ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES | NOTE 6: ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES Effective on January 1, 2020 upon adoption of Topic 326, the Company’s ACL for the loan portfolio has two main components: a reserve for expected losses determined from the historical loss rates, adjusted for qualitative factors, and forecasted expected losses on the segments associated with the individual loan classes with similar risk characteristics, or general reserve, and a separate allowance representing the reserves assigned to individually evaluated loans that do not share similar risk characteristics with other loans, or specific reserve. The Company defines the loan class to be the grouping of the loan receivable based on risk characteristics and the method for monitoring and assessing credit risk, which is represented by the loan type or major category of loans. For specific reserves, loans identified as not sharing similar risk characteristics with other assets are individually evaluated for the net amount expected to be collected and reserves are determined for them outside of general reserve computation. For determination of credit losses on loans individually evaluated, the Company utilizes various methods such as discounted cash flow analysis, appraisal valuation on collateral, among others, to determine any impairment of the loan and need for additional allowance for expected losses. For the general reserve computation, the Company selected an aged-based vintage model, or the Vintage model, based on the model’s ability to predict credit risks associated with the loan portfolio and capture the expected life of loan losses associated with each segment of loans. The Company primarily manages credit quality and determines credit risk of its loans based on the risk grade assigned to each individual loan within the loan class. See risk grade discussion later in this footnote. The factors considered include the age of the loan, interest rate, loan size, payment structure, term, risk ratings, loan to value, collateral type, geographical pattern, and industrial sector. The breakdown of the loan classes into portfolio segments was a judgement election based upon identified risk criteria. The Company has limited specific historical loss experience to directly tie to an attribute and thus the use of one factor over another is based on management’s perceived risk of the identified factor in combination with the data analyzed. After consideration of the factors previously discussed, the Company determined segmenting the portfolio into 16 segments, plus overdrafts, based on the identified risk characteristics present within each segment. These risk characteristics are determined based on call code, collateral types, and loan terms. The Company believes that this segmentation best represents the portfolio segments at a level to develop the systematic methodology in the determination of the ACL. Certain loans were aggregated and disaggregated to align with the concentrations of risk and expected loss exposures associated with those loans. Oil and gas loans were carved out of commercial and industrial loans and oil and gas real estate loans were carved out of commercial real estate loans due to the inherent risk related to the oil and gas industry, the volatile nature of the price of oil and its potential impact on the local economy of the Company’s primary geographical area. Commercial and industrial loans were divided into two pools based on terms greater than one year and less than or equal to one year. Commercial and industrial loans with terms less than or equal to one year are typically revolving credits and have different risk characteristics based on the short-term nature of the loan than commercial and industrial loans with terms longer than one year. Commercial real estate loans are split out further into owner occupied and non-owner occupied based on their different risk profiles. Community development loans were split-out as a separate component of construction and multi-family residential loans based on the unique underwriting of these loans and some underlying guarantees which impact the risk profile of these loans. The remaining construction loans were split between 1-4 family primary construction and 1-4 family single family residential construction loans as they are deemed to have differing risk profiles. The loans were then subdivided by year of origination or vintage, as determined by an identifiable credit decision date. See the table that follows this discussion. Historical net losses are used to calculate a historical loss rate for each vintage within each portfolio segment and then subjective adjustments for internal and external qualitative risk factors are applied to the historical loss rates to generate a total expected loss rate for each vintage within each portfolio segment. For portfolio segments of loans with no historical losses, the Company is using the weighted average of its the annual historical loss rates as a proxy loss rate floor or, specifically for oil and gas and oil and gas real estate portfolio segments, historical average loss rate based on peer group data. There are multiple qualitative factors, both internal and external, that could impact potential collectability of the underlying loans. The various internal factors that may be considered include, among other things, (i) effectiveness of loan policies, procedures and internal controls; (ii) portfolio growth and changes in loan concentrations; (iii) changes in loan quality; (iv) experience, ability and effectiveness of lending management and staff; (v) legal and regulatory compliance requirements associated with underwriting, originating and servicing a loan and the impact of exceptions; and (vi) the effectiveness of the internal loan review function. The various external factors that may be considered include, among other things, (i) current national and local economic conditions; (ii) changes in the political, legal and regulatory landscape; (iii) industry trends, in particular those related to loan quality and (iv) forecasted changes in the economy. As part of this assessment, the Company considers the need to adjust historical information to reflect the extent to which current conditions and forecasts differ from the conditions that existed for the period over which historical information was evaluated. The Company uses an economic forecast qualitative factor as noted above to adjust the expected loss rates for the effects of forecasted changes in the economy. The Company uses economic indicators and indexes including, but not limited to, inflation indexes, unemployment rates, fluctuations of interest rates, economic growth, government expenditures, gross domestic product indexes, productivity indicators, leading indexes and debt levels and narratives such as those supplied by the Federal Reserve’s beige book and Moody’s Analytics that provide information for determining an appropriate impact ratio for macro-economic conditions. The Company has determined that a two-year forecast period provides a balance between the level of forecast periods reasonably available and forecast accuracy. The Company utilized, at adoption and during the three-month period ending March 31, 2020, an immediate reversion to historical levels after the two-year forecast period. The Company believes a two-year period is the limit of a reasonable and supportable forecast and chose to revert to historical levels immediately afterward as current adjusted loss history is the more relevant indicator of expected losses beyond the forecast period. The historical loss rates, adjusted for current conditions and forecasting assumptions, are multiplied by the respective loan’s amortized cost balances in each vintage within each segment to compute an estimated quantitative reserve for expected losses in the portfolio. The quantitative reserve for expected loan losses and the qualitative reserve for expected loan losses combined together make up the total estimated loan loss reserve. Loan amortized costs, as defined by GAAP, includes principal, deferred fees or costs associated with the loan, premiums, discounts and accrued interest. The Company made a policy election to exclude accrued interest in the determination of an ACL. The Company continues its policy of reversing previously accrued interest when it has been deemed uncollectible and accrued interest receivable is included in other assets in the consolidated balance sheets. Loans available for sale are excluded from the computation of expected loan loss as they are carried at the lower of cost or market value. As part of the implementation of ASU 2016-13, the Company changed its methodology for determining the ACLs for loans. As a result of this adoption, the percentage of the ACL for loans to loans increased from 0.96% to 0.99%, effective January 1, 2020. At March 31, 2020, the percentage of the ACL for loans to total loans increased to 1.16%, reflecting the impact of current and forecasted economic factors for the local and national economy due to the impact of COVID-19 and the drop in the price of oil and gas during the first quarter of 2020. The Company’s total factors ranged from 0.67% to 2.42% at January 1, 2020 and ranged from 0.85% to 2.61% at March 31, 2020 and all factors were reassessed at the end of the first quarter. At the time of the assessment, there was limited economic forecasted data related to COVID-19 and the drop in the price of oil and gas. The increase in the ACL related to these events reflects the Company’s assessment based on the information available at March 31, 2020. Risk Grading As part of the on‑going monitoring of the credit quality of the Company’s loan portfolio, management assigns and tracks loan grades as described below that are used as credit quality indicators. Pass —Credits in this category contain an acceptable amount of risk. Special Mention —Credits in this category contain more than the normal amount of risk and are referred to as “special mention” in accordance with regulatory guidelines. These credits possess clearly identifiable temporary weaknesses or trends that, if not corrected or revised, may result in a condition that exposes the Company to a higher level of risk of loss. Substandard —Credits in this category are “substandard” in accordance with regulatory guidelines and of unsatisfactory credit quality with well‑defined weaknesses or weaknesses that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt. Credits in this category are inadequately protected by the current sound worth and paying capacity of the obligor or the collateral pledged, if any. Often, the assets in this category will have a valuation allowance representative of management’s estimated loss that is probable to be incurred. Loans deemed substandard and on nonaccrual status are considered impaired and are individually evaluated for impairment. Doubtful —Credits in this category are considered “doubtful” in accordance with regulatory guidelines, are placed on nonaccrual status and may be dependent upon collateral having a value that is difficult to determine or upon some near‑term event which lacks certainty. Generally, these credits will have a valuation allowance based upon management’s best estimate of the losses probable to occur in the liquidation of the debt. Loss —Credits in this category are considered “loss” in accordance with regulatory guidelines and are considered uncollectible and of such little value as to question their continued existence as assets on the Company’s financial statements. Such credits are to be charged off or charged down when payment is acknowledged to be uncertain or when the timing or value of payments cannot be determined. This category does not intend to imply that the debt or some portion of it will never be paid, nor does it in any way imply that the debt will be forgiven. The methodology used by the Company in the determination of its ACL, which is performed at least on a quarterly basis, is designed to be responsive to changes in the credit quality of the loan portfolio as well as forecasted economic conditions. The credit quality of the loan portfolio is assessed through different processes. At origination, a risk grade is assigned to each loan based on underwriting procedures and criteria. The Company monitors the credit quality of the loan portfolio on an on-going basis by performing loan reviews, both internally and through a third-party vendor, on loans meeting certain risk and exposure criteria. Through these reviews, loans that require risk grade changes are approved by executive management. In addition, executive management reviews classified and criticized loans on to assess changes in credit quality of the underlying loan, and when determined appropriate based on an individual evaluation, approve specific reserves. The review of the appropriateness of the ACL, which includes evaluation of historical loss trends, qualitative adjustments and forecasted economic conditions applied to general reserves, is performed by executive management and presented to the board of directors for their review on a quarterly basis as part of our interim and annual consolidated financial statements. The loans by risk grades, loan class and vintage at March 31, 2020 were as follows: (Dollars in thousands) 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 Prior Revolving Loans Converted Revolving Loans Total Commercial and industrial: Pass $ 16,734 $ 120,547 $ 67,560 $ 19,418 $ 12,466 $ 9,688 $ 270,877 $ 11,585 $ 528,875 Special mention 33 266 — 15 — — 436 — 750 Substandard 1,000 786 464 39 354 2,406 4,012 3,964 13,025 Total commercial and industrial 17,767 121,599 68,024 19,472 12,820 12,094 275,325 15,549 542,650 Commercial real estate: Pass 57,116 213,693 214,659 139,415 86,079 129,764 36,851 2,322 879,899 Special mention — — — — 1,587 — — 11,000 12,587 Substandard — 1,926 4,967 216 1,600 3,200 — — 11,909 Total commercial real estate 57,116 215,619 219,626 139,631 89,266 132,964 36,851 13,322 904,395 Construction and development: Pass 35,419 184,260 196,235 45,597 8,477 35,240 40,564 — 545,792 Substandard — 519 1,500 10,532 — — — — 12,551 Total construction and development 35,419 184,779 197,735 56,129 8,477 35,240 40,564 — 558,343 1-4 family residential: Pass 7,110 35,961 66,602 49,164 27,973 70,808 11,094 1,277 269,989 Special mention — — 40 — 392 386 — — 818 Substandard — 547 — 249 20 3,034 — 1,485 5,335 Total 1-4 family residential 7,110 36,508 66,642 49,413 28,385 74,228 11,094 2,762 276,142 Multi-family residential: Pass 7,770 8,527 23,743 50,750 4,361 172,001 — — 267,152 Total multi-family residential 7,770 8,527 23,743 50,750 4,361 172,001 — — 267,152 Consumer: Pass 3,020 6,506 3,443 2,528 323 411 19,689 2,208 38,128 Substandard — — — — — 5 — — 5 Total consumer 3,020 6,506 3,443 2,528 323 416 19,689 2,208 38,133 Agriculture: Pass 936 1,701 547 162 38 5 3,975 79 7,443 Substandard — — — — — 27 50 — 77 Total agriculture 936 1,701 547 162 38 32 4,025 79 7,520 Other: Pass 623 15,233 5,026 162 128 1,551 35,662 17,424 75,809 Substandard — — 1,381 — 1,241 — 5,645 — 8,267 Total other 623 15,233 6,407 162 1,369 1,551 41,307 17,424 84,076 Total $ 129,761 $ 590,472 $ 586,167 $ 318,247 $ 145,039 $ 428,526 $ 428,855 $ 51,344 $ 2,678,411 Loans by risk grades and loan class as of the date shown below were as follows: Special (Dollars in thousands) Pass Mention Substandard Total Loans December 31, 2019 Commercial and industrial $ 513,417 $ 2,963 $ 11,227 $ 527,607 Real estate: Commercial real estate 876,207 18,570 5,969 900,746 Construction and development 515,247 12,565 — 527,812 1-4 family residential 274,731 594 4,867 280,192 Multi-family residential 277,209 — — 277,209 Consumer 36,566 — 216 36,782 Agriculture 9,733 50 29 9,812 Other 79,860 — 6,653 86,513 Total loans $ 2,582,970 $ 34,742 $ 28,961 $ 2,646,673 Charge-offs and recoveries by loan class and vintage for the three months ended March 31, 2020 were as follows: (Dollars in thousands) 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 Prior Revolving Loans Total Commercial and industrial: Charge-off $ — $ — $ — $ (29) $ — $ — $ (1) $ (30) Recovery — 2 87 16 10 133 180 428 Total commercial and industrial — 2 87 (13) 10 133 179 398 1-4 family residential: Charge-off — — — — — — — — Recovery — — — — — 1 — 1 Total 1-4 family residential — — — — — 1 — 1 Consumer: Charge-off — — (8) (95) — — — (103) Recovery 3 — — — — 1 — 4 Total consumer 3 — (8) (95) — 1 — (99) Other: Charge-off — — — — — — — — Recovery — — — 1 — — — 1 Total other — — — 1 — — — 1 Total $ 3 $ 2 $ 79 $ (107) $ 10 $ 135 $ 179 $ 301 Activity in the total ACL for loans for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, was as follows: Real Estate Commercial Construction and Commercial and 1-4 family Multi-family (Dollars in thousands) industrial real estate development residential residential Consumer Agriculture Other Total March 31, 2020 Beginning balance $ 7,671 $ 7,975 $ 4,446 $ 2,257 $ 1,699 $ 388 $ 74 $ 770 $ 25,280 Impact of CECL adoption 852 (140) 100 (275) 294 (25) 64 4 874 Provision (recapture) for credit losses for loans 614 1,741 1,249 447 420 213 (9) 64 4,739 Charge-offs (30) — — — — (103) — — (133) Recoveries 428 — — 1 — 4 — 1 434 Net (charge-offs) recoveries 398 — — 1 — (99) — 1 301 Ending balance $ 9,535 $ 9,576 $ 5,795 $ 2,430 $ 2,413 $ 477 $ 129 $ 839 $ 31,194 Period-end amount allocated to: Specific reserve $ 409 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 409 General reserve 9,126 9,576 5,795 2,430 2,413 477 129 839 30,785 Total $ 9,535 $ 9,576 $ 5,795 $ 2,430 $ 2,413 $ 477 $ 129 $ 839 $ 31,194 Real Estate Commercial Construction and Commercial and 1-4 family Multi-family (Dollars in thousands) industrial real estate development residential residential Consumer Agriculture Other Total March 31, 2019 Beginning balance $ 7,719 $ 6,730 $ 4,298 $ 2,281 $ 1,511 $ 387 $ 62 $ 705 $ 23,693 Provision (recapture) for credit losses for loans 903 52 402 (33) (54) (36) (12) (75) 1,147 Charge-offs (280) — — — — (4) — — (284) Recoveries 74 2 — 1 — 10 — — 87 Net (charge-offs) recoveries (206) 2 — 1 — 6 — — (197) Ending balance $ 8,416 $ 6,784 $ 4,700 $ 2,249 $ 1,457 $ 357 $ 50 $ 630 $ 24,643 Period-end amount allocated to: Specific reserve $ 582 $ 33 $ — $ 77 $ — $ — $ — $ 96 $ 788 General reserve 7,834 6,751 4,700 2,172 1,457 357 50 534 23,855 Total $ 8,416 $ 6,784 $ 4,700 $ 2,249 $ 1,457 $ 357 $ 50 $ 630 $ 24,643 The ACL for loans by loan class as of the periods indicated was as follows: March 31, 2020 December 31, 2019 (Dollars in thousands) Amount Percent Amount Percent Commercial and industrial $ 9,535 30.6 % $ 7,671 30.3 % Real estate: Commercial real estate 9,576 30.7 % 7,975 31.6 % Construction and development 5,795 18.6 % 4,446 17.6 % 1-4 family residential 2,430 7.8 % 2,257 8.9 % Multi-family residential 2,413 7.7 % 1,699 6.7 % Consumer 477 1.5 % 388 1.5 % Agriculture 129 0.4 % 74 0.3 % Other 839 2.7 % 770 3.1 % Total allowance for credit losses for loans $ 31,194 100.0 % $ 25,280 100.0 % Allocation of a portion of the ACL to one class of loans above does not preclude its availability to absorb losses in other classes. The loans evaluated individually and the related specific ACL at the dates shown below were as follows: March 31, 2020 December 31, 2019 (Dollars in thousands) Recorded Investment Specific ACL Net Recorded Investment Specific ACL Net Loans evaluated individually Commercial and industrial $ 1,528 $ 409 $ 1,119 $ 999 $ 416 $ 583 Commercial real estate 5,818 — 5,818 1,404 — 1,404 Construction and development 519 — 519 — — — 1-4 family residential 3,703 — 3,703 3,651 15 3,636 Consumer — — — 210 — 210 Other 8,267 — 8,267 6,653 6 6,647 Total $ 19,835 $ 409 $ 19,426 $ 12,917 $ 437 $ 12,480 At March 31, 2020, the Company had one 1-4 family residential collateral dependent loan with a principal balance of $32,000. (Dollars in thousands) March 31, 2020 Beginning balance $ 378 Impact of CECL adoption 2,981 Provision for credit losses for unfunded commitments 310 Ending balance $ 3,669 |