Loans | Note 6 Loans The loan portfolio is comprised of loans originated by the Company and loans that were acquired in connection with the Company’s acquisitions. The tables below show the loan portfolio composition including carrying value by segment as of the dates shown. The carrying value of loans is net of discounts, fees, costs and fair value marks of $30.1 million and $33.6 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. December 31, 2024 Total loans % of total Commercial $ 4,670,430 60.2% Commercial real estate non-owner occupied 1,812,338 23.4% Residential real estate 1,253,838 16.2% Consumer 14,537 0.2% Total $ 7,751,143 100.0% December 31, 2023 Total loans % of total Commercial $ 4,499,035 58.4% Commercial real estate non-owner occupied 1,856,750 24.1% Residential real estate 1,323,787 17.2% Consumer 19,186 0.3% Total $ 7,698,758 100.0% Information about delinquent and non-accrual loans is shown in the following tables at December 31, 2024 and 2023: December 31, 2024 Greater 30-89 days than 90 days Total past past due and past due and Non-accrual due and accruing accruing loans non-accrual Current Total loans Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ 20,290 $ 5,492 $ 21,950 $ 47,732 $ 1,948,093 $ 1,995,825 Municipal and non-profit — — — — 1,107,142 1,107,142 Owner occupied commercial real estate 1,611 9,447 195 11,253 1,252,891 1,264,144 Food and agribusiness — — 587 587 302,732 303,319 Total commercial 21,901 14,939 22,732 59,572 4,610,858 4,670,430 Commercial real estate non-owner occupied: Construction — — — — 250,335 250,335 Acquisition/development — — — — 82,862 82,862 Multifamily — — — — 320,781 320,781 Non-owner occupied 158 — 5,971 6,129 1,152,231 1,158,360 Total commercial real estate non-owner occupied 158 — 5,971 6,129 1,806,209 1,812,338 Residential real estate: Senior lien 952 — 6,747 7,699 1,161,568 1,169,267 Junior lien 133 — 505 638 83,933 84,571 Total residential real estate 1,085 — 7,252 8,337 1,245,501 1,253,838 Consumer 20 1 39 60 14,477 14,537 Total loans $ 23,164 $ 14,940 $ 35,994 $ 74,098 $ 7,677,045 $ 7,751,143 December 31, 2024 Non-accrual loans Non-accrual loans with a related with no related allowance for allowance for Non-accrual credit loss credit loss loans Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ 12,746 $ 9,204 $ 21,950 Owner occupied commercial real estate 195 — 195 Food and agribusiness 1 586 587 Total commercial 12,942 9,790 22,732 Commercial real estate non-owner occupied: Non-owner occupied 5,971 — 5,971 Total commercial real estate non-owner occupied 5,971 — 5,971 Residential real estate: Senior lien 3,319 3,428 6,747 Junior lien 505 — 505 Total residential real estate 3,824 3,428 7,252 Consumer 39 — 39 Total loans $ 22,776 $ 13,218 $ 35,994 December 31, 2023 Greater 30-89 days than 90 days Total past past due and past due and Non-accrual due and accruing accruing loans non-accrual Current Total loans Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ 9,179 $ — $ 2,250 $ 11,429 $ 1,955,480 $ 1,966,909 Municipal and non-profit — — — — 1,083,756 1,083,756 Owner occupied commercial real estate — — 755 755 1,123,018 1,123,773 Food and agribusiness — 12 5,762 5,774 318,823 324,597 Total commercial 9,179 12 8,767 17,958 4,481,077 4,499,035 Commercial real estate non-owner occupied: Construction — — — — 405,250 405,250 Acquisition/development 1,077 — — 1,077 99,019 100,096 Multifamily — — — — 311,770 311,770 Non-owner occupied 60 — 13,472 13,532 1,026,102 1,039,634 Total commercial real estate non-owner occupied 1,137 — 13,472 14,609 1,842,141 1,856,750 Residential real estate: Senior lien 1,410 50 5,488 6,948 1,226,651 1,233,599 Junior lien 375 528 448 1,351 88,837 90,188 Total residential real estate 1,785 578 5,936 8,299 1,315,488 1,323,787 Consumer 131 1 53 185 19,001 19,186 Total loans $ 12,232 $ 591 $ 28,228 $ 41,051 $ 7,657,707 $ 7,698,758 December 31, 2023 Non-accrual loans Non-accrual loans with a related with no related allowance for allowance for Non-accrual credit loss credit loss loans Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ 2,250 $ — $ 2,250 Owner occupied commercial real estate 755 — 755 Food and agribusiness 5,176 586 5,762 Total commercial 8,181 586 8,767 Commercial real estate non-owner occupied: Non-owner occupied 13,472 — 13,472 Total commercial real estate non-owner occupied 13,472 — 13,472 Residential real estate: Senior lien 3,277 2,211 5,488 Junior lien 448 — 448 Total residential real estate 3,725 2,211 5,936 Consumer 53 — 53 Total loans $ 25,431 $ 2,797 $ 28,228 Loans are considered past due or delinquent when the contractual principal or interest due in accordance with the terms of the loan agreement remains unpaid after the due date of the scheduled payment. Loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulties may be modified. Modified loans are discussed in more detail below. There was no interest income recognized from non-accrual loans during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023. The Company’s internal risk rating system uses a series of grades, which reflect our assessment of the credit quality of loans based on an analysis of the borrower's financial condition, liquidity and ability to meet contractual debt service requirements and are categorized as “Pass,” “Special mention,” “Substandard” and “Doubtful”. For a description of the general characteristics of the risk grades, refer to note 2 Summary of Significant Accounting Policies. The amortized cost basis and current period gross charge-offs for all loans as determined by the Company’s internal risk rating system and year of origination is shown in the following tables as of and for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023: December 31, 2024 Revolving Revolving loans loans Origination year amortized converted 2024 2023 2022 2021 2020 Prior cost basis to term Total Commercial: Commercial and industrial: Pass $ 445,993 $ 181,920 $ 332,246 $ 215,561 $ 51,902 $ 92,115 $ 468,752 $ 2,614 $ 1,791,103 Special mention 8,005 32,319 13,753 17,496 12,915 5,552 16,146 651 106,837 Substandard 13,417 34,320 8,909 21,575 3,011 2,020 8,982 387 92,621 Doubtful 1,250 1,159 1,490 17 975 373 — — 5,264 Total commercial and industrial 468,665 249,718 356,398 254,649 68,803 100,060 493,880 3,652 1,995,825 Gross charge-offs: Commercial and industrial — 2,028 — 26 155 156 — — 2,365 Municipal and non-profit: Pass 116,551 152,183 137,249 217,362 73,399 378,561 29,747 — 1,105,052 Special mention — — — 170 1,920 — — — 2,090 Total municipal and non-profit 116,551 152,183 137,249 217,532 75,319 378,561 29,747 — 1,107,142 Owner occupied commercial real estate: Pass 269,810 205,119 225,766 131,547 83,791 232,653 20,912 8,990 1,178,588 Special mention 430 1,664 13,798 23,482 268 12,744 — — 52,386 Substandard — 7,180 15,266 3,397 1,243 4,759 847 — 32,692 Doubtful — — — — — 478 — — 478 Total owner occupied commercial real estate 270,240 213,963 254,830 158,426 85,302 250,634 21,759 8,990 1,264,144 Gross charge-offs: Owner occupied commercial real estate — — 13 — — — — — 13 Food and agribusiness: Pass 14,727 9,884 68,909 6,587 5,940 33,081 156,113 344 295,585 Special mention — — 4,045 2,898 — 204 — — 7,147 Substandard — — — 586 — 1 — — 587 Total food and agribusiness 14,727 9,884 72,954 10,071 5,940 33,286 156,113 344 303,319 Gross charge-offs: Food and agribusiness — — — — — 2,704 — — 2,704 Total commercial 870,183 625,748 821,431 640,678 235,364 762,541 701,499 12,986 4,670,430 Gross charge-offs: Commercial — 2,028 13 26 155 2,860 — — 5,082 Commercial real estate non-owner occupied: Construction: Pass 55,139 59,137 54,735 33,859 917 — 46,548 — 250,335 Total construction 55,139 59,137 54,735 33,859 917 — 46,548 — 250,335 Acquisition/development: Pass 16,645 4,038 31,028 20,412 1,079 8,110 184 — 81,496 Special mention — — 1,072 — — — — — 1,072 Substandard — — — — — 294 — — 294 Total acquisition/development 16,645 4,038 32,100 20,412 1,079 8,404 184 — 82,862 Multifamily: Pass 1,363 16,470 138,872 70,419 45,700 31,034 853 — 304,711 Special mention 4,159 — 8,091 3,820 — — — — 16,070 Total multifamily 5,522 16,470 146,963 74,239 45,700 31,034 853 — 320,781 Non-owner occupied Pass 68,192 143,857 303,998 143,085 125,374 304,162 11,018 — 1,099,686 Special mention 5,246 1,298 17,272 12,184 — 16,009 — — 52,009 Substandard — — — 5,516 — 694 — — 6,210 Doubtful — — — 455 — — — — 455 Total non-owner occupied 73,438 145,155 321,270 161,240 125,374 320,865 11,018 — 1,158,360 Gross charge-offs: Commercial real estate non-owner occupied — — 293 — — 4,422 — — 4,715 Total commercial real estate non-owner occupied 150,744 224,800 555,068 289,750 173,070 360,303 58,603 — 1,812,338 Gross charge-offs: Commercial real estate non-owner occupied — — 293 — — 4,422 — — 4,715 Residential real estate: Senior lien Pass 66,465 77,136 415,279 280,209 100,990 174,830 46,053 583 1,161,545 Special mention — — — — — 16 — — 16 Substandard 64 663 3,422 700 394 2,270 — — 7,513 Doubtful — — 172 — — 21 — — 193 Total senior lien 66,529 77,799 418,873 280,909 101,384 177,137 46,053 583 1,169,267 Junior lien Pass 6,870 3,498 4,614 1,789 1,964 5,488 59,331 311 83,865 Special mention — — — — — 27 — — 27 Substandard 44 — 240 — 89 134 172 — 679 Total junior lien 6,914 3,498 4,854 1,789 2,053 5,649 59,503 311 84,571 Total residential real estate 73,443 81,297 423,727 282,698 103,437 182,786 105,556 894 1,253,838 Consumer Pass 4,557 1,994 1,443 942 528 169 4,795 71 14,499 Substandard — — — — — 38 — — 38 Total consumer 4,557 1,994 1,443 942 528 207 4,795 71 14,537 Gross charge-offs: Consumer 877 23 30 3 — 48 — — 981 Total loans $ 1,098,927 $ 933,839 $ 1,801,669 $ 1,214,068 $ 512,399 $ 1,305,837 $ 870,453 $ 13,951 $ 7,751,143 Gross charge-offs: Total loans 877 2,051 336 29 155 7,330 — — 10,778 December 31, 2023 Revolving Revolving loans loans Origination year amortized converted 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 Prior cost basis to term Total Commercial: Commercial and industrial: Pass $ 348,103 $ 396,618 $ 271,201 $ 87,234 $ 41,261 $ 106,711 $ 563,924 $ 31,620 $ 1,846,672 Special mention 4,775 12,259 31,895 20,340 2,202 683 18,344 3,470 93,968 Substandard 13,729 4,555 4,248 1,314 179 347 910 — 25,282 Doubtful 600 — — 387 — — — — 987 Total commercial and industrial 367,207 413,432 307,344 109,275 43,642 107,741 583,178 35,090 1,966,909 Gross charge-offs: Commercial and industrial — 12 215 — 47 3 — — 277 Municipal and non-profit: Pass 139,591 140,626 246,088 82,590 53,460 389,867 31,534 — 1,083,756 Total municipal and non-profit 139,591 140,626 246,088 82,590 53,460 389,867 31,534 — 1,083,756 Owner occupied commercial real estate: Pass 236,897 275,644 181,472 97,523 86,761 163,997 18,281 — 1,060,575 Special mention 2,074 19,191 7,808 — 2,650 27,653 — — 59,376 Substandard — 515 1,732 — 687 234 — — 3,168 Doubtful — 6 — — — 648 — — 654 Total owner occupied commercial real estate 238,971 295,356 191,012 97,523 90,098 192,532 18,281 — 1,123,773 Food and agribusiness: Pass 16,917 69,212 14,159 15,379 10,417 34,592 149,125 51 309,852 Special mention — — 4,646 — — 3,724 450 — 8,820 Substandard — — 586 — — 180 1,786 — 2,552 Doubtful — — — — — — 3,373 — 3,373 Total food and agribusiness 16,917 69,212 19,391 15,379 10,417 38,496 154,734 51 324,597 Total commercial 762,686 918,626 763,835 304,767 197,617 728,636 787,727 35,141 4,499,035 Gross charge-offs: Commercial — 12 215 — 47 3 — — 277 Commercial real estate non-owner occupied: Construction: Pass 43,385 190,826 59,477 63,486 1,006 — 47,070 — 405,250 Total construction 43,385 190,826 59,477 63,486 1,006 — 47,070 — 405,250 Acquisition/development: Pass 13,228 39,000 21,011 5,992 597 8,814 7,416 2,961 99,019 Special mention — 1,077 — — — — — — 1,077 Total acquisition/development 13,228 40,077 21,011 5,992 597 8,814 7,416 2,961 100,096 Multifamily: Pass 16,450 113,936 92,574 16,938 39,371 31,671 830 — 311,770 Total multifamily 16,450 113,936 92,574 16,938 39,371 31,671 830 — 311,770 Non-owner occupied Pass 116,168 241,563 172,042 91,188 124,291 236,694 6,694 — 988,640 Special mention — — — 21,268 3,876 2,489 — — 27,633 Substandard — — — — — 19,848 — — 19,848 Doubtful — — — 280 — 3,233 — — 3,513 Total non-owner occupied 116,168 241,563 172,042 112,736 128,167 262,264 6,694 — 1,039,634 Total commercial real estate non-owner occupied 189,231 586,402 345,104 199,152 169,141 302,749 62,010 2,961 1,856,750 Residential real estate: Senior lien Pass 87,608 434,963 316,080 112,582 42,752 183,890 48,462 94 1,226,431 Special mention — — — — — 515 — — 515 Substandard 1,555 1,119 740 415 620 2,167 — — 6,616 Doubtful — — — — — 37 — — 37 Total senior lien 89,163 436,082 316,820 112,997 43,372 186,609 48,462 94 1,233,599 Gross charge-offs: Senior lien — — — — — 48 — — 48 Junior lien Pass 4,920 4,464 1,712 2,947 2,270 4,729 66,441 684 88,167 Special mention — — — — — 27 249 — 276 Substandard 263 149 236 758 — 339 — — 1,745 Total junior lien 5,183 4,613 1,948 3,705 2,270 5,095 66,690 684 90,188 Total residential real estate 94,346 440,695 318,768 116,702 45,642 191,704 115,152 778 1,323,787 Gross charge-offs: Residential real estate — — — — — 48 — — 48 Consumer Pass 5,945 3,330 2,233 997 244 410 5,947 27 19,133 Substandard — — — — — 50 3 — 53 Total consumer 5,945 3,330 2,233 997 244 460 5,950 27 19,186 Gross charge-offs: Consumer 1,225 13 1 2 1 8 — — 1,250 Total loans $ 1,052,208 $ 1,949,053 $ 1,429,940 $ 621,618 $ 412,644 $ 1,223,549 $ 970,839 $ 38,907 $ 7,698,758 Gross charge-offs: Total loans 1,225 25 216 2 48 59 — — 1,575 Loans evaluated individually We evaluate loans individually when they no longer share risk characteristics with pooled loans. These loans include loans on non-accrual status, loans in bankruptcy, and modified loans as described below. If a specific allowance is warranted based on the borrower’s overall financial condition, the specific allowance is calculated based on discounted expected cash flows using the loan’s initial contractual effective interest rate or the fair value of the collateral less selling costs for collateral-dependent loans. A loan is considered collateral-dependent when the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral. Management individually evaluates collateral-dependent loans with an amortized cost basis of $250 thousand or more and includes collateral-dependent loans less than $250 thousand within the general allowance population. The amortized cost basis of collateral-dependent loans over $250 thousand was as follows at December 31, 2024 and 2023: December 31, 2024 Total amortized Real property Business assets cost basis Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ 6,281 $ 4,924 $ 11,205 Owner occupied commercial real estate 1,343 — 1,343 Food and agribusiness 586 — 586 Total commercial 8,210 4,924 13,134 Commercial real estate non-owner occupied: Non-owner occupied 5,971 — 5,971 Total commercial real estate non-owner occupied 5,971 — 5,971 Residential real estate: Senior lien 5,075 — 5,075 Junior lien 222 — 222 Total residential real estate 5,297 — 5,297 Total loans $ 19,478 $ 4,924 $ 24,402 December 31, 2023 Total amortized Real property Business assets cost basis Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ 1,946 $ 220 $ 2,166 Owner occupied commercial real estate 1,883 — 1,883 Food and agribusiness 586 5,159 5,745 Total commercial 4,415 5,379 9,794 Commercial real estate non-owner occupied: Non-owner occupied 19,993 — 19,993 Total commercial real estate non-owner occupied 19,993 — 19,993 Residential real estate: Senior lien 2,661 — 2,661 Total residential real estate 2,661 — 2,661 Total loans $ 27,069 $ 5,379 $ 32,448 Loan modifications The Company’s policy is to review each prospective credit to determine the appropriateness and the adequacy of security or collateral prior to making a loan. In the event of borrower default, the Company seeks recovery in compliance with lending laws, the respective loan agreements, and credit monitoring and remediation procedures that may include modifying a loan to provide a concession by the Company to the borrower from their original terms due to borrower financial difficulties in order to facilitate repayment. The Company considers loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulties, where such a concession is utilized, to be TDMs. TDMs may include principal forgiveness, interest rate reductions, other-than-insignificant-payment delays, term extensions or any combination thereof. The following schedules present, by loan class, the amortized cost basis for loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty that remain outstanding and were modified during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023: As of and for the year ended December 31, 2024 Combination - interest rate Combination - term extension Term extension Payment delay reduction and term extension and payment delay Amortized % of loan Amortized % of loan Amortized % of loan Amortized % of loan cost basis class cost basis class cost basis class cost basis class Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ 1,488 0.1% $ 10,429 0.5% $ — 0.0% $ — 0.0% Owner occupied commercial real estate — 0.0% 1,664 0.1% — 0.0% — 0.0% Total commercial 1,488 0.0% 12,093 0.3% — 0.0% — 0.0% Commercial real estate non-owner occupied: Non-owner occupied 164 0.0% — 0.0% — 0.0% — 0.0% Total commercial real estate non-owner occupied 164 0.0% — 0.0% — 0.0% — 0.0% Residential real estate: Senior lien — 0.0% 851 0.1% 21 0.0% 382 0.0% Junior lien — 0.0% — 0.0% 44 0.1% — 0.0% Total residential real estate — 0.0% 851 0.1% 65 0.0% 382 0.0% Total loans $ 1,652 0.0% $ 12,944 0.2% $ 65 0.0% $ 382 0.0% As of and for the year ended December 31, 2023 Term extension Payment delay Amortized % of loan Amortized % of loan cost basis class cost basis class Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ — 0.0% $ 8,936 0.5% Total commercial — 0.0% 8,936 0.2% Commercial real estate non-owner occupied: Non-owner occupied 18,770 1.8% — 0.0% Total commercial real estate non-owner occupied 18,770 1.0% — 0.0% Residential real estate: Senior lien 652 0.1% — 0.0% Junior lien 263 0.3% — 0.0% Total residential real estate 915 0.1% — 0.0% Total loans $ 19,685 0.3% $ 8,936 0.1% The following schedules present, by loan class, the payment status of loans that have been modified in the last twelve months as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 on an amortized cost basis: December 31, 2024 Current 30-89 days past due 90+ days past due Non-accrual Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ 9,067 $ — $ 2,851 $ — Owner occupied commercial real estate 1,664 — — — Total commercial 10,731 — 2,851 — Commercial real estate non-owner occupied: Non-owner occupied 164 — — — Total commercial real estate non-owner occupied 164 — — — Residential real estate: Senior lien 871 — — 382 Junior lien — — — 44 Total residential real estate 871 — — 426 Total loans $ 11,766 $ — $ 2,851 $ 426 December 31, 2023 Current 30-89 days past due 90+ days past due Non-accrual Commercial: Commercial and industrial $ 8,936 $ — $ — $ — Total commercial 8,936 — — — Commercial real estate non-owner occupied: Non-owner occupied 5,298 — — 13,472 Total commercial real estate non-owner occupied 5,298 — — 13,472 Residential real estate: Senior lien 652 — — — Junior lien 263 Total residential real estate 915 — — — Total loans $ 15,149 $ — $ — $ 13,472 Accrual of interest is resumed on loans that were previously on non-accrual only after the loan has performed sufficiently for a period of time. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company had TDMs with amortized costs totaling $3.2 million that were modified within the past 12 months that defaulted on their modified terms. One TDM utilized a payment delay. The other loan utilized a combination of a term extension and payment delay. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company had one TDM with an amortized cost totaling million that was modified within the past 12 months, utilizing a term extension, that defaulted on its modified terms. For purposes of this disclosure, the Company considers “default” to mean 90 days or more past due on principal or interest. The allowance for credit losses related to TDMs on non-accrual status is determined by individual evaluation, including collateral adequacy, using the same process as loans on non-accrual status which are not classified as TDMs. The following schedules present the financial effect of the modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty as of and for the periods indicated: As of and for the year ended December 31, 2024 Financial effect Term extension Payment delay Combination - Interest rate reduction and Term extension Combination - Term extension and Payment delay Commercial: Commercial and industrial Extended a weighted average of 0.5 years to the life of loans Delayed payments for a weighted average of 0.4 years Owner occupied commercial real estate Delayed payments for a weighted average of 0.5 years Commercial real estate non-owner occupied: Non-owner occupied Extended a weighted average of 7.5 years to the life of loans Residential real estate: Senior lien Delayed payments for a weighted average of 0.3 years Reduced weighted average contractual interest rate by 1.5% and extended a weighted average of 11 years to the life of loans Extended a weighted average of 0.7 years to the life of loans and delayed payments for a weighted average of 0.7 years Junior lien Reduced weighted average contractual interest rate by 1.1% and extended a weighted average of 10 years to the life of loans As of and for the year ended December 31, 2023 Financial effect Term extension Payment delay Combination - Interest rate reduction and Term extension Commercial: Commercial and industrial Delayed payments for a weighted average of 0.5 years Commercial real estate non-owner occupied: Non-owner occupied Extended a weighted average of 0.3 years to the life of loans Residential real estate: Senior lien Reduced weighted average contractual interest rate by 2.5% and extended a weighted average life of 30 years Junior lien Extended a weighted average of 1.3 years to the life of loans |