDRs) by type of modification, by portfolio segment and class of financing receivable for modifications during the quarter ended September 30, 2022 (in thousands): Type of modification Number of contracts Maturity date Total Personal Banking: Residential mortgage loans 2 144 144 Home equity loans 5 154 154 Total Personal Banking 7 298 298 Commercial Banking: Commercial real estate loans 1 609 609 Commercial loans 2 291 291 Total Commercial Banking 3 900 900 Total 10 1,198 1,198 The following table provides information as of September 30, 2021 for TDRs (including re-modified TDRs) by type of modification, by portfolio segment and class of financing receivable for modifications during the quarter ended September 30, 2021 (in thousands): Type of modification Number of contracts Rate Payment Maturity date Total Personal Banking: Home equity loans 2 $ — 30 6 36 Total Personal Banking 2 — 30 6 36 Commercial Banking: Commercial real estate loans 3 378 — 4,112 4,490 Commercial loans 1 — — 309 309 Total Commercial Banking 4 378 — 4,421 4,799 Total 6 $ 378 30 4,427 4,835 The following table provides information as of September 30, 2022 for TDRs (including re-modified TDRs) by type of modification, by portfolio segment and class of financing receivable for modifications during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 (in thousands): Type of modification Number of contracts Rate Maturity date Total Personal Banking: Residential mortgage loans 2 $ — 144 144 Home equity loans 5 — 154 154 Total Personal Banking 7 — 298 298 Commercial Banking: Commercial real estate loans 5 4,166 22,046 26,212 Commercial loans 6 — 294 294 Total Commercial Banking 11 4,166 22,340 26,506 Total 18 $ 4,166 22,638 26,804 The following table provides information as of September 30, 2021 for TDRs (including re-modified TDRs) by type of modification, by portfolio segment and class of financing receivable for modifications during the nine months ended September 30, 2021 (in thousands): Type of modification Number of contracts Rate Payment Maturity date Other Total Personal Banking: Residential mortgage loans 1 $ 115 — — — 115 Home equity loans 3 — 30 6 — 36 Total Personal Banking 4 115 30 6 — 151 Commercial Banking: Commercial real estate loans 6 378 — 5,136 72 5,586 Commercial loans 3 — — 2,572 — 2,572 Total Commercial Banking 9 378 — 7,708 72 8,158 Total 13 $ 493 30 7,714 72 8,309 No TDRs modified within the previous twelve months of September 30, 2022 subsequently defaulted. The following table provides information related to troubled debt restructurings modified within the previous twelve months of September 30, 2021 that subsequently defaulted: Number of Recorded Current Current Commercial Banking: Commercial real estate loans 3 $ 4,167 3,951 2 Total Commercial Banking 3 4,167 3,951 2 Total 3 $ 4,167 3,951 2 The following table provides information related to the amortized cost basis of loan payment delinquencies at September 30, 2022 (in thousands): 30-59 days 60-89 days 90 days or Total Current Total loans 90 days or Personal Banking: Residential mortgage loans $ 1,052 4,320 5,544 10,916 3,390,982 3,401,898 — Home equity loans 3,278 1,227 1,779 6,284 1,278,705 1,284,989 — Vehicle loans 6,086 2,322 1,935 10,343 1,996,854 2,007,197 — Consumer loans 460 341 453 1,254 107,787 109,041 357 Total Personal Banking 10,876 8,210 9,711 28,797 6,774,328 6,803,125 357 Commercial Banking: Commercial real estate loans 929 1,648 8,558 11,135 2,417,771 2,428,906 — Commercial real estate loans - owner occupied 403 93 263 759 383,165 383,924 — Commercial loans 2,582 808 638 4,028 1,121,542 1,125,570 — Total Commercial Banking 3,914 2,549 9,459 15,922 3,922,478 3,938,400 — Total loans $ 14,790 10,759 19,170 44,719 10,696,806 10,741,525 357 The following table provides information related to the amortized cost basis of loan payment delinquencies at December 31, 2021 (in thousands): 30-59 days 60-89 days 90 days or Total Current Total loans 90 days or Personal Banking: Residential mortgage loans $ 20,567 5,433 7,641 33,641 2,960,979 2,994,620 — Home equity loans 3,153 949 4,262 8,364 1,311,567 1,319,931 — Vehicle loans 5,331 1,487 1,635 8,453 1,475,778 1,484,231 — Consumer loans 1,205 519 765 2,489 352,028 354,517 331 Total Personal Banking 30,256 8,388 14,303 52,947 6,100,352 6,153,299 331 Commercial Banking: Commercial real estate loans 16,938 699 23,489 41,126 2,584,355 2,625,481 — Commercial real estate loans - owner occupied 127 70 574 771 389,232 390,003 — Commercial loans 193 727 1,105 2,025 845,584 847,609 — Total Commercial Banking 17,258 1,496 25,168 43,922 3,819,171 3,863,093 — Total originated loans $ 47,514 9,884 39,471 96,869 9,919,523 10,016,392 331 Credit Quality Indicators: For Commercial Banking we categorize loans into risk categories based on relevant information about the ability of borrowers to service their debt such as: current financial information, historical payment experience, credit documentation, public information, and current economic trends, among other factors. We analyze loans individually by classifying the loans by credit risk. Credit relationships greater than or equal to $1.0 million classified as special mention or substandard are reviewed quarterly for deterioration or improvement to determine if the loan is appropriately classified. We use the following definitions for risk ratings other than pass: Special Mention — Loans designated as special mention have specific, well-defined risk issues, which create a high level of uncertainty regarding the long-term viability of the business. Loans in this class are considered to have high-risk characteristics. A special mention loan exhibits material negative financial trends due to company-specific or systemic conditions. If these potential weaknesses are not mitigated, they threaten the borrower’s capacity to meet its debt obligations. Special mention loans still demonstrate sufficient financial flexibility to react to and positively address the root cause of the adverse financial trends without significant deviations from their current business strategy. Their potential weaknesses deserve our close attention and warrant enhanced monitoring. Substandard — Loans classified as substandard are inadequately protected by the current net worth and payment capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any. Loans so classified have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt. They are characterized by the distinct possibility that we will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected. Doubtful — Loans classified as doubtful have all the weaknesses inherent in those classified as substandard. In addition, those weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full highly questionable and improbable. A loan classified as doubtful exhibits discernible loss potential, but a complete loss seems very unlikely. The possibility of a loss on a doubtful loan is high, but because of certain important and reasonably specific pending factors that may strengthen the loan, its classification as an estimated loss is deferred until a more exact status can be determined. Loss — Loans classified as loss are considered uncollectible and of such value that the continuance as a loan is not warranted. A loss classification does not mean that the loan has no recovery or salvage value; instead, it means that it is not practical or desirable to defer writing off all or a portion of a basically worthless loan even though partial recovery may be possible in the future. For Personal Banking loans a pass risk rating is maintained until they are greater than 90 days past due, and risk rating reclassification is based primarily on past due status of the loan. The risk rating categories can generally be described by the following groupings: Pass — Loans classified as pass are homogeneous loans that are less than 90 days past due from the required payment date at month-end. Substandard — Loans classified as substandard are homogeneous loans that are greater than 90 days past due from the required payment date at month-end, loans classified as TDRs or homogenous retail loans that are greater than 180 days past due from the required payment date at month-end that has been written down to the value of underlying collateral, less costs to sell. Doubtful — Loans classified as doubtful are homogeneous loans that are greater than 180 days past due from the required payment date at month-end and not written down to the value of underlying collateral. These loans are generally charged-off in the month in which the 180 day period elapses. The following table presents the amortized cost basis of our loan portfolio by year of origination and credit quality indicator for each portfolio segment as of September 30, 2022 (in thousands): YTD September 30, 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 Prior Revolving loans Revolving loans converted to term loans Total loans Personal Banking: Residential mortgage loans Pass $ 496,721 841,725 557,403 271,096 136,426 1,084,797 — — 3,388,168 Substandard — 224 310 351 709 12,136 — — 13,730 Total residential mortgage loans 496,721 841,949 557,713 271,447 137,135 1,096,933 — — 3,401,898 Home equity loans Pass 99,288 132,418 180,140 115,548 52,827 214,833 443,136 41,778 1,279,968 Substandard — 47 26 62 382 3,075 579 850 5,021 Total home equity loans 99,288 132,465 180,166 115,610 53,209 217,908 443,715 42,628 1,284,989 Vehicle loans Pass 791,768 670,925 254,957 156,151 82,807 47,352 — — 2,003,960 Substandard 214 969 503 656 541 354 — — 3,237 Total vehicle loans 791,982 671,894 255,460 156,807 83,348 47,706 — — 2,007,197 Consumer loans Pass 14,944 11,232 5,066 4,313 3,002 5,631 63,134 1,196 108,518 Substandard — 8 6 4 5 52 405 43 523 Total consumer loans 14,944 11,240 5,072 4,317 3,007 5,683 63,539 1,239 109,041 Total Personal Banking 1,402,935 1,657,548 998,411 548,181 276,699 1,368,230 507,254 43,867 6,803,125 Business Banking: Commercial real estate loans Pass 238,090 353,748 395,986 255,223 214,146 740,333 26,992 7,447 2,231,965 Special mention — 787 1,350 20,784 1,015 7,244 111 15 31,306 Substandard — 95 7,066 26,833 42,783 87,511 489 858 165,635 Total commercial real estate loans 238,090 354,630 404,402 302,840 257,944 835,088 27,592 8,320 2,428,906 Commercial real estate loans - owner occupied Pass 53,373 62,701 18,001 51,376 46,512 121,462 2,703 1,555 357,683 Special mention — — — — 1,673 501 1,204 — 3,378 Substandard — — — 5,379 2,509 13,002 59 1,914 22,863 Total commercial real estate loans - owner occupied 53,373 62,701 18,001 56,755 50,694 134,965 3,966 3,469 383,924 Commercial loans Pass 451,388 102,258 58,114 50,237 18,805 60,839 349,086 4,103 1,094,830 Special mention 144 209 275 1,282 193 — 1,901 — 4,004 Substandard 540 291 1,088 2,338 1,825 1,356 12,791 6,507 26,736 Total commercial loans 452,072 102,758 59,477 53,857 20,823 62,195 363,778 10,610 1,125,570 Total Business Banking 743,535 520,089 481,880 413,452 329,461 1,032,248 395,336 22,399 3,938,400 Total loans $ 2,146,470 2,177,637 1,480,291 961,633 606,160 2,400,478 902,590 66,266 10,741,525 During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, $13.4 million of revolving loans were converted to term loans. The following table presents the amortized cost basis of our loan portfolio by year of origination and credit quality indicator for each portfolio segment as of December 31, 2021 (in thousands): 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 Prior Revolving loans Revolving loans converted to term loans Total loans Personal Banking: Residential mortgage loans Pass $ 644,862 602,429 304,275 156,639 171,240 1,098,635 — — 2,978,080 Substandard 138 489 377 538 882 14,116 — — 16,540 Total residential mortgage loans 645,000 602,918 304,652 157,177 172,122 1,112,751 — — 2,994,620 Home equity loans Pass 150,847 210,224 138,661 65,011 61,692 209,959 435,660 40,766 1,312,820 Substandard — — 441 60 455 3,820 1,275 1,060 7,111 Total home equity loans 150,847 210,224 139,102 65,071 62,147 213,779 436,935 41,826 1,319,931 Vehicle loans Pass 801,084 292,804 205,653 119,304 34,546 27,576 — — 1,480,967 Substandard 387 365 1,141 745 379 247 — — 3,264 Total vehicle loans 801,471 293,169 206,794 120,049 34,925 27,823 — — 1,484,231 Consumer loans Pass 117,856 81,266 47,195 20,595 9,794 12,202 63,025 1,578 353,511 Substandard 213 161 105 64 26 50 357 30 1,006 Total consumer loans 118,069 81,427 47,300 20,659 9,820 12,252 63,382 1,608 354,517 Total Personal Banking 1,715,387 1,187,738 697,848 362,956 279,014 1,366,605 500,317 43,434 6,153,299 Business Banking: Commercial real estate loans Pass 306,689 433,219 335,541 263,524 221,450 683,537 26,288 10,179 2,280,427 Special mention 803 1,808 52,513 3,296 1,394 8,529 729 23 69,095 Substandard — 34,153 44,712 46,045 56,077 89,311 492 5,169 275,959 Total commercial real estate loans 307,492 469,180 432,766 312,865 278,921 781,377 27,509 15,371 2,625,481 Commercial real estate - owner occupied Pass 69,084 19,452 51,997 60,824 57,676 94,687 2,822 2,707 359,249 Special mention — — — 769 1,959 1,444 856 — 5,028 Substandard — — 3,575 2,887 7,840 10,602 — 822 25,726 Total commercial real estate - owner occupied loans 69,084 19,452 55,572 64,480 67,475 106,733 3,678 3,529 390,003 Commercial loans Pass 224,367 110,171 73,276 27,668 20,748 76,987 262,805 12,301 808,323 Special mention 197 661 812 1,195 50 581 2,234 — 5,730 Substandard 329 4,767 5,102 4,437 1,529 2,116 6,667 8,609 33,556 Total commercial loans 224,893 115,599 79,190 33, |