Investments | (3) Investments Available-for-sale Securities. The period-end cost or amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses, and fair value of available-for-sale fixed-maturity and equity securities follow: March 31, 2016 Cost or amortized cost Gross unrealized gains Gross unrealized losses Fair value (In thousands) Securities available-for-sale, carried at fair value: Fixed-maturity securities: U.S. government and agencies $ 16,675 $ 565 $ - $ 17,240 Foreign government 111,706 7,937 (858 ) 118,785 States and political subdivisions 41,093 2,892 (565 ) 43,420 Corporates 1,243,942 62,343 (18,400 ) 1,287,885 Mortgage- and asset-backed securities 226,794 11,872 (291 ) 238,375 Total fixed-maturity securities (1) 1,640,210 85,609 (20,114 ) 1,705,705 Equity securities 40,159 10,034 (639 ) 49,554 Total fixed-maturity and equity securities $ 1,680,369 $ 95,643 $ (20,753 ) $ 1,755,259 (1) December 31, 2015 Cost or amortized cost Gross unrealized gains Gross unrealized losses Fair value (In thousands) Securities available-for-sale, carried at fair value: Fixed-maturity securities: U.S. government and agencies $ 20,233 $ 448 $ (22 ) $ 20,659 Foreign government 114,656 7,082 (1,522 ) 120,216 States and political subdivisions 38,995 2,111 (541 ) 40,565 Corporates 1,276,965 49,008 (24,211 ) 1,301,762 Mortgage- and asset-backed securities 239,194 9,818 (755 ) 248,257 Total fixed-maturity securities (1) 1,690,043 68,467 (27,051 ) 1,731,459 Equity securities 39,969 8,252 (382 ) 47,839 Total fixed-maturity and equity securities $ 1,730,012 $ 76,719 $ (27,433 ) $ 1,779,298 (1) All of our available-for-sale mortgage- and asset-backed securities represent variable interests in variable interest entities ("VIEs"). We are not the primary beneficiary of these VIEs because we do not have the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the entities’ economic performance. The maximum exposure to loss as a result of our involvement in these VIEs equals the carrying value of the securities. The scheduled maturity distribution of the available-for-sale fixed-maturity portfolio at March 31, 2016 follows: Amortized cost Fair value (In thousands) Due in one year or less $ 71,107 $ 71,731 Due after one year through five years 675,707 711,733 Due after five years through 10 years 618,931 632,263 Due after 10 years 47,671 51,603 1,413,416 1,467,330 Mortgage- and asset-backed securities 226,794 238,375 Total fixed-maturity securities $ 1,640,210 $ 1,705,705 Expected maturities may differ from scheduled contractual maturities because issuers of securities may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. Unrealized Gains and Losses on Investments. The net effect on stockholders’ equity of unrealized gains and losses on investments was as follows: March 31, 2016 December 31, 2015 (In thousands) Net unrealized investment gains including OTTI: Fixed-maturity and equity securities $ 74,890 $ 49,286 OTTI 107 109 Net unrealized investment gains excluding OTTI 74,997 49,395 Deferred income taxes (26,250 ) (17,288 ) Net unrealized investment gains excluding OTTI, net of tax $ 48,747 $ 32,107 Trading Securities. We maintain a portfolio of fixed-maturity securities that are classified as trading securities. The carrying values of the fixed-maturity securities classified as trading securities were approximately $7.6 million and $5.4 million as of March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively. Held-to-maturity Security. Concurrent with the execution of the Vidalia Re Coinsurance Agreement, Vidalia Re entered into a Surplus Note Purchase Agreement (the "Surplus Note Purchase Agreement") with Hannover Life Reassurance Company of America and certain of its affiliates (collectively, “Hannover Re”) and a newly formed limited liability company (the "LLC") owned by a third party service provider. Under the Surplus Note Purchase Agreement, Vidalia Re issued a surplus note (the “Surplus Note”) to the LLC in exchange for a credit enhanced note from the LLC with an equal principal amount (the “LLC Note”). The principal amount of both the LLC Note and the Surplus Note will fluctuate over time to coincide with the amount of reserves contractually supported under the Vidalia Re Coinsurance Agreement. Both the LLC Note and the Surplus Note mature on December 31, 2029 and bear interest at an annual interest rate of 4.50%. The LLC Note is guaranteed by Hannover Re through a credit enhancement feature in exchange for a fee, which is reflected in interest expense on our unaudited condensed consolidated statements of income. The LLC is a variable interest entity as its owner does not have an equity investment at risk that is sufficient to permit the LLC to finance its activities without Vidalia Re or Hannover Re. The Parent Company, Primerica Life, and Vidalia Re share the power to direct the activities of the LLC with Hannover Re, but do not have the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive any residual returns related to the LLC’s primary risks or sources of variability. Through the credit enhancement feature, Hannover Re is the ultimate risk taker in this transaction and bears the obligation to absorb the LLC’s losses in the event of a Surplus Note default in exchange for the fee. Accordingly, the Company is not the primary beneficiary of the LLC and does not consolidate the LLC within its consolidated financial statements. The LLC Note is classified as a held-to-maturity debt security in the Company’s invested asset portfolio as we have the positive intent and ability to hold the security until maturity. As of March 31, 2016, the LLC Note, which was rated A+ by Fitch Ratings, had an estimated unrealized holding gain of $19.1 million See Note 6 (Debt) for more information on the Surplus Note. Investments on Deposit with Governmental Authorities. As required by law, we have investments on deposit with governmental authorities and banks for the protection of policyholders. The fair values of investments on deposit were approximately $18.0 million and $18.1 million as of March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively. Securities Lending Transactions. We participate in securities lending transactions with broker-dealers and other financial institutions to increase investment income with minimal risk. We require minimum collateral on securities loaned equal to 102% of the fair value of the loaned securities. We accept collateral in the form of securities, which we are not able to sell or encumber, and to the extent the collateral declines in value below 100%, we require additional collateral from the borrower. Any securities collateral received is not reflected on our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets. We also accept collateral in the form of cash, all of which we reinvest. For loans involving unrestricted cash collateral, the collateral is reported as an asset with a corresponding liability representing our obligation to return the collateral. We continue to carry the loaned securities as invested assets on our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets during the terms of the loans, and we do not report them as sales. Cash collateral received and reinvested was approximately $87.4 million and $71.5 million as of March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively. Investment Income. The components of net investment income were as follows: Three months ended March 31, 2016 2015 (In thousands) Fixed-maturity securities (available-for-sale) $ 19,249 $ 19,795 Fixed-maturity security (held-to-maturity) 4,154 2,475 Equity securities 520 516 Policy loans and other invested assets 330 359 Cash and cash equivalents 149 43 Market return on deposit asset underlying 10% coinsurance agreement 2,200 1,672 Gross investment income 26,602 24,860 Investment expenses (1,210 ) (1,212 ) Investment income net of investment expenses 25,392 23,648 Interest expense on surplus note (4,154 ) (2,475 ) Net investment income $ 21,238 $ 21,173 The components of net realized investment gains (losses) as well as details on gross realized investment gains and losses and proceeds from sales or other redemptions were as follows: Three months ended March 31, 2016 2015 (In thousands) Net realized investment gains (losses): Gross gains from sales $ 1,285 $ 1,934 Gross losses from sales (145 ) (27 ) Other-than-temporary impairment losses (2,027 ) (237 ) Gains (losses) from bifurcated options 104 (386 ) Net realized investment gains (losses) $ (783 ) $ 1,284 Other-Than-Temporary Impairment. We conduct a review each quarter to identify and evaluate impaired investments that have indications of possible OTTI. An investment in a debt or equity security is impaired if its fair value falls below its cost. Factors considered in determining whether an unrealized loss is temporary include the length of time and extent to which fair value has been below cost, the financial condition and near-term prospects for the issue, and our ability and intent to hold the investment for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery, which may be maturity for fixed-maturity securities or within a reasonable period of time for equity securities. For additional information, see Note 4 (Investments) to the consolidated financial statements in our 2015 Annual Report. Available-for-sale fixed-maturity and equity securities with a cost basis in excess of their fair values were approximately $324.0 million and $626.0 million as of March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively. The following tables summarize, for all available-for-sale securities in an unrealized loss position, the aggregate fair value and the gross unrealized loss by length of time such securities have continuously been in an unrealized loss position: March 31, 2016 Less than 12 months 12 months or longer Fair value Unrealized losses Number of securities Fair value Unrealized losses Number of securities (Dollars in thousands) Fixed-maturity securities: U.S. government and agencies $ - $ - - $ - $ - - Foreign government 8,025 (286 ) 8 5,659 (572 ) 6 States and political subdivisions - - - 807 (565 ) 2 Corporates 181,790 (10,925 ) 192 60,763 (7,475 ) 79 Mortgage-and asset-backed securities 22,832 (122 ) 34 16,891 (169 ) 24 Total fixed-maturity securities 212,647 (11,333 ) 84,120 (8,781 ) Equity securities 5,009 (555 ) 12 1,429 (84 ) 7 Total fixed-maturity and equity securities $ 217,656 $ (11,888 ) $ 85,549 $ (8,865 ) December 31, 2015 Less than 12 months 12 months or longer Fair value Unrealized losses Number of securities Fair value Unrealized losses Number of securities (Dollars in thousands) Fixed-maturity securities: U.S. government and agencies $ 13,651 $ (22 ) 7 $ - $ - - Foreign government 23,572 (829 ) 20 2,396 (693 ) 3 States and political subdivisions 2,729 (44 ) 6 878 (497 ) 2 Corporates 413,131 (17,481 ) 393 34,624 (6,730 ) 54 Mortgage-and asset-backed securities 92,508 (631 ) 81 8,221 (124 ) 15 Total fixed-maturity securities 545,591 (19,007 ) 46,119 (8,044 ) Equity securities 3,652 (287 ) 17 3,209 (95 ) 8 Total fixed-maturity and equity securities $ 549,243 $ (19,294 ) $ 49,328 $ (8,139 ) The amortized cost and fair value of available-for-sale fixed-maturity securities in default were as follows: March 31, 2016 December 31, 2015 Amortized cost Fair value Amortized cost Fair value (In thousands) Fixed-maturity securities in default $ 134 $ 374 $ 138 $ 262 Impairment charges recognized in earnings on available-for-sale securities were as follows: Three months ended March 31, 2016 2015 (In thousands) Impairments on fixed-maturity securities not in default $ 1,996 $ 161 Impairments on fixed-maturity securities in default 4 - Impairments on equity securities 27 76 Total impairment charges $ 2,027 $ 237 The securities noted above were considered to be other-than-temporarily impaired due to: our intent to sell them; adverse credit events, such as news of an impending filing for bankruptcy; analyses of the issuer’s most recent financial statements or other information in which liquidity deficiencies, significant losses and large declines in capitalization were evident; or analyses of rating agency information for issuances with severe ratings downgrades that indicated a significant increase in the possibility of default. We also recognized impairment losses related to invested assets held at the Parent company that we intended to sell to fund share repurchases, as well as credit impairments on certain other investments. As of March 31, 2016, the unrealized losses on our available-for-sale invested asset portfolio were largely caused by interest rate sensitivity and changes in credit spreads. We believe that fluctuations caused by movements in interest rates and credit spreads have little bearing on the recoverability of our investments. We do not consider these investments to be other-than-temporarily impaired because we have the ability to hold these investments until maturity or a market price recovery, and we have no present intention to dispose of them. Net impairment losses recognized in earnings for available-for-sale securities were as follows: Three months ended March 31, 2016 2015 (In thousands) Total impairment losses related to securities which the Company does not intend to sell or more-likely-than-not will not be required to sell: Total OTTI losses recognized $ 441 $ 93 Less portion of OTTI loss recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) - - Net impairment losses recognized in earnings for securities which the Company does not intend to sell or more-likely-than-not will not be required to sell before recovery 441 93 OTTI losses recognized in earnings for securities which the Company intends to sell or more-likely-than-not will be required to sell before recovery 1,586 144 Net impairment losses recognized in earnings $ 2,027 $ 237 The rollforward of the OTTI recognized in net income for all fixed-maturity securities still held follows: Three months ended March 31, 2016 2015 (In thousands) Cumulative OTTI recognized in net income for securities still held, beginning of period $ 11,856 $ 9,550 Additions for OTTI securities where no OTTI were recognized prior to the beginning of the period 433 21 Additions for OTTI securities where OTTI have been recognized prior to the beginning of the period 1,567 140 Reductions due to sales, maturities, calls, amortization or increases in cash flows expected to be collected over the remaining life of credit impaired securities (1,920 ) (956 ) Reductions for exchanges of securities previously impaired (1,056 ) (1,277 ) Cumulative OTTI recognized in net income for securities still held, end of period $ 10,880 $ 7,478 As of March 31, 2016, no impairment losses have been recognized on the LLC Note held-to-maturity security. Derivatives. Embedded conversion options associated with fixed-maturity securities are bifurcated from the fixed-maturity security host contracts and separately recognized as equity securities. The change in fair value of these bifurcated conversion options is reflected in realized investment gains (losses), including OTTI losses. As of March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the fair value of these bifurcated options was approximately $5.5 million and $5.4 million, respectively. We have a deferred loss related to closed forward contracts, which were settled several years ago, that were used to mitigate our exposure to foreign currency exchange rates that resulted from the net investment in our Canadian operations. The amount of deferred loss included in accumulated other comprehensive income was approximately $26.4 million |